ABSTRACT This study aims to conduct a cytogenetic analysis on four South American feline species: the jaguar (Panthera onca), the puma (Puma concolor), the ocelot (Leopardus wiedii), and the domestic cat (Felis catus). We discovered that the jaguar and the puma mainly differ in their fundamental number of chromosomes. Furthermore, we observed a morphological difference in a pair of chromosomes between the jaguar and the domestic cat. This suggests that, over the course of evolution, there was a pericentric inversion in a pair of B4 group chromosomes, leading them to become part of the A group in the jaguar. When analyzing the puma, we noticed the presence of a fourth pair of chromosomes in the E group, along with a deletion in the F group. Additionally, we observed the presence of an additional pair of chromosomes in the C group in the ocelot. Another interesting aspect of the study was the location of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) on the chromosomes. To elucidate the origin of other chromosome pairs, we employed chromosomal banding techniques, allowing us to better understand the evolution of the C3 pair in the Leopardus genus and the E4 pair in the Puma genus. species Panthera onca, onca , onca) concolor, concolor concolor) wiedii, wiedii wiedii) Felis catus. catus . catus) Furthermore B Additionally NORs (NORs pairs techniques

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise citogenética em quatro espécies de felinos sul-americanos: a onça-pintada (Panthera onca), a suçuarana (Puma concolor), o gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus wiedii) e o gato doméstico (Felis catus). Descobriu-se que a onça-pintada e a suçuarana diferem principalmente em seu número fundamental de cromossomos. Além disso, notou-se uma diferença morfológica em um par de cromossomos entre a onça-pintada e o gato doméstico. Isso nos sugere que, ao longo da evolução, houve uma inversão pericêntrica em um par de cromossomos do grupo B4, que passou a fazer parte do grupo A na onça-pintada. Quando se analisou a suçuarana, observou-se a presença de um quarto par de cromossomos no grupo E, juntamente com uma deleção no grupo F. Isso sugere que, ao longo de sua evolução, a suçuarana também passou por uma inversão pericêntrica. A principal diferença entre o gato-do-mato-pequeno e o gato doméstico reside na ausência de cromossomos no grupo F devido à fusão de dois pares de cromossomos telocêntricos. Além disso, notou-se a presença de um par adicional de cromossomos no grupo C no gato-do-mato-pequeno. Outro aspecto interessante do estudo foi a localização das regiões organizadoras nucleolares (NOR) nos cromossomos. Descobriu-se que, tanto na onça-pintada quanto na suçuarana, as NORs estão localizadas no braço curto do par de cromossomos E1. Para elucidar a origem de outros pares de cromossomos, foram empregadas técnicas de bandamento cromossômico, o que permitiu entender melhor a evolução do par C3 no gênero Leopardus e do par E4 no gênero Puma. sulamericanos sul americanos sul-americanos onçapintada onça pintada Panthera onca, onca , onca) Puma concolor, concolor concolor) gatodomatopequeno mato pequeno wiedii Felis catus. catus . catus) Descobriuse Descobriu disso notouse notou B4 B onçapintada. pintada. observouse observou E telocêntricos gatodomatopequeno. pequeno. NOR (NOR E1 cromossômico

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a morfologia e a métrica da glândula tireoide e os valores hormonais de T4 total e T4 livre entre felinos domésticos e selvagens sem doenças da tireoide. Foram avaliados 33 felinos sem doenças da tireoide, sendo 13 felinos, uma Panthera onca, três Pumas concolor, três pequenos gatos selvagens, três Pumas yagouaroundi, dois Leopardus pardalis e um Leopardus wiedii, e 20 felinos domésticos. Os animais foram submetidos à ultrassonografia da glândula tireoide e à dosagem sérica hormonal de T4 total e T4 livre pela técnica de quimioluminescência. Em seguida, foram divididos em grupos de acordo com peso, sexo e idade. O volume médio do lobo da tireoide foi de 0,11cm³ para gatos domésticos, 0,18cm³ para o grupo misto de felinos selvagens (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii e Pumas yagouaroundi) e 1,57 cm³ para o grupo de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca e Pumas concolor). A média de T4 total e T4 livre foi de 2,55µg/dL e 1,23ng/dL para gatos domésticos, 1,46ug/dL e 1,89ng/dL para o grupo de felinos mistos e 0,68ug/dL e 0,82ng/dL para o grupo da onça-pintada, respectivamente. Os animais com mais de 10 anos de idade apresentaram valores mais altos de T4 livre. T 3 1 concolor yagouaroundi 2 quimioluminescência seguida peso 011cm³ cm 0 11cm³ 0,11cm 018cm³ 18cm³ 0,18cm tigrinus 157 57 1,5 onçaspintadas onças pintadas concolor. . concolor) 255µgdL µgdL 55µg dL µg 123ngdL ngdL 23ng ng 146ugdL ugdL 46ug ug 189ngdL 89ng 068ugdL 68ug 082ngdL 82ng onçapintada, onçapintada onça pintada, pintada onça-pintada respectivamente 011cm 11cm 018cm 18cm 15 5 1,

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the morphological and metric of the thyroid gland, and Total T4 and Free T4 hormonal values among domestic and wild felids without thyroid diseases. Thirty-three felids without thyroid diseases were evaluated, being 13 felids, one Panthera onca, three Pumas concolor, three small wild cats, three Pumas yagouaroundi, two Leopardus pardalis and one Leopardus wiedii, and 20 domestic felines. The animals were submitted to ultrasonography of the thyroid gland and to hormonal serum dosage of Total T4 and Free T4 by the technique of chemiluminescence. Subsequently, they were divided into groups according to weight, sex, and age. The mean volume of thyroid lobe was 0.11cm³ for domestic cats, 0.18cm³ for the mixed wild feline group (Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii and Pumas yagouaroundi) and 1.57cm³ for the jaguar group (Panthera onca e Pumas concolor). The mean Total T4 and Free T4 were 2.55µg/dL and 1.23ng/dL for domestic cats, 1.46µg/dL and 1.89ng/dL for the mixed feline group and 0.68µg/dL and 0.82ng/dL for the jaguar group, respectively. Animals over 10 years old presented higher Free T4 values. T Thirtythree Thirty evaluated 1 concolor cats yagouaroundi 2 felines chemiluminescence Subsequently weight sex age 011cm³ cm 0 11cm³ 0.11cm 018cm³ 18cm³ 0.18cm tigrinus 157cm³ 57cm³ 1.57cm concolor. . concolor) 255µgdL µgdL 55µg dL µg 123ngdL ngdL 23ng ng 146µgdL 46µg 189ngdL 89ng 068µgdL 68µg 082ngdL 82ng respectively 011cm 11cm 018cm 18cm 157cm 57cm

Resumen: El bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná (BAAP) constituye una ecorregión boscosa compartida entre los países de Paraguay, Brasil y Argentina siendo albergue de una gran variedad de especies animales entre ellas de la Panthera onca (Jaguareté). En Paraguay este animal se encuentra catalogado como en peligro crítico de extinción debido a la caza furtiva, el comercio ilegal y la pérdida de su hábitat por la deforestación que ha provocado que su población no pueda crecer en cantidad por lo cual los 3 países del BAAP han coordinado y tomado acciones en conjunto para la conservación y se ha logrado proteger la especie consiguiendo un aumento de su población en los años recientes, por esto, con el fin de proyectar a futuro la población del Jaguareté se han utilizado herramientas matemáticas como el software OriginPro para el cálculo de polinomios de interpolación y valores extrapolados así como el software Vensim con el método de integración de Euler que ha permitido realizar una simulación de la cantidad de animales hasta el año 2025, los resultados proyectados por el método de Spline y la simulación con Vensim muestran una tendencia al incremento en la población del Jaguareté para los siguientes 3 años, en tanto utilizando el método lineal existe un posible escenario el cual proyecta una disminución en la población de animales.

Abstract: The Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest (BAAP) constitutes a forest ecoregion shared by the countries of Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina, being home to a great variety of animal species, including the Panthera onca (Jaguareté). In Paraguay, this animal is listed as critically endangered due to poaching, illegal trade and the loss of its habitat due to deforestation, which has caused its population to not grow in quantity, which is why the 3 BAAP countries They have coordinated and taken joint actions for conservation and the species has been protected, achieving an increase in its population in recent years. For this reason, in order to project the population of the Jaguareté into the future, mathematical tools such as software have been used. OriginPro for the calculation of interpolation polynomials and extrapolated values as well as the Vensim software with the Euler integration method that has allowed a simulation of the number of animals until the year 2025, the results projected by the Spline method and the simulation with Vensim shows a tendency to increase in the Jaguareté population for the following 3 years, while using the method linear there is a possible scenario which projects a decrease in the animal population.

Resumen Introducción: A nivel mundial, la expansión de actividades humanas continúa teniendo un riesgo para muchas especies de cuerpo grande, tal como los jaguares. Conforme continúen estas actividades, es crucial entender el impacto de paisajes modificados sobre el tamaño de su territorio. Objetivo: Evaluar la importancia de terrenos protegidos y no protegidos sobre el tamaño de su territorio a lo largo de su rango. Métodos: Usamos datos de tamaño de los territorios de 117 jaguares en varias categorías de protección de hábitats y biomas humanos. Usamos un Modelo Mixto Lineal Generalizado para probar traslapes espaciales y de territorios con categorías de conservación y biomas humanos. Resultados: La mayoría de los territorios estaban en Unidades de Conservación de Jaguares (62 %), seguido por Áreas protegidas (21 %), Tierras de Pueblos Indígenas (10 %) y Corredores de Movimiento de Jaguares (3 %), en donde el 76 % de los jaguares vivían dentro de alguna de las primeras tres modalidades de conservación. Sin embargo, fuera de áreas protegidas, pastizales, tierras de cultivo, terrenos seminaturales y otros biomas humanos también fueron importantes (24 % de individuos). Jaguares en pastizales, tierras de cultivo, y terrenos seminaturales tuvieron territorios más grandes. Conclusiones: Aunque las áreas de conservación fueron dominantes, áreas con impacto humano parecieron jugar un rol considerable en satisfacer los requerimientos espaciales de los jaguares.

Abstract Introduction: Worldwide, expanding human activities continue to be a threat to many large-bodied species, including jaguars. As these activities continue, it is critical to understand how home range sizes will be impacted by human-modified landscapes. Objective: To evaluate the importance of protected and unprotected land on home-range size across their range. Methods: We used home range data from 117 jaguars in several habitat protection categories and human biome types. We used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to test home range and spatial overlap with conservation categories and human biomes. Results: Most home-ranges were in Jaguar Conservation Units (62 %), followed by Protected Areas (21 %), Indigenous People's Lands (10 %) and Jaguar Movement Corridors (3 %), where 76 % of the jaguars lived inside one the first three conservation types. However, outside of conserved land, Rangeland, Cropland, Seminatural land and other human biomes were also important (24 % of the individuals). Jaguars in Rangeland, Cropland and Seminatural land had the largest home ranges. Conclusions: Although conservation land was dominant, human-impacted lands appear to play a considerable role in satisfying the spatial requirements of jaguars.

ABSTRACT Lead is a heavy metal and an important cause of acute or chronic toxicosis in humans, domestic, and wild animals. This report aims to describe a case of chronic lead poisoning in a jaguar (Panthera onca) kept under human care that was rescued from the wild environment. The animal was rescued in poor condition in 2004 and kept under human care at the Belo Horizonte Zoological Garden (Minas Gerais, Brazil) until 2020, when it presented with anorexia, vomiting and ataxia. Over the past years the animal had episodes of anemia and increased serum urea and creatinine. Radiography demonstrated 21 radiopaque projectiles on the right side of the face. At necropsy there were multiple projectiles surrounded by fibrous tissue in the subcutaneous of the right side of the face, fibrinous peritonitis, multiple gastric ulcers, and melena. The lead dosage was performed using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique using renal tissue collected at necropsy, with a result of 908 ppb (µg/kg). The findings of projectiles associated with the dosage of lead above the reference limits allow the diagnosis of chronic intoxication in this case. humans domestic animals Panthera onca environment 200 Minas Gerais Brazil 2020 anorexia ataxia creatinine 2 face peritonitis ulcers melena 90 µg/kg. µgkg µg/kg . µg kg (µg/kg) 20 202 9 (µg/kg

RESUMO Chumbo é um metal pesado e uma causa importante de toxicose crônica no homem e em animais domésticos e selvagens. Este relato teve como objetivo descrever um caso de intoxicação crônica por chumbo em uma onça-pintada (Panthera onca), mantida sob cuidados humanos, que foi resgatada de seu ambiente natural em 2004, em pobre condição corporal. O animal foi encaminhado ao zoológico de Belo Horizonte (MG, Brasil), onde permaneceu até 2020, quando desenvolveu anorexia, vômitos e ataxia. Durante os últimos anos, o animal teve episódios de anemia e aumento da concentração sérica de ureia e creatinina. O exame radiográfico demonstrou 21 projéteis radiodensos na face direita. À necropsia, foram observados vários projéteis envoltos por tecido conjuntivo no subcutâneo da face esquerda, peritonite fibrinosa, múltiplas úlceras gástricas e melena. A concentração de chumbo foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica em amostras de tecido renal, indicando 908 ppb (µg/kg). O achado de projéteis de chumbo associado à elevada concentração de chumbo é compatível com intoxicação crônica por chumbo neste caso. selvagens onçapintada onça pintada Panthera onca, onca , onca) humanos 2004 corporal MG, MG (MG Brasil, Brasil Brasil) 2020 anorexia ataxia anos creatinina 2 direita necropsia esquerda fibrinosa melena renal 90 µg/kg. µgkg µg/kg . µg kg (µg/kg) 200 202 9 (µg/kg 20

ABSTRACT We present the first records of a melanistic jaguar (Panthera onca) coexisting with non-melanistic jaguars in the Cordillera Escalera - Regional Conservation Area, San Martín, Peru. Between the years 2017 and 2022, twelve camera traps were installed in a wildlife corridor to evaluate the occurrence of mammals and birds within the conservation area. A total record of 9 photos and 24 videos was obtained, of which 6 photos and 10 videos corresponded to a melanistic male specimen. The largest number of records was in April and July 2021, during night events. These results represent important evidence of the presence of previously undocumented melanistic jaguars in the area, allowing the strengthening of jaguar conservation initiatives and distribution evaluation within the Cordillera Escalera - RCA.

RESUMEN Presentamos los primeros registros de un jaguar melánico (Panthera onca) coexistiendo con jaguares no melánicos en el Área de Conservación Regional - Cordillera Escalera, San Martín, Perú. Entre los años 2017 a 2022, se instalaron 12 cámaras trampa en un corredor de vida silvestre para evaluar la ocurrencia de mamíferos y aves dentro del área de conservación. Se obtuvo un registro total de 9 fotos y 24 vídeos, de los cuales, 6 fotos y 10 vídeos correspondieron a un ejemplar melánico macho. La mayor cantidad de los registros fue en abril y julio del 2021, durante eventos nocturnos. Estos resultados representan una importante evidencia sobre la presencia de jaguares melánicos no documentados anteriormente en la zona, permitiendo fortalecer iniciativas de conservación y evaluación de distribución de jaguares dentro del ACR - Cordillera Escalera.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, la biodiversidad está administrada principalmente por áreas protegidas, pero la proximidad con las actividades humanas genera conflictos, los cuales están poco estudiados en los trópicos. Objetivo: Estimar el conflicto entre humanos y vida silvestre en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Métodos: Entrevistamos a los propietarios o administradores de 59 fincas. Resultados: Registramos 540 incidentes, en su mayoría con mamíferos (N=479); los coyotes (Canis latrans) mataron 1 074 animales en 183 ataques en 12 granjas. También registramos conflictos con jaguar, Panthera onca, puma, Puma concolor, ocelote, Leopardus pardalis y tigrillo, Leopardus wiedii, que depredaron 261 animales domésticos. También se reportaron otros mamíferos y serpientes, especialmente la terciopelo, Bothrops asper. En seis ocasiones, los hechos se produjeron a más de 500m de una vivienda; sin embargo, la mayoría estaban a 0-25m de una casa (media 398m). Los campesinos han sacrificado pumas, coyotes, mapaches y serpientes y no hubo un control coordinado de instituciones, ONG y comunidades. Conclusión: Los coyotes son los animales salvajes más comúnmente involucrados y se necesita un esfuerzo coordinado que incluya tanto a las organizaciones como a las comunidades.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, biodiversity is mainly managed by protected areas, but proximity with human activities results in conflicts, which are poorly studied in the tropics. Objective: To estimate human-wildlife conflict in the buffer zone of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, San Ramón, Costa Rica. Methods: We interviewed the owners or managers of 59 farms. Results: We recorded 540 incidents, mostly with mammals (N=479); coyotes (Canis latrans) killed 1 074 animals in 183 attacks at 12 farms. We also recorded conflicts with jaguar, Panthera onca, puma, Puma concolor, ocelot, Leopardus pardalis, and margay, Leopardus wiedii, which preyed on 261 domestic animals. Other mammals and snakes were also reported, especially the Fer-de-lance, Bothrops asper. In six occasions, the incidents took place over 500m from a house; however, most were 0-25m from a house (mean 398m). The farmers have sacrificed pumas, coyotes, raccoons and snakes and there was not a coordinated control effort from institutions, NGOs and communities. Conclusion: Coyotes are the most common wild animals involved and there is need for a coordinated effort that includes both organizations and communities.

Abstract The cryopreservation of jaguar semen must be improved to produce high-quality biobanking doses. Until now, the rare studies of semen freezing in the species have only evaluated glycerol, always with a significant reduction in sperm quality in thawed semen. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (MET), in the cryopreservation of jaguar semen in an LDL-based extender, as well as the effect of thawing temperature on dosage quality. Five mature males with a history of reproduction were used. On the males, an infrared thermal image (IRT) was captured, the spicules and testes were analyzed, and the CASA system was used to evaluate the quality of fresh and thawed sperm. The superficial IRT was 4.6 ± 1.2 °C cooler than the anal sphincter, and the semen measured between 27.3 and 28.7 °C shortly after exiting the urethra. The total motility of fresh sperm was 55.3 ± 22.6%, and progressive motility was 36.3 ± 18%. The total motility of thawed sperm was 5.28 ± 2.51%, 4.49 ± %2.49, and 0.51 ± 0.62% for DMSO, GLY, and MET, respectively. DMSO and GLY performed better than MET, and there was no difference in thawing temperature (37°C 30 s vs. 50°C 12 s). All animals exhibit a considerable level of morphological changes in sperm. Low amounts of total and progressive motility were found in the thawed sperm. Males with a high level of sperm morphological changes were found to be fertile, but the lone male with normospermia was infertile. Thus, we contest the applicability of the commonly used morphological classification for bovines to felid species. highquality doses now cryoprotectants , (DMSO) (GLY) MET (MET) LDLbased LDL based extender (IRT captured analyzed 46 4 6 4. 1 2 1. C sphincter 273 27 3 27. 287 28 7 28. urethra 553 55 55. 226 22 22.6% 363 36 36. 18 18% 528 5 5.2 251 51 2.51% 449 49 4.4 249 %2.49 051 0 0.5 062 62 0.62 respectively 37°C 37C 37 vs 50C 50 s. . s) fertile infertile Thus (DMSO (GLY (MET 22.6 52 5. 25 2.51 44 24 %2.4 05 0. 06 0.6 22. 2.5 %2. 2. %2 %

ABSTRACT A captive female of jaguar (Panthera onca), 12 years old, presenting an 8-day history of anorexia and lethargy, died in its enclosure in Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). The necropsy revealed an abdominal multinodular ventral plaque into the mammary region. Additionally, in several locations of the subcutaneous tissue, there were multiple metastatic nodules of firm texture. Metastases were also observed in the lymph nodes, heart and lungs. The immunohistochemistry results revealed the cytoplasmic staining for cytokeratin on neoplastic cells, mild staining (+) for E-cadherin, moderate staining (++) for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and about 50 to 70% of staining for Ki-67. The neoplastic cells were negative for vimentin staining. Therefore, the histopathological examination led to a diagnosis of metastatic anaplastic mammary carcinoma, which is an unusual condition in wild felines. Panthera onca, onca , onca) 1 old 8day day 8 lethargy Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) region Additionally tissue texture nodes lungs + (+ Ecadherin, Ecadherin E cadherin, cadherin E-cadherin ++ (++ receptors 5 70 Ki67. Ki67 Ki 67. 67 Ki-67 Therefore carcinoma felines ( 7 Ki6 6 Ki-6 Ki-

RESUMO Uma onça pintada (Pantera onca) de cativeiro, fêmea, de 12 anos, com história clínica de 8 dias de anorexia e letargia, foi encontrada morta em seu recinto em Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil). Na necropsia foi observada uma placa abdominal ventral multinodular na região mamária. Em várias regiões do tecido subcutâneo, foram observados diversos nódulos metastáticos de consistência firme. Metástases também foram observadas nos gânglios linfáticos, coração e pulmões. Os resultados da imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) revelaram coloração citoplasmática para citoqueratina nas células tumorais, coloração leve (+) para E-caderina, moderada (++) para receptores de estrogênio e progesterona e cerca de 50 a 70% de coloração para Ki-67. As células neoplásicas foram negativas na IHQ para vimentina. Assim, o exame histopatológico conduziu a um diagnóstico de carcinoma mamário anaplásico metastático, que é uma condição incomum em felinos selvagens. Pantera onca cativeiro fêmea 1 anos letargia Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) mamária subcutâneo firme linfáticos pulmões imunohistoquímica imuno histoquímica (IHQ tumorais + (+ Ecaderina, Ecaderina E caderina, caderina E-caderina ++ (++ 5 70 Ki67. Ki67 Ki 67. 67 Ki-67 vimentina Assim metastático selvagens ( 7 Ki6 6 Ki-6 Ki-

ABSTRACT: The decline in the jaguar population confirms how much the species is vulnerable to extinction in Brazil. It also indicates the degradation of its natural habitat’s environmental integrity and quality. Studies claim that large felids are susceptible to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and are presumptively diagnosed clinically in Brazil. A free-living jaguar (Panthera onca) cub was found unconscious and rescued due to a possible hit-and-run in the savannah of Mato Grosso. During recovery, it exhibited clinical and hematological signs consistent with FPV infection. The PCR was positive for FPV, with 99.61% identity between the FPV sequences available in the GenBank database through the BLAST tool. Due to habitat restrictions, certain diseases threaten wild cats and habitat encroachment by domestic animals can alter the pattern of spread of pathogens. We highlight the importance of the molecular diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of FPV to elucidate how it has reached wild felids. ABSTRACT Brazil habitats s quality (FPV freeliving free living Panthera onca hitandrun hit run Grosso recovery infection 9961 99 61 99.61 tool restrictions pathogens 996 9 6 99.6 99.

RESUMO: O declínio da população de onça-pintada confirma o quanto a espécie está vulnerável à extinção no Brasil, indicando também a degradação da integridade ambiental e da qualidade de seu habitat natural. Estudos afirmam que felinos de grande porte são suscetíveis ao vírus da panleucopenia felina (FPV) e são diagnosticados clinicamente de forma presuntiva no Brasil. Um filhote de onça-pintada (Panthera onca) de vida livre foi encontrado inconsciente e resgatado devido a um possível atropelamento no cerrado do Mato Grosso. Durante a recuperação, apresentou sinais clínicos e hematológicos compatíveis com infecção por FPV. A PCR foi positiva para FPV, com 99,61% de identidade entre as sequências de FPV disponíveis no banco de dados GenBank por meio da ferramenta BLAST. Devido a restrições de habitat, certas doenças ameaçam felinos selvagens e a invasão de habitat por animais domésticos pode alterar o padrão de propagação de patógenos. Destacamos a importância do diagnóstico molecular e da análise filogenética do FPV para elucidar como ele atinge os felídeos silvestres. RESUMO onçapintada onça pintada Brasil natural (FPV Panthera onca Grosso recuperação 9961 99 61 99,61 BLAST patógenos silvestres 996 9 6 99,6 99,

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

Resumen En Uruguay el jaguar, Panthera onca, se considera extinto desde 1901. Existen registros paleontológicos, arqueológicos y documentación histórica que dan cuenta de la presencia de la especie en distintas partes del territorio nacional. Asimismo, hay en el país numerosos accidentes geográficos que incluyen en su nombre la palabra “tigre”, que es como se denominaba localmente a este félido en la época colonial, lo que denota su importancia a nivel cultural. Para determinar la distribución pasada del jaguar en Uruguay se revisó la bibliografía histórica y actual. Se relevó material existente en colecciones zoológicas, paleontológicas y arqueológicas nacionales y se analizó la toponimia nacional en busca de referencias sobre la especie. Se encontraron 14 registros paleontológicos, 3 arqueológicos, 45 menciones históricas y 51 topónimos. Adicionalmente, se describen materiales inéditos o escasamente estudiados asociados a sitios arqueológicos y se discuten sus implicancias a nivel antropológico. Se revisan las referencias literarias relativas a su abundancia en el pasado y su potencial vinculación con el desarrollo ganadero temprano en esta región del continente.

Abstract The jaguar, Panthera onca, has been considered extinct in Uruguay since 1901. There are paleontological and archeological records, as well as historical documentation, that show the presence of the species in different parts of the national territory. There are also numerous geographical features in the country that include the word “tiger” in their names, the local name given to the felid in colonial times, indicating its cultural importance. In order to determine the past distribution of the jaguar in Uruguay, the historical and current bibliography was reviewed, the existing material in the national zoological, paleontological and archeological collections was examined, and the national toponymy was analyzed in search of references to the species. We found 14 paleontological records, 3 archaeological records, 45 historical mentions and 51 toponyms. In addition, unpublished or little studied materials associated with archaeological sites are described and their anthropological implications are discussed. Literary references to their past abundance and their possible connection with the early development of domestication in this region of the continent are reviewed.

Abstract A scoping review was conducted to map, summarize, and understand the extent of evidence on jaguar (Panthera onca) food resource use and its interaction with humans. A total of 105 studies were identified in electronic databases: 57 analyzed jaguar food resource use, and 48 described jaguar interactions with humans. The studies were published in 51 journals, mainly in English, from 1993-2021 in 14/19 countries where jaguars live. The evidence demonstrated the variability and prey consumption of the jaguar; there are contrasting results regarding the diversity of prey consumed. The frequency of livestock predation was found to be related to the abundance and availability of natural prey and the distance of ranches from the jaguar habitat. The interaction of the jaguar with humans presented an interesting and contrasting picture, since the perception of the jaguar varied depending on the sociocultural context and the study site. The results showed a negative effect of human activities on the distribution and density of the feline, and there was evidence of poaching and attacks on humans, although the information was insufficient to determine the causes in depth. More research and dissemination are needed on these issues at the local level in the regions where the jaguar lives, as these are the areas where decisions and actions are needed to conserve the jaguar in coexistence with communities and livestock.

Resumen Se realizó una revisión de alcance para mapear, resumir y conocer la extensión de la evidencia sobre el uso de recursos alimenticios del jaguar (Panthera onca) y su interacción con los humanos. Se identificaron 105 estudios en bases de datos electrónicas; 57 analizaron el uso de recursos alimenticios del jaguar y 48 describieron su interacción con los humanos. Los estudios se publicaron en 51 revistas, principalmente en inglés, de 1993-2021 en 14/19 países donde habita el jaguar. La evidencia demostró la variabilidad y el consumo de presas del jaguar; existen resultados contrastantes con respecto a la diversidad de presas consumidas. Se encontró que la frecuencia de depredación del ganado se relaciona con la abundancia y disponibilidad de presas naturales, y la distancia de los ranchos al hábitat del jaguar. La interacción del jaguar con el humano presentó un panorama interesante y contrastante, ya que la percepción sobre el jaguar varió dependiendo del contexto sociocultural y el lugar de estudio. Los resultados evidenciaron un efecto negativo de las actividades humanas sobre la distribución y densidad del felino, y se presentó evidencia sobre cacería furtiva y ataques al humano, aunque la información fue insuficiente para determinar a profundidad las causas. Se requiere realizar más investigación y difusión sobre estas temáticas a nivel local en las regiones donde habita el jaguar, ya que estas son las zonas donde son necesarias la toma de decisiones y acciones para la conservación del jaguar en coexistencia con las comunidades y la ganadería.

Abstract Omorgus (Omorgus) suberosus (Fabricius, 1775) is a species of Trogidae whose feeding habits allow them to associate with any source of keratin, including the feces of various omnivorous species; however, it has not been reported in the feces of carnivorous mammals. The objective of this work is to report, for the first time, the attraction of O. suberosus to excreta of two species of carnivorous mammals in captive conditions in remnants of sub-evergreen forest in the central region of Chiapas, Mexico. Systematic monthly sampling was carried out for one year, using pitfall traps baited with feces of six species of mammals (herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores) native to the region, to verify their effectiveness in attracting beetles. Eighteen individuals of O. suberosus were captured during four months of the sampling cycle. Despite using a wide variety of excreta for beetle sampling, individuals were only attracted to feces of the two carnivorous mammal species: Canis latrans Say, 1823 and Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758). Their tolerance towards anthropized environments is reaffirmed and the capture of the specimens suggests a marked seasonal presence.

Resumen Omorgus (Omorgus) suberosus (Fabricius, 1775) es una especie de Trogidae cuyos hábitos alimenticios les permite asociarse a cualquier fuente de queratina, incluidas las heces de diversas especies omnívoras; sin embargo, no se ha reportado en excretas de mamíferos carnívoros. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar, por primera vez, la atracción de O. suberosus a excretas de dos especies de mamíferos carnívoros en condiciones de cautividad en remanentes de selva subperennifolia de la región central de Chiapas, México. Se realizaron muestreos sistemáticos mensuales durante un año, utilizando trampas de caída cebadas con excretas de seis especies de mamíferos (herbívoros, carnívoros y omnívoros) nativos de la región, con el fin de verificar su efectividad para la atracción de escarabajos. Se capturaron 18 individuos de O. suberosus durante cuatro meses del ciclo de muestreo. A pesar de utilizar una amplia variedad de excretas para el muestreo de escarabajos, los individuos fueron atraídos únicamente a heces de las dos especies de mamíferos carnívoros: Canis latrans Say, 1823 y Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758). Se reafirma su tolerancia hacia los ambientes antropizados y la captura de los ejemplares sugieren una marcada presencia estacional.

Abstract: Protected areas are frequently established to prevent declines in biodiversity, but their effectiveness in preserving biodiversity can depend on how land outside their borders is managed. We evaluated how land use changes from 1989 to 2016 in the Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT) landscape might affect the role of the RBSAT for conservation of biodiversity, with an emphasis on conservation of jaguars, a keystone species. We estimated the rate of land use change within and surrounding the RBSAT, a 215 km2 natural reserve in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, from 1989 to 2016 using supervised classifications of satellite imagery. We also analyzed the distribution of two GPS collared male jaguars. The RBSAT and surrounding landscape became increasingly fragmented and impacted by human use over the previous ca. 30 years. The largest increases were seen in infrastructure and intensive agriculture, while the largest decreases were seen in pasture, tropical deciduous forest, and secondary vegetation. Jaguars were located more frequently than expected in secondary vegetation, the most common cover class, which decreased from 34.8 % of the landscape to 32.1 % by 2016. Only 23 % of jaguar locations fell within the boundaries of the RBSAT, due to increases in preferred habitat attributes of jaguars and prey outside the Reserve. Increasing fragmentation compromises the RBSAT’s role as a biodiversity reserve, especially for interior-dependent species. Fragmentation and edge habitats in combination with increasing agriculture enhance suitability of the landscape surrounding the RBSAT for prey of jaguar, and only 23 % of jaguar locations were within the RBSAT itself. This increases the likelihood of jaguar-related conflicts in surrounding communities. Regional landscape planning should include policies that incentivize practices that maintain remaining larger habitat patches and minimize the likelihood of human-wildlife conflicts.

Resumen: Las áreas protegidas se establecen con frecuencia para evitar la disminución de la biodiversidad, pero su eficacia para preservar la biodiversidad puede depender de cómo se gestione la tierra fuera de sus fronteras. Se evaluó cómo los cambios en el uso del suelo de 1989 a 2016 en el paisaje de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT) podrían afectar el papel de la RBSAT para la conservación de la biodiversidad, con énfasis en la conservación de los jaguares, una especie clave. Se estimó la tasa de cambio de uso del suelo dentro y alrededor de la RBSAT, una reserva natural de 215 km2 en San Luis Potosí, México, de 1989 a 2016 utilizando clasificaciones supervisadas de imágenes satelitales. También se analizó la distribución de dos jaguares machos con collar GPS. La RBSAT y el paisaje circundante se fragmentaron cada vez más y se vieron afectados por el uso humano durante los ca. 30 años. Los mayores aumentos se observaron en infraestructura y agricultura intensiva, mientras que las mayores disminuciones se observaron en pastos, bosque tropical caducifolio y vegetación secundaria. Los jaguares se ubicaron con mayor frecuencia de lo esperado en la vegetación secundaria, la clase de cobertura más común, que disminuyó del 34,8 % del paisaje al 32,1 % en 2016. Solo el 23 % de las ubicaciones de jaguares se ubicaron dentro de los límites de la RBSAT, debido a aumentos en la preferencia. atributos de hábitat de jaguares y presas fuera de la Reserva. La creciente fragmentación compromete el papel del RBSAT como reserva de biodiversidad, especialmente para las especies dependientes del interior. La fragmentación y los hábitats de borde en combinación con el aumento de la agricultura mejoran la idoneidad del paisaje que rodea a la RBSAT para las presas del jaguar, y solo el 23 % de las ubicaciones de los jaguares estaban dentro de la propia RBSAT. Esto aumenta la probabilidad de conflictos relacionados con jaguares en las comunidades aledañas. La planificación del paisaje regional debe incluir políticas que incentiven prácticas que mantengan los parches de hábitat más grandes restantes y minimicen la probabilidad de conflictos entre humanos y vida silvestre.