BACKGROUND: The personal health behaviours and lifestyle habits of health professionals influence their counselling practices related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). There is limited evidence on the prevalence of modifiable NCD risk factors among medical students in South Africa (SA OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of modifiable behavioural and metabolic NCD risk factors in first-year medical students at a SA university METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included 256 first-year students. Participants completed five online questionnaires regarding lifestyle behaviours (physical activity, dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption and sleep quality). NCD-related metabolic markers including body composition, blood pressure, total cholesterol and random glucose concentrations, were measured. The prevalence of risk factors was calculated using internationally accepted criteria, and sex differences were reported using one-way ANOVA or χ² test (p<0.05 RESULTS: The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 79.7%, followed by low-to-moderate diet quality (66.8%), low levels of physical activity (64.1%), overweight/ obesity (26.2%), current/past smoking (13.3%) and harmful use of alcohol (12.5%). Most (88.3%) participants had two or more NCD-related risk factors. The prevalence of multiple NCD risk factors differed significantly between male and female participants, with more male participants having >2 CONCLUSIONS: This study found that first-year medical students at a South African university have a high prevalence of lifestyle-related risk factors, specifically poor sleep quality, low levels of physical activity and low-to-moderate diet quality. Sleep hygiene, regular activity and good nutrition should be promoted, and interventions focusing on nutrition, smoking cessation and alcohol consumption could be targeted by sex

Abstract Background The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4340) is associated with the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). This polymorphism may contribute to a greater propensity for severe HF and excess weight. Objective To evaluate adiposity, cardiac function, and their association with ACE I/D polymorphism in HF patients. Methods Cross-sectional study with ambulatory individuals ≥18 years diagnosed with HF. Genetic analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined by echocardiography. Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index, while adiposity was analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio. The adopted significance level was 5% (p < 0.05). Results Seventy-one individuals were included, with a mean age of 55.8 ± 13.0 years, predominantly male (66.2%), with functional class I and II (90.9%), and a median LVEF of 30% (24-40). The prevalence of overweight was 38%, class I obesity was 23.9%, and class II and III obesity was 12.7%, with 50.7% exhibiting excess adiposity as assessed by BIA. A total of 88 D alleles and 54 I alleles of the ACE gene were identified. Regarding ACE genotypes, 38.1% were DD, 47.8% were ID, and 14.1% were II. In the multivariate analysis, the D allele (DD + ID genotypes versus II) was associated with LVEF (PR 0.995; 95% CI 0.991–1.000; p = 0.048) and with the etiology of HF (dilated cardiomyopathy: PR 1.283; 95% CI 1.039–1.583; p = 0.021). No independent association was found with adiposity. Conclusion The presence of the D allele of the ACE polymorphism is associated with LVEF and HF etiology. Despite overweight being prevalent in the sample, no independent associations were found.

Resumo Fundamento O polimorfismo de Inserção/Deleção (I/D) da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) (rs4340) está associado à patogênese da insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Esse polimorfismo pode contribuir para uma maior propensão à IC grave e ao excesso de peso. Objetivo Avaliar a adiposidade, a função cardíaca e sua associação com o polimorfismo I/D da ECA em pacientes com IC. Métodos Estudo transversal com indivíduos ambulatoriais com idade ≥18 anos diagnosticados com IC. A análise genética foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida de eletroforese em gel de agarose. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada por ecocardiografia. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal, enquanto a adiposidade foi avaliada pela análise de Bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), circunferência da cintura, razão cintura-quadril e razão cintura-estatura. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados Setenta e um indivíduos foram incluídos, com média de idade de 55,8 ± 13,0 anos, predominantemente do sexo masculino (66,2%), com classe funcional I e II (90,9%) e FEVE mediana de 30% (24-40). A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 38%, obesidade classe I foi de 23,9% e obesidade classe II e III foi de 12,7%, com 50,7% apresentando excesso de adiposidade conforme avaliado pela BIA. Um total de 88 alelos D e 54 alelos I do gene da ECA foram identificados. Em relação aos genótipos da ECA, 38,1% eram DD, 47,8% eram ID e 14,1% eram II. Na análise multivariada, o alelo D (genótipos DD+ID versus II) foi associado à FEVE (RP de 0,995; IC de 95% 0,991–1,000; p = 0,048) e à etiologia da IC (cardiomiopatia dilatada: RP 1,283; IC de 95% 1,039–1,583; p = 0,021). Nenhuma associação independente foi encontrada com a adiposidade. Conclusão A presença do alelo D do polimorfismo da ECA está associada à FEVE e à etiologia da IC. Apesar da prevalência do sobrepeso na amostra, não foram encontradas associações independentes.

Abstract Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Knowing the predisposing factors is essential for preventing it. Objectives To describe the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of the population with ACS admitted to an emergency room in the State of São Paulo. Methods The prospective cohort study, based on electronic medical records from a public cardiology institute located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, describes 5,580 patients hospitalized with ACS between August 2018 and October 2022. The main epidemiological characteristics, the association between confirmed ACS and risk scores, and adverse events during hospitalization and in the 30-day follow-up after hospital discharge were evaluated. The significance level was set at 5%. Results The main factors associated with ACS were hypertension (80.38%), obesity or overweight (72.47%), and previous coronary artery disease (CAD) (59.11%). In the GRACE score, 65.10% were considered low risk, while 81.34% in the TIMI and 71.16% in the HEART were identified as moderate risk. Catheterization represented 84.93% of the diagnostic methods. Clinical treatment was the strategy adopted in 46.47% of the cases. In the 30-day evolution, 3.10% presented major bleeding, 7.86% infarction/reinfarction, 5.55% stroke, and 2.53% evolved to death. Conclusion The results of the largest Brazilian ACS registry to date highlight the impact of potentially modifiable risk factors on the occurrence of ischemic events in the local population. The findings may contribute to the development of public policies aimed at preventing and controlling the burden of ischemic disease in the country.

Resumo Fundamentos A síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) é uma das principais causas de mortalidade no mundo. Conhecer os fatores predisponentes é essencial para a prevenção desta. Objetivos Descrever as características etiológicas e epidemiológicas da população com SCA admitida em um pronto-socorro do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos A coorte prospectiva realizada com base nos registros de prontuário eletrônico de um instituto cardiológico público localizado no Estado de São Paulo descreve 5.580 pacientes internados com SCA entre agosto de 2018 e outubro de 2022. Avaliou-se as principais características epidemiológicas, a associação entre confirmação de SCA e escores de risco, eventos adversos durante o internamento e no seguimento de 30 dias após a alta hospitalar. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados Os principais fatores associados a SCA foram hipertensão (80,38%), obesidade ou sobrepeso (72,47%) e doença arterial coronariana prévia (59,11%). No escore Grace, 65,10% foram considerados de baixo risco, enquanto 81,34% no TIMI e 71,16% no HEART foram identificados como risco moderado. O cateterismo representou 84,93% dos métodos diagnósticos. O tratamento clínico foi a estratégia adotada em 46,47% dos casos. Na evolução em 30 dias, 3,10% apresentaram sangramento maior, 7,86% infarto/reinfarto, 5,55% acidente vascular encefálico e 2,53% evoluíram para óbito. Conclusão Os resultados do maior registro de SCA brasileiro até o momento evidenciam o impacto dos fatores de risco potencialmente modificáveis na ocorrência de eventos isquêmicos na população local. Os achados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas visando a prevenção e controle da carga da doença isquêmica no país.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a presença de doença hepática gordurosa associada à disfunção metabólica (MAFLD) e anormalidades da vesícula biliar em uma amostra de pessoas com síndrome de Down no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, utilizando prontuários médicos, envolvendo pacientes com síndrome de Down, diagnosticados por cariótipo, com idade superior a 5 anos, que realizaram ultrassonografia abdominal e foram acompanhados pelo mesmo profissional em um consultório em Curitiba, Brasil. Os dados abrangeram o período de janeiro de 1995 a setembro de 2023; todos os casos sem uso de álcool ou medicamentos hepatotóxicos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 124 pacientes, sendo 64 (51,6%) do sexo feminino. As idades variaram entre 5 e 30 anos (média de 13,2±5,7 anos). O índice de massa corporal variou de 14,08 a 44,98 kg/m2, sendo que 27 (21,7%) pacientes estavam com sobrepeso e 42 (33,8%) com obesidade. A frequência de concentrações aumentadas de colesterol total e triglicerídeos foi significativamente maior em crianças. Não foram observadas diferenças de idade ou sexo nas concentrações de colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa e alta densidades. Os níveis de aspartato transferase (AST) e alanina transferase (ALT) estavam normais e não apresentaram diferenças em relação ao sexo ou idade. Quatro pacientes (3,2%) tiveram diagnóstico de MAFLD. A prevalência de cálculo biliar variou amplamente em termos de número e tamanho dos cálculos entre os pacientes, afetando 11 (8,9%) deles, sem diferença significativa em idade ou sexo. Conclusões: MAFLD foi encontrada em 3,2% dos indivíduos, enquanto cálculo biliar foi identificado em 8,9% dos casos estudados. Além disso, notamos uma presença significativa de fatores de risco associados à MAFLD, com dislipidemia sendo o fator predominante.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the presence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and gallbladder abnormalities in a sample of people with Down syndrome in Brazil. Methods: This is a retrospective study using medical charts involving Down syndrome patients, diagnosed by karyotype, aged over 5 years, who underwent abdominal ultrasound and were monitored by the same professional in a clinic in Curitiba, Brazil. Data spanned January 1995 to September 2023; all cases with no use of alcohol or hepatotoxic medications. Results: A total of 124 patients were evaluated, 64 (51.6%) being females. Ages varied between 5 and 30 years (average of 13.2±5.7 years). Body mass index ranged from 14.08 to 44.98 kg/m2, with 27 (21.7%) patients being overweight and 42 (33.8%) obese. The frequency of increased total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations was significantly higher in children. No age or sex differences were seen in low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST) levels were within normal ranges and showed no differences concerning sex or age. Four patients (3.2%) had diagnosis of MAFLD. The prevalence of gallstone varied widely in terms of the number and size of stones among patients, affecting 11 (8.9%) of them, with no significant difference in age or sex. Conclusions: MAFLD was found in 3.2% of the individuals, while gallstone disease was identified in 8.9% of the cases studied. Moreover, we noted a significant presence of risk factors associated with MAFLD, with dyslipidemia being the predominant factor.

Abstract To synthesize the evidence about pharmacologic treatment of obesity and overweight and to define the options with the best risk-benefit using the stochastic analysis of multicriteria acceptability (SMAA). The analysis addresses a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42023423308) whose research was realized in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials were included, which verified the effects of sibutramine, orlistat, liraglutide, and semaglutide in patients with IMC ≥ 26 Kg/ m². The risk of bias analysis was performed with RoB 2.0 and the outcomes evaluated were weight loss and serious adverse events. A total of 102 studies with 45.047 participants were included. The network meta-analysis revealed that all the treatments were significantly more effective than the placebo in weight reduction. The use of semaglutide (especially 0.4 mg/day) was associated with a bigger weight loss in comparison to all the other treatments (p<0.05) and the analysis of SMAA showed a risk-benefit of 95%. Besides that, we suggest re-evaluating of sibutramine 10mg/day as a therapeutic option for patients without hypertension or cardiovascular diseases, and we demonstrate the modest weight loss promoted by orlistat 120mg, sibutramine 5mg, and liraglutide 1,8mg and advise against its use, once the benefits do not outweigh the risks.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricaemia is a risk factor for gout and independently predicts hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease development. While elevated uric acid levels occur in HIV patients, and weight gain is linked to dolutegravir-based therapy, data on the obesity-hyperuricaemia relationship in this population remain limited. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between obesity and hyperuricaemia among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in South-Western Uganda. METHODS: Between April 2024 and June 2024, this study conducted a secondary analysis of data on uric acid level and factors associated with obesity from a 2023 cross-sectional study of HIV-positive participants. We used logistic regression to assess the factors associated with hyperuricaemia, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to assess the predictive performance of body mass index for hyperuricaemia. RESULTS: Among 328 participants, hyperuricaemia prevalence was 23.48% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.19-28.39%) higher in male participants (31.6%) than female participants (20.0%, p = 0.023). Overweight (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.01-4.00; p = 0.046), obesity (aOR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.09-5.73, p = 0.030), and male gender (aOR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.07-5.01, p = 0.033) were significantly associated with hyperuricaemia. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a relationship between hyperuricaemia and obesity in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. Nationwide studies using primary data are needed to better understand this relationship's epidemiological spread. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: This study is the first to link obesity with hyperuricaemia among HIV-positive Ugandans on antiretroviral therapy, highlighting obesity as a key metabolic complication of HIV treatment.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adolescents in South Africa is a growing public health concern. AIM: To examine the clustering of NCD risk factors, with a focus on gender, socio-economic status (SES) and perceived stress among adolescents. SETTING: The study involved adolescents from eight schools in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and Amatole district, Eastern Cape METHODS: A stratified random sample of 266 adolescents (aged 12 years-18 years) was assessed for anthropometric, physiological, and perceived stress measures. Data included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, glucose levels, and perceived stress (via the Perceived Stress Scale). Analysis involved descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, t-tests, and k-means clustering. RESULTS: Females (n = 155) showed a higher prevalence of NCD risk factors, with 80.2% classified as overweight or obese compared to 19.8% of males, and 77.2% had elevated cholesterol versus 22.8% of males. Perceived stress was higher in affluent schools (59.8%) despite fewer metabolic risks. K-means analysis identified four health profiles with significant SES and health differences (p < 0.001). Cluster 1 (high SES) showed elevated BP, BMI, and stress, while Clusters 2-4 (low SES) varied in risks, with Cluster 4 showing the highest BP and metabolic risks despite low stress. CONCLUSION: These results highlight unique health profiles and risk factors across socio- economic contexts, with female adolescents from lower socio-economic backgrounds facing greater metabolic risks. CONTRIBUTION: This Study provides original insights into the interplay between gender, SES and perceived stress in shaping NCD risk among South African adolescents.

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar os padrões alimentares e sua associação com características socioeconômicas, demográficas, de estilo de vida e excesso de peso em adultos da Região Metropolitana do Recife, em 2015/16 e 2019. Estudo transversal com indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 59 anos. Os padrões alimentares (PA) foram identificados por meio da análise de componentes principais (ACP). A regressão logística binária foi utilizada para estimar as razões de chances bruta e ajustada e intervalos de confiança 95% (IC95%). Foram identificados três PA: Duplo, Ultraprocessado (UP) e Tradicional. Observou-se que o PA Duplo explicou a maior variância em 2015/16 (15,4%), enquanto em 2019 foi o PA UP (15,1%). Em 2015/16, o PA Duplo associou-se à idade ≥41 anos, maior escolaridade e segurança alimentar (SA); já em 2019, associou-se a maior escolaridade, SA e excesso de peso. O PA UP relacionou-se às faixas etárias de 20-29 anos e 30-40 anos em 2015/16, sem associações em 2019. O PA Tradicional associou-se à prática de atividade física em 2015/16 e, em 2019, a residir com ≥5 pessoas no domicílio, menor escolaridade e excesso de peso. Os padrões alimentares em 2019 mostraram uma maior associação com os determinantes sociais, indicando maior influência desses fatores na alimentação.

Resumen El objetivo fue identificar patrones alimentarios y su asociación con características socioeconómicas, demográficas, de estilo de vida y de sobrepeso en adultos de la Región Metropolitana de Recife, en 2015/16 y 2019. Estudio transversal con individuos de ambos sexos, con edades entre 20 y 59 años. años. Los patrones dietéticos (PD) se identificaron mediante análisis de componentes principales (ACP). Se utilizó regresión logística binaria para estimar los odds ratios crudos y ajustados y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Se identificaron tres PDs: Doble, Ultraprocesado (UP) y Tradicional. Se observó que el Doble PD explicó la mayor variación en 2015/16 (15,4%), mientras que en 2019 fue el PD UP (15,1%). En 2015/16, el Doble PD se asoció con edad ≥41 años, educación superior y seguridad alimentaria (SA); en 2019, se asoció con estudios superiores, SA y sobrepeso. El PD UP se relacionó con los grupos etarios de 20-29 años y 30-40 años en 2015/16, sin asociaciones en 2019. El PD Tradicional se asoció con la práctica de actividad física en 2015/16 y, en 2019, con la vida con ≥5 personas en el hogar, menor nivel educativo y sobrepeso. Los patrones dietéticos en 2019 mostraron una mayor asociación con los determinantes sociales, lo que indica una mayor influencia de estos factores en la dieta.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns (DP) and their association with socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, and overweight characteristics in adults from the Metropolitan Region of Recife (MRR) in 2015/16 and 2019. A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals of both sexes, aged 20 to 59 years. DPs were identified using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Binary logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Three DPs were identified: Dual, Ultra-processed (UP), and Traditional. The Dual DP explained the highest variance in 2015/16 (15.4%), while in 2019, it was the UP DP (15.1%). In 2015/16, the Dual DP was related to the age groups of 20-29 years and 30-40 years, with no associations in 2019. The Traditional DP was associated with physical activity in 2015/16 and, in 2019, with living with ≥5 people in the household, lower education, and overweight. The dietary patterns in 2019 showed a stronger association with social determinants, indicating a greater influence of these factors on eating habits.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a Linha de Cuidado à pessoa com sobrepeso e obesidade em municípios paraibanos. Estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, englobando quatro municípios-sede de macrorregiões de saúde. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 19 participantes, envolvendo gestores, gerentes e profissionais de saúde vinculados à atenção primária e/ou serviços especializados, de novembro de 2020 a abril de 2021. Análise de conteúdo temática foi utilizada para analisar o material obtido. Elaboraram-se três categorias temáticas: “Linha de Cuidado à pessoa com sobrepeso e obesidade: sobre conceitos e abordagens”; “Da gestão à assistência: entraves e dificuldades identificadas na Linha de Cuidado”; “Perspectivas para a Linha de Cuidado à pessoa com sobrepeso e obesidade”. Os resultados revelam que, embora os participantes apontem preceitos teórico-conceituais, preconizados para o adequado funcionamento da Linha de Cuidado, sua operacionalização se apresenta incipiente e fragmentada. Identificaram-se problemas ligados à infraestrutura, falta de equipamentos essenciais, dificuldade na realização exames complementares e inexistência de protocolos regionais e de política institucional entre os serviços. Conclui-se que as barreiras relacionadas à oferta de cuidado no âmbito da Linha de Cuidado à pessoa com sobrepeso e obesidade reforçam a necessidade de revisão do processo de trabalho e maior qualificação das equipes de saúde.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the Care Line for overweight and obese people in municipalities in Paraíba. This is a qualitative case study, encompassing four municipalities that are headquarters of health macro-regions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 participants, involving managers, administrators and health professionals linked to primary care and/or specialized services, from November 2020 to April 2021. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the material obtained. Three thematic categories were developed: “Care Line for overweight and obese people: on concepts and approaches”; “From management to assistance: obstacles and difficulties identified in the Care Line”; “Perspectives for the Care Line for overweight and obese people”. The results reveal that, although the participants point out theoretical-conceptual precepts, recommended for the adequate functioning of the Care Line, its operationalization is incipient and fragmented. Problems related to infrastructure, lack of essential equipment, difficulty in performing additional tests and lack of regional protocols and institutional policies between services were identified. It is concluded that the barriers related to the provision of care within the scope of the Care Line for people with overweight and obesity reinforce the need to review the work process and improve the qualification of health teams.

BACKGROUND. The personal health behaviours and lifestyle habits of health professionals influence their counselling practices related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). There is limited evidence on the prevalence of modifiable NCD risk factors among medical students in South Africa (SA). OBJECTIVES. To determine the prevalence of modifiable behavioural and metabolic NCD risk factors in first-year medical students at a SA university. METHODS. This cross-sectional observational study included 256 first-year students. Participants completed five online questionnaires regarding lifestyle behaviours (physical activity, dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption and sleep quality). NCD-related metabolic markers including body composition, blood pressure, total cholesterol and random glucose concentrations, were measured. The prevalence of risk factors was calculated using internationally accepted criteria, and sex differences were reported using one-way ANOVA or χ² test (p<0.05). RESULTS. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 79.7%, followed by low-to-moderate diet quality (66.8%), low levels of physical activity (64.1%), overweight/ obesity (26.2%), current/past smoking (13.3%) and harmful use of alcohol (12.5%). Most (88.3%) participants had two or more NCD-related risk factors. The prevalence of multiple NCD risk factors differed significantly between male and female participants, with more male participants having >2. CONCLUSIONS. This study found that first-year medical students at a South African university have a high prevalence of lifestyle-related risk factors, specifically poor sleep quality, low levels of physical activity and low-to-moderate diet quality. Sleep hygiene, regular activity and good nutrition should be promoted, and interventions focusing on nutrition, smoking cessation and alcohol consumption could be targeted by sex.

Resumen Objetivo: La imagen corporal es un factor predictivo de la salud psicológica, física y social. Por lo tanto, puede ser un indicador para detectar problemas de salud, para utilizar en el contexto de la educación superior. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la satisfacción con la imagen corporal en estudiantes de enseñanza superior y determinar si la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal está relacionada con los comportamientos de estilo de vida y la satisfacción con la vida. Metodología: En este estudio participaron 166 estudiantes portugueses de enseñanza superior. La imagen corporal se evaluó mediante la escala Figure Rating Scale. Las elecciones activas durante la vida cotidiana se evaluaron mediante el Active Choice Index. El cuestionario también incluía preguntas sobre el comportamiento durante el sueño y el consumo de tabaco y alcohol. La satisfacción con la vida se evaluó mediante una escala de cinco ítems previamente adaptada a la población portuguesa. Resultados: Predominaron los chicos insatisfechos por delgadez (26.10%), mientras que la mayoría de las chicas revelaron estar insatisfechas por sobrepeso (55.70%). Los resultados indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chicos y chicas en cuanto a las categorías de imagen corporal (p<0.001). Sin embargo, al analizar los comportamientos por separado en función del sexo, no se observaron diferencias. Las conductas activas, así como las demás conductas de salud analizadas (horas de sueño semanales y consumo de alcohol y tabaco) no difirieron entre los distintos niveles de satisfacción con la imagen corporal (p>0.05). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los estudiantes están insatisfechos con su imagen corporal, siendo mayoritaria la insatisfacción de las chicas por sobrepeso. Los estilos de vida y la satisfacción vital no difieren entre los alumnos satisfechos y los insatisfechos con su imagen corporal.

Abstract Objective: Body image is a predictor of physical, psychological, and social health. Therefore, it can be an indicator for detecting health problems, to be used in the context of higher education. The aim of this study was to assess body image satisfaction in higher education students and to determine whether body image dissatisfaction is related to lifestyle behaviours and life satisfaction. Methodology: This study included 166 Portuguese higher education students. Body image was assessed using the Figure Rating Scale. Active choices during everyday life were assessed using the Active Choice Index. The questionnaire also included questions about sleep behaviour and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Satisfaction with Life was assessed using a five-item scale previously adapted for the Portuguese population. Results: There was a predominance of boys dissatisfied with thinness (26.10%), while the majority of girls revealed that they were dissatisfied due to being overweight (55.70%). The results indicate statistically significant differences between boys and girls in terms of body image categories (p<0.001). However, when we analysed the behaviours separately according to gender, there were no differences. Active behaviours, as well as the other health behaviours analysed (hours of sleep per week and alcohol and tobacco consumption) did not differ between the different levels of body image satisfaction (p>0.05). Conclusion: Most of the students are dissatisfied with their body image, with the majority of girls showing dissatisfaction due to being overweight. Lifestyles and life satisfaction do not differ between students who are satisfied and those who are dissatisfied with their body image.

RESUMEN Introducción: Existe un importante aumento de niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad, los cuales son considerados como los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar la hipertensión arterial Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la hipertensión arterial sistémica en una población de 10 a 18 años de un Centro Educativo del Departamento Central en el año 2023. Materiales y Métodos: El presente trabajo se basó en un diseño observacional, analítico y de corte transversal. Por medio de un muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia, de una población N=1230 estudiantes matriculados en los turnos mañana y tarde de la institución tomada como población de estudio, n=446 cumplan con criterios de inclusión. Resultados: La mediana de a edad fue 14 años con P25 12 y p75 15. El 62% fue del sexo femenino. En cuanto al estado nutricional de la población de estudio el 46.4 eran normo pesos, 37.7% tenían sobrepeso y el 15.9% obesidad. La mediana de la presión arterial de toda la población sistólica fue 116 P25-75 (67-78), y la diastólica 73 P25-75 (67-78). Se obtuvo que el 10% de los pacientes presentaban HTA. En cuanto a la asociación entre el estado nutricional en los grupos con y sin HTA, en el primer grupo el 95.7% eran obesos frente al 6.8% en el grupo de sin HTA p=0.0001. Conclusión: La frecuencia de hipertensión arterial encontrada en este estudio fue de 10%, con predominio del sexo femenino y edad mediana de 14 años. El 15.9 % eran obesos y la hipertensión arterial estuvo asociada a esa condición nutricional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is a significant increase in overweight and obese children and adolescents, these conditions are risk factors for developing arterial hypertension. Objective: To determine the frequency and risk factors associated with systemic arterial hypertension in a population aged 10 to 18 years of an Educational Center in the Central Department in 2023. Materials and Methods: The study design was observational, analytical and cross-sectional. Using non-probabilistic convenience sampling, from a population N=1230 students, we enrolled subjects from the morning and afternoon shifts of the institution. 446 met the inclusion criteria. Results: The median age was 14 years with P25 12 and p75 15. 62% were female. Regarding the nutritional status of the study population, 46.4 were of normal weight, 37.7% were overweight and 15.9% obese. The median blood pressure of the entire population was a systolic of 116 P25-75 (67-78), and a diastolic of 73 P25-75 (67-78). It was found that 10% of the patients had hypertension. Regarding the association between nutritional status in the groups with and without hypertension, in the first group, 95.7% were obese versus 6.8% in the group without hypertension, p=0.0001. Conclusion: The frequency of arterial hypertension found in this study was 10%, with a predominance of the female sex and a median age of 14 years. 15.9% were obese and high blood pressure was associated with this nutritional condition.

RESUMEN Introducción: el índice de masa corporal y el perímetro abdominal son medidas antropométricas que podrían ser concordantes en la población peruana para el cribado de sobrepeso u obesidad. Objetivo: analizar la correlación y concordancia entre las pruebas de índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal para la detección de sobrepeso u obesidad en adultos peruanos. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico y transversal basado en datos de la encuesta nacional demográfica de salud familiar. La población fue de 28960 adultos. Las variables fueron: índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal. Se utilizó la prueba V de Cramer, t de student, correlación de Spearman y kappa de Cohen. Resultados: hubo una asociación fuerte entre índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal en mujeres (V=0,701), moderada en hombres (V=0,632). En la prueba kappa de Cohen, ambas variables concordaron sustancialmente en mujeres (kappa=0,677) y moderadamente en hombres (kappa=0,580). Mediante el Odds Ratio, las mujeres con índice de masa corporal elevado tuvieron una probabilidad 97,22 veces mayor de perímetro abdominal elevado, mientras que en hombres con índice de masa corporal elevado fue 110,76 veces mayor. La correlación de Spearman fue muy alta y positiva en ambos sexos Conclusiones: el perímetro abdominal y el índice de masa corporal están asociados y correlacionados significativamente en adultos peruanos, presentaron una concordancia sustancial en mujeres y moderada en hombres. Se sugiere priorizar el uso del perímetro abdominal, debido a que distingue sobrepeso u obesidad según sexo, optimizándolo mediante la determinación de un punto de corte ajustado a la población peruana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: body mass index and abdominal perimeter are anthropometric measurements that could be concordant in the Peruvian population for screening for overweight or obesity. Objective: to analyze the correlation and agreement between body mass index and abdominal circumference tests for the detection of overweight or obesity in Peruvian adults. Methodology: observational, analytical and cross-sectional study based on data from the national demographic family health survey. The population was 28,960 adults. The variables were: body mass index and abdominal perimeter. Cramer's V test, student's t, Spearman's correlation and Cohen's kappa were used. Results: there was a strong association between body mass index and abdominal perimeter in women (V=0.701), moderate in men (V=0.632). In Cohen's kappa test, both variables agreed substantially in women (kappa=0.677) and moderately in men (kappa=0.580). Using the Odds Ratio, women with a high body mass index had a 97.22 times greater probability of having a high abdominal circumference, while in men with a high body mass index it was 110.76 times greater. The Spearman correlation was very high and positive in both sexes. Conclusions: abdominal circumference and body mass index are significantly associated and correlated in Peruvian adults; they presented substantial agreement in women and moderate agreement in men. It is suggested to prioritize the use of the abdominal perimeter, because it distinguishes overweight or obesity according to sex, optimizing it by determining a cut-off point adjusted to the Peruvian population.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es un problema de salud pública creciente, frecuentemente asociada con sobrepeso y obesidad. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) son indicadores clave en el manejo de la DM2. Objetivo: Correlacionar el IMC y la HbA1c en pacientes con DM2 atendidos en el Hospital Distrital de Capiatá, Paraguay, en diciembre de 2022. Materiales y métodos: Estudio correlacional con datos secundarios de 38 pacientes DM2. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, clínicos, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Se utilizó la correlación de Pearson para determinar la correlación entre IMC y HbA1c, con un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. El protocolo de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigaciones de la FCQ-UNA (CEI913/2022). Resultados: El 65,8% fueron mujeres, con edad promedio de 55,8±5,2 años. El 86,8% presentó exceso de peso. La glucemia en ayunas promedio fue 245,0±57,0mg/dL y la HbA1c 8,8±3,4%. Se observó una tendencia al aumento de los niveles de HbA1c con el incremento del IMC. Los pacientes con peso normal presentaron una HbA1c promedio de 6,8±1,5% (buen control), mientras que aquellos con sobrepeso y obesidad mostraron valores de 8,6±2,7% (mal control) y 11,2±3,0% (control crítico), respectivamente. Estas diferencias resultaron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,01). Se observó una correlación fuerte y significativa entre IMC y HbA1c (r=0,681, p<0,01). Conclusión: Existe una correlación directamente proporcional entre el IMC y el control glucémico en pacientes con DM2. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia del control del peso en el manejo de la DM2.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health problem, frequently associated with overweight and obesity. Body mass index (BMI) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are key indicators in the management of T2DM. Objective: To correlate BMI and HbA1c in patients with DM2 treated at the Capiatá District Hospital, Paraguay, in December 2022. Materials and methods: Correlational study with secondary data from 38 DM2 patients. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the correlation between BMI and HbA1c, with a significance level of p<0.05. The research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the FCQ-UNA (CEI913/2022). Results: 65.8% were women, with an average age of 55.8±5.2 years. 86.8% were overweight. The average fasting blood glucose was 245.0±57.0mg/dL and the HbA1c was 8.8±3.4%. A tendency to increase HbA1c levels with increasing BMI was observed. Patients with normal weight had an average HbA1c of 6.8±1.5% (good control), while those with overweight and obesity showed values of 8.6±2.7% (poor control) and 11.2± 3.0% (critical control), respectively. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). A strong and significant correlation was observed between BMI and HbA1c (r=0.681, p<0.01). Conclusion: There is a directly proportional correlation between BMI and glycemic control in patients with DM2. These findings highlight the importance of weight control in the management of T2DM.

Resumen La transición nutricional genera gran impacto en la salud de las personas, especialmente en los países más pobres. La globalización, la industrialización y otros factores socioambientales han cambiado las dietas y los patrones alimentarios, lo que ha conllevado a un aumento en las enfermedades crónicas y de malnutrición en poblaciones vulnerables como las comunidades indígenas, afectando principalmente a los niños. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la alimentación actual y su impacto en el estado nutricional de los niños menores de cinco años pertenecientes a las comunidades Embera Katio del resguardo indígena Gito Dokabú. Se evaluó el estado nutricional de estos menores utilizando los índices antropométricos de peso para la talla según los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS] (2006). Se indagó, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a los padres de los menores, sobre la frecuencia de consumo de los diferentes grupos de alimentos según las Guías Alimentarias colombianas. La investigación contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Universidad de Caldas y el consentimiento de los padres. Como resultado, se observó una baja prevalencia de desnutrición (1,74%) pero un alto riesgo de sobrepeso (21%). Se destaca el alto consumo de alimentos del grupo 1 (arroz, plátano y maíz) y la baja ingesta de alimentos del grupo 2 (frutas y verduras). La introducción de alimentos exógenos y el cambio en las preferencias hacia alimentos menos saludables son factores que afectan la alimentación de las comunidades indígenas del resguardo Gito Dokabú. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(2), 087, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e087

Abstract The nutritional transition has a significant impact on people's health, especially in the poorest countries. Globalization, industrialization, and other socio-environmental factors have changed diets and eating patterns, leading to an increase in chronic diseases and malnutrition in vulnerable populations, such as indigenous communities, with children being the most affected. The objective of this research is to analyze the current diet and its impact on the nutritional status of children under five years of age belonging to the Embera Katío communities of the Gito Dokabú indigenous reservation. The nutritional status of these children was evaluated using anthropometric indices of weight for height according to the standards of the World Health Organization [WHO] (2006). The frequency of consumption of the different food groups determined by Colombian Dietary Guidelines was investigated through semi-structured interviews with the parents of the minors. The research had the approval of the Ethics Committee of the University of Caldas and the consent of the parents. As a result, a low prevalence of malnutrition (1.74%) but a high risk of being overweight (21%) was observed. A high consumption of foods from group 1 (rice, plantain, and corn) and the low intake of foods from group 2 (fruits and vegetables) is observed. The introduction of exogenous foods and the change in preferences towards less healthy foods are factors that affect the diet of the indigenous communities of the Gito Dokabú reservation. Rev Arg Antrop Biol 26(2), 087, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24215/18536387e087