Resumen Introducción: Diferentes investigaciones demuestran que la permanencia de las poblaciones migrantes en Argentina puede generar mejoras en sus condiciones de vida. El artículo se desarrolla a partir del análisis de las diversas trayectorias que tienen las mujeres migrantes, trabajadoras domésticas, cuando permanecen en el país. Objetivo: El trabajo propone reconstruir, de manera retrospectiva, los diferentes movimientos en las trayectorias de las mujeres migrantes, tanto dentro como hacia afuera del sector del trabajo doméstico. Se intentan vislumbrar las limitaciones y posibilidades del contexto local y analizar los propios sentidos que las trabajadoras le otorgan a estas circulaciones. Metodología: El artículo se basa en una investigación cualitativa que incluye 40 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres migrantes, en AMBA y Córdoba, que son o fueron empleadas domésticas en algún momento de su trayectoria laboral. Resultados: Se reconstruyen tres formas de movilidad: la movilidad horizontal dentro del sector, las formas de salida intermitente y la salida definitiva. En cada una de ellas, el análisis se centra en la perspectiva de las propias trabajadoras. Conclusiones: Los resultados reflejan la importancia de la articulación entre trabajo doméstico remunerado y no remunerado. Asimismo, permite dar cuenta de tres cuestiones principales: en primer lugar, que salir del entorno del trabajo doméstico no siempre significa «mejorar» desde la perspectiva de las propias trabajadoras; en segundo lugar, que se puede «mejorar» siendo trabajadora doméstica; y, en tercer lugar, que existen trayectorias de movilidad social ascendente entre las mujeres migrantes trabajadoras domésticas.

Abstract Introduction: Research has shown that the permanence of the migrant population in Argentina can generate certain improvements in their living conditions. The article is developed from the analysis of the diverse trajectories that migrant women, domestic workers, have when they remain in the country. Objective: The article proposes to reconstruct, in retrospect, the different movements in the trajectories of migrant women, both inside and outside the domestic work sector. It examines the limitations and possibilities of the local context and the meanings that migrant domestic workers give to labor circulations. Methodology: The article is based on a qualitative research developed in AMBA and Córdoba, that includes 40 in-depth interviews with migrant women who are or were domestic workers at some point in their labor trajectories. Results: Three types of mobility are considered: horizontal mobility within domestic sector, intermittent inputs and outputs within the sector, and the ultimate exit. In each case, the article emphasizes the viewpoints of the workers themselves. Conclusions: The results show the importance of the linkage between paid and unpaid domestic work. It also sets out three main issues: firstly, that leaving the domestic work does not always mean «improving» from the perspective of the workers themselves; secondly, that one can «improve» by being a domestic worker; and, thirdly, that there are trajectories of upward social mobility among migrant domestic workers.

Resumen El empoderamiento femenino es uno de los objetivos para el desarrollo del milenio y el emprendimiento es una de las vías para lograrlo. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en realizar un diagnóstico acerca de la participación de la mujer en el trabajo remunerado en México, específicamente en el emprendimiento e identificar los retos y oportunidades para insertarse a la era digital. Para lo cual, se realizó una investigación documental recolectando datos de fuentes secundarias de información publicados por organismos internacionales, así como de artículos científicos. Los hallazgos más relevantes permiten conocer que las principales barreras que enfrentan las mujeres para emprender de manera formal son los costos, el financiamiento, la profesionalización, la brecha digital, la falta de confianza, el miedo al fracaso, la carga de trabajo no remunerado y la falta de modelos a seguir. Asimismo, se puede conocer que las oportunidades que tienen las pymes lideradas por mujeres consisten en las cadenas de valor y la era digital, a las que tienen que adherirse para no quedar rezagadas en el mercado. lograrlo México digital cual internacionales científicos costos financiamiento profesionalización confianza fracaso seguir Asimismo mercado

Abstract Female empowerment is one of the goals for the development of the millennium, entrepreneurship is one of the ways to achieve it. The objective of this research was to make a diagnosis about the participation of women in paid work in Mexico, specifically in entrepreneurship, and to identify the challenges and opportunities to enter the digital age. For which a documentary research was carried out collecting data from secondary sources of information published by international organizations, as well as scientific articles. The main findings allow us to know that the main barriers that women face to undertake formally are costs, financing, professionalization, the digital divide, lack of confidence, fear of failure, unpaid workload and lack of role models. Likewise, it can be known that the opportunities that SMEs led by women have consist of value chains and the digital age, to which they have to adhere so as not to be left behind in the market. millennium Mexico age organizations articles costs financing professionalization divide confidence failure models Likewise market

Resumo Este artigo analisa as dinâmicas de género e classe presentes nas exclusões habitacionais em Portugal, utilizando o conceito de deslocamento para a sobrevivência para trazer luz à complexa teia de relações que promovem a exclusão habitacional das mães solteiras de baixos salários. Mostro como estas famílias, expulsas dos programas de habitação e incapazes de pagar a habitação no sector de arrendamento privado, são deixadas a sofrer um ciclo de deslocações, levando a uma acentuada pobreza e despossessão, o que também leva a uma perpetuação da pobreza em excesso através de gerações. Metodologicamente, o estudo baseia-se em entrevistas de história de vida e análise de políticas de habitação, realizadas entre 2017 e 2019 em Lisboa. Para além de serem exploradas no contexto do trabalho remunerado e não remunerado e de terem de pagar uma renda incomportável, deslocações e despejos exacerbam a desapropriação e a pobreza destas famílias, dado que as suas condições específicas como mães solteiras de baixos rendimentos não são reconhecidas no âmbito das respostas políticas.

Abstract This article examines the gendered and classed dynamics of homelessness and displacements in Portugal. I use the lens of displaced survival to bring light to the complex web of relations that promote the housing exclusion of low-wage single mothers. I show how these families, expelled from housing programmes and unable to afford housing in the private rental sector, are left to suffer from a cycle of displacements, leading to accentuated poverty and dispossession, which also leads to over-generational perpetuation of poverty. Methodologically the study draws from life-history interviews and policy analysis, conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Lisbon. In addition to being exploited within paid and unpaid labour and having to pay an unaffordable rent, displacements and evictions exacerbate the dispossession and poverty of these families, given that their specific conditions as low-income single mothers are not recognised within the policy responses.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar la figura del trabajo decente impulsada por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, que implica tutela jurídica efectiva para el ejercicio de los derechos laborales, protección social y diálogo social, desde la condiciones salariales que poseen los docentes universitarios en Venezuela, que representan cifras que los colocan como los trabajadores peor remunerados del continente americano, por debajo del umbral de la pobreza extrema, conforme a los indicadores por ingreso registrados por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y el Banco Mundial, condiciones que promueven el retiro y la emigración masiva de los profesores universitarios, o la asunción de la labor docente universitaria como un trabajo voluntario o no remunerado cuyos gastos operativos deben ser subsidiados con los recursos del propio trabajador. Se utilizó el diseño de investigación documental con un nivel descriptivo; se concluye que las condiciones salariales y laborales en general del personal docente universitario del sector público están totalmente alejadas de las que se podrían considerar como decentes por la OIT, y que la lucha gremial por enfrentar dicha precariedad debe asumir la conciencia gremial colectiva nacional e internacional.

Summary The main objective of this documentary research work is to address the figure of decent work promoted by the International Labor Organization, which implies effective legal protection for the exercise of labor rights, social protection and social dialogue, from the salary conditions they have university teachers in Venezuela, which represent figures that place them as the lowest paid workers in the American continent, below the threshold of extreme poverty according to the income indicators kept by the United Nations Organization and the World Bank, conditions that promote the retirement and massive emigration of university professors, or the assumption of university teaching work as a voluntary or unpaid job, operating expenses must be subsidized with the worker’s own resources. The descriptive-level documentary design was used, concluding that the general salary and working conditions of university teaching staff in the public sector are totally far from what could be considered decent by the ILO, and that the union struggle to face said precariousness it must assume the national and international collective union conscience.

Resume Le présent essai a pour but d’aborder la notion de travail décent telle qu’elle a été promue par l’Organisation Internationale du Travail (OIT), notion qui sous-entend une tutelle juridique effective permettant de faire respecter le droit du travail ainsi qu’une protection et un dialogue sociaux. Mais ce thème est ici étudié à partir des conditions salariales des professeurs à l’université au Venezuela. Or, il apparaît rapidement que ce sont les salariés les plus mal rémunérés du continent américain avec des émoluments se situant sous le seuil de pauvreté extrême comme l’attestent les indicateurs fournis par l’Organisation des Nations Unies et de la Banque Mondiale. Ces conditions de travail déplorables se traduisent par deux tendances : soit les professeurs démissionnent massivement pour tenter leur chance à l’étranger, soit leur profession est dorénavant considérée comme un emploi volontaire peu ou pas rémunéré dont les frais inhérents doivent être pris en charge par les universitaires eux-mêmes. Au final, le présent essai, basé sur une recherche documentaire (niveau descriptif), se conclut par l’affirmation suivante : les conditions salariales des professeurs d’universités publiques n’ont, en général, strictement aucun rapport avec celles que l’on peut considérer comme décentes si l’on se réfère à l’OIT et les revendications face à une telle précarité doivent trouver un écho aux niveaux collectif, national et international.

RESUMO Este artigo busca discutir a novidade das tensões entre trabalho e cuidado no âmbito privado- doméstico. Como o contexto da pandemia tornou visível a tensão entre trabalho remunerado e não remunerado, a constante complexidade de conciliar cuidados e tarefas domésticas com emprego. O home office ganhou grande notoriedade, a ponto de parecer ignorar sua preexistência. Para abordar essa questão, foram selecionados dois grupos de setores econômicos, com a intenção de responder às questões que norteiam este artigo. A metodologia é de natureza qualitativa, baseada em dez entrevistas em profundidade com cinco integrantes de cada setor: costureiras domésticas e teletrabalhadores da indústria de software, ambos grupos da cidade de Mar del Plata. Por tudo isso, é extremamente importante incorporar uma perspectiva interseccional para entender esse fenômeno, levando em conta que ele afeta dois grupos da classe trabalhadora, mas com características completamente diferentes. Uma composta majoritariamente por mulheres, historicamente responsáveis pelas tarefas típicas da esfera privada, e outra que inclui homens trabalhadores de classe média imersos em uma circunstância historicamente feminina, como o trabalho em casa.

RESUMEN El presente artículo busca poner en discusión lo novedoso de las tensiones entre trabajo y cuidado en el ámbito privado-doméstico. Cómo el contexto de pandemia visibilizó la tirantez entre el trabajo remunerado y el no remunerado, la complejidad de compatibilizar las tareas de cuidado y del hogar con el empleo. El home office ha obtenido una gran notoriedad, hasta el punto de parecer ignorar su preexistencia. Para abordar esta temática se seleccionaron dos grupos de sectores de la economía, con la intención de responder los interrogantes que motorizan este artículo. La metodología es de carácter cualitativo, a partir de la realización de diez entrevistas en profundidad a cinco integrantes de cada sector: costureras domiciliarias y teletrabajadores de la industria del software, ambos grupos de la ciudad de Mar del Plata. Por todo lo mencionado, resulta de suma importancia incorporar la mirada interseccional para comprender este fenómeno, teniendo en cuenta que afecta a dos colectivos de clase trabajadora pero con características completamente diferentes. Uno compuesto mayormente por mujeres, quienes históricamente estuvieron a cargo de las tareas propias del ámbito privado, y otro que incluye a varones trabajadores de clase media que se ven inmersos en una circunstancia históricamente femenina, como lo es el trabajo en el hogar.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to discuss the novelty of the tensions between work and care in the private- domestic sphere. How the current pandemic context made visible the tension between paid and unpaid work, the constant complexity of reconciling caregiving and household tasks with employment. The home office has gained great notoriety, to the point of seeming to ignore its pre-existence. To address this issue, two groups from different sectors of the economy were selected to try to answer the questions that lead to the preparation of this article. The methodology is qualitative in nature, based on conducting ten in-depth interviews with 5 members of each sector: home seamstresses and teleworkers from the software industry, both groups from the city of Mar del Plata located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. For all of the above, it is extremely important to incorporate the intersectional perspective to understand this phenomenon, taking into account that it affects two working-class groups but with completely different characteristics. One composed mainly of women, who historically were in charge of the tasks involved in the private sphere, and another that includes male middle-class workers as social actors who are immersed in a historically feminine circumstance, such as work in the workplace. home.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar características do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e sua associação com transtornos mentais, explorando diferenciais de gênero. MÉTODOS Neste estudo foram analisados dados transversais da segunda onda de uma coorte da população urbana (n = 2.841) com idade a partir dos 15 anos de uma cidade de médio porte da Bahia (BA). A amostra representativa da população foi aleatoriamente selecionada em etapas múltiplas subsequentes. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes do levantamento. O estudo analisou dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e adoecimento mental, estratificadas por sexo. Investigou-se associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si, o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e de depressão. Foram estimadas prevalências, razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, verificou-se que as atividades domésticas não remuneradas eram realizadas por 71,3% dos homens e 95,2% das mulheres, que se mostraram as principais responsáveis pelas atividades de trabalho investigadas, exceto pequenos consertos. A inserção em trabalho remunerado foi maior entre os homens (68,1% contra 47,2% entre as mulheres). A distribuição dos estressores e experiência de conflitos evidenciou situação inversa entre homens e mulheres: o maior percentual entre os homens foi de baixo conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si (39,0%), já entre as mulheres, maior percentual foi de alto conflito (40,0%); entre os homens, 45,8% referiram baixo desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar, enquanto apenas 28,8% das mulheres relataram baixo desequilíbrio. Os transtornos mentais investigados foram mais prevalentes entre as mulheres, que apresentaram significativa associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo pessoal e os transtornos mentais comuns e a depressão; entre os homens o alto conflito foi associado aos transtornos mentais comuns. Já o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa se mostrou fortemente relacionado aos TMC, ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e à depressão entre as mulheres. Entre os homens, esse desequilíbrio relacionou-se apenas à depressão. CONCLUSÕES O trabalho doméstico persiste como atribuição majoritariamente feminina. As situações estressoras do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si associaram-se mais fortemente aos efeitos adversos na saúde mental das mulheres.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

Abstract Time is a finite resource. Few longitudinal studies have focused on its distribution in paid work and unpaid care work. The objective of this research is to analyze the working hours, by duration (not working, part-time, full-time, or long-term work) and by three life stages (without children, with children aged under 6, and with children aged 6 and over) among women and men interviewed as part of the Retrospective Demographic Survey 2017, and to point out the effect of the intersection of gender-sex, generational, and socioeconomic inequalities on the typology observed. Sequence analysis through optimal matching analysis (OMA) is used for males and females as separate groups with gender-differentiated dynamics. One of the findings was that, in the second half of the 20th century, men and women from middle-income sectors worked long hours. Long working hours prevent men and women from undertaking care work or looking after themselves.

Resumen El tiempo es un recurso finito. La distribución de éste en el trabajo remunerado y el trabajo de cuidados se ha explorado poco desde una perspectiva longitudinal. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los patrones que emergen al considerar las jornadas del trabajo remunerado, distinguiendo por duración (no se posee una jornada a cambio de un pago, jornada a tiempo parcial, a tiempo completo o por tiempo prolongado), y las etapas en el curso de vida (sin hijos, con hijos menores de 6 años y con hijos de 6 años y más) para las mujeres y los hombres entrevistados por la Encuesta Demográfica Retrospectiva de 2017; además, señalar el efecto de la intersección de desigualdades sexo-genéricas, generacionales y socioeconómicas en la tipología observada. Se utiliza el análisis de secuencias a través del algoritmo de alineación óptima para hombres y mujeres como grupos separados con dinámicas diferenciadas por el género. Como parte de los resultados se encuentra que las jornadas de trabajo remunerado en la segunda mitad del siglo XX se caracterizaron por ser prolongadas para los varones y las mujeres de orígenes sociales medios. Las jornadas prolongadas no permiten que hombres y mujeres dediquen tiempo al trabajo de cuidados y al autocuidado.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar características do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e sua associação com transtornos mentais, explorando diferenciais de gênero. MÉTODOS Neste estudo foram analisados dados transversais da segunda onda de uma coorte da população urbana (n = 2.841) com idade a partir dos 15 anos de uma cidade de médio porte da Bahia (BA). A amostra representativa da população foi aleatoriamente selecionada em etapas múltiplas subsequentes. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes do levantamento. O estudo analisou dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e adoecimento mental, estratificadas por sexo. Investigou-se associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si, o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e de depressão. Foram estimadas prevalências, razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, verificou-se que as atividades domésticas não remuneradas eram realizadas por 71,3% dos homens e 95,2% das mulheres, que se mostraram as principais responsáveis pelas atividades de trabalho investigadas, exceto pequenos consertos. A inserção em trabalho remunerado foi maior entre os homens (68,1% contra 47,2% entre as mulheres). A distribuição dos estressores e experiência de conflitos evidenciou situação inversa entre homens e mulheres: o maior percentual entre os homens foi de baixo conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si (39,0%), já entre as mulheres, maior percentual foi de alto conflito (40,0%); entre os homens, 45,8% referiram baixo desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar, enquanto apenas 28,8% das mulheres relataram baixo desequilíbrio. Os transtornos mentais investigados foram mais prevalentes entre as mulheres, que apresentaram significativa associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo pessoal e os transtornos mentais comuns e a depressão; entre os homens o alto conflito foi associado aos transtornos mentais comuns. Já o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa se mostrou fortemente relacionado aos TMC, ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e à depressão entre as mulheres. Entre os homens, esse desequilíbrio relacionou-se apenas à depressão. CONCLUSÕES O trabalho doméstico persiste como atribuição majoritariamente feminina. As situações estressoras do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si associaram-se mais fortemente aos efeitos adversos na saúde mental das mulheres.

Abstract Seeking to delve into the field of rural studies, work, gender and migration, from an overlapping and intersectional perspective, this article is aimed at understanding the framework and interstices that arise between the precariousness of productive salaried fruit work, in its relationship with the reproductive work of migrant women who work as seasonal workers in the Rapel Valley of the O´Higgins region, in Chile. To do this, 10 interviews conducted between November 2021 and June 2022 with Bolivian, Haitian and Peruvian migrant workers, settled in rural towns of the Las Cabras commune, were analyzed under the qualitative paradigm, from the notions of objective and subjective precariousness, and a concept broad range of work, which includes paid work such as domestic work and unpaid care. It is concluded that the global precarious condition of the life of temporary migrants, when considering both works articulately, focuses on the concern for the vulnerability of the exercise of the maternal role.-face-to-face or at a distance; material and subjective-, based on the centrality of the sacrificial spirit typical of the traditional feminine mandate; also accounting for the normalization of job insecurity, exacerbated by the exploitation exercised by the figure of the agricultural contractor in conditions of precarious migration.

Resumen Buscando profundizar en el campo de los estudios rurales, del trabajo, del género y de las migraciones, desde una mirada imbricada e interseccional, este artículo se orienta a comprender el entramado e intersticios que se presentan entre la precariedad del trabajo productivo asalariado frutícola y su relación con el trabajo reproductivo de mujeres migrantes que trabajan como temporeras en el Valle de Rapel de la región de O´Higgins, en Chile. Para ello, se analizaron bajo el paradigma cualitativo 10 entrevistas, realizadas entre noviembre 2021 y junio 2022, a trabajadoras migrantes bolivianas, haitianas y peruanas, asentadas en localidades rurales de la comuna de Las Cabras, desde las nociones de precariedad objetiva y subjetiva, y un concepto amplio de trabajo, que incluye tanto el trabajo remunerado como el doméstico y de cuidado no remunerado. Se concluye que la condición precaria global de la vida de las migrantes temporeras, al considerar articuladamente ambos trabajos, se focaliza en la preocupación por la vulnerabilidad del ejercicio del rol materno -presencial o a distancia, material y subjetivo-, basado en la centralidad del espíritu sacrificial, propio del mandato femenino tradicional; se da cuenta, así mismo, de la normalización de la precariedad laboral, agudizada por la explotación que ejerce la figura del contratista agrícola en condiciones de migración precaria.

Abstract: Mothers of young children in Kazakhstan experience challenges to do paid work as the result of flaws in the state policies, motherhood penalty in the labor market and cultural barriers in the family institution. Absence of parental leave for fathers, three years unpaid maternity leave and shortage of state-subsidized childcare services reinforce traditional breadwinner family institution where women are the main caregiver and increase gender inequality. The labor market factors preventing mothers from fulfilling their fullest potential are wage gender gap, discrimination, and employers’ reluctance to hire women of reproductive age, and a lack of flexible work options. Within the family sphere, women in Kazakhstan spend three times more time on unpaid domestic work compared to men and mothers of young children are likely to have higher workload. The research aims to explore the main barriers preventing mothers of children 1-6 aged from participating in the labor market in Kazakhstan. The research applied the qualitative research method and conducted three focus group discussions among 15 mothers of young children residing in cities Almaty in Southern Kazakhstan. The results demonstrate that women face cultural and family barriers to do paid work in cosmopolitan Almaty and experience challenges to enter and remain in the labor market as a result of underdeveloped state policies and motherhood penalty in the labor market. Mothers of children 1-6 aged in Kazakhstan need sufficient number of childcare services for children aged under 3 subsidized by the state, flexible work schemes at workplace and policy incentives for fathers to take paternity leave.

ABSTRACT Background Common mental disorders are among the leading contributors to the burden of disease in Chile and Latin America. Gender and socioeconomic position are important social determinants of mental health. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the role of the double burden of paid job and unpaid domestic work in the association of social determinants with common mental disorders. Methods Secondary analyses of a sample representative of the employed or recently employed Chilean population between 2009-2010. Logistic models were used to determine the association between the variables of interest and positive screen for common mental disorders. Results Positive screen for common mental disorders was two times as frequent in women, compared to men, but the association between gender and the outcome was not observed when controlling for the double burden of paid and unpaid work. Income was associated with common mental disorders only among men. Conclusions The distribution of the double burden of paid and unpaid work, which is more frequent among women, could contribute to the higher frequency of common mental disorders among them. It is important that social and labor public policies address this issue, to reduce the gap experienced by women with respect to paid work, and to foster co-responsibility in domestic and care tasks.

RESUMEN Fundamento los trastornos mentales comunes están entre las primeras causas de carga de enfermedad en Chile y Latinoamérica. El género y la posición socioeconómica son importantes determinantes sociales de la salud mental. Objetivo determinar el rol de la doble carga doméstica y laboral en la asociación entre determinantes sociales y trastornos mentales comunes. Métodos: análisis secundario de una muestra representativa de la población chilena laboralmente activa en 2009-2010. Se emplearon modelos logísticos para determinar la asociación entre las variables de interés y sospecha de trastornos mentales comunes. Resultados la frecuencia de sospecha de trastornos mentales comunes era casi el doble entre las mujeres, pero la asociación entre género y trastornos mentales no se observó al incorporar la doble carga laboral y doméstica. El ingreso se asociaba con trastornos mentales solamente entre los hombres. Conclusiones: la distribución de la doble carga laboral y doméstica, que es más frecuente entre las mujeres, puede contribuir a la mayor frecuencia de sospecha de trastornos mentales entre las mujeres. Es importante fortalecer las políticas sociales y laborales que minimicen las brechas en el trabajo remunerado y fomenten la corresponsabilidad en las labores domésticas y de cuidado.

RESUMO O artigo analisa a produção acadêmica sobre as licenças maternidade/paternidade e parental no enfrentamento dos conflitos entre trabalho remunerado e responsabilidades familiares, em perspectiva comparada. Realiza pesquisa bibliográfica nas principais bases nacionais e revistas internacionais no campo dos estudos de gênero e políticas públicas. Discute os resultados e significados dessas licenças à luz de diferentes campos das ciências humanas buscando caracterizar os limites e possibilidades desses direitos no Brasil. Apresenta, ainda, resultados comparativos entre países em termos das características das licenças, sua extensão, cobertura, financiamento e impactos sobre a promoção de maior igualdade de gênero no trabalho remunerado e não remunerado na família.

RESUMEN El artículo analiza la producción académica sobre los permisos de maternidad/paternidad y paternidad ante los conflictos entre el trabajo remunerado y las responsabilidades familiares, desde una perspectiva comparada. Realiza investigaciones bibliográficas en las principales bases de datos nacionales y revistas internacionales en el ámbito de los estudios de género y las políticas públicas. Discute los resultados y significados de estas hojas a la luz de diferentes campos de las ciencias humanas buscando caracterizar los límites y posibilidades de estos derechos en Brasil. También presenta resultados comparativos entre países en cuanto a las características de las licencias, su extensión, cobertura, financiación e impactos en la promoción de una mayor igualdad de género en el trabajo remunerado y no remunerado en la familia.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes academic production on maternity/paternity and parental leave in dealing with conflicts between paid work and family responsibilities, in a comparative perspective. Conducts bibliographic research in the main national databases and international journals in the field of gender studies and public policies. It discusses the results and meanings of these licenses in the light of different fields of human sciences, seeking to characterize the limits and possibilities of these rights in Brazil. It also presents comparative results between countries in terms of the characteristics of leave, its extension, coverage, financing and impacts on the promotion of greater gender equality in paid and unpaid work in the Family.

Abstract The relation between female migration and domestic work, either paid or unpaid, is a long-standing one. As a result of social inequality between genders, the house, care, reproduction, and domestic tasks have been configured as a female patrimony, which has influenced the life experiences of migrant women as a whole. We started from some premises that allow us to systematize advances and point out possibilities of continuity in the field of international migration and domestic work. First of all, we note that the tendency for women to be assigned tasks mainly in the area of social reproduction affects their permanence in the so-called productive sectors of activity, deepening occupational segregation and the wage gap. Second, we argue that domestic work, in the intersection of its paid and unpaid versions, is a structuring factor in the migratory projects that involve women in their different moments and stages. Finally, we present the articles that make up this dossier on research carried out in Latin American and Spanish contexts with international migrant women workers.

Resumen La relación entre migraciones femeninas y trabajo doméstico, ya sea remunerado como no remunerado, posee larga data. Producto de la desigualdad social entre géneros, la casa, el cuidado, la reproducción y las tareas domésticas han sido configuradas como patrimonio femenino, lo que ha influido en las experiencias vitales de las mujeres migrantes en su conjunto. Partimos de algunas premisas que nos permiten sistematizar avances y señalar posibilidades de continuidad en el campo de las migraciones internacionales y el trabajo doméstico. En primer lugar, señalamos que la tendencia a que a las mujeres les sean asignadas tareas mayoritariamente en el ámbito de la reproducción social afecta su permanencia en los sectores de actividad denominados productivos, profundizando la segregación ocupacional y la brecha salarial. Segundo, defendemos que el trabajo doméstico, en el entrecruce de sus versiones remuneradas y no remuneradas, es estructurante de los proyectos migratorios que involucran a las mujeres en sus diferentes momentos y etapas. Finalmente, se presentan los artículos que integran este dossier sobre investigaciones realizadas en contexto latinoamericano y español con mujeres trabajadoras migrantes internacionales.

Resumen Este artículo hace dialogar los estudios que parten de la economía feminista crítica con los asociados a la economía popular para comprender cómo ambos campos han comprendido el trabajo. Se reflexiona sobre las consecuencias que tienen estos argumentos en torno a una serie de problemas teórico sociales: la conceptualización en torno a la estructura, el funcionamiento del capitalismo y sus formas de valorización y la identificación de posiciones subalternas. Se presta especial atención a las diferentes formas de argumentar cómo existen trabajos que no son reconocidos o son subvaluados en el capitalismo para pensar en diferentes horizontes de acción colectiva. Se destacan las conclusiones que sugieren que, así como la reproducción social fue un terreno fructífero para argumentar la necesidad de reconocer el trabajo no remunerado en los hogares, la economía popular ofrece la idea del trabajo no asalariado y el comunitario como una fuente para entender el funcionamiento actual del capitalismo neoliberal. A la vez ambos argumentos sirven para discutir formas de disputar recursos.

Abstract This paper engages a dialogue between the studies that start from critical feminist economics and those associated with the popular economy to understand how both fields have understood the work. It analyses the consequences of these arguments around a series of social theoretical problems: the conceptualization around the structure, the functioning of capitalism and its forms of valorization and the identification of subaltern positions. Special attention is paid to the different ways of arguing how there are jobs that are not recognized or are undervalued in capitalism to think in different horizons of collective action. The conclusions that suggest that just as social reproduction was a fruitful ground to argue the need to recognize unpaid work in homes are highlighted, the popular economy offers the idea of non-salaried and community work as a source to understand the functioning current of neoliberal capitalism. At the same time, both arguments serve to discuss ways to dispute resources.

Resumen Este artículo parte de la necesidad de responder a la pregunta de cómo vivieron las mujeres los efectos de las medidas sanitarias de confinamiento y de circulación por sexo y cédula, adoptadas en el marco de la COVID-19 en la República de Panamá, sobre todo en materia de los trabajos remunerados y no remunerados. Se utilizó la entrevista a profundidad como herramienta metodológica, que fue aplicada a informantes clave: lideresas de organizaciones de mujeres, sindicales y LGBTI+, funcionarias y funcionarios estatales y de organismos internacionales. Las transcripciones se analizaron con base en la bibliografía académico-feminista y, de manera complementaria, con legislación, informes y datos estadísticos. Fue generalizada la opinión de que el gobierno adoptó medidas que no consideraron la desigualdad de género, lo cual tuvo efectos en las vidas de las mujeres, tales como sobrecarga e invisibilización del trabajo en el hogar y de las mujeres vulnerables, aumento de su carga laboral remunerada, inseguridad e incertidumbre económica.

Resumo Este artigo tenta responder à questão de como as mulheres vivenciaram os efeitos das medidas sanitárias de confinamento e circulação por sexo e carteira de identidade, adotadas no âmbito da COVID-19 na República do Panamá -especialmente em matéria de pagamento e trabalho não remunerado. A ferramenta metodológica foi a entrevista em profundidade, aplicada a informantes-chave: líderes sindicais e de organizações de mulheres e LGBTI+, funcionárias e funcionários do Estado e organizações internacionais. As transcrições foram analisadas atendendo à bibliografia acadêmico-feminista e, de forma complementar, à legislação, os relatórios e os dados estatísticos. A opinião generalizada foi que as medidas adotadas pelo governo foram indiferentes à desigualdade de gênero, o que repercutiu na vida das mulheres, como sobrecarregar e invisibilizar o trabalho em casa e às mulheres vulneráveis, aumentando sua renda de trabalho, insegurança e incerteza econômica.

Abstract This article attempts to answer the question of how women experienced the effects of the health measures including the gender-based lockdown and only being able to leave the house with an identity card adopted during COVID-19 in Panama, especially as regards paid and unpaid work. The in-depth interview was used as a methodological tool, which was administered to key informants: leaders of women’s, trade union and LGBTI+ organizations, state officials and staff members of international organizations. Transcripts were analyzed on the basis of feminist academic bibliography together with the legislation, reports, and statistical data. It was thought that the government adopted measures that failed to consider gender inequality, which had effects on the lives of women, such as overburdening them and making work in the home and that of vulnerable women invisible. It also increased their paid workload, insecurity, and economic uncertainty.