Abstract Introduction: Recent ecological studies have found a positive correlation between habitat structure and animal communities that inhabit them. Generally, such studies try to test the hypotheses that animal species diversity increases in complex and heterogeneous habitats since they may provide more potential niches that structurally simpler habitats. Objective: In this research, the effect of habitat complexity and heterogeneity, and structural habitat characteristics on the butterfly community (Papilionoidea) inhabiting three vegetation covers (shrubs, highland forest and paramo) was evaluated in high-montane ecosystems of the Central Cordillera, Antioquia department, Colombia. Methods: From January to July 2012, butterflies were systematically sampled using Van Someren Rydon traps. Simultaneously, complexity, heterogeneity, and vegetation structure were quantified using 0.04 ha circular plots established around the traps. Results: We reported 108 species, 48 genus and five families of butterflies. Butterfly richness and abundance were sensible to both complexity and heterogeneity of the vegetation covers, as well as to changes in the vegetation structure, showing strong correlations with habitat characteristics. Butterfly diversity was highest in the shrub habitat (1D = 25.02; 2D = 11.97), followed by the highland forest (1D = 15.83; 2D = 9.42) and paramo (1D = 12.36; 2D = 7.86). Moreover, richness and abundance of butterfly species were positively associated with the increase in canopy cover and vegetation density in horizontal and vertical strata. Conclusion: These findings underline the importance of preserving the heterogeneity of habitats and vegetation structure in the Andean high-montane ecosystems to maintain the diversity and abundance of butterflies, highlighting the need for conservation and management policies that consider the complexity and diversity of these ecosystems.

Resumen Introducción: Recientes investigaciones han mostrado correlaciones positivas entre la estructura del hábitat y las comunidades animales que los habitan. Generalmente, estos estudios evalúan la hipótesis de una mayor diversidad de animales en hábitats complejos y heterogéneos, ya que éstos pueden ofrecer un mayor número de nichos potenciales a diferencia de aquellos estructuralmente más simples. Objetivo: Se evaluó el efecto de la complejidad, la heterogeneidad y la estructura del hábitat sobre una comunidad de mariposas diurnas (Papilionoidea) en tres tipos de coberturas vegetales (rastrojo, bosque y páramo) ubicadas en ecosistemas de alta montaña sobre la cordillera Central, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Entre enero y julio del 2012, se realizaron capturas de mariposas utilizando trampas Van Someren Rydon y se cuantificó la complejidad, la heterogeneidad y la estructura de la vegetación a partir de parcelas circulares de 0.04 ha establecidas alrededor de las trampas. Resultados: Se reportó un total de 108 especies, 48 géneros y cinco familias de mariposas. La riqueza y la abundancia de especies de mariposas fueron sensibles tanto a la complejidad y heterogeneidad de las coberturas vegetales como a los cambios en la estructura de la vegetación, mostrando fuertes correlaciones con las características del hábitat. El rastrojo presentó la mayor diversidad de mariposas (1D = 25.02; 2D = 11.97), seguido por el bosque (1D = 15.83; 2D = 9.42) y el páramo (1D = 12.36; 2D = 7.86). Adicionalmente, la riqueza y abundancia de mariposas se asoció positivamente con la cobertura de dosel y la densidad de vegetación de los estratos verticales y horizontales. Conclusión: Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de conservar la heterogeneidad de los hábitats y la estructura vegetal en los ecosistemas de alta montaña andinos, para mantener la diversidad y abundancia de las mariposas, resaltando la necesidad de políticas de conservación y manejo que consideren la complejidad y diversidad de estos ecosistemas.

Abstract The present study aims to disclose the importance existing protected areas (PAs) and their level of protection for the conservation of the threatened Brazilian butterflies. A total of 898 occurrence records were found for all 63 species of butterflies present in the current Brazilian Red list. For all studied taxa, at least one occurrence record is within the limits of a PA. More than half of the occurrence records (61.9%) are within the limits of PAs, but less than half (41.7%) of these records are present in fully protected areas. For 17 taxa (27%), less than 50% of their records are within PAs, thus being completely unprotected. For butterfly taxa in the category “critically endangered”, 42.6% of their occurrence records falls outside PAs. Almost 99% of the records are concentrated in the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, the two most threatened Brazilian biomes and global hostspots of biodiversity. In conclusion, the present study showed an important panorama of how threatened Brazilian butterflies are protected (or not). Anyway, it is important to highlight that for any record inside a PA, some level of protection is provided for these taxa against the advance of environmental destruction caused by human activities. PAs (PAs 89 6 list PA 61.9% 619 61 9 (61.9% 41.7% 417 41 7 (41.7% 1 27%, 27 27% , (27%) 50 unprotected critically endangered, endangered endangered” 426 42 42.6 99 Cerrado biodiversity conclusion or not. not . not) Anyway activities 8 61.9 (61.9 41.7 4 (41.7 2 (27% 5 42. 61. (61. 41. (41. (27 (61 (41 (2 (6 (4 (

ABSTRACT The Tropical Dry Forest is a highly threatened ecosystem, the anthropic alterations have produced a fragmentation of its habitats and degradation of its ecological interactions and diversity. Despite the abundant literature on the diversity of butterflies and their changes in intervened ecosystems, little is known about changes in butterfly-plant interaction networks. In this study, we compared the ecological networks of Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea, and Angiosperms between preserved and intervened forests in the rainy and dry seasons. Four strips of 50 meters by 4 meters were sampled in each zone and season, visiting each strip three times per season, recording the visiting floral butterflies for 90 minutes on each occasion, for a total of 72 hours of observations per unit of study. The estimated parameters of the networks were nesting, connectivity, diversity, generality, and robustness. In the conserved area, the nesting value shows a greater number of specialists, while the connection shows a lower average of possible interactions. The generality showed in this area a higher average of links per floral visitor and the diversity of Shannon showed a greater diversity of interactions. The rainy season obtained higher connection, diversity, nesting, generality, and robustness compared to the dry season. The results highlight the importance of analyzing not only the diversity of butterflies, but also their interactions, since these are important factors that allow us to have a better understanding of the state of the ecosystems, and the different effects that they can have depending on different anthropic alterations.

RESUMEN El Bosque Seco Tropical es un ecosistema altamente amenazado, las alteraciones antrópicas han producido fragmentación de sus hábitat y degradación de sus interacciones ecológicas y diversidad. A pesar de la abundante literatura sobre diversidad de mariposas y sus cambios en ecosistemas intervenidos, poco se conoce sobre cambios en las redes de interacción mariposa-planta. En este estudio se compararon las redes ecológicas de Papilionoidea y Hesperoidea y Angiospermas entre bosque seco conservado e intervenido en época de lluvia y sequía. Se muestrearon cuatro franjas de 50 metros por 4 metros en cada zona y época, visitando cada franja en tres ocasiones por época, registrando las mariposas visitantes florales durante 90 minutos en cada ocasión, para un total de 72 horas de observaciones por unidad de muestreo. Los parámetros estimados de las redes fueron anidamiento, conectancia, diversidad, generalidad y robustez. En la zona conservada el valor de anidamiento evidenció mayor cantidad de especialistas, mientras que la conectancia evidenció menor promedio de posibles interacciones. La generalidad mostró en esta zona mayor promedio de enlaces por visitante floral y la diversidad de Shannon mostró mayor diversidad de interacciones. La época de lluvia obtuvo mayor conectancia, diversidad, anidamiento, generalidad y robustez en comparación con la época seca. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de analizar no solo la diversidad de mariposas sino también sus interacciones, pues son un factor importante ya que permiten conocer mejor el estado de los ecosistemas, además de comprender las diferentes afectaciones que pueden experimentar en función de las alteraciones antrópicas.

Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot. century However unknown places Forest bioindicator umbrella groups Intervales Paulo surroundings work 2 detailed Material Portuguese, Portuguese , Portuguese) nonacademics, nonacademics non academics, academics non-academics material development 31 2139 139 2,13 records 22 432 (43 records, records) 14 1,682 1682 1 682 (1,68 individuals, individuals individuals) 36679 36 679 36,67 36,432 36432 (36,43 24 hours. . hours) 148 (14 100 (10 species. 79.8%, 798 79.8% 79 8 (79.8%) passive etc. etc May abundance year areas morpho Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1796, 1796 1796) mascot 3 213 13 2,1 43 (4 1,68 168 68 (1,6 3667 67 36,6 36,43 3643 (36,4 (1 10 79.8 7 (79.8% 179 21 2, 4 ( 1,6 16 6 (1, 366 36, 36,4 364 (36, 79. (79.8 17 1, (36 (79. (3 (79 (7

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque. passado Entretanto desconhecida ameaçados Atlântica bioindicadores guardachuva guarda chuva emblemáticos Intervales Paulo arredores campo 2 detalhados Suplementar português, português , português) acadêmicos educativos capacitação parque 31 2139 139 2.13 22 432 (43 registros, registros) 14 1.682 1682 1 682 (1.68 indivíduos, indivíduos indivíduos) 36679 36 679 36.67 36.432 36432 (36.43 24 observação. observação . observação) 148 (14 100 (10 espécies. 79,8%, 798 79,8% 79 8 (79,8%) passiva, passiva (passiva cidadã etc. etc únicos maio abundância ano fragmentadas iridescente Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1796, 1796 1796) 3 213 13 2.1 43 (4 1.68 168 68 (1.6 3667 67 36.6 36.43 3643 (36.4 (1 10 79,8 7 (79,8% 179 21 2. 4 ( 1.6 16 6 (1. 366 36. 36.4 364 (36. 79, (79,8 17 1. (36 (79, (3 (79 (7

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species. pressure biodiversity Therefore Ibu, , (Ibu) Paulo Brazil 201 32 Hesperiidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Riodinidae Papilionidae asymptote site plants variation season USP, USP (USP) period one (Ibu 20 3 (USP 2

Abstract Iguaçu National Park is the second largest (1852.62 km²) protected area in the Atlantic Forest domain and harbors the largest area of semideciduous seasonal forest in Brazil. In this study, we present 795 subspecies and 787 species of butterflies that occur in this protected area and its surrounding areas, collected over 15 years and ten months using different non-standardized sampling methods. We also searched for additional records in the literature, entomological collections, and citizen science platforms on the internet. Among the sampled taxa, six are recorded for the first time in Brazil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae), and Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Another six are listed as endangered in lists of butterflies of conservation concern. The records for some species significantly increase previously documented distributions. 1852.62 185262 1852 62 (1852.6 km² km Brazil study 79 78 areas 1 nonstandardized non standardized methods literature collections internet taxa Stichel 1916 p Harvey 199 Riodinidae, Riodinidae , (Riodinidae) v Skinner, Skinner (Skinner 1920, 1920 1920) ssp n Hesperiidae, Hesperiidae (Hesperiidae) sp Nymphalidae, Nymphalidae (Nymphalidae) Lycaenidae. Lycaenidae . (Lycaenidae) concern distributions 1852.6 18526 185 6 (1852. 7 191 19 (Riodinidae 192 (Hesperiidae (Nymphalidae (Lycaenidae 1852. 18 (1852 (185 (18 (1 (

Resumo O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é a segunda maior Unidade de Conservação (1.852,62 km²) no domínio Mata Atlântica, abrigando a maior área de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no Brasil. Neste estudo apresentamos uma lista com 795 subespécies e 787 espécies de borboletas que ocorrem nesta Unidade de Conservação e seus arredores, coligida ao longo de 15 anos e dez meses através do uso de diferentes métodos de amostragem não padronizados. Nós também procuramos por registros adicionais na literatura, coleções entomológicas e plataformas de ciência cidadã na internet. Dentre os táxons amostrados, seis são registrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae) e Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Outras seis espécies são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção em listas de borboletas de interesse para a conservação. Os registros de algumas espécies aumentam significativamente as suas distribuições previamente documentadas. 1.852,62 185262 1 852 62 (1.852,6 km² km Atlântica Brasil 79 78 arredores padronizados literatura internet amostrados Stichel 1916 p Harvey 199 Riodinidae, Riodinidae , (Riodinidae) v Skinner, Skinner (Skinner 1920, 1920 1920) ssp n Hesperiidae, Hesperiidae (Hesperiidae) sp Nymphalidae (Nymphalidae Lycaenidae. Lycaenidae . (Lycaenidae) conservação documentadas 1.852,6 18526 85 6 (1.852, 7 191 19 (Riodinidae 192 (Hesperiidae (Lycaenidae 1.852, 1852 8 (1.852 1.852 185 (1.85 1.85 18 (1.8 1.8 (1. 1. (1 (

Resumen Se determinan las relaciones biogeográficas entre áreas aisladas de bosque tropical húmedo de México a partir de sus faunas de mariposas. Los análisis se hicieron a partir de los registros de 676 especies pertenecientes a las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Nymphalidae en unidades geográficas de Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí y Campeche, mediante el uso de algoritmos de parsimonia y similitud. Ambos métodos corroboraron que las unidades mejor estudiadas forman un grupo consistente: Sierra de Juárez-Los Tuxtlas-Chajul-Huichihuayán, mientras que Soconusco representa el área más diferenciada.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the biogeographical relationships between isolated areas of tropical rainforests in Mexico from their butterfly faunas. The analysis were made from the records of 676 species belonging to the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae in 12 geographic units in Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Campeche, through the use of parsimony and similarity algorithms. Both methods corroborated that the best studied units form a consistent group: Sierra de Juárez–Los Tuxtlas–Chajul–Huichihuayán, while Soconusco represents the most differentiated area.

Abstract Introduction: The Loxicha Region of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been historically important for the study of Nymphalidae, second in the Papilionoidea for species richness. Describing the diversity patterns of this butterfly clade in Loxicha can improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Mexican Pacific slope, and Mexico in general. Objective: To describe the temporal and spatial patterns of Nymphalidae diversity along an elevational gradient (80-2 600 m), and to compare Loxicha's fauna with other regions in Mexico. Methods: We obtained 28 756 records from 21 sites in the Loxicha Region, representing seven years of sampling. We estimate and analyze the diversity, endemism, and distributional patterns for three elevational levels and five vegetation types. We estimated species composition and similarity with other regions of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. Results: We identified 189 taxa, including species and subspecies, from 85 genera and ten subfamilies of Nymphalidae. Loxicha contains 46 % of the species in the family recognized for Mexico, including ten endemic species and 56 endemic subspecies. Cloud forest and low elevations were the most diverse habitats for this family. There is a clear divergence between the Atlantic and Pacific faunas, and the Sierra Madre del Sur has two faunal components. High-elevation sites in Oaxaca, and in the neighboring state of Guerrero, have a distinctive fauna, apparently isolated from low-elevation sites, revealing an archipelagic distribution for cloud forest Nymphalidae. Conclusions: The Loxicha Region is one of the richest areas for Nymphalidae in Mexico. Distribution on the Pacific slope is determined by geographical history and ecological conditions, including elevation. Nymphalidae can be used to test hypotheses of biogeographic regionalization in Mexico.

RESUMEN En México se han descrito cerca de 1,900 especies de la superfamilia Papilionoidea (sensu lato), que incluye a todos los lepidópteros diurnos en el país (Llorente-Bousquets et al., 2014). Las mariposas diurnas se reconocen como un taxon ampliamente estudiado y se pueden utilizar como bioindicadoras ecológicas. Este artículo de revisión compila la información al respecto en México, identificando 58 artículos y documentos de investigación que mencionan especies indicadoras, aunque solo en 16 de ellos utilizan métodos estadísticos, en su mayoría multivariados para identificarlas como bioindicadoras ecológicas. La información de 179 especies bioindicadoras fue compilada en dos anexos, destacando las principales características que facilitan su búsqueda en campo, como tipo de vegetación, hábitos alimentarios, fenología y grado de especialización. De las 179 especies, 55 se caracterizaron para áreas conservadas, 99 en áreas con disturbio y 25 en ambas condiciones. Se anexa una lista de plantas huésped en el país para 116 especies de mariposas diurnas de las 179 identificadas, con la finalidad de facilitar su asociación con la comunidad vegetal y sus interacciones. Por último, se emiten recomendaciones para el diseño de un muestreo que permita utilizar a estas especies bioindicadoras como objeto de estudio en proyectos de monitoreo ambiental a mediano plazo.

ABSTRACT About 1,900 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea have been described in Mexico (sensu lato), which includes all diurnal lepidoptera in the country (Llorente-Bousquets et al., 2014). Diurnal butterflies are recognized as a widely studied taxon and can be used as ecological bioindicators. This review article compiles information on this subject in Mexico, identifying 58 articles and research papers that mention indicator species, although only 16 of them use statistical methods, mostly multivariate, to identify them as ecological bioindicators. Information on 179 bioindicator butterfly’s species was compiled in annexes, highlighting the main characteristics that facilitate their research in the field, such as vegetation type, feeding habits, phenology, and specialization degree. Of the 179 bioindicator species, 55 were recorded in conserved areas, 99 in disturbed areas and 25 in both conditions, although from different studies and in different habitats. In addition, a list of host plants in the country is annexed for 116 species of the 179 identified to facilitate their association with the respective plant community and their interactions. Finally, recommendations are made for a sampling design that would allow the use of these bioindicator species as an object of study in medium-term environmental monitoring projects.

Resumen Hicimos un inventario de las mariposas presentes en ocho áreas verdes de importancia socio-ambiental para la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia)y su región. Se encontraron 45 especies pertenecientes a cuatro familias, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae y Hesperiidae. La mayor riqueza en el continuo ciudad-región la aportó la familia Nymphalidae, con 23 especies, de las cuales la mayoría son pronophilinos propios de los ecosistemas de alta montaña. Las especies Colias dimera, Dione glycera y Vanessa virginiensis (fueron las mariposas con más amplia distribución. Se plantea que la urbanización como factor modelador del paisaje urbano-regional está afectando la riqueza y distribución de mariposas de Bogotá-Región.

Abstract We carried out an inventory of the butterflies occurring in eight green areas of socio-environmental importance for the city of Bogotá and its region (Cundinamarca, Colombia). We found 45 species belonging to four families, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. The greatest richness was provided by the Nymphalidae family with 23 species, most of which are pronophilines, typical of high mountain ecosystems. Colias dimera, Dione glycera and Vanessa virginiensis were the more widely distributed species. It is argued that urbanization, as a modeling factor of the urban-regional landscape, is affecting the diversity and distribution of butterflies of Bogotá-Region.

Resumen Objetivo. Dado que el Bioma Bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) en Colombia está en peligro y por ende puede desaparecer, se da conocer por primera vez una lista de las especies de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea-Papilionoidae) para Colombia, se indican los vacíos de información existentes en algunas regiones y se proponen algunas especies típicas del Bs-T. Metodología. A partir de una revisión de literatura, salidas de campo, consulta de colecciones biológicas y ayuda de algunos especialistas se genera una lista taxonómica de mariposas para este ecosistema. Resultados. Un total de 2222 registros y 1825 individuos fueron revisados que corresponden a 662 especies, donde la familia Nymphalidae presento 274 especies, seguida por Hesperiidae con 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 y Papilionidae con 21 especies. Además se proponen y figuran 15 especies de mariposas características de este tipo de ecosistema. Alcance. Se aporta conocimiento sobre la diversidad mariposas para un ecosistema en estado crítico como lo es el Bs-T, al igual que se genera una aproximación sobre su riqueza que permite proponer estrategias de conservación para el ecosistema.

Abstract Objective. To present for the first time the list of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: HesperioideaPapilionoidae) for the Tropical Dry Forest (Bs-T) of Colombia, the information gaps in some regions are indicated and some are proposed typical species of Bs-T. Methodology. Based on a review of literature, field trips, consultation of biological collections and the help of some specialists, a taxonomic list of butterflies for this ecosystem is proposed. Results. A total of 2222 records and 1825 individuals were reviewed corresponding to 662 species, where the Nymphalidae family presented 274 species, followed by Hesperiidae with 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 and Papilionidae with 21 species. In addition, 15 species of butterflies characteristic of this type of ecosystem are proposed and listed. Scope. Knowledge is provided about the diversity of butterflies for an ecosystem in critical condition such as Bs-T, as well as an approximation of its wealth that allows to propose conservation strategies for the ecosystem.

Abstract We report the alpha diversity of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea sensu Llorente-Bousquets et al., 2006 and Warren, 2009) of the Metepec Municipality, State of México, Mexico, whose human development index has caused, in a short time, the transformation from a natural landscape to an urban landscape. The field work included 23 samplings, carried out from May 2015 to September 2016. Eighteen sampling sites were divided into 3 main zones: urban (U), urban parks (PU) and marshes (L). A total of 41 species were identified, which are the first records for the municipality of Metepec. Of these, 4 species are endemic to Mexico and 1 is classified as a special protected species by NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. Also, 2 new state records are reported. The richness of Lepidoptera of the municipality of Metepec constitutes 11.45% of the total of the species registered for the State of México. The urban zone had the highest number of species (36); followed by urban parks (17) and the marshes zone (16). Due to the accelerated urbanization of the municipality, it is essential to propose urban landscapes management strategies that protect local biodiversity.

Resumen Reportamos la diversidad alfa de las mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea y Hesperioidea, sensu Llorente-Bousquets et al., 2006 y Warren, 2009) del municipio de Metepec, Estado de México, cuyo índice de desarrollo humano ha provocado en un corto lapso la transformación del paisaje natural a un paisaje urbano. El trabajo de campo comprendió 23 muestreos, realizados de mayo de 2015 a septiembre de 2016. Se eligieron 18 sitios de colecta divididos en 3 zonas: urbana (U), parques urbanos (PU) y lacustre (L). Se identificó un total de 41 especies, las cuales son primeros registros para el municipio de Metepec. De éstas, 4 especies son endémicas de México y 1 está bajo protección especial de acuerdo con la NOM-059-Semarnat-2010. Asimismo, se reportan 2 registros nuevos estatales. La riqueza de lepidópteros del municipio de Metepec, constituye 11.45% del total de las especies registradas para el Estado de México. La zona urbana tuvo el mayor número de especies (36), seguido por parques urbanos (17 especies) y la zona lacustre (16 especies). Debido a la acelerada urbanización del municipio es indispensable proponer estrategias de gestión de paisajes urbanos que protejan a la biodiversidad local.

Resumen El cambio de uso del suelo por la intensificación de la agricultura contribuye a la fragmentación de los bosques tropicales y la pérdida de la biodiversidad. En este sentido, a diferencia de los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) tradicionales, los SAF modernos son considerados de poca importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad de los fragmentos de bosque. Sin embargo, existe una tendencia al establecimiento de SAF modernos. Debido a la sensibilidad a los cambios ambientales, se evaluó la diversidad de mariposas en SAF modernos de Coffea arabica y Erythrina poeppigiana (CP) y en combinación con Musa spp. (CPM) o Cordia alliodora (la única especie nativa de los SAF) (CPL), además de fragmentos de bosque muy húmedo premontano (FR) en el Corredor Biológico Volcánica Central-Talamanca, Costa Rica. En seis sitios representativos de cada sistema se establecieron tres transectos paralelos de 80 m cada uno y distanciados a 25 m entre los mismos. Cada cafetal y fragmento de bosque fue muestreado durante 1.5 horas en total para el registro de mariposas. Durante tres fechas de muestreo, se obtuvo un esfuerzo de muestreo de 4.5 horas/sitio y 27 horas en cada SAF y en FR. CP y CPM juntos tuvieron una composición de especies de mariposas diferente a la de CPL y FR. CP y CPM juntos resultaron con las especies de áreas abiertas Hermeuptychia hermes y Anartia jatrophae como indicadoras. CPL resultó con las especies de bosques secundarios Heliconus erato petiverana y Pareuptychia ocirrhoe como indicadoras. Por el contrario, FR resultó con diversas especies indicadoras típicas de bosques continuos tales como Pierella helvina incanescens, Caligo eurilochus y Morpho peleides limpida. Además, la riqueza de especies en FR fue mayor en relación a los SAF. Sin embargo, entre los SAF, CPL resultó con la mayor diversidad (Exp(H’)) de especies de áreas cerradas que CP. Así mismo, CPM tuvo una mayor abundancia de mariposas frugívoras que CP y CPL. En bosques fragmentados, los cafetales con sombras exóticas pueden ser mejores hábitats para mariposas de bosques si se combinan con árboles nativos y/o frutales.

Abstract Land use change by the intensification of agriculture contributes to tropical forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss. In this sense, in comparison with traditional agroforestry systems (AFS), modern AFS are considered irrelevant for the conservation of biodiversity of tropical forest fragments. However, there is an increasing trend toward the establishment of different types of modern AFS. Owing to the sensitivity to environmental changes, we evaluated the biodiversity of butterflies in AFS with Coffea arabica and Erythrina poeppigiana (CP), and intermixed with Musa spp. (CPM) or Cordia alliodora (the only native species of AFS) (CPL), as well as premontane very humid forest fragments in the Volcánica Central-Talamanca Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. In six representative sites of each system we set up three parallel 80 m line-transects, separated by a distance of 25 m. Each coffee farm and forest fragment (FR) was surveyed during 1.5 hours to record butterflies. All sites were sampled once a month from May to July 2007. We obtained 4.5 hours of sampling/site, and 27 hours of sampling/habitat. Both CP and CPM together had a butterflies’ species composition which differed from CPL and FR. The indicator species of both CP and CPM together were Hermeuptychia hermes and Anartia jatrophae which are typical of open areas. CPL resulted with the species of secondary forests Heliconius erato petiverana and Pareuptychia ocirrhoe as indicators. In contrast, FR resulted with several indicator species typical of closed canopy forests such as Pierella helvina incanescens, Caligo eurilochus, and Morpho peleides limpida. Moreover, the richness of species was similar among coffee AFS. Furthermore, the richness of species of each coffee AFS was lower in comparison with FR. However, among coffee AFS, CPL harbored higher diversity (Exp(H’)) of forest butterflies than CP. Also, CPM was higher in abundance of frugivorous butterflies in relation with CP and CPL. In fragmented forests, coffee farms with exotic shade species combined at least with a native tree or fruit species, can be a better habitat for forest butterflies than those dominated by an exotic monospecific shade. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 394-402. Epub 2018 March 01.

Resumen: Los cultivos de café de sombra generan ambientes similares a los ecosistemas de montaña en comparación con los monocultivos de café expuestos al sol. Aunque las mariposas se consideran bioindicadoras del estado de salud del ecosistema se desconoce su diversidad en sistemas cafeteros de Santander, donde el café se siembra exclusivamente bajo sombra. Se describe la estructura y composición del ensamblaje de mariposas (Papilionoidea) en un cafetal con sombrío (hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) a 1.756 m (agosto-septiembre, 2014). En tres transectos paralelos de 50 m dentro del cultivo se ubicaron nueve trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con fruta descompuesta, y especímenes adicionales fueron capturados con red entomológica. La representatividad del muestreo (Ecuación de Clench) fue 81,67 %. Se capturaron 341 individuos de 49 especies de las familias Nymphalidae (S = 39), Pieridae (S = 7), Papilionidae (S = 2) y Lycaenidae (S = 1). Las especies más abundantes fueron Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe y Hermeuptychia harmonia. Se describió la riqueza (α =16), dominancia (D = 0,07), equidad (J´= 0,81) y los números efectivos de especies (°D = 58,8, 1D= 23,73 y 2D = 14,2 6). Se relacionó la estructura vegetal con la composición de mariposas (análisis de correspondencia canónica). El porcentaje de cobertura arbórea, la altura, el DAP y la cantidad de los árboles explicaron significativamente la abundancia de mariposas. Este estudio es de los pioneros en describir la diversidad de mariposas en cafetales con sombrío del departamento del Santander. Los agroecosistemas cafeteros de sombra tradicional pueden beneficiar la diversidad de mariposas, debido a que la heterogeneidad de su estructura vegetal ofrece mayor disponibilidad de recursos y refugio.

Abstract Shade grown coffee crops generate environments more similar to mountain ecosystems than monocultures of coffee exposed to direct sunlight. Although butterflies are considered useful bioindicators of the state of ecosystem health, their diversity remains unknown in coffee agroecosystems in Santander, where coffee is grown under shade. The structure and composition of the assembly of the Papilionoidea in a shade coffee plantation (Hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) at an altitude of 1756 m (August-September, 2014) are described. In three parallel transects of 50 m inside the crop, nine Van Someren-Rydon traps were baited with decomposed fruit, and additional specimens were captured with an entomological net. The sampling coverage was estimated at 81.67 % (Clench equation). Overall, 341 individuals of 49 species of the family Nymphalidae (spp. = 39), Pieridae (spp. = 7), Papilionidae (spp. = 2) and Lycaenidae (sp. = 1) were captured. The most abundant species were Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe and Hermeuptychia harmonia. Species richness (α = 16), dominance (D = 0.07), evenness (J’ = 0.81) and effective number of species (°D = 58.8, 1D = 23.73 and 2D = 14.26) were estimated. Vegetation structure was related to the composition of butterfly communities (canonical correspondence analysis). The abundance of butterflies was significantly associated with the percentage of tree cover, height, trunk diameter, and the abundance of trees in the coffee plantation. This study is one of the first to describe the diversity of butterflies associated with shade coffee in the department of Santander. Traditional shade coffee agroecosystems may benefit the diversity of butterflies because the heterogeneity of their plant structure offers a greater availability of resources and shelter for them.