Abstract Introduction: Human-wildlife interactions are on the rise due to anthropogenic pressures. Understanding these interactions is crucial for preventing conflict and promoting coexistence, ultimately benefitting humans and wildlife. Objective: In this study, we analysed the interactions between humans and jaguars Panthera onca in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica. Methods: We examined data concerning jaguar sightings within Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica compiled from 2000 to 2022. Results: A total of 381 jaguar sightings were recorded, of which 75% occurred in the coastal habitat; 81% occurred during the leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea (March-May) and the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas (June-October) nesting seasons. From photographic records, 26 individual jaguars were identified (14 females, 12 males). Furthermore, 9% of the sightings were reported within the boundaries of Tortuguero village, where at least 48 domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris were attacked by jaguars. Conclusions: Despite the jaguar's cryptic nature, the data show an increase in the frequency and duration of jaguar sightings over the years. This trend is likely due to an increase in the local jaguar population and possibly an increase in jaguars' tolerance towards humans, possibly triggered by people's inappropriate behaviour (e.g. approaching jaguars while feeding, mating or with their cubs) during the sightings. Our study also highlights the potential for conflict due to jaguar predation of domestic dogs, which is increasing within the study area. Therefore, there is a need for management action to promote coexistence between humans and the local jaguar population in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica.

Resumen Introducción: Las interacciones entre los seres humanos y la vida silvestre han aumentado debido a las presiones antropogénicas. Comprender estas interacciones es crucial para prevenir conflictos y fomentar la coexistencia. Objetivo: Analizar las interacciones entre los humanos y los jaguares Panthera onca en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Métodos: Analizamos una base de datos (2000- 2022) correspondientes a los avistamientos de jaguares en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Resultados: Registramos un total de 381 avistamientos de jaguares, de los cuales el 75% ocurrieron en el hábitat costero, mientras que el 81% durante las temporadas de anidación de la tortuga baula Dermochelys coriacea (marzo-mayo) y la tortuga verde Chelonia mydas (junio-octubre). A partir de los registros fotográficos, se identificaron 26 jaguares (14 hembras, 12 machos). Además, el 9% de los avistamientos ocurrieron dentro de los límites del pueblo de Tortuguero, donde al menos 48 perros domésticos Canis lupus familiaris han sido atacados por jaguares. Conclusión: A pesar de la naturaleza críptica del jaguar, los datos muestran un aumento en la frecuencia y duración de los avistamientos a lo largo de los años. Es probable que esta tendencia se deba a un aumento de la población local de jaguares, y posiblemente a un aumento de la tolerancia de los jaguares hacia los humanos provocado probablemente por el comportamiento inadecuado de las personas (por ejemplo, acercarse a los jaguares mientras se alimentan, se aparean o están con sus crías) durante los avistamientos. Nuestro estudio también destaca el potencial de conflicto debido a la depredación de perros domésticos por parte de los jaguares, que está aumentando en el área de estudio. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la toma de decisiones de manejo para promover la coexistencia entre los humanos y la población local de jaguares en el Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Costa Rica.

RESUMEN Se evaluó ecográficamente el abdomen de jaguares (Panthera onca) aparentemente sanos mantenidos en confinamiento en el Zoológico Parque de Las Leyendas (Lima) y el Zoocriadero San Juan (Pucallpa, Perú). El trabajo comprendió la revisión de 13 especímenes, entre jóvenes y maduros, hembras y machos. Los ejemplares se anestesiaron con la combinación de Dexmedetomidina y Ketamina, y se empleó Atipamezol como antídoto. Se utilizó el equipo Esaote MyLabOne™ y el transductor de 4-9 MHz, microconvexo. Se evaluó la ubicación anatómica, la ecotextura y la arquitectura de los órganos abdominales. Del estudio se pudo concluir que las características ecográficas de los órganos abdominales de los ejemplares de Panthera onca son similares a lo descrito para otras especies de felinos silvestres sudamericanos, variando en el largo, ancho o espesor en correspondencia al mayor tamaño del otorongo; y que las características de los órganos abdominales no difieren significativamente de lo descritos para animales de compañía.

ABSTRACT The abdomen of apparently healthy jaguars (Panthera onca) kept in confinement at the Parque de Las Leyendas Zoo (Lima) and the San Juan Zoocriadero (Pucallpa, Peru) was evaluated by ultrasound. The work included the examination of 13 specimens, young and mature, female and male. The specimens were anesthetized with a combination of Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine, and Atipamezole was used as an antidote. The Esaote MyLabOne™ equipment and the 4-9 MHz microconvex transducer were used. The anatomical location, echotexture and architecture of the abdominal organs were evaluated. From the study it was possible to conclude that the ultrasound characteristics of the abdominal organs of Panthera onca specimens are similar to those described for other species of South American wild felines, varying in length, width or thickness in correspondence to the larger size of the jaguar; and that the characteristics of the abdominal organs do not differ significantly from those described for companion animals.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the morphological and metric of the thyroid gland, and Total T4 and Free T4 hormonal values among domestic and wild felids without thyroid diseases. Thirty-three felids without thyroid diseases were evaluated, being 13 felids, one Panthera onca, three Pumas concolor, three small wild cats, three Pumas yagouaroundi, two Leopardus pardalis and one Leopardus wiedii, and 20 domestic felines. The animals were submitted to ultrasonography of the thyroid gland and to hormonal serum dosage of Total T4 and Free T4 by the technique of chemiluminescence. Subsequently, they were divided into groups according to weight, sex, and age. The mean volume of thyroid lobe was 0.11cm³ for domestic cats, 0.18cm³ for the mixed wild feline group (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii and Pumas yagouaroundi) and 1.57cm³ for the jaguar group (Panthera onca e Pumas concolor). The mean Total T4 and Free T4 were 2.55µg/dL and 1.23ng/dL for domestic cats, 1.46µg/dL and 1.89ng/dL for the mixed feline group and 0.68µg/dL and 0.82ng/dL for the jaguar group, respectively. Animals over 10 years old presented higher Free T4 values. T Thirtythree Thirty evaluated 1 concolor cats yagouaroundi 2 felines chemiluminescence Subsequently weight sex age 011cm³ cm 0 11cm³ 0.11cm 018cm³ 18cm³ 0.18cm tigrinus 157cm³ 57cm³ 1.57cm concolor. . concolor) 255µgdL µgdL 55µg dL µg 123ngdL ngdL 23ng ng 146µgdL 46µg 189ngdL 89ng 068µgdL 68µg 082ngdL 82ng respectively 011cm 11cm 018cm 18cm 157cm 57cm

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a morfologia e a métrica da glândula tireoide e os valores hormonais de T4 total e T4 livre entre felinos domésticos e selvagens sem doenças da tireoide. Foram avaliados 33 felinos sem doenças da tireoide, sendo 13 felinos, uma Panthera onca, três Pumas concolor, três pequenos gatos selvagens, três Pumas yagouaroundi, dois Leopardus pardalis e um Leopardus wiedii, e 20 felinos domésticos. Os animais foram submetidos à ultrassonografia da glândula tireoide e à dosagem sérica hormonal de T4 total e T4 livre pela técnica de quimioluminescência. Em seguida, foram divididos em grupos de acordo com peso, sexo e idade. O volume médio do lobo da tireoide foi de 0,11cm³ para gatos domésticos, 0,18cm³ para o grupo misto de felinos selvagens (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii e Pumas yagouaroundi) e 1,57 cm³ para o grupo de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca e Pumas concolor). A média de T4 total e T4 livre foi de 2,55µg/dL e 1,23ng/dL para gatos domésticos, 1,46ug/dL e 1,89ng/dL para o grupo de felinos mistos e 0,68ug/dL e 0,82ng/dL para o grupo da onça-pintada, respectivamente. Os animais com mais de 10 anos de idade apresentaram valores mais altos de T4 livre. T 3 1 concolor yagouaroundi 2 quimioluminescência seguida peso 011cm³ cm 0 11cm³ 0,11cm 018cm³ 18cm³ 0,18cm tigrinus 157 57 1,5 onçaspintadas onças pintadas concolor. . concolor) 255µgdL µgdL 55µg dL µg 123ngdL ngdL 23ng ng 146ugdL ugdL 46ug ug 189ngdL 89ng 068ugdL 68ug 082ngdL 82ng onçapintada, onçapintada onça pintada, pintada onça-pintada respectivamente 011cm 11cm 018cm 18cm 15 5 1,

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise citogenética em quatro espécies de felinos sul-americanos: a onça-pintada (Panthera onca), a suçuarana (Puma concolor), o gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus wiedii) e o gato doméstico (Felis catus). Descobriu-se que a onça-pintada e a suçuarana diferem principalmente em seu número fundamental de cromossomos. Além disso, notou-se uma diferença morfológica em um par de cromossomos entre a onça-pintada e o gato doméstico. Isso nos sugere que, ao longo da evolução, houve uma inversão pericêntrica em um par de cromossomos do grupo B4, que passou a fazer parte do grupo A na onça-pintada. Quando se analisou a suçuarana, observou-se a presença de um quarto par de cromossomos no grupo E, juntamente com uma deleção no grupo F. Isso sugere que, ao longo de sua evolução, a suçuarana também passou por uma inversão pericêntrica. A principal diferença entre o gato-do-mato-pequeno e o gato doméstico reside na ausência de cromossomos no grupo F devido à fusão de dois pares de cromossomos telocêntricos. Além disso, notou-se a presença de um par adicional de cromossomos no grupo C no gato-do-mato-pequeno. Outro aspecto interessante do estudo foi a localização das regiões organizadoras nucleolares (NOR) nos cromossomos. Descobriu-se que, tanto na onça-pintada quanto na suçuarana, as NORs estão localizadas no braço curto do par de cromossomos E1. Para elucidar a origem de outros pares de cromossomos, foram empregadas técnicas de bandamento cromossômico, o que permitiu entender melhor a evolução do par C3 no gênero Leopardus e do par E4 no gênero Puma. sulamericanos sul americanos sul-americanos onçapintada onça pintada Panthera onca, onca , onca) Puma concolor, concolor concolor) gatodomatopequeno mato pequeno wiedii Felis catus. catus . catus) Descobriuse Descobriu disso notouse notou B4 B onçapintada. pintada. observouse observou E telocêntricos gatodomatopequeno. pequeno. NOR (NOR E1 cromossômico

ABSTRACT This study aims to conduct a cytogenetic analysis on four South American feline species: the jaguar (Panthera onca), the puma (Puma concolor), the ocelot (Leopardus wiedii), and the domestic cat (Felis catus). We discovered that the jaguar and the puma mainly differ in their fundamental number of chromosomes. Furthermore, we observed a morphological difference in a pair of chromosomes between the jaguar and the domestic cat. This suggests that, over the course of evolution, there was a pericentric inversion in a pair of B4 group chromosomes, leading them to become part of the A group in the jaguar. When analyzing the puma, we noticed the presence of a fourth pair of chromosomes in the E group, along with a deletion in the F group. Additionally, we observed the presence of an additional pair of chromosomes in the C group in the ocelot. Another interesting aspect of the study was the location of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) on the chromosomes. To elucidate the origin of other chromosome pairs, we employed chromosomal banding techniques, allowing us to better understand the evolution of the C3 pair in the Leopardus genus and the E4 pair in the Puma genus. species Panthera onca, onca , onca) concolor, concolor concolor) wiedii, wiedii wiedii) Felis catus. catus . catus) Furthermore B Additionally NORs (NORs pairs techniques

Resumen Introducción: A nivel mundial, la expansión de actividades humanas continúa teniendo un riesgo para muchas especies de cuerpo grande, tal como los jaguares. Conforme continúen estas actividades, es crucial entender el impacto de paisajes modificados sobre el tamaño de su territorio. Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia de terrenos protegidos y no protegidos sobre el tamaño de su territorio a lo largo de su rango. Métodos: Usamos datos de tamaño de los territorios de 117 jaguares en varias categorías de protección de hábitats y biomas humanos. Usamos un Modelo Mixto Lineal Generalizado para probar traslapes espaciales y de territorios con categorías de conservación y biomas humanos. Resultados: La mayoría de los territorios estaban en Unidades de Conservación de Jaguares (62 %), seguido por Áreas protegidas (21 %), Tierras de Pueblos Indígenas (10 %) y Corredores de Movimiento de Jaguares (3 %), en donde el 76 % de los jaguares vivían dentro de alguna de las primeras tres modalidades de conservación. Sin embargo, fuera de áreas protegidas, pastizales, tierras de cultivo, terrenos seminaturales y otros biomas humanos también fueron importantes (24 % de individuos). Jaguares en pastizales, tierras de cultivo, y terrenos seminaturales tuvieron territorios más grandes. Conclusiones: Aunque las áreas de conservación fueron dominantes, áreas con impacto humano parecieron jugar un rol considerable en satisfacer los requerimientos espaciales de los jaguares.

Abstract Introduction: Worldwide, expanding human activities continue to be a threat to many large-bodied species, including jaguars. As these activities continue, it is critical to understand how home range sizes will be impacted by human-modified landscapes. Objective: To evaluate the importance of protected and unprotected land on home-range size across their range. Methods: We used home range data from 117 jaguars in several habitat protection categories and human biome types. We used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to test home range and spatial overlap with conservation categories and human biomes. Results: Most home-ranges were in Jaguar Conservation Units (62 %), followed by Protected Areas (21 %), Indigenous People's Lands (10 %) and Jaguar Movement Corridors (3 %), where 76 % of the jaguars lived inside one the first three conservation types. However, outside of conserved land, Rangeland, Cropland, Seminatural land and other human biomes were also important (24 % of the individuals). Jaguars in Rangeland, Cropland and Seminatural land had the largest home ranges. Conclusions: Although conservation land was dominant, human-impacted lands appear to play a considerable role in satisfying the spatial requirements of jaguars.

Resumen: El bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná (BAAP) constituye una ecorregión boscosa compartida entre los países de Paraguay, Brasil y Argentina siendo albergue de una gran variedad de especies animales entre ellas de la Panthera onca (Jaguareté). En Paraguay este animal se encuentra catalogado como en peligro crítico de extinción debido a la caza furtiva, el comercio ilegal y la pérdida de su hábitat por la deforestación que ha provocado que su población no pueda crecer en cantidad por lo cual los 3 países del BAAP han coordinado y tomado acciones en conjunto para la conservación y se ha logrado proteger la especie consiguiendo un aumento de su población en los años recientes, por esto, con el fin de proyectar a futuro la población del Jaguareté se han utilizado herramientas matemáticas como el software OriginPro para el cálculo de polinomios de interpolación y valores extrapolados así como el software Vensim con el método de integración de Euler que ha permitido realizar una simulación de la cantidad de animales hasta el año 2025, los resultados proyectados por el método de Spline y la simulación con Vensim muestran una tendencia al incremento en la población del Jaguareté para los siguientes 3 años, en tanto utilizando el método lineal existe un posible escenario el cual proyecta una disminución en la población de animales.

Abstract: The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest (BAAP) constitutes a forest ecoregion shared by the countries of Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina, being home to a great variety of animal species, including the Panthera onca (Jaguareté). In Paraguay, this animal is listed as critically endangered due to poaching, illegal trade and the loss of its habitat due to deforestation, which has caused its population to not grow in quantity, which is why the 3 BAAP countries They have coordinated and taken joint actions for conservation and the species has been protected, achieving an increase in its population in recent years. For this reason, in order to project the population of the Jaguareté into the future, mathematical tools such as software have been used. OriginPro for the calculation of interpolation polynomials and extrapolated values as well as the Vensim software with the Euler integration method that has allowed a simulation of the number of animals until the year 2025, the results projected by the Spline method and the simulation with Vensim shows a tendency to increase in the Jaguareté population for the following 3 years, while using the method linear there is a possible scenario which projects a decrease in the animal population.

ABSTRACT Lead is a heavy metal and an important cause of acute or chronic toxicosis in humans, domestic, and wild animals. This report aims to describe a case of chronic lead poisoning in a jaguar (Panthera onca) kept under human care that was rescued from the wild environment. The animal was rescued in poor condition in 2004 and kept under human care at the Belo Horizonte Zoological Garden (Minas Gerais, Brazil) until 2020, when it presented with anorexia, vomiting and ataxia. Over the past years the animal had episodes of anemia and increased serum urea and creatinine. Radiography demonstrated 21 radiopaque projectiles on the right side of the face. At necropsy there were multiple projectiles surrounded by fibrous tissue in the subcutaneous of the right side of the face, fibrinous peritonitis, multiple gastric ulcers, and melena. The lead dosage was performed using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique using renal tissue collected at necropsy, with a result of 908 ppb (µg/kg). The findings of projectiles associated with the dosage of lead above the reference limits allow the diagnosis of chronic intoxication in this case.

RESUMO Chumbo é um metal pesado e uma causa importante de toxicose crônica no homem e em animais domésticos e selvagens. Este relato teve como objetivo descrever um caso de intoxicação crônica por chumbo em uma onça-pintada (Panthera onca), mantida sob cuidados humanos, que foi resgatada de seu ambiente natural em 2004, em pobre condição corporal. O animal foi encaminhado ao zoológico de Belo Horizonte (MG, Brasil), onde permaneceu até 2020, quando desenvolveu anorexia, vômitos e ataxia. Durante os últimos anos, o animal teve episódios de anemia e aumento da concentração sérica de ureia e creatinina. O exame radiográfico demonstrou 21 projéteis radiodensos na face direita. À necropsia, foram observados vários projéteis envoltos por tecido conjuntivo no subcutâneo da face esquerda, peritonite fibrinosa, múltiplas úlceras gástricas e melena. A concentração de chumbo foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica em amostras de tecido renal, indicando 908 ppb (µg/kg). O achado de projéteis de chumbo associado à elevada concentração de chumbo é compatível com intoxicação crônica por chumbo neste caso.

RESUMEN Presentamos los primeros registros de un jaguar melánico (Panthera onca) coexistiendo con jaguares no melánicos en el Área de Conservación Regional - Cordillera Escalera, San Martín, Perú. Entre los años 2017 a 2022, se instalaron 12 cámaras trampa en un corredor de vida silvestre para evaluar la ocurrencia de mamíferos y aves dentro del área de conservación. Se obtuvo un registro total de 9 fotos y 24 vídeos, de los cuales, 6 fotos y 10 vídeos correspondieron a un ejemplar melánico macho. La mayor cantidad de los registros fue en abril y julio del 2021, durante eventos nocturnos. Estos resultados representan una importante evidencia sobre la presencia de jaguares melánicos no documentados anteriormente en la zona, permitiendo fortalecer iniciativas de conservación y evaluación de distribución de jaguares dentro del ACR - Cordillera Escalera.

ABSTRACT We present the first records of a melanistic jaguar (Panthera onca) coexisting with non-melanistic jaguars in the Cordillera Escalera - Regional Conservation Area, San Martín, Peru. Between the years 2017 and 2022, twelve camera traps were installed in a wildlife corridor to evaluate the occurrence of mammals and birds within the conservation area. A total record of 9 photos and 24 videos was obtained, of which 6 photos and 10 videos corresponded to a melanistic male specimen. The largest number of records was in April and July 2021, during night events. These results represent important evidence of the presence of previously undocumented melanistic jaguars in the area, allowing the strengthening of jaguar conservation initiatives and distribution evaluation within the Cordillera Escalera - RCA.

Abstract The cryopreservation of jaguar semen must be improved to produce high-quality biobanking doses. Until now, the rare studies of semen freezing in the species have only evaluated glycerol, always with a significant reduction in sperm quality in thawed semen. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (MET), in the cryopreservation of jaguar semen in an LDL-based extender, as well as the effect of thawing temperature on dosage quality. Five mature males with a history of reproduction were used. On the males, an infrared thermal image (IRT) was captured, the spicules and testes were analyzed, and the CASA system was used to evaluate the quality of fresh and thawed sperm. The superficial IRT was 4.6 ± 1.2 °C cooler than the anal sphincter, and the semen measured between 27.3 and 28.7 °C shortly after exiting the urethra. The total motility of fresh sperm was 55.3 ± 22.6%, and progressive motility was 36.3 ± 18%. The total motility of thawed sperm was 5.28 ± 2.51%, 4.49 ± %2.49, and 0.51 ± 0.62% for DMSO, GLY, and MET, respectively. DMSO and GLY performed better than MET, and there was no difference in thawing temperature (37°C 30 s vs. 50°C 12 s). All animals exhibit a considerable level of morphological changes in sperm. Low amounts of total and progressive motility were found in the thawed sperm. Males with a high level of sperm morphological changes were found to be fertile, but the lone male with normospermia was infertile. Thus, we contest the applicability of the commonly used morphological classification for bovines to felid species. highquality doses now cryoprotectants , (DMSO) (GLY) MET (MET) LDLbased LDL based extender (IRT captured analyzed 46 4 6 4. 1 2 1. C sphincter 273 27 3 27. 287 28 7 28. urethra 553 55 55. 226 22 22.6% 363 36 36. 18 18% 528 5 5.2 251 51 2.51% 449 49 4.4 249 %2.49 051 0 0.5 062 62 0.62 respectively 37°C 37C 37 vs 50C 50 s. . s) fertile infertile Thus (DMSO (GLY (MET 22.6 52 5. 25 2.51 44 24 %2.4 05 0. 06 0.6 22. 2.5 %2. 2. %2 %

ABSTRACT: The decline in the jaguar population confirms how much the species is vulnerable to extinction in Brazil. It also indicates the degradation of its natural habitat’s environmental integrity and quality. Studies claim that large felids are susceptible to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and are presumptively diagnosed clinically in Brazil. A free-living jaguar (Panthera onca) cub was found unconscious and rescued due to a possible hit-and-run in the savannah of Mato Grosso. During recovery, it exhibited clinical and hematological signs consistent with FPV infection. The PCR was positive for FPV, with 99.61% identity between the FPV sequences available in the GenBank database through the BLAST tool. Due to habitat restrictions, certain diseases threaten wild cats and habitat encroachment by domestic animals can alter the pattern of spread of pathogens. We highlight the importance of the molecular diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of FPV to elucidate how it has reached wild felids.

RESUMO: O declínio da população de onça-pintada confirma o quanto a espécie está vulnerável à extinção no Brasil, indicando também a degradação da integridade ambiental e da qualidade de seu habitat natural. Estudos afirmam que felinos de grande porte são suscetíveis ao vírus da panleucopenia felina (FPV) e são diagnosticados clinicamente de forma presuntiva no Brasil. Um filhote de onça-pintada (Panthera onca) de vida livre foi encontrado inconsciente e resgatado devido a um possível atropelamento no cerrado do Mato Grosso. Durante a recuperação, apresentou sinais clínicos e hematológicos compatíveis com infecção por FPV. A PCR foi positiva para FPV, com 99,61% de identidade entre as sequências de FPV disponíveis no banco de dados GenBank por meio da ferramenta BLAST. Devido a restrições de habitat, certas doenças ameaçam felinos selvagens e a invasão de habitat por animais domésticos pode alterar o padrão de propagação de patógenos. Destacamos a importância do diagnóstico molecular e da análise filogenética do FPV para elucidar como ele atinge os felídeos silvestres.

ABSTRACT A captive female of jaguar (Panthera onca), 12 years old, presenting an 8-day history of anorexia and lethargy, died in its enclosure in Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). The necropsy revealed an abdominal multinodular ventral plaque into the mammary region. Additionally, in several locations of the subcutaneous tissue, there were multiple metastatic nodules of firm texture. Metastases were also observed in the lymph nodes, heart and lungs. The immunohistochemistry results revealed the cytoplasmic staining for cytokeratin on neoplastic cells, mild staining (+) for E-cadherin, moderate staining (++) for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and about 50 to 70% of staining for Ki-67. The neoplastic cells were negative for vimentin staining. Therefore, the histopathological examination led to a diagnosis of metastatic anaplastic mammary carcinoma, which is an unusual condition in wild felines.

RESUMO Uma onça pintada (Pantera onca) de cativeiro, fêmea, de 12 anos, com história clínica de 8 dias de anorexia e letargia, foi encontrada morta em seu recinto em Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil). Na necropsia foi observada uma placa abdominal ventral multinodular na região mamária. Em várias regiões do tecido subcutâneo, foram observados diversos nódulos metastáticos de consistência firme. Metástases também foram observadas nos gânglios linfáticos, coração e pulmões. Os resultados da imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) revelaram coloração citoplasmática para citoqueratina nas células tumorais, coloração leve (+) para E-caderina, moderada (++) para receptores de estrogênio e progesterona e cerca de 50 a 70% de coloração para Ki-67. As células neoplásicas foram negativas na IHQ para vimentina. Assim, o exame histopatológico conduziu a um diagnóstico de carcinoma mamário anaplásico metastático, que é uma condição incomum em felinos selvagens.

Resumen En Uruguay el jaguar, Panthera onca, se considera extinto desde 1901. Existen registros paleontológicos, arqueológicos y documentación histórica que dan cuenta de la presencia de la especie en distintas partes del territorio nacional. Asimismo, hay en el país numerosos accidentes geográficos que incluyen en su nombre la palabra “tigre”, que es como se denominaba localmente a este félido en la época colonial, lo que denota su importancia a nivel cultural. Para determinar la distribución pasada del jaguar en Uruguay se revisó la bibliografía histórica y actual. Se relevó material existente en colecciones zoológicas, paleontológicas y arqueológicas nacionales y se analizó la toponimia nacional en busca de referencias sobre la especie. Se encontraron 14 registros paleontológicos, 3 arqueológicos, 45 menciones históricas y 51 topónimos. Adicionalmente, se describen materiales inéditos o escasamente estudiados asociados a sitios arqueológicos y se discuten sus implicancias a nivel antropológico. Se revisan las referencias literarias relativas a su abundancia en el pasado y su potencial vinculación con el desarrollo ganadero temprano en esta región del continente.

Abstract The jaguar, Panthera onca, has been considered extinct in Uruguay since 1901. There are paleontological and archeological records, as well as historical documentation, that show the presence of the species in different parts of the national territory. There are also numerous geographical features in the country that include the word “tiger” in their names, the local name given to the felid in colonial times, indicating its cultural importance. In order to determine the past distribution of the jaguar in Uruguay, the historical and current bibliography was reviewed, the existing material in the national zoological, paleontological and archeological collections was examined, and the national toponymy was analyzed in search of references to the species. We found 14 paleontological records, 3 archaeological records, 45 historical mentions and 51 toponyms. In addition, unpublished or little studied materials associated with archaeological sites are described and their anthropological implications are discussed. Literary references to their past abundance and their possible connection with the early development of domestication in this region of the continent are reviewed.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen Se realizó una revisión de alcance para mapear, resumir y conocer la extensión de la evidencia sobre el uso de recursos alimenticios del jaguar (Panthera onca) y su interacción con los humanos. Se identificaron 105 estudios en bases de datos electrónicas; 57 analizaron el uso de recursos alimenticios del jaguar y 48 describieron su interacción con los humanos. Los estudios se publicaron en 51 revistas, principalmente en inglés, de 1993-2021 en 14/19 países donde habita el jaguar. La evidencia demostró la variabilidad y el consumo de presas del jaguar; existen resultados contrastantes con respecto a la diversidad de presas consumidas. Se encontró que la frecuencia de depredación del ganado se relaciona con la abundancia y disponibilidad de presas naturales, y la distancia de los ranchos al hábitat del jaguar. La interacción del jaguar con el humano presentó un panorama interesante y contrastante, ya que la percepción sobre el jaguar varió dependiendo del contexto sociocultural y el lugar de estudio. Los resultados evidenciaron un efecto negativo de las actividades humanas sobre la distribución y densidad del felino, y se presentó evidencia sobre cacería furtiva y ataques al humano, aunque la información fue insuficiente para determinar a profundidad las causas. Se requiere realizar más investigación y difusión sobre estas temáticas a nivel local en las regiones donde habita el jaguar, ya que estas son las zonas donde son necesarias la toma de decisiones y acciones para la conservación del jaguar en coexistencia con las comunidades y la ganadería.

Abstract A scoping review was conducted to map, summarize, and understand the extent of evidence on jaguar (Panthera onca) food resource use and its interaction with humans. A total of 105 studies were identified in electronic databases: 57 analyzed jaguar food resource use, and 48 described jaguar interactions with humans. The studies were published in 51 journals, mainly in English, from 1993-2021 in 14/19 countries where jaguars live. The evidence demonstrated the variability and prey consumption of the jaguar; there are contrasting results regarding the diversity of prey consumed. The frequency of livestock predation was found to be related to the abundance and availability of natural prey and the distance of ranches from the jaguar habitat. The interaction of the jaguar with humans presented an interesting and contrasting picture, since the perception of the jaguar varied depending on the sociocultural context and the study site. The results showed a negative effect of human activities on the distribution and density of the feline, and there was evidence of poaching and attacks on humans, although the information was insufficient to determine the causes in depth. More research and dissemination are needed on these issues at the local level in the regions where the jaguar lives, as these are the areas where decisions and actions are needed to conserve the jaguar in coexistence with communities and livestock.

Resumen (Introducción): El jaguar (Panthera onca) es el felino más grande de América y debido a los vastos bosques conectados en la Amazonía tiene actualmente las mayores poblaciones de esta especie. (Objetivos): Estimamos la densidad de jaguares para 7 sitios en el Gran Paisaje Madidi-Tambopata en el noroeste de Bolivia y el sureste de Perú. (Metodología) La toma de datos fue desde el 2001 al 2008, utilizando entre 26 y 118 estaciones de cámaras trampa distribuidas en polígonos entre 37 y 355 km2 de área muestreada, activas durante 29 a 75 días en cada sitio de estudio. (Resultados): Identificamos un total de 63 individuos entre todos los sitios de muestreo. La tasa de captura estimada para cada sitio de muestreo osciló entre 0.18 y 2.81 eventos independientes / 100 trampas noche. Las estimaciones de densidad de jaguar con modelos SCR variaron de 0.1 a 2.39 individuos / 100 km2 y las estimaciones de densidad de población calculados con CAPTURE (MMDM) utilizando una zona de amortiguamiento regional (5.76 km, n = 19), estuvieron entre 0.52 y 2.86 individuos / 100 km2. (Conclusiones): Estos resultados son especialmente relevantes para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación y evaluaciones para esta especie que actualmente está siendo amenazada, también subrayan la importancia del paisaje transfronterizo del Gran Madidi-Tambopata como un bastión poblacional de jaguares en la región.

Abstract (Introduction): The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest cat in the Americas, and due to vast connected forests, the Amazon currently holds the largest jaguar populations. (Objective): We present jaguar population density estimates for seven sites in the Great Madidi-Tambopata Landscape in northwestern Bolivia and southeastern Peru. (Methodology): Data collection occurred from 2001 to 2008, using between 26 to 118 camera trap stations distributed in polygons between 37 to 355 km2 in extent, active from 29 to 75 days at each study site. (Results): We identified a total of 63 individuals across all sampling sites. The estimated capture rate for each sampling site ranged from 0.18 to 2.81 independent events / 100 trap nights. The jaguar density estimates with SCR models ranged from of 0.1 to 2.39 individuals / 100 km2, and derived CAPTURE (MMDM) population density estimates using a regional buffer (5.76 km, n = 19), were between 0.52 and 2.86 individuals / 100 km2. (Conclusions): These results are especially relevant for the development of conservation strategies and evaluations for this threatened species, and also underline the importance of the transboundary Greater Madidi-Tambopata Landscape as a population stronghold for jaguars in the region.