The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66-NH2, UiO-66-2,5-(OH)2, UiO-66-NO2, UiO-66-NDC, and UiO-66-BPDC were synthesized under solvothermal conditions using different functionalized organic linkers. The structures and properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The crystal structures of these functionalized UiO-66(Zr) forms were similar. A series of functionalized UiO-66(Zr) samples were used in the adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2). UiO-66-NH2 had the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (about 3.35 mmol g-1) due to its small polar -NH2 group. The performance of UiO-66-NH2 in CO2 adsorption at different temperatures was also determined. The amino-functionalized material possessed better adsorption properties at 273 K than at 303 K, while the CO2 working capacity of UiO-66-NH2 was fully recovered after cyclic regeneration. metalorganic metal MOFs (MOFs UiO66NH2, UiO66NH2 UiONH UiO 66 NH2, NH2 NH UiO662,5OH2, UiO6625OH2 UiOOH 2,5 OH 2, 2 5 UiO-66-2,5-(OH)2 UiO66NO2, UiO66NO2 UiONO NO2, NO2 NO UiO-66-NO2 UiO66NDC, UiO66NDC UiONDC NDC, NDC UiO-66-NDC UiO66BPDC UiOBPDC BPDC linkers Xray X ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis microscopy adsorptiondesorption desorption isotherms UiO66Zr UiOZr Zr UiO-66(Zr similar CO2. CO . (CO2) UiO-66-NH about 335 3 35 3.3 g1 g 1 g-1 -NH group determined aminofunctionalized amino 27 30 regeneration UiO66NH 6 UiO662 5OH2 UiO662,5OH2 UiO6625OH 25 UiO-66-2,5-(OH) UiO66NO UiO-66-NO (CO2 33 3. g- UiO66 5OH UiO662,5OH UiO-66-2,5-(OH (CO UiO6

This review provides an overview of the recent progress in organic electrosynthesis in Brazil, ranging from 2013 to 2023. By highlighting the principles, applications, and limitations of various electrosynthetic methodologies, this article aims to contribute to the understanding of basic principles and stimulate research in this field in Brazil. Moreover, the limitations and challenges associated with organic electrosynthesis are covered. Factors such as electrode material selection, solvent effects, and reaction optimization are discussed, highlighting the need for further research and development to overcome these obstacles. Finally, future prospects are outlined. Brazil 201 2023 applications methodologies Moreover covered selection effects discussed obstacles Finally outlined 20 202 2

Pinacolone and benzopinacolone derivatives are an important class of organic compounds due to their uses in polymer synthesis and more recently as biologically active compounds. The conventional synthesis of such molecules is generally done in two steps, the pinacol coupling followed by the pinacol/pinacolone rearrangement. Aiming to prepare benzopinacolone derivatives in a greener fashion, we present here a one-step synthesis from acetophenones in the presence of zinc and tert-butyl chloride. To develop the methodology, conditions to prepare 3,3-diphenyl-2-butanone from acetophenone were optimized. To assess the scope, different substituted acetophenones were tested, resulting in the corresponding benzopinacolones at moderate yields (20-50%) with high purity. Structural elucidations were performed by 1H and 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). steps pinacolpinacolone pinacolone rearrangement fashion onestep one step tertbutyl tert butyl chloride methodology 3,3diphenyl2butanone 33diphenyl2butanone diphenylbutanone 3,3 diphenyl 2 butanone 3 optimized scope tested 2050% 2050 20 50% 50 (20-50% purity H C nuclear spectroscopy GCMS GC MS gas chromatographymass chromatography mass spectrometry. spectrometry . spectrometry) 3diphenyl2butanone 33 3, 205 5 (20-50 (20-5 (20- (20 (2 (

The rapid advance of nanotechnology has led to the proliferation of a wide range of water-soluble nanomaterials and therefore, a profound impact on the environment, underscoring the need to devise effective methods for isolating and confining these nanomaterials. This study presents the development of a highly effective system capable of removing and storing gold nanoparticles in solution using modified resins with different linking groups, such as tris(2-aminoethyl) amine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and L-cysteine. The catalytic properties of the resins functionalized with the thiol group containing gold nanoparticles were evaluated, using the reduction of the nitro compounds (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 4-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitroaniline) as model reaction. Solid-phase organic synthesis was employed to prepare the modified resins and their interaction with gold nanoparticles was characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The removal capacity of the resins was evaluated using ultraviolet-visible optical emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma techniques. Ultraviolet-visible technique was suitable to assess the catalytic properties of the functionalized resins containing gold nanoparticles. It was determined that the functionalized resins showed remarkable capacity for complex gold nanoparticles, removing them from the solution. The most significant removal was with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. watersoluble water soluble therefore environment groups tris2aminoethyl trisaminoethyl tris 2 aminoethyl tris(2-aminoethyl amine 3mercaptopropionic mercaptopropionic 3 acid 11mercaptoundecanoic mercaptoundecanoic 11 Lcysteine. Lcysteine L cysteine. cysteine L-cysteine 3,5dinitrosalicylic 35dinitrosalicylic dinitrosalicylic 3,5 5 4nitroguaiacol nitroguaiacol 4 4nitroaniline nitroaniline 4-nitroaniline reaction Solidphase Solid phase analysis microscopyenergy microscopy energy Xray X ray ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible techniques Ultravioletvisible Ultraviolet 1 5dinitrosalicylic 35 3,

In this work we explore some theoretical and practical aspects of one-pot synthesis. The focal point of the study is the preparation of the thiazole heterocycle, with an emphasis on theoretical aspects of the organic and medicinal chemistry of this important privileged structure. The entire set of experimental procedures and characterization steps explored in this work has the potential to assist in the training and/or technical improvement of undergraduate students, and contribute to the teaching of chemistry in Brazilian higher education. It is worth emphasizing these aspects because the experiments shown in the proposed practices involve simple, rapid, low-risk, and low-cost procedures, making it perfectly feasible to reproduce them in undergraduate classes, even in laboratories with limited material resources. onepot one pot synthesis heterocycle structure andor or students education simple rapid lowrisk, lowrisk low risk, risk low-risk lowcost cost classes resources

Chitosan (CS) blends with collagen (CL) and Aloe vera (AV) have gained significant attention in the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential for wound healing applications. In this study, we investigated the preparation and characterization of CS/CL and CS/AV blends using selective precipitation and co-precipitation techniques. The synthesis processes were analyzed for yield and 4-hydroxyproline content (in CS/CL blends). The materials were characterized using bromatological analyses, viscosity measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These eco-friendly methods effectively promoted interactions between the biopolymers, resulting in homogeneous blends with tunable properties. Besides, they are simple, fast, safe, and require minimal infrastructure. This study demonstrated that selective precipitation and co-precipitation are effective methods for producing chitosan/collagen and chitosan/Aloe vera blends. These methods foster interactions and miscibility between the biopolymers, as confirmed by FTIR, XRD, viscosity, and 4-Hy content analyses. They also align with green chemistry principles by avoiding organic solvents, reducing environmental risks, and minimizing waste. The high yields achieved, especially for CS/AV blends (exceeding 96%), make these materials compatible with lyophilization procedures. The absence of segregated phases after appropriate washing underscores their suitability for pharmaceutical formulations and other applications. CS (CS CL (CL AV (AV biocompatibility biodegradability applications CSCL CSAV coprecipitation co techniques 4hydroxyproline hydroxyproline 4 . blends) analyses measurements Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR , (FTIR) Xray X ray XRD (XRD) SEM. SEM (SEM) ecofriendly eco friendly biopolymers properties Besides simple fast safe infrastructure chitosancollagen chitosan chitosanAloe 4Hy Hy solvents risks waste achieved exceeding 96%, 96 96% 96%) procedures (FTIR (XRD (SEM 9

A stereoselective synthesis of α-aryl Z enaminones was developed by TfOH-promoted condensation of dibenzylidene ketones with organic azides. The cascade reactions involve the sequence of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkyl azides with the enone, aziridine formation, and 1,2-aryl migration via phenonium ion, whose stereochemical control by a strong N-H…O=C intramolecular hydrogen bond affords Z isomer exclusively. The readily available starting materials and ease of handling of TfOH are experimental advantages that give diversely substituted enaminones with total control of functionalization along the N-C=C-C=O conjugated system. αaryl α aryl TfOHpromoted promoted 1,3dipolar 13dipolar dipolar 1,3 1 3 enone formation 1,2aryl 12aryl 1,2 2 ion NHO=C NHOC N H O=C O C exclusively NC=CC=O NCCCO C=C C=O system 3dipolar 13 1, 2aryl 12 NHO OC NC CC CO

RESUMO A acumulação e utilização da casca de cacau (CPH) e da casca do grão de cacau (CBS) que representam 80% dos resíduos do processamento do cacau, requer uma abordagem inovadora, dada a sua composição química, gerando valor agregado. Dentro da composição química encontrada nos extratos de CPH e CBS, os ácidos gálico e protocatecuico são os mais abundantes. Estas biomoléculas são de grande interesse como centros de coordenação metálica, por exemplo, em estruturas biológicas metal-orgânicas. Assim sendo, este estudo procurou otimizar as condições de extração dos compostos fenólicos (técnica de extração, tempo, temperatura, relação resíduo/solvente e mistura de solventes de extração) em CPH e CBS, procurando principalmente as condições que permitem a maior percentagem de extração dos ácidos gálico e protocatecuico. As condições ótimas de extração mostraram que o CBS apresenta 89% de atividade antioxidante, mais compostos fenólicos e ácidos fenólicos quantificados que o CPH. Por conseguinte, o CBS teria uma maior eficiência como fonte renovável de ligantes orgânicos para a síntese de estrutura orgânica-metal biológica. (CPH (CBS 80 inovadora agregado abundantes metálica exemplo metalorgânicas. metalorgânicas metal orgânicas. orgânicas metal-orgânicas sendo técnica tempo temperatura resíduosolvente resíduo solvente 89 antioxidante conseguinte orgânicametal orgânica biológica 8

ABSTRACT The accumulation and utilization of cocoa pod husk (CPH) and cocoa bean shell (CBS), representing 80% of cocoa processing residues, requires an innovative approach, due to their chemical composition, to generate added value. Among the chemical components found in CPH and CBS extracts, gallic and protocatechuic acids are the most abundant. These biomolecules are of great interest as metal coordination centers, like biological metal-organic frameworks. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of phenolic compounds (extraction technique, time, temperature, residue/solvent ratio, and mixture of extraction solvents) in CPH and CBS, mainly looking for the conditions that allow the highest percentage of extraction of gallic and protocatechuic acids. The optimal extraction conditions revealed that CBS extracts exhibited 89% antioxidant activity, along with higher amounts of phenolic compounds and quantified phenolic acids than CPH extracts. Therefore, CBS demonstrates greater efficiency as a renewable source of organic linkers for biological metal-organic framework synthesis. (CPH , (CBS) 80 residues approach composition value abundant centers metalorganic frameworks Therefore technique time temperature residuesolvent residue solvent ratio solvents 89 activity synthesis (CBS 8

Resumen El ácido oxálico es un compuesto orgánico que se encuentra en vegetales de hoja verde y que ha demostrado ser eficaz para retrasar la maduración mediante la inhibición de la síntesis de etileno en frutos. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de ácido oxálico sobre la fisiología poscosecha en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) variedad TA234 genéticamente modificados (GM) con la inserción del gen TomLoxB en antisentido, a dos concentraciones de ácido oxálico (3 y 10 mM) durante 30 d de almacenamiento a 25 ± 1 ºC y una humedad relativa del 65 - 70 %. Los frutos en estado break se sumergieron durante 10 min en la solución de ácido oxálico. Se observó una menor pérdida de peso, mejor retención de la luminosidad, un retraso en la disminución de la firmeza y del ángulo hue, disminución de la actividad lipoxigenasa, baja pérdida de electrolitos y un aumento en el contenido de fenoles totales. La concentración más eficaz fue de 3 mM, que prolongó la vida poscosecha hasta 30 d y redujo el deterioro del tomate modificado, mientras los frutos GM testigos tuvieron una vida postcosecha de 24 d y los frutos silvestres testigo se mantuvieron satisfactoriamente por 15 d.

Abstract Oxalic acid is an organic compound found in green leafy vegetables, which has proven to be effective in delaying ripening by inhibiting ethylene synthesis in fruits such as banana, mango, peach, tomato, plum, and others. In this study, the response to oxalic acid application on postharvest physiology was evaluated in transgenic tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) variety TA234 with the TomLoxB gene insertion in antisense, at two concentrations of oxalic acid: 3 and 10 mM, during 30 d of storage at 25 ± 1 ºC and a relative humidity of 65 - 70 %. The fruits were harvested at break stage and immersed for 10 minutes in the oxalic acid solution, which was maintained at 25 ºC. Upon treatment, less weight loss, better retention of lightness, delay in the decrease of firmness and hue angle, decrease in lipoxygenase activity, low electrolyte leakage and increase in total phenolics content were observed. The most effective oxalic acid concentration was 3 mM, that extended postharvest life by up to 30 d and reduced deterioration of the genetically modified (GM) tomatoes. In turn, the untreated GM tomatoes showed an acceptable appearance up to day 24 of storage, while the wild type fruits were kept satisfactorily for 15 d.

ABSTRACT Our intention in this article is to think of a didactic proposal that intertwines theories such as decolonity (Mignolo, 2003, 2007; Quijano, 2005; Walsh, 2009, 2013, 2020), literacy studies (Street, 2003, 2014; Kleiman, 1995, 2006; Soares, 2003; Rojo, 2009), criticality (Aguiar, 2022; Freire, 1997, 2006; Carbonieri, 2016) and critical interculturality (Walsh, 2007, 2009, 2010), arriving at the constitution of the concept of Critical Digital Cartographic Literacy . The idea is that, through a decolonial pedagogy, these concepts converge and, in an organic way, the synthesis built from the dialogue of these theories can provide other possibilities of being, being, feeling, existing, doing, thinking, looking, listening and knowing (Walsh, 2013) at school through the production of virtual, interactive and decolonial maps. Mignolo, Mignolo (Mignolo 2003 2007 Quijano 2005 Walsh 2009 2013 2020, 2020 , 2020) Street, Street (Street 2014 Kleiman 1995 2006 Soares Rojo 2009) Aguiar, Aguiar (Aguiar 2022 Freire 1997 Carbonieri 2016 (Walsh 2010, 2010 2010) pedagogy way being feeling existing doing thinking looking virtual maps 200 201 202 199 20 19 2 1

RESUMO Nossa intenção neste artigo é pensar uma proposta didática que entrelace teorias como decolonidade (Mignolo, 2003, 2007; Quijano, 2005; Walsh, 2009, 2013, 2020), estudos do letramento (Street, 2003, 2014; Kleiman, 1995, 2006; Soares, 2003; Rojo, 2009), criticidade (Aguiar, 2022; Freire, 1997, 2006; Carbonieri, 2016) e interculturalidade crítica (Walsh, 2007, 2009, 2010), chegando à constituição do conceito de Letramento Cartográfico Digital Crítico. A ideia é que, por meio de uma pedagogia decolonial, esses conceitos entrem em convergência e, de forma orgânica, a síntese construída a partir do diálogo dessas teorias possa oportunizar outras possibilidades de estar, ser, sentir, existir, fazer, pensar, olhar, escutar e saber (Walsh, 2013) na escola através da produção de mapas virtuais, interativos e decoloniais. Mignolo, Mignolo (Mignolo 2003 2007 Quijano 2005 Walsh 2009 2013 2020, 2020 , 2020) Street, Street (Street 2014 Kleiman 1995 2006 Soares Rojo 2009) Aguiar, Aguiar (Aguiar 2022 Freire 1997 Carbonieri 2016 (Walsh 2010, 2010 2010) Crítico decolonial orgânica estar ser sentir existir fazer olhar virtuais decoloniais 200 201 202 199 20 19 2 1

RESUMEN La síntesis verde de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) mediante la acción de extractos de especies vegetales tiene un futuro prometedor debido a sus múltiples aplicaciones. En este trabajo preparamos AgNPs con un extracto acuoso de ritidomas de Polylepis racemosa, una especie vegetal típica de América del Sur cuya fitoquímica ha sido poco estudiada. El estudio metabolómico de este extracto mediante UHPLC-MS permitió identificar algunos ácidos orgánicos, ácido N-acetilglutámico, dos derivados glicosilados del ácido elágico (uno de ellos es un nuevo compuesto) y tres triterpenos glicosilados. Para la síntesis de AgNPs se utilizaron extractos acuosos de ritidoma de Polylepis racemosa con tiempos de extracción de 2, 6, 12 y 30 minutos. Por SEM se observó que el tamaño de las AgNPs fue de aproximadamente 12 nm, obtenido con extractos de 2, 6 y 12 minutos. Finalmente, al comparar los escaneos por UHPLC-MS antes y después de la síntesis de AgNPs, y por las características de los metabolitos presentes, se deduce que las nanopartículas generadas por los grupos reductores presentes fueron estabilizadas por los ácidos orgánicos del extracto. Se concluye que el tiempo de extracción del extracto es una variable de estudio importante en la síntesis verde de AgNPs con ritidoma de Polylepis racemosa.

ABSTRACT The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the action of extracts of plant species has a promising future due to its multiple applications. In this work, we prepare AgNPs with an aqueous extract of Polylepis racemosa rhytidomes, a typical South American plant species whose phytochemistry has been little studied. The metabolomic study of this extract by UHPLC-MS allowed us to identify some organic acids, N-acetylglutamic acid, two glycosylated derivatives of ellagic acid (one of them is a new compound) and three glycosylated triterpenes. Aqueous extracts of Polylepis racemosa rhytidome with extraction times of 2, 6, 12 and 30 minutes were used for the synthesis of AgNPs. By SEM it was observed that the size of the AgNPs was approximately 12 nm, obtained with extracts of 2, 6 and 12 minutes. Finally, by comparing the scans by UHPLC-MS before and after the synthesis of AgNPs, and by the characteristics of the metabolites present, it is deduced that the organic acids of the extract stabilized the nanoparticles generated by the reducing groups present. It is concluded that the extract extraction time is an important study variable in the green synthesis of AgNPs with Polylepis racemosa rhytidome.

RESUMEN El benzoato de metilo es un compuesto químico orgánico que según literatura previa podría representar una alternativa segura como insecticida. El objetivo del presente proyecto fue sintetizar y evaluar la actividad insecticida del benzoato de metilo en un modelo in vivo frente al género Aedes. La síntesis del compuesto se realizó mediante esterificación de Fischer, seguida de un análisis físico-químico que incluyó técnicas como cromatografía en capa fina (TLC), prueba de miscibilidad, índice de refracción, método de Siwoloboff para el punto de ebullición, método del picnómetro, e índice de acidez. La caracterización se realizó mediante espectroscopia infrarroja utilizando un espectrómetro FTIR Nicolet™ iS™ 10. Luego, se analizó el efecto fumigante en insectos del género Aedes, y se calculó el porcentaje de mortalidad en un periodo de 24 horas mediante la concentración letal (LC50), según la metodología descrita por Jian Chen. Los resultados indicaron que, a las cinco horas de exposición, se alcanzó una mortalidad del 50% de los mosquitos, siendo la concentración de 1.08 µg/mL la de mayor eficacia. Además, se desarrolló una formulación insecticida simple para facilitar el uso del benzoato de metilo, optimizando su difusión en el ambiente y prolongando el tiempo de exposición del compuesto activo al insecto.

ABSTRACT Methyl benzoate is an organic chemical compound that, according to previous literature, could represent a safe alternative as an insecticide. The objective of the present project was to synthesize and evaluate the insecticidal activity of methyl benzoate in an in vivo model against the genus Aedes. The synthesis of the compound was performed by Fischer esterification, followed by physicochemical analysis including techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), miscibility test, refractive index, Siwoloboff's method for boiling point, pycnometer method and acid number. Characterization was performed by infrared spectroscopy using a Nicolet™ iS™ 10 FTIR spectrometer. Then, the fumigant effect on insects of the genus Aedes was analyzed, and the percentage of mortality in a 24-hour period was calculated using the lethal concentration (LC50), according to the methodology described by Jian Chen. The results indicated that, after five hours of exposure, 50% mortality of the mosquitoes was achieved, with the concentration of 1.08 µg/mL being the most effective. In addition, a simple insecticide formulation was developed to facilitate the use of methyl benzoate, optimizing its diffusion in the environment and prolonging the exposure time of the active compound to the insect.

Resumen. - Los contaminantes orgánicos son altamente tóxicos y volátiles se acumulan en los tejidos grasos; Debido a su persistencia y movilidad, es posible encontrarlas prácticamente en cualquier parte del planeta, incluso en lugares donde nunca han sido utilizadas. Por esta razón, el monitoreo y la vigilancia en los cuerpos de agua son fundamentales. En la presente investigación, se sintetizaron partículas de titanato de calcio (CaTiO 3 ) utilizando el método de estado sólido. Las partículas se caracterizaron por diversas técnicas fisicoquímicas: difracción de rayos-X (DRX), espectroscopia Raman, microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), espectroscopia de dispersión de energía (EDE), espectroscopia de reflectancia difusa (ERD), y electroquímica: voltamperometría cíclica (VC), entre otras. Se encontró a través de DRX y Raman que la estructura cristalina es ortorrómbica con el grupo espacial Pbnm. Las partículas de CaTiO 3 sintetizadas tienen un diámetro promedio de ≈ 2 µm; Además, el valor obtenido para la brecha de energía (E g ) fue de 3,41 eV; también presenta un paso de baja energía en un valor de 2.66 eV, que puede corresponder a los estados electrónicos mingap. El electrodo de carbón vítreo modificado con la película de CaTiO 3 mostro una sensibilidad para la determinación de nitrobenceno (NB) en solución acuosa. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el desarrollo de partículas de CaTiO 3 es una alternativa viable para ser utilizado como sensor de contaminantes orgánicos en agua.

Abstract. - Organic contaminants are highly toxic and volatile and accumulate in fatty tissues. Due to their persistence and mobility, it is possible to find them practically anywhere on the planet, even where they have never been used. For this reason, monitoring and vigilance in water bodies are essential. We synthesized calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ) particles using the solid-state method in the present research. Several physicochemical techniques characterized the particles: energy dispersive spectroscopy (EED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (ERD), and electrochemical: cyclic voltammetry (CV), among others.; It was found via XRD and Raman that the crystalline structure is orthorhombic with space group Pbnm. The synthesized CaTiO 3 particles have an average diameter of ≈ 2 µm. Furthermore, the value obtained for the energy gap (E g ) was 3.41 eV; it also presents a low energy step at a value of 2.66 eV, which may correspond to the mingap electronic states. The glassy carbon electrode modified with the CaTiO 3 film showed a sensitivity for determining nitrobenzene (NB) in aqueous solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of CaTiO 3 particles is a viable alternative to be used as a sensor of organic contaminants in water.

Resumen Ante los retos por la necesidad de fertilizantes para mantener la producción agrícola, ocurre naturalmente un proceso biológico de fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico por parte de un grupo de bacterias simbióticas que forman una asociación muy estrecha con plantas del grupo de las leguminosas, entre las que se encuentran las alfalfillas o tréboles silvestres (Melilotus spp.). Desde el punto de vista ecológico esta planta tiene una función muy importante por la buena capacidad de asociarse a bacterias nativas del suelo fijadoras de nitrógeno del género Sinorhizobium. Un aspecto fundamental es que esta especie vegetal puede crecer normalmente en suelos alcalinos, lo que le convierte aún más como doble importante, ya que, por un lado, fija nitrógeno y por el otro puede incorporarse como abono verde. Con ello, se mejoran las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo y, se incrementan los niveles de materia orgánica, condición que es muy pobre en las áreas de zonas áridas. Adicionalmente, esta especie puede resistir bajas temperaturas y crecer satisfactoriamente en invierno. Este documento presenta una síntesis del género Melilotus y su simbionte Sinorhizobium meliloti, así como su importancia como posible mejorador natural del suelo.

Abstract Faced with the challenges posed by the need for fertilizers to maintain agricultural production, a biological process of atmospheric nitrogen fixation occurs naturally, which is carried out by a group of symbiotic bacteria that form a very close association with plants of the legume group, among which is the sweet clover (Melilotus spp.). From an ecological point of view, this plant has an essential function due to its good ability to associate with native nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Sinorhizobium. A fundamental aspect is that this plant species can grow normally in alkaline soils, which doubles its importance since, on the one hand, it fixes nitrogen, and on the other hand, it can be incorporated as green manure. With this, the physicochemical properties of the soil are improved, and the levels of organic matter, which is in extremely poor condition in arid zone areas, are increased. Additionally, this species can withstand low temperatures and grow satisfactorily in winter. This paper presents a synthesis of the genus Melilotus and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti and its importance as a potential natural soil improver.

The development of plant extract-based and other green synthesis methods for fabricating nanomaterials has garnered significant attention due to their eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. This research focuses on the green synthesis, characterization, and dye degradation properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNP-CA) using the leaf extract of Coleus anthonyi (CA) and microwave irradiation. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These characterizations confirm the successful synthesis of AgNP-CA from the leaf extract of Coleus anthonyi. Moreover, the observed monodisperse nanoparticle formation, with a size of 56.6 nm through DLS analysis, underscores the achievement of uniform particle size distribution. The recorded zeta potential value of -33.4 mV indicates the potential stability of the produced AgNP-CA. The synthesized AgNP-CA exhibited enhanced catalytic efficiency for degrading the organic dye, methyl orange, resulting in a significant reduction in its concentration. Furthermore, this study explores the major phytochemical content of Coleus anthonyi leaf extract using GC-MS analysis, revealing the presence of β-asarone, 9-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl oxy)-4-methoxy furo(3,2-g)chromen-7-one, 1-phospha cyclopentadiene, 2,3,4,5-tetraethyl-1-oxo-1-phenyl, and 1,1'-biphenyl, 4-ethyl-4'-(4-propylcyclohexane). This comprehensive investigation highlights the potential of Coleus anthonyi leaf extract for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and underscores their promising catalytic applications.