Abstract Euryades corethrus is a Troidini butterfly (Papilionidae, Papilioninae), endemic to grasslands in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay. Formerly abundant, nowadays it is in the Red list of endangered species for those areas. During its larval stage, it feeds on Aristolochia spp, commonly found in southern grasslands. These native grassland areas are diminishing, being converted to crops and pastures, causing habitat loss for Aristolochia and E. corethrus. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of E. corethrus. We sampled eight populations from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and based on Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) molecular marker, our results suggest a low genetic variability between populations, presence of gene flow and, consequently, lack of population structure. A single maternally inherited-genetic marker is insufficient for population-level decisions, but barcoding is a useful tool during early stages of population investigation, bringing out genomic diversity patterns within the target species. Those populations likely faced a bottleneck followed by a rapid expansion during the last glaciation and subsequent stabilization in effective population size. Habitat loss is a threat, which might cause isolation, loss of genetic variability and, ultimately, extinction of E. corethrus if no habitat conservation policy is adopted. Papilionidae, Papilionidae (Papilionidae Papilioninae, Papilioninae , Papilioninae) Uruguay Paraguay abundant stage spp diminishing pastures E Sul COI (COI consequently inheritedgenetic inherited populationlevel level decisions investigation size threat isolation ultimately adopted

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species. pressure biodiversity Therefore Ibu, , (Ibu) Paulo Brazil 201 32 Hesperiidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Riodinidae Papilionidae asymptote site plants variation season USP, USP (USP) period one (Ibu 20 3 (USP 2

Resumen Se determinan las relaciones biogeográficas entre áreas aisladas de bosque tropical húmedo de México a partir de sus faunas de mariposas. Los análisis se hicieron a partir de los registros de 676 especies pertenecientes a las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Nymphalidae en unidades geográficas de Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí y Campeche, mediante el uso de algoritmos de parsimonia y similitud. Ambos métodos corroboraron que las unidades mejor estudiadas forman un grupo consistente: Sierra de Juárez-Los Tuxtlas-Chajul-Huichihuayán, mientras que Soconusco representa el área más diferenciada.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the biogeographical relationships between isolated areas of tropical rainforests in Mexico from their butterfly faunas. The analysis were made from the records of 676 species belonging to the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae in 12 geographic units in Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Campeche, through the use of parsimony and similarity algorithms. Both methods corroborated that the best studied units form a consistent group: Sierra de Juárez–Los Tuxtlas–Chajul–Huichihuayán, while Soconusco represents the most differentiated area.

Resumen Se realizó un inventario de las mariposas de Isla Grande, la isla más extensa del Archipiélago Islas del Rosario (Cartagena de Indias) en el mar Caribe colombiano, a partir de muestreos realizados entre agosto y noviembre de 2017, empleando redes entomológicas y trampas Van Someren-Rydon en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical, donde se ubicaron 13 transectos de 100 m x 10 m. Se registró un total de 129 individuos distribuidos en seis familias, 14 subfamilias y 25 especies. La presencia de Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) se confirma para el Caribe colombiano. La familia Nymphalidae fue la más representativa, por el contrario, las familias Lycaenidae, Riodinidae y Papilionidae presentaron la menor representatividad. Las especies se clasificaron a partir del número de individuos capturados, registrándose cinco especies abundantes, cuatro comunes, tres escasas y 13 raras. Se considera que la realización de muestreos en época seca y de transición permitirá ampliar el número de especies registradas para la isla. Estos resultados constituyen el primer listado de las mariposas de Isla Grande, información que constituye una línea de referencia para posteriores estudios.

Abstract An inventory of the butterflies of Isla Grande, the largest island in the Islas del Rosario Archipelago (Cartagena de Indias) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, was developed based on samplings carried out between August and November 2017 using entomological nets and Van Someren-Rydon traps in fragments of tropical dry forest, where 13 transects of 100 m x 10 m were located. A total of 129 individuals distributed in six families, 14 subfamilies and 25 species were recorded. The presence of Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) is confirmed for the Colombian Caribbean. The Nymphalidae family was the most representative. On the contrary, the Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Papilionidae families presented the least representativeness. The species were classified based on the number of individuals captured, registering five abundant species, four common species, three scarce and 13 rare. It is considered that carrying out samplings in the dry and transitional season will allow expanding the number of species recorded for the island. These results constitute the first list of the butterflies of Isla Grande, information that constitutes a reference line for further studies.

Abstract Lestranicus transpectus and Graphium macareus are new observations of butterfly fauna to Bangladesh for the first time from Baro Chara (22.50° N, 92.18° E, 9 m), Rangamati district of Chittagong division. These two new findings signify previous sampling gaps and suggest further surveys needed to make an updated and exhaustive checklist for Bangladesh.

Resumen Lestranicus transpectus y Graphium macareus son observadas por primera vez en Baro Chara (22,50° N, 92,18° E, 9 m), distrito de Rangamati de la división de Chittagong, Bangladesh. Estos dos nuevos registros evidencian la falta de muestreos previos y sugieren la necesidad de realizar más prospecciones para hacer una lista de verificación exhaustiva y actualizada para Bangladesh.

Abstract The study of the basic biology of panchronic species could help understand their persistence through geological time. One of the least studied panchronic species is Baronia brevicornis Salvin (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), the oldest known butterfly species endemic to Mexico. Here we report on our findings from studying a population of B. brevicornis in Sierra de Huautla, Morelos, for 3 years. In this population we identified 3 male and 3 female color morphs, making it perhaps the most complex polymorphism described yet for a panchronic species. We found a balanced sex ratio in newly emerged adults but a sex ratio biased to males at reproductive sites. Significantly, we found adults of the butterfly only on patches of the host plant Vachellia campechiana (Mill.) Seigler & Ebinger (Fabaceae) that also offered feeding sources for adults and report for the first-time adults feeding on 5 plant species. Additionally, differences in water use in trees of V. campechiana in zones with or without B. brevicornis suggest a relationship between butterfly food sources and plant water expenditure. Our findings on B. brevicornis could be used to develop conservation plans for this species.

Resumen El estudio de la biología básica de especies pancrónicas podría ayudar a entender su persistencia a través del tiempo geológico. Una de las especies pancrónicas menos estudiadas es Baronia brevicornis Salvin (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae), una mariposa endémica de México y la especie más antigua del mundo. Estudiamos por 3 años una población de B. brevicornis en la sierra de Huautla, Morelos. En esta población identificamos 3 morfos de color en los machos y 3 en las hembras, quizás el polimorfismo más complejo descrito para especies pancrónicas. También encontramos que la proporción sexual es balanceada en los adultos recién emergidos, pero sesgada hacia los machos en los sitios reproductivos. De manera importante, solamente encontramos mariposas en los parches de Vachellia campechiana (Mill.) Seigler & Ebinger (Fabaceae), que además tenían plantas de las que se podían alimentar los adultos, y aquí reportamos por primera vez que los adultos se alimentan de 5 especies de plantas. Asimismo, las diferencias en uso del agua de V. campechiana en zonas con y sin B. brevicornis sugieren una relación entre las fuentes de alimentos de las mariposas y el gasto de agua de las plantas. Nuestros hallazgos pueden ser fundamentales para desarrollar planes de conservación para B. brevicornis.

Resumen Introducción: Una lista de especies confiable y el análisis de los patrones de diversidad de taxones hiperdiversos, como las mariposas, son fundamentales para el monitoreo y manejo de recursos biológicos. Oaxaca es uno de los estados más diversos de México y mucha de su diversidad aun es desconocida. Objetivo: Estimar y describir la riqueza de especies y diversidad de Papilionidae y Pieridae en un gradiente altitudinal y cinco tipos de vegetación presentes en la Región Loxicha, Oaxaca, en la Sierra Madre del Sur. Métodos: El esfuerzo de muestreo comprendió 222 días a lo largo de siete años. Se estima la diversidad alfa para 17 sitios dentro de un gradiente altitudinal de 880 a 2 850 m con cinco tipos de vegetación: bosque tropical caducifolio, bosque tropical subcaducifolio, bosque mesófilo (nivel bajo y medio), bosque de pino-encino con bosque mesófilo (nivel alto) y bosque de pino-encino. Resultados: Se obtuvo una lista de 69 especies (27 Papilionidae y 42 Pieridae), de 34 géneros y cinco subfamilias, a partir de los registros en la literatura y el trabajo de campo. Estas especies representan el 60 % de los Pieridae y el 48 % de los Papilionidae registrados para el estado. A nivel nacional, la región Loxicha tiene el 36 % de las Pieridae y el 30 % de las Papilionidae del país. Las familias presentan patrones diferentes de riqueza de especies por tipo de vegetación. Papilionidae es más rica en el bosque tropical caducifolio con 23 especies estimadas y la mayoría de las especies de esta familia (84 %) están por debajo de los 500 m Mientras que la riqueza de especies de Pieridae no presenta diferencias significativas entre los tipos de vegetación, excepto por el bosque de pino-encino que tiene menos especies que los demás tipos. El gradiente altitudinal se dividió en tres pisos (0-750, 750-1 800, 1 800-2 850 m) con una reducción de la riqueza de especies y diversidad de ambas familias en altitudes mayores. Conclusiones: Las especies de Papilionidae están más restringidas a un tipo de vegetación o piso altitudinal que las especies de Pieridae. Probablemente por la gran vagilidad, valencia ecológica más amplia y capacidad de migraciones altitudinales de la mayoría de las Pieridae.

Abstract Introduction: A reliable list of species and the analysis of diversity patterns of hyperdiverse taxa, like butterflies, are fundamental for monitoring and managing biological resources. Oaxaca is one of the most diverse states in Mexico for many groups including Lepidoptera and most of its diversity is unknown. Objective: To estimate and describe the species richness and diversity of Papilionidae and Pieridae along an altitudinal gradient and five vegetation types in the Loxicha Region, Oaxaca, Sierra Madre del Sur. Methods: Sampling effort comprised 222 collecting days during a period of seven years. We estimated the alpha diversity for 17 sites within an elevational gradient from 80 to 2 850 m, with five vegetation types: tropical deciduous forest (TDF), tropical sub-deciduous forest (TSDF), cloud forest (low and middle levels) (CF), oak-pine and cloud forest (high level) (OPCF) and oak-pine forest (OPF). Results: We obtained a list of 69 species (27 Papilionidae and 42 Pieridae), of 34 genera and five subfamilies, from literature records and fieldwork. These species are 60 % of the Pieridae and 48 % of the Papilionidae recorded for the state. The Loxicha Region has 36 % of the Pieridae and 30 % of the Papilionidae of Mexico. Both families present different species richness patterns by vegetation type. Papilionidae is richer in the TDF with 23 estimated species and most of the species of this family (84 %) occur below 500 m. Meanwhile, species richness of Pieridae has non-significant differences among vegetations types, except for OPF which has fewer species than the other types. The elevational gradient was divided into three levels (0-750, 750-1 800, 1 800-2 850 m) showing a reduction of species richness and diversity for both families at higher altitudes. Conclusions: Papilionidae species are more restricted to a vegetation type or elevational level than Pieridae species. Likely reasons are higher vagility (including migrations) and wider ecological tolerance of most Pieridae.

Resumen Objetivo. Dado que el Bioma Bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) en Colombia está en peligro y por ende puede desaparecer, se da conocer por primera vez una lista de las especies de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea-Papilionoidae) para Colombia, se indican los vacíos de información existentes en algunas regiones y se proponen algunas especies típicas del Bs-T. Metodología. A partir de una revisión de literatura, salidas de campo, consulta de colecciones biológicas y ayuda de algunos especialistas se genera una lista taxonómica de mariposas para este ecosistema. Resultados. Un total de 2222 registros y 1825 individuos fueron revisados que corresponden a 662 especies, donde la familia Nymphalidae presento 274 especies, seguida por Hesperiidae con 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 y Papilionidae con 21 especies. Además se proponen y figuran 15 especies de mariposas características de este tipo de ecosistema. Alcance. Se aporta conocimiento sobre la diversidad mariposas para un ecosistema en estado crítico como lo es el Bs-T, al igual que se genera una aproximación sobre su riqueza que permite proponer estrategias de conservación para el ecosistema.

Abstract Objective. To present for the first time the list of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: HesperioideaPapilionoidae) for the Tropical Dry Forest (Bs-T) of Colombia, the information gaps in some regions are indicated and some are proposed typical species of Bs-T. Methodology. Based on a review of literature, field trips, consultation of biological collections and the help of some specialists, a taxonomic list of butterflies for this ecosystem is proposed. Results. A total of 2222 records and 1825 individuals were reviewed corresponding to 662 species, where the Nymphalidae family presented 274 species, followed by Hesperiidae with 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 and Papilionidae with 21 species. In addition, 15 species of butterflies characteristic of this type of ecosystem are proposed and listed. Scope. Knowledge is provided about the diversity of butterflies for an ecosystem in critical condition such as Bs-T, as well as an approximation of its wealth that allows to propose conservation strategies for the ecosystem.

Resumen Se realizó un monitoreo ecológico en dos propiedades sometidas a manejo forestal sostenible (MFS), ubicadas en la Zona Norte de Costa Rica. Para el monitoreo se eligió como indicador de filtro grueso el área basal y como indicador de filtro fino la composición, y diversidad de mariposas diurnas de las familias Nymphalidae, Papilionidae y Pieridae. Los resultados indican que los bosques sometidos a MFS, que además fueron afectadas por el paso del Huracán Otto, sufrieron una pérdida importante de área basal, lo que implica ajustes en el nuevo ciclo de corta que aseguren la recuperación de las áreas de bosque. Se comprobó que a menor cobertura forestal mayor abundancia, riqueza y composición de mariposas. Para lograr utilizar los monitoreos de mariposas como indicador de la sostenibilidad se requiere de un esfuerzo mayor para lograr construir líneas de referencia para este indicador.

Abstract An ecological monitoring was carried out on two properties subject to sustainable forest management (SFM), located in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica. For monitoring purposes, the basal area was chosen as the gross filter indicator, and the composition and diversity of diurnal butterflies of the Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae families was chosen as a fine filter indicator. The results indicate that forests subjected to SFM , which were also affected by the passage of Hurricane Otto, suffered a significant loss of basal area, which implies adjustments in the new cutting cycle to ensure the recovery of forest areas. It was found that as lower forest cover, the greater abundance, richness and composition of butterflies. In order to use the monitoring of butterflies as an indicator of sustainability, a greater effort is required to achieve the construction of reference lines for this indicator.

Resumen El Patía, (Cauca, Colombia) es una zona caracterizada por ser vulnerable a intervenciones antrópicas y fenómenos naturales, lo cual motiva a realizar estudios que reflejen las dinámicas ecológicas empleando organismos indicadores biológicos como las mariposas. Esta investigación evaluó el efecto de la matriz ganadera sobre la comunidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) en Las Martas y La Pachuca, dos fragmentos de bosque seco del Patía. Se emplearon dos métodos de captura: jama entomológica y trampas van Someren Rydon cebadas con pescado y banano descompuestos, establecidos en dos transectos de 300 m cada uno, para cada fragmento. Los muestreos se realizaron entre septiembre 2014 y febrero 2015. Entre los dos fragmentos se registraron 679 individuos, distribuidos en seis familias Nymphalidae (61,12 %), Pieridae (19,00 %), Hesperiidae (13,99 %), Papilionidae (2,65 %), Lycaenidae (2,21 %) y Riodinidae (1,03 %), 14 subfamilias y 81 especies. El coeficiente de Jaccard obtuvo 0,43 de similitud entre la comunidad de lepidópteros diurnos, compartiendo 35 especies del total registrado. La eficiencia del muestreo estuvo entre 48,38 y 67,9 %, sugiriendo continuar con los muestreos en los fragmentos. Se concluye que existe un fuerte efecto de la ganadería extensiva en la comunidad de lepidópteros diurnos, sin embargo, las especies que se registraron como euritopas y estenotopas pueden ser clave para elaborar planes de conservación basados en corredores biológicos.

Abstract The Patía region (Cauca, Colombia) is an area that is vulnerable to anthropic interventions and natural phenomena; this condition motivated the realization of this study, which reflects the ecological dynamics of using butterflies as biological indicator organisms. This research evaluated the effects of the cattle ranching matrix on the community of diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera), in two fragments of Patía dry forest, Cauca: Las Martas and La Pachuca. Two capture methods were used: entomological net and van Someren Rydon traps primed with fish and decomposed banana, and established in two transects of 300 m each, for each fragment. Sampling was carried out from September 2014 to February 2015. Between the two fragments were 679 individuals distributed in six families: Nymphalidae (61.12 %), Pieridae (19.00 %), Hesperiidae (13.99 %), Lycaenidae (2.21 %), Papilionidae 2.65 %) and Riodinidae (1.03 %), 14 subfamilies and 81 species. The Jaccard coefficient of 0.43 showed similarity among the diurnal lepidopteran community, which shared 35 species of the total recorded. The sampling efficiency was between 48.38 and 67.9 %, which suggesting continuity in the sampling of the fragments. It is concluded that a strong effect of extensive cattle ranching exists in the community of diurnal Lepidoptera, however, the species that were registered as euritopes and stenotopes may be key to developing conservation plans based on biological corridors.

Resumo Apesar de ser um dos grupos mais bem estudados no Brasil, as borboletas da região Nordeste, especialmente ao norte da foz do Rio São Francisco, são ainda pouco conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um inventário da fauna de borboletas em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica no estado de Pernambuco, como uma contribuição para compreensão sobre a distribuição desses insetos. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica de 384.7 hectares do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, localizado na região metropolitana de Recife. As borboletas foram amostradas mensalmente, de agosto de 2011 a julho de 2012 e de janeiro a agosto de 2016, com auxílio de redes entomológicas. Registros adicionais foram obtidos de duas Coleções Entomológicas e de duas coletas prévias em julho de 2003 e agosto de 2006. Um total de 273 espécies foi registrado em 464 horas e 15 espécies adicionais registradas a partir de Coleções Entomológicas, totalizando 288 espécies de borboletas registradas. A família mais rica foi Hesperiidae (108 espécies), seguida por Nymphalidae (80), Lycaenidae (43), Riodinidae (37), Pieridae (16) e Papilionidae (4). A fauna de borboletas foi dominada por espécies generalistas com uma ampla distribuição geográfica, muitas delas encontradas comumente em áreas abertas, bordas de mata e em vegetação secundária. Roeberella lencates (Hewitson, 1875) e Pheles atricolor atricolor (Butler, 1871) (Riodinidae) representam um novo registro para o Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract Despite being one of the groups most well studied in Brazil, the butterfly fauna of northeastern Brazil, especially north of the mouth of São Francisco River, is poorly known. The aim of this study was to inventory the butterfly fauna in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco as a contribution to understanding the distribution of these insects. The study was carried out in a 384.7 hectares fragment of Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, in the metropolitan region of Recife. The butterflies were sampled monthly with insect nets from August 2011 to July 2012 and from January to August 2016. Additional records were obtained from two entomological collections and from two previous visits to the area in July 2003 and August 2006. A total of 273 species was sampled in 464 hours, with an additional 15 species recorded from the Entomological Collections, totaling 288 butterfly species recorded. The richest family was Hesperiidae (108 species), followed by Nymphalidae (80), Lycaenidae (43) Riodinidae (37), Pieridae (16) and Papilionidae (4). The fauna was dominated by generalist species with a broad geographical distribution, many of them commonly found on open areas, forest edges and secondary vegetation. Roeberella lencates (Hewitson, 1875) and Pheles atricolor atricolor (Butler, 1871) (Riodinidae) represent new records for northeastern Brazil.

Resumen Se determinó la diversidad de mariposas diurnas asociadas a tres hábitats con diferentes grados de conservación en el corregimiento de Pacurita, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia. Para la captura de mariposas durante 38 días de muestreos entre los meses de julio y diciembre del 2016, se empleó una red entomológica y seis trampas Van Someren- Rydon cebadas con pescado en descomposición y frutas fermentadas. Se capturaron 284 individuos de 44 especies pertenecientes a las familias Nymphalidae (S=38) Papilionidae (S=3), Pieridae (S=1) y Riodinidae (S=2). Según el tipo de hábitats, las especies más abundantes fueron Pierella luna lesbia y Heliconius erato venus en el hábitat de bosque conservado; Pierella luna lesbia, Heliconius erato venus y Colobura dirce en el bosque secundario, y Anartia jatrophae, Heliconius erato venus y Anartia amathea en el hábitat de intervención permanente. En los hábitats de bosque conservado y bosque secundario se registró un 62 % de similitud en cuanto a la composición y la estructura de las especies de mariposas, lo cual no ocurrió en el hábitat de intervención permanente. De las 44 especies reportadas en este estudio, 25 constituyen nuevos registros para la localidad de Pacurita, siendo la familia Nymphalidae la predominante. Las especies P. luna lesbia, A. jatrophae, H. erato venus, A. demophon muson y S. magdalena cleove fueron las mejor representadas, aunque con cambios en su abundancia según el tipo de hábitat.

Abstract We determined the diversity of butterflies associated with three habitats with different level of conservation in the village of Pacurita, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia. For the capture of butterflies during 38 days of sampling between the months of July and December 2016, an entomological network and six Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with decaying fish and fermented fruits were used. A total of 284 individuals of 44 species were captured, from the families Nymphalidae (S=38), Papilionidae (S=3), Pieridae (S=1), and Riodinidae (S=2). The most abundant species were Pierella luna lesbia and Heliconius erato venus in the preserved forest; Pierella luna lesbia, Heliconius erato venus, and Colobura dirce in the secondary forest, and Anartia jatrophae, Heliconius erato venus, and Anartia amathea in the habitat of permanent intervention. In the preserved and secondary forests, there was a 62% similarity in the composition and structure of butterfly species, but not so in the permanent intervention habitat. Out of the 44 species reported in this study, 25 constitute new species records for Pacurita locality; the Nymphalidae family was the predominant one. The species P. luna lesbia, A. jatrophae, H. erato venus, A. demophon muson, and S. magdalena cleove were the best represented despite experiencing changes in their abundance according to the type of habitat.

ABSTRACT The combination Castnia psittacus (Molina) designated by Philippi (1867) and later argued by Ureta (1955) is invalidated by deficiencies, inconsistencies, misrepresentations and misinterpretations of the description made by Molina. Castnia eudesmia Gray stat. rev. is proposed as the valid combination, while the epithet “psittacus” is assigned to the only Papilionidae of Chile Battus polydamas.

RESUMEN La combinación Castnia psittacus (Molina) designada por Philippi (1867) y argumentada posteriormente por Ureta (1955) es invalidada por deficiencias, incoherencias, tergiversaciones y malas interpretaciones de la descripción realizada por Molina. Castnia eudesmia Gray stat. rev., es propuesta como la combinación válida, mientras el epíteto “psittacus” es asignado al único Papilionidae de Chile Battus polydamas.

Resumen: Los cultivos de café de sombra generan ambientes similares a los ecosistemas de montaña en comparación con los monocultivos de café expuestos al sol. Aunque las mariposas se consideran bioindicadoras del estado de salud del ecosistema se desconoce su diversidad en sistemas cafeteros de Santander, donde el café se siembra exclusivamente bajo sombra. Se describe la estructura y composición del ensamblaje de mariposas (Papilionoidea) en un cafetal con sombrío (hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) a 1.756 m (agosto-septiembre, 2014). En tres transectos paralelos de 50 m dentro del cultivo se ubicaron nueve trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con fruta descompuesta, y especímenes adicionales fueron capturados con red entomológica. La representatividad del muestreo (Ecuación de Clench) fue 81,67 %. Se capturaron 341 individuos de 49 especies de las familias Nymphalidae (S = 39), Pieridae (S = 7), Papilionidae (S = 2) y Lycaenidae (S = 1). Las especies más abundantes fueron Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe y Hermeuptychia harmonia. Se describió la riqueza (α =16), dominancia (D = 0,07), equidad (J´= 0,81) y los números efectivos de especies (°D = 58,8, 1D= 23,73 y 2D = 14,2 6). Se relacionó la estructura vegetal con la composición de mariposas (análisis de correspondencia canónica). El porcentaje de cobertura arbórea, la altura, el DAP y la cantidad de los árboles explicaron significativamente la abundancia de mariposas. Este estudio es de los pioneros en describir la diversidad de mariposas en cafetales con sombrío del departamento del Santander. Los agroecosistemas cafeteros de sombra tradicional pueden beneficiar la diversidad de mariposas, debido a que la heterogeneidad de su estructura vegetal ofrece mayor disponibilidad de recursos y refugio.

Abstract Shade grown coffee crops generate environments more similar to mountain ecosystems than monocultures of coffee exposed to direct sunlight. Although butterflies are considered useful bioindicators of the state of ecosystem health, their diversity remains unknown in coffee agroecosystems in Santander, where coffee is grown under shade. The structure and composition of the assembly of the Papilionoidea in a shade coffee plantation (Hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) at an altitude of 1756 m (August-September, 2014) are described. In three parallel transects of 50 m inside the crop, nine Van Someren-Rydon traps were baited with decomposed fruit, and additional specimens were captured with an entomological net. The sampling coverage was estimated at 81.67 % (Clench equation). Overall, 341 individuals of 49 species of the family Nymphalidae (spp. = 39), Pieridae (spp. = 7), Papilionidae (spp. = 2) and Lycaenidae (sp. = 1) were captured. The most abundant species were Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe and Hermeuptychia harmonia. Species richness (α = 16), dominance (D = 0.07), evenness (J’ = 0.81) and effective number of species (°D = 58.8, 1D = 23.73 and 2D = 14.26) were estimated. Vegetation structure was related to the composition of butterfly communities (canonical correspondence analysis). The abundance of butterflies was significantly associated with the percentage of tree cover, height, trunk diameter, and the abundance of trees in the coffee plantation. This study is one of the first to describe the diversity of butterflies associated with shade coffee in the department of Santander. Traditional shade coffee agroecosystems may benefit the diversity of butterflies because the heterogeneity of their plant structure offers a greater availability of resources and shelter for them.

Abstract: A thorough study on the taxonomic composition and altitudinal distribution of butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea) in the Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca is presented. Systematic field collecting was conducted in 12 localities between 90 and 2200 meters above sea level, representing all the climate and vegetation types and subtypes. Field work inlcuded two approaches: searches with entomological nets in different microhabitats, and placement of 5-7 Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with fermented banana. This work yielded 3,108 specimens, with their taxonomic identification, and the review of 89 specimens and 302 database records of the MARIPOSA database, at the Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM, and data from other Mexican collections, generated an integrated list of 460 taxones included in 6 families, 19 subfamilies and 246 genera. Of these, 353 taxones are new records for the Sierra Mazateca, and 4 are new to the state of Oaxaca. The most diverse family was Nymphalidae (168 taxones), followed by Hesperiidae (141 taxones), Lycaenidae (57 taxones), Pieridae (42 taxones), Riodinidae (33 taxones) and Papilionidae (19 taxones). The better represented genera were: Urbanus Hübner, Calephelis Grote & Robinson, Adelpha Hübner, Anthanassa Scudder, 1875, Hamadryas Hübner, Eurema Hübner, Autochton Hübner, Chlosyne A. Butler, Parides Hübner, Heliconius Kluk, Memphis Hübner, Emesis Fabricius, Catasticta A. Butler, and Astraptes Hübner y Phoebis Hübner. Based on the species accumulation curve, using the Clench model, 71.3% (380 taxones) of the total estimated for the area was collected, and 87.2% of the total estimate considering additional collections. Regarding altitudinal distribution, 77% (360 taxones) occurred between 90-500 masl, making this interval the most diverse in the Sierra.

Resumen: Se realizó un estudio sobre la composición y distribución altitudinal de las mariposas diurnas (superfamilia Papilionoidea) en la Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. Se efectuaron recolectas sistemáticas en 12 localidades ubicadas entre los 90 y 2200 msnm, que representan los tipos y subtipos climáticos y de vegetación del área. En las recolectas se emplearon dos técnicas: búsqueda dirigida con red entomológica aérea en los diferentes microhábitats y colocación de cinco a siete trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con plátano fermentado. Este trabajo permitió obtener 3,108 ejemplares, cuya determinación taxonómica y la revisión de 89 ejemplares y 302 registros de la base de datos Mariposa, del Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM y los datos provenientes de otras colecciones mexicanas, generaron una lista integrada de 460 taxones, incluidos en seis familias, 19 subfamilias y 246 géneros. De éstos, 353 taxones son nuevos registros para la Sierra Mazateca y 4 son nuevos para el estado de Oaxaca. La familia más diversa fue Nymphalidae (168 taxones), seguida Hesperiidae (141 taxones), Lycaenidae (57 taxones), Pieridae (42 taxones), Riodinidae (33 taxones) y Papilionidae (19 taxones). Los géneros mejor representados en cuanto a riqueza fueron: Urbanus Hübner, Calephelis Grote & Robinson, Adelpha Hübner, Anthanassa Scudder, 1875, Hamadryas Hübner, Eurema Hübner, Autochton Hübner, Chlosyne A. Butler, Parides Hübner, Heliconius Kluk, Memphis Hübner, Emesis Fabricius, Catasticta A. Butler, Astraptes Hübner y Phoebis Hübner. Con base en la curva de acumulación de especies, empleando el modelo de Clench, se recolectaron el 71.3% (380 taxones) de lo estimado para el área y un total de 87.2% de lo estimado considerando las colecciones adicionales. Respecto a la distribución altitudinal el 77% (360 taxones) son frecuentes en los 90-500 msnm.