Seeking a viable alternative to fossil fuels as the primary energy source, bioethanol has emerged as a promising second-generation fuel derived from lignocellulosic biomass. With Brazil ranking pineapple as the third most produced fruit in temporary crops, this study aims to assess the impact of chemical pretreatment techniques, specifically organosolv and diluted acid, on the residual biomass of Pérola pineapple peel to enhance bioethanol production. Employing an experimental design that incorporates temperature, reaction time, and varying concentrations of organic solvent, the study examines their effects on the susceptibility of the substrate to saccharification for future bioethanol generation. Factors such as alphacellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were evaluated in triplicate and subjected to statistical analysis using the Tukey test with a confidence level of 95%. Upon application of the pretreatment methods, it was observed that the organosolv solvent approach (utilizing water and ethanol) with sulfuric acid exhibited superior sugar conversion, yielding the highest concentration of xylose at 9.13 g L-1. Additionally, the pretreated biomass contained 1.38 g L 1 of cellobiose, 3.11 g L-1 of arabinose, and 3.76 g L-1 of glucose. This technique demonstrates promising potential for obtaining fermentable sugars crucial for bioethanol production. source secondgeneration second generation crops techniques production temperature time alphacellulose hemicellulose 95 95% methods utilizing ethanol conversion 913 9 13 9.1 L1. L1 1. Additionally 138 38 1.3 cellobiose 311 3 11 3.1 L- arabinose 376 76 3.7 glucose 91 9. 31 3. 37 7

ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Abstract Introduction. In organic agriculture, green manures and biocontrols are used as methods for fertilization and pest control. However, their independent application of these inputs increases production costs. A pelletized formulation is proposed to allow simultaneous application of both inputs. Objective. To evaluate the effect of pelletized Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on nutritional intake, agricultural yield, and regulation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2022 in Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, using a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and seven repetitions. Two formulations (A and B) of biopellet (M. pruriens + zeolite + T. harzianum) were applied at three dosages (15, 30, 50 g/plant). T. harzianum was added at a rate of 5 g/kg of biopellet. Applications of each treatment were conducted every 15 days for a total of eight applications. At the time of planting, F. oxysporum was inoculated (100 mL/plant with a concentration of 1 x 103 CFU). Results. The application of biopellet achieved a yield and weight of high-quality fruits similar to the commercial control. There were no significant differences among treatments for second and third-quality fruits. The technical efficiency in controlling F. oxysporum reached 97.6 % with biopellet. This amendment increased the levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and organic matter in the soil and affected the nutritional content of the plant foliage in the first 60 days after sowing. Conclusions. The biopellet has the capacity to make chemical and organic contributions to the soil, which improves the nutrition of the tomato crop. It could be also a biocontrol alternative against F. oxysporum and compatible with T. harzianum.

Resumen Introducción. En agricultura orgánica, se utilizan abonos verdes y biocontroladores como métodos de fertilización y control de plagas. Sin embargo, la aplicación independiente de estos incrementa los costos de producción. Se propone una presentación peletizada que permita la aplicación conjunta de ambos insumos. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. peletizada e inoculada con Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en el aporte nutricional, el rendimiento agrícola y la regulación de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Materiales y métodos. El experimento se ejecutó el año 2022 en Tablón del Guarco, Cartago, Costa Rica, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y siete repeticiones. Se aplicaron dos formulaciones (A y B) de biopélet (M. pruriens + zeolita + T. harzianum) en tres dosificaciones (15, 30, 50 g/planta). La adición de T. harzianum se efectuó a razón de 5 g por cada kilo del biopélet. Se realizaron aplicaciones cada 15 días por tratamiento para un total de ocho aplicaciones. Se inoculó F. oxysporum (100 mL/planta con una concentración de 1 x 103 UFC) a la siembra. Resultados. La aplicación del biopélet mostró un rendimiento y peso de frutos de primera calidad similar al testigo comercial. En frutos de segunda y tercera calidad, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La eficiencia en el control de F. oxysporum alcanzó el 97,6 % con biopélet. Esta enmienda aumentó los niveles de Carbono, Nitrógeno y materia orgánica en el suelo e influenció el contenido nutricional en el follaje a los 60 días después de la siembra. Conclusiones. El biopélet tiene la capacidad de realizar aportes químicos y orgánicos al suelo, por lo cual mejora la nutrición del cultivo del tomate. Los resultados sugieren además que es una alternativa de biocontrol contra F. oxysporum y compatible con T. harzianum.

RESUMO Os sistemas de produção integrados surgiram como uma estratégia de produção sustentável na intensificação do uso da terra com impacto mínimo nas funções do ecossistema. Este estudo utilizou ferramentas de agricultura de precisão para investigar a variabilidade espacial de propriedades do solo e da vegetação em área de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) e área de Integração Pecuária-Floresta (IPF) em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Consequentemente, foram avaliados: (1) as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, (2) a resistividade elétrica, e (3) os atributos da cultura do Eucalyptus urograndis que compõem a área de estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas em (1) agosto de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m; (2) outubro de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,5, 0-1,0 e 0-2,0 m; e (3) abril de 2021 e abril de 2022. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo foram adequados ao desenvolvimento da cultura e apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial. As análises de solo indicaram baixa acidez, altos teores de matéria orgânica, teores médios de fósforo, potássio e capacidade de troca catiônica e altos teores de cálcio, magnésio e saturação por base. Entretanto, foram observados locais com maior variabilidade espacial para cálcio, refletindo variabilidade na capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por base. A granulometria e a resistividade elétrica do solo apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial na camada superficial. Mesmo sem diferenças nas propriedades do solo, houve diferença de 15% no maior volume de madeira no sistema IPF em comparação ao ILPF. ecossistema LavouraPecuáriaFloresta Lavoura Pecuária Floresta ILPF (ILPF PecuáriaFloresta (IPF Carlos SP Brasil Consequentemente avaliados 1 (1 físicoquímicas físico químicas 2 (2 3 (3 202 00,2 002 0 0,2 0-0, 0,20,4 0204 0,4 4 0,2-0, m 00,5, 005 0,5, 5 0-0,5 01,0 010 1,0 0-1, 02,0 020 2,0 0-2, 2022 acidez orgânica fósforo cálcio base Entretanto superficial 15 ( 20 00 00, 02 0, 0-0 0,20, 04 0,2-0 00,5 05 0,5 01 01, 10 1, 0-1 02, 2, 0-2 0- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Integrated production systems have emerged as a sustainable production strategy in intensifying land use with minimal impact on ecosystem functions. This study used precision agriculture tools to investigate the spatial variability of soil and vegetation properties in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) and in an integrated livestock-forestry (ILF) area of São Carlos city, SP, Brazil. Consequently, the following were assessed: (1) the soil physicochemical properties, (2) the electrical resistivity, and (3) the attributes of the Eucalyptus urograndis crop comprising the study area. Samplings were performed in (1) August 2021 at depths of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m; (2) October 2021 at depths of 0-0.5, 0-1.0, and 0-2.0 m; and (3) April 2021 and April 2022. Results indicated that the values for soil fertility parameters were suitable for crop development and presented low spatial variability. Soil analyses indicated low acidity, high levels of organic matter, average cation exchange capacity, phosphorus and potassium contents, high base saturation, and calcium and magnesium levels. However, locations with greater spatial variability for calcium were observed, reflecting cation exchange capacity and base saturation variability. Soil granulometry and electrical resistivity had a low spatial variability at the surface layer. Even without differences in the soil properties, there was a difference of 15% in the larger wood volume in the ILF then ICLF system. functions croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF livestockforestry (ILF city SP Brazil Consequently assessed 1 (1 2 (2 3 (3 202 00.2 002 0 0.2 0-0. 0.20.4 0204 0.4 4 0.2-0. m 00.5, 005 0.5, 5 0-0.5 01.0, 010 1.0, 0-1.0 02.0 020 2.0 0-2. 2022 acidity matter contents However observed layer 15 system ( 20 00 00. 02 0. 0-0 0.20. 04 0.2-0 00.5 05 0.5 01 01.0 10 1.0 0-1. 02. 2. 0-2 0- 0.20 0.2- 01. 1. 0-1

ABSTRACT Residues generated in sugarcane production such as biochar, originated from bagasse burning, are used as a fertilizer source, which can increase forage dry matter yield, as well as improving soil chemical attributes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using biochar from sugarcane bagasse burning and mineral fertilization, as well as their association, on the dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and on the chemical attributes of the soil. The design was randomized blocks, which consisted of eight treatments and four blocks. The treatments were: T1- mineral fertilization; T2- fertilization with limestone plus mineral fertilizer; T3- liming; T4- biochar; T5- biochar plus mineral fertilizer; T6- liming plus biochar; T7- double fertilization with biochar and T8- control. Association of mineral fertilizer and biochar was able to increase dry matter yield by up to 131% when compared to the control treatment during the first year. The use of fertilization strategies in the restoration of degraded area under U. decumbens does not interfere with soil chemical attributes, except for sulfur. source association blocks were T1 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 131 year U sulfur 13 1

RESUMO Resíduos gerados pela produção de cana-de-açúcar como o biochar, proveniente da queima do bagaço podem ser utilizados como fonte de fertilizante, podendo incrementar a produção de matéria seca de forrageira, bem como, dos atributos químicos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de biochar da queima do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e da adubação mineral e associação de ambos, na produtividade de matéria seca de Urochloa decumbens, e nos atributos químicos do solo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, composto por oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- adubação mineral; T2- adubação com calcário + fertilizante mineral; T3- calagem; T4- biochar; T5- biochar + adubação mineral; T6- calagem + biochar; T7- duas vezes a dose com biochar e T8- controle. A associação de fertilizante mineral com biochar foi capaz de aumentar a produção de matéria seca em até 131% quando comparado ao tratamento controle no primeiro ano. O emprego de diferentes estratégias de fertilização na recuperação de área degradada sob uso de Urochloa decumbens, não interfere nos atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do elemento enxofre. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar forrageira solo ambos decumbens casualizados repetições foram T1 T T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 131 ano enxofre 13 1

ABSTRACT Increasing paddy consumption can be done through efforts to increase yields by improving production technology, one of which is using organic nano silica fertilizer. Food biofortification efforts in paddy are also considered a solution for improving nutrition to help improve community nutrition. This research aims to determine the colour cultivar and dosage of nano silica organic fertilizer and the interaction between the two, which provide high growth and production and determine the nutritional quality of functional paddy. Functional paddy planting occurred in Manakku Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, from May to August 2023. The research was arranged in a separate plot design with the main plot varying doses (kg ha-1) of nano silica organic fertilizer consisting of control (d0), 500 (d1), 1000 (d2), and 1500 (d3), as well as subplots of four cultivars of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), namely Inpari 24 (v1), Pamelen (v2), Pamera (v3) and Inpago 7 (v4) as well as one cultivar of black rice Jeliteng (v5). The results were that the interaction of 1000 kg ha-1 organic nano silica fertilizer and red rice ‘Inpago 7’ (d2v4) provides the best yield of 5.62 t ha-1. Characters that have a significant positive correlation with yield are plant height (0.64**), number of productive tiller (0.74**), grain total (0.54*), and weight of 1000 grains (0.88**). The quality of functional rice based on glycaemic index (GI) analysis showed that the black rice ‘Jeliteng’ with a dose of organic nano silica fertilizer of 1000 kg ha-1 (58.9%) had the lowest GI value.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane-duck symbiosis (SDS) is an ecological breeding production method wherein meat ducks are released in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields during the middle and late stages of sugarcane growth. The effects of SDS on sugarcane rhizobacterial diversity remain poorly understood. We conducted field experiments with sugarcane monoculture (SC) and SDS and performed genetic analyses on the rhizobacterial communities based on 16S rRNA across different growth stages of sugarcane. The effects of soil physicochemical factors on the bacterial community structure were analyzed via redundancy analysis. We found that soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), nitrate N (NN), and ammonium N (AN) contents of sugarcane rhizosphere soils increased during different growth periods in SDS. During the perennial root stages, the Shannon-, Ace-, and Chao1 indices increased, whereas the available P (AP) content decreased. The soil pH was more balanced and its effect on the soil bacterial community was insignificant. The dominant sugarcane rhizosphere flora were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, Sphingomonas, norank_f__Roseiflexaceae, Bacillus, and norank_f__Xanthobacteraceae, but with significant inter-annual variations. Redundancy analysis showed that SOM, TN, NN, AN, AP, catalase (CAT) and invertase (INV) activity were closely associated with the diversity of the soil bacterial communities, and TN and INV activity were the main drivers of sugarcane rhizobacterial communities in the SDS groups. In conclusion, SDS improves the fertilizer supply capacity and soil quality of sugarcane soils by regulating major soil nutrient content, available nutrients, and microbial diversity. This study provides a theoretical basis for scientifically managing SDS and the screening of biocontrol bacteria.

Abstract The Habanero chilli peppers are one of the most important vegetables in Mexico's culinary culture due to its unique aromatic characteristics. Its cultivation is concentrated in the south and southeast of Mexico, typically using the principles of conventional agriculture. According to this model, large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides are used, affecting production safety. In order to evaluate two proportions of compost as substrate (100 and 50 %) in addition to a control, with and without the application of efficient microorganisms (EM), under a completely randomized design, a trial was conducted in Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico (N 16º 32' and W 93º 45'). The six treatments had five replicates, each with five plants. Seedlings were transplanted 21 days after sowing (DAS) in polyethylene bags with the indicated proportions. Organic management was based on the application of biofertilizer every eight days until 64 days after sowing. The parameters evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, fruit number and weight, as well as polar and equatorial diameter. Analysis of variance, mean tests (Tukey p ≤ 0.05) and simple correlations (Pearson) were performed. Statistical superiority was determined for the parameters evaluated in the treatments using organic amendment in its two proportions, improving phenological and yield variables with the application of EM, in symmetries of 5 to 20 %. Correlations showed correspondence of phenological variables and yield components of Habanero chili peppers.

Resumen El chile habanero constituye una de las hortalizas más importantes en la cultura culinaria de México debido a sus características aromáticas singulares. Su cultivo se concentra en el sur y sureste de México, usándose típicamente los principios de la agricultura convencional. Bajo este modelo se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y plaguicidas, lo que afecta la producción con inocuidad. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos proporciones de composta como sustrato (100 y 50 %), además de un testigo, con y sin la aplicación de microorganismos eficientes (EM), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, se realizó un ensayo en Villaflores, Chiapas, México (N 16º 32’ y W 93º 45’). Los seis tratamientos tuvieron cinco repeticiones, cada una con cinco plantas. Las plántulas se trasplantaron a los 21 días después de la siembra (DDS) en bolsas de polietileno con las proporciones señaladas. El manejo orgánico se fundamentó en la aplicación del biofertilizante cada ocho días, hasta los 64 DDS. Los parámetros evaluados fueron altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número y peso de frutos, así como diámetro polar y ecuatorial. Se realizó análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias (Tukey p ≤ 0,05) y correlaciones simples (Pearson). Se determinó superioridad estadística de los parámetros evaluados en los tratamientos de uso de la enmienda orgánica en sus dos proporciones, mejorándose las variables fenológicas y de rendimiento con la aplicación de los EM, en simetrías del 5 al 20 %. Las correlaciones señalaron correspondencia de las variables fenológicas y de los componentes de rendimiento del chile habanero.

ABSTRACT In the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone, increased costs from non-organic inputs and transportation render substrates more expensive, prompting the use of decomposed biomass from native palm stem for seedlig production. The study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the decomposed biomass of babassu palms (BDB), carnauba (BDC), and buriti (BBU) compared to the commercial substrate (SC) via multivariate analysis. This study employed a database comprising 90 substrates, obtained from Maranhão, Brazil farms. These samples underwent physicochemical characterization following the Brazilian protocol for seedling substrates. The substrates based on BDB and BDC have pH and nutrient contents at acceptable values, in addition to lower potential acidity and high base saturation compared to BBU and SC substrates. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed similarities between BDB, BDC and SC. Biomass decomposed from the stems of babassu and carnauba palms is recommended as an alternative substrate for seedling producers in the in the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone. AmazonCerrado Amazon Cerrado ecotone nonorganic non organic expensive production , (BDB) BDC, (BDC) (BBU (SC 9 Maranhão farms values (BDB (BDC

RESUMO No ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado, o aumento dos custos com insumos não orgânicos e transporte torna os substratos mais caros, estimulando o uso da biomassa decomposta do caule da palmeira nativa para a produção de mudas. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características físico-químicas da biomassa decomposta de babaçu (BDB), carnaúba (BDC) e buriti (BBU) comparado ao substrato comercial (SC) via estatística multivariada. O estudo utilizou um banco de dados composto por 90 substratos, obtidos em fazendas do Maranhão, Brasil. Essas amostras passaram por caracterização físico-química seguindo o protocolo brasileiro para substratos de mudas. Os substratos à base de BDB e BDC apresentam pH e teores de nutrientes em valores aceitáveis, além de menor acidez potencial e elevada saturação por bases em comparação aos substratos BBU e SC. A análise de componentes principais e agrupamento hierárquico revelou similaridades entre BDB, BDC e SC. A biomassa decomposta dos caules das palmeiras babaçu e carnaúba é recomendada como substrato alternativo para produtores de mudas no ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado. AmazôniaCerrado, AmazôniaCerrado Amazônia Cerrado, Cerrado Amazônia-Cerrado caros físicoquímicas físico químicas , (BDB) (BDC (BBU SC (SC multivariada 9 Maranhão Brasil físicoquímica química aceitáveis AmazôniaCerrado. Cerrado. (BDB

RESUMEN La menta piperita es una planta medicinal, su cultivo es considerado un interesante rubro de renta, sin embargo, es susceptible al déficit hídrico, siendo ésta la causa principal de los bajos rendimientos de este cultivo en parcelas sin sistema de riego. Con el objetivo de evaluar parámetros productivos y económicos del cultivo de menta piperita con coberturas orgánicas e inorgánicas de suelo que ayuden reducir el déficit hídrico, se llevó a cabo esta investigación en un diseño completamente al azar, compuesto por cinco tratamientos (suelo sin cobertura, mulching negro, mulching blanco, cascarilla de arroz y pasto pacholí) y cuatro repeticiones, totalizando 20 unidades experimentales. Las variables evaluadas fueron: longitud de brotes basales, cantidad de brotes basales y brotes laterales, rendimiento de masa fresca y seca. Adicionalmente, se analizó la rentabilidad de cada tipo de cobertura. Todas las medias fueron sometidas al análisis de varianza (ANAVA) y comparadas por el Test de Tukey al 5%. En cuanto a la longitud de brotes basales, los mejores resultados fueron con la utilización de mulching negro, seguido por el mulching blanco y pasto pacholí; la mayor cantidad de brotes laterales con 16,45 con el mulching blanco, en cambio en la cantidad de brotes basales fue el testigo que presentó una mayor cantidad con 4,15. El mulching blanco presentó mayor rendimiento que el testigo para la masa fresca y masa seca con 1.544 kg ha-1 y 628 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Al analizar la rentabilidad en la masa fresca de la menta piperita, la utilización del mulching blanco fue más factible, mientras que en masa seca se observó una rentabilidad negativa para todos los tratamientos.

ABSTRACT Peppermint is a medicinal plant, being an interesting income item, however it is susceptible to water deficit, this being the main cause of the low yields of this item in plots without an irrigation system. With the objective of evaluating productive and economic parameters of peppermint with organic and inorganic soil covers, this research was carried out in a completely randomized design, composed of five treatments (soil without cover, black mulching, white mulching, rice husk and patcholí grass) and four repetitions, totaling 20 experimental units. The variables evaluated were: length of basal shoots, number of basal shoots and lateral shoots, yield of fresh and dry mass, cost/benefit profitability of each type of coverage. All means were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANAVA) and the means were compared by the Tukey Test at 5%. Regarding the length of basal shoots, the best results were with black mulching, followed by white mulching and patchouli grass; the greatest number of lateral shoots with 16.45 with the white mulching, on the other hand, in the number of basal shoots, the control had the highest number with 4.15. The white mulching presented a higher yield than the control for the fresh mass with 1,544 kg ha-1 and dry mass of 628 kg ha-1. When analyzing the profitability in the fresh mass of peppermint, the use of white mulching was more feasible and in dry mass they showed negative profitability for white mulching.

ABSTRACT The use of biostimulants may mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on plant growth and physiological variables. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the growth, physiology, organic solutes, and visual characteristics of two tropical ornamental species (Celosia argentea and Catharanthus roseus) cultivated with brackish waters and treated with Ascophyllum nodosum extract. The experiment was performed in greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was a complete randomized block arranged in a split-plot scheme. The plots comprised three levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw - 0.5, 2.5, and 4.5 dS m-1), the subplots four concentrations of algae extract (0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg L-1), and the sub-subplots two tropical ornamental herbaceous species [C. argentea and C. roseus]. The salinity of the irrigation water negatively affects the morphological and physiological characteristics of the two species studied, mainly C. roseus. Irrigation with water up to 2.5 dS m-1 favored visual quality and increased the purchasing preference for C. argentea. The use of intermediate concentrations (400 mg L-1) of algae extract (A. nodosum) promoted partial mitigation of the effects of salt stress on biomass production and leaf gas exchange, especially for C. argentea, but these positive responses decreased or disappeared with the intensification of salt stress and the increase in algae extract concentration. variables Thus physiology solutes Celosia roseus conditions splitplot split plot scheme ECw 05 0 5 0.5 25 2 45 4 4. m1, m1 m 1 , m-1) 0, (0 400 800 120 L1, L1 L subsubplots sub C [C . roseus] studied 2. m- (40 L-1 A. A (A exchange concentration 0. ( 40 80 12 (4 L- 8

RESUMO O uso de bioestimulantes pode mitigar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino no crescimento e variáveis fisiológicos. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o crescimento, fisiologia, solutos orgânicos e características visuais de duas espécies ornamentais tropicais (Celosia argentea and Catharanthus roseus) cultivadas utilizando-se águas salobras e tratadas com extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, dispostos em parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo as parcelas constituídas por três níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa - 0,5, 2,5 e 4,5 dS m-1), as subparcelas quatro concentrações de extrato de algas (0, 400, 800 e 1200 mg L-1) e as subsubparcelas de duas espécies herbáceas ornamentais tropicais: C. argentea e C. roseus. A salinidade da água de irrigação afeta negativamente as características morfológicas e fisiológicas das duas espécies estudadas, principalmente C. roseus. A irrigação com água de até 2,5 dS m-1 favoreceu a qualidade visual e aumentou a preferência de compra por C. argentea. O uso de concentrações intermediárias (400 mg L-1) de extrato de alga (A. nodosum) promoveu mitigação parcial dos efeitos do estresse salino na produção de biomassa e nas trocas gasosas foliares, especialmente para C. argentea, mas essas respostas positivas diminuíram ou desapareceram com a intensificação do estresse salino e com o aumento da concentração do extrato de algas. fisiológicos Assim objetivouse objetivou se fisiologia Celosia roseus utilizandose utilizando nodosum vegetação acaso subsubdivididas CEa 05 0 5 0,5 25 2 2, 45 4 4, m1, m1 m 1 , m-1) 0, (0 400 80 120 L1 L L-1 C estudadas m- (40 A. (A foliares ( 40 8 12 L- (4

ABSTRACT Species of the genus Capsicum, especially peppers, are economically important and widely consumed worldwide. The application of animal waste as organic fertilizer is a simple and cost-effective technique for applying nutrients to the soil. Combining cattle manure with humic substances can stimulate plant metabolism, resulting in increased nutrient absorption and assimilation. Therefore, the objective in this study was to evaluate doses of cattle manure combined with humic substances for stimulating plant metabolism and morphophysiological and nutritional processes in pepper plants. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4×3 factorial arrangement consisting of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances (12 kg ha-1) enhanced gas exchange, increasing net photosynthesis (34.2%), stomatal conductance (12.7%), instantaneous water use efficiency (15.87%), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (37.37%), and absorbed energy conversion efficiency (23.53%). Cattle manure adequately met the crop’s nutritional requirements, while humic substances increased the number and thickness of plant root hairs. The most effective combination to increase photosynthetic activity in pepper plants was 38 Mg ha-1 of cattle manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Humic substances stimulated positive morphophysiological responses in organic pepper crops, which resulted in increased production. Capsicum peppers worldwide costeffective cost soil assimilation Therefore used 43 4 3 4× (8 18 28 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1. . (1 exchange 34.2%, 342 34.2% , 34 2 (34.2%) 12.7%, 127 12.7% 7 (12.7%) 15.87%, 1587 15.87% 15 87 (15.87%) 37.37%, 3737 37.37% 37 (37.37%) 23.53%. 2353 23.53% 23 53 (23.53%) crops crop s requirements hairs ha- production ( 34.2 (34.2% 12.7 (12.7% 158 15.87 (15.87% 373 37.37 (37.37% 235 23.53 5 (23.53% 34. (34.2 12. (12.7 15.8 (15.87 37.3 (37.37 23.5 (23.53 (34. (12. 15. (15.8 37. (37.3 23. (23.5 (34 (15. (37. (23. (3 (15 (37 (23 (2

RESUMO As espécies do gênero Capsicum, principalmente pimentão, possuem grande relevância econômica e são amplamente consumidas em todo o mundo. A aplicação de dejetos animais como fertilizante orgânico é uma técnica simples e barata de distribuição de nutrientes ao solo. O esterco bovino em associação com substâncias húmicas pode estimular o metabolismo das plantas, resultando no aumento da absorção e assimilação de nutrientes. Portanto, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar doses de esterco bovino associado a substâncias húmicas para estimular o metabolismo vegetal, a morfofisiologia e a nutrição em pimentões. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3, referente a quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), com quatro repetições. Substâncias húmicas (12 kg ha-1) estimularam as trocas gasosas, aumentando a fotossíntese líquida (34,2%), a condutância estomática (12,7%), a eficiência instantânea do uso da água (15,87%), a eficiência instantânea de carboxilação (37,37%) e a eficiência efetiva da absorção conversão de energia (23,53%). O esterco bovino supriu adequadamente as necessidades nutricionais da cultura, enquanto as substâncias húmicas aumentaram o número e a espessura dos pelos radiculares do pimentão. A combinação de manejo mais eficaz para aumentar a atividade fotossintética em pimentões é 38 t ha-1 de esterco combinado com 8 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. As substâncias húmicas estimularam respostas morfofisiológicas positivas no cultivo de pimentão orgânico, o que resultou no aumento da produção. Capsicum mundo solo plantas Portanto vegetal casualizados 3 8, (8 18 2 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1, , repetições (1 gasosas 34,2%, 342 34,2% 34 (34,2%) 12,7%, 127 12,7% 7 (12,7%) 15,87%, 1587 15,87% 15 87 (15,87%) 37,37% 3737 37 (37,37% 23,53%. 2353 23,53% . 23 53 (23,53%) cultura ha- produção ( 34,2 (34,2% 12,7 (12,7% 158 15,87 (15,87% 37,37 373 (37,37 235 23,53 5 (23,53% 34, (34,2 12, (12,7 15,8 (15,87 37,3 (37,3 23,5 (23,53 (34, (12, 15, (15,8 37, (37, 23, (23,5 (34 (15, (37 (23, (3 (15 (23 (2

ABSTRACT The use of Bacillus sp. mitigates salt stress and increases the productive yield in soybean plants. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the production of soybean grown under different forms of fertilization and salt stress, inoculated with Bacillus sp. The experiment was performed in the experimental area of the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB), Redenção, Ceará, Brazil. A completely randomized design was used in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replications, corresponding to four forms of fertilization (F1 = 100% of the NPK recommendation; F2 = 50% of the NPK recommendation; F3 = 100% bovine biofertilizer; F4 = organomineral fertilization - 50% NPK + 50% bovine biofertilizer), two electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (ECw - 0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1), with and without inoculation of Bacillus sp. The forms of fertilization organic with 100% of the recommendation through bovine biofertilizer, organomineral fertilization - 50% mineral and 50% organic with bovine biofertilizer, and 50% of the NPK recommendation promote greater productive performance of the soybean crop irrigated with water of lower salinity. Organomineral fertilization - 50% mineral and 50% organic with bovine biofertilizer was more efficient for soybean production, in the absence or presence of Bacillus sp. Salt stress negatively affected the production components of soybean crop under all forms of fertilization. sp plants context AfroBrazilian Afro Brazilian UNILAB, UNILAB , (UNILAB) Redenção Ceará Brazil scheme replications F1 F (F 100 50 biofertilizer) ECw 03 0 3 0. 40 4. m1, m1 m 1 m-1) salinity (UNILAB 10 5 m-1 m-

RESUMO O uso de Bacillus sp. atenua o estresse salino e aumenta o rendimento produtivo em plantas de soja. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a produção da soja cultivada sob diferentes formas de adubação e estresse salino, inoculada com Bacillus sp. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Redenção, Ceará. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2, com cinco repetições, correspondente a quatro formas de adubação (F1 = 100% da recomendação de NPK; F2 = 50% da recomendação de NPK; F3 = 100% de biofertilizante bovino; F4 = organomineral - 50% de NPK + 50% de biofertilizante bovino), duas condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa - 0,3 e 4,0 dS m-1), com e sem inoculação de Bacillus sp. As formas de adubação orgânica com 100% da recomendação através de biofertilizante bovino, adubação organomineral - 50% mineral e 50% orgânica com biofertilizante bovino e 50% da recomendação de NPK, proporcionam maior desempenho produtivo da cultura soja irrigada com água de menor salinidade. A adubação organomineral - 50% mineral e 50% orgânica com biofertilizante bovino, foi mais eficiente para produção da cultura da soja, na ausência ou presença de Bacillus sp. O estresse salino afetou negativamente os componentes de produção da cultura da soja em todas as formas de adubação. sp contexto AfroBrasileira Afro Brasileira UNILAB, UNILAB , (UNILAB) Redenção Ceará Utilizouse Utilizou se repetições F1 F (F 100 50 bovino) CEa 03 0 3 0, 40 4, m1, m1 m 1 m-1) salinidade (UNILAB 10 5 m-1 m-

ABSTRACT: The goal of the research was to re-evaluate the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from the brewing process to obtain liquid organic fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in two stages: in the field by collecting raw material; and, in the laboratory by determining the moisture percentage and the microbiological, physicochemical, and agronomic analyses. A complete randomized design (CRD) with a 4x4 factorial arrangement with three replications was performed. The yeast characterization was pH: 6.52, EC: 3.60 dS/m; relative RH: 84.94%; and, organic matter in solution: 66.64%; while, the liquid organic fertilizer characterization was pH: 3.96; EC: 21.40 dS/m; total solids: 183.30 g/L; and, organic matter in solution: 146.40 g/L. Lactic acid fermentation carried out by lactic acid bacteria of the microbial consortium (B-lac) is an option for producing liquid organic fertilizer using residual yeast from the brewing process. Through yeast characterization, it was shown that the concentration of organic matter, macronutrient and micronutrient content of the residual yeast is high in certain elements, such as nitrogen (9681 mg/L), phosphorus (2203.70 mg/L), and potassium (3850 mg/L), resulting in a product of agronomic quality.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue revalorar la levadura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), del proceso de elaboración de cerveza, para obtener fertilizante orgánico líquido. El experimento se realizó en dos etapas: en campo, la recolección de materia prima y en el laboratorio, la determinación del porcentaje de humedad y los análisis microbiológicos, fisicoquímicos y agronómicos. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial de 4x4 con tres repeticiones. La caracterización de la levadura fue pH: 6,52, CE: 3,60 dS/m, HR relativa: 84,94% y materia orgánica en solución: 66,64%. Mientras que, la caracterización del fertilizante orgánico líquido estuvo en un pH: 3,96, CE: 21,40 dS/m, sólidos totales: 183,30 g/L y materia orgánica en solución: 146,40 g/L. La fermentación láctica realizada por las bacterias ácido-lácticas del consorcio microbiano (B-lac), es una opción para la producción de fertilizante orgánico líquido utilizando levadura residual del proceso de elaboración de cerveza. Mediante la caracterización de levadura, se demostró que la concentración de materia orgánica, el contenido de macronutrientes y micronutrientes de la levadura residual es alto en determinados elementos, tales como; nitrógeno (9681 mg/L), fósforo (2203,70 mg/L) y potasio (3850 mg/L); resultando ser un producto de calidad agronómica.