Resumen Antecedentes: Las orquídeas constituyen uno de los grupos más diversos de plantas, y brindan una gran cantidad de beneficios a la sociedad humana. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan las orquídeas? Descripción de los datos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática basada en 413 artículos, de los cuales 224 brindan información relevante enfocándose en publicaciones por categoría de servicio ecosistémico, continente, género y cuartil de revista. Sitio de estudio y años estudiados: estudios de orquídeas en todos los continentes desde 2000 hasta 2021. Métodos: Las bases de datos revisadas fueron BioOne, CONRICyT, EBSCO, EndNote, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Wiley library, y libros especializados. Resultados: Se encontraron 75 artículos sobre servicios culturales, seguidos de 66 sobre servicios de provisión, 64 de servicios de soporte y 19 artículos sobre servicios de regulación. La subfamilia Epidendroideae fue la más mencionada con el 90.9 %, siendo el género Dendrobium el que más menciones tuvo (39.13 %). La mayor parte de la investigación sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de las orquídeas se llevó a cabo en los continentes Americano y Asiático, donde prevalecen los servicios culturales y de provisión, respectivamente. Del total de publicaciones, el 54.7 % pertenecen al cuartil 1 y el 2.4 % al cuartil 4. Conclusiones: Esta investigación contribuye al entendimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por las orquídeas, lo que permite una comprensión más completa de cómo la sociedad humana se beneficia de las orquídeas y qué se podría perder si estas especies no se conservan y utilizan de manera sostenible.

Abstract Background: Orchids constitute one of the most diverse group of plants, they provide a large number of benefits to human society. Questions: What are the ecosystem services provided by orchids? Data description: We performed a systematic review based on 413 articles, of which 224 provide relevant information, focusing on publications by ecosystem service category, continent, genus, and quartile of journal. Study site and years studied: studies of orchids on all continents from 2000 to 2021. Methods: databases reviewed were BioOne, CONRICyT, EBSCO, EndNote, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Wiley library, as well as reviews of specialized books. Results: We found 75 articles on cultural services, followed by 66 on provisioning services, 64 on supporting and 19 on regulating services. The Epidendroideae subfamily was the most mentioned with 90.9 %, with the genus Dendrobium having the most mentions (39.13 %). Most of the orchid ecosystem service research was conducted on the American and Asian continents, where cultural and provisioning services were prevalent, respectively. Of all the publications, 54.7 % belong to quartile 1, and 2.4 % to quartile 4. Conclusions: This research contributes to our understanding of ecosystem services provided by orchids, which may allow us a more comprehensive understanding of how human society benefits from orchids, and what could be lost if these species are not conserved and used sustainably.

Resumen Las orquídeas son un grupo diverso de plantas, manifestado además en su gran diversidad de flores. A pesar de esto, las orquídeas son polinizadas ya sea mediante autogamia o alogamia (geitonogamia y xenogamia). Si bien existen algunas orquídeas autógamas, la mayoría son alógamas, principalmente polinizadas por xenogamia, ya que presentan barreras físicas o genéticas que evitan la autopolinización. Además, las orquídeas son conocidas por su capacidad de polinización interespecífica, la cual podría influenciar la producción de frutos (metaxenia) y de semillas (xenia). Su capacidad de hibridación representa una oportunidad para producir organismos tolerantes a estrés biótico o abiótico, además de exhibir nuevas formas, colores y fragancias; esto sería importante en horticultura, donde la selección adecuada de los parentales proporciona esas ventajas a los híbridos descendientes. En esta revisión se abordan las características de cada tipo de sistema de reproducción en orquídeas, así como sus ventajas y desventajas. A su vez, se propone el estudio del efecto de inducción de metaxenia y xenia en esta familia. Finalmente, se contextualiza la producción de híbridos de orquídeas, y las oportunidades de este enfoque en el futuro próximo.

Abstract Orchids are a diverse group of plants, also manifested in their great diversity of flowers. Despite this, orchids are pollinated either through autogamy or allogamy (geitonogamy and xenogamy). Although there are some autogamous orchids, the majority are allogamous, mainly pollinated by xenogamy since they present physical or genetic barriers that prevent self-pollination. In addition, orchids are known for their capacity for interspecific pollination, which could influence fruits (metaxenia) and seeds (xenia) production. Its capacity for hybridization represents an opportunity to produce organisms tolerant to biotic or abiotic stress, in addition to exhibiting new shapes, colors and fragrances; this would be important in horticulture, where the proper selection of parents provides those advantages to the descendant hybrids. This review addresses the characteristics of each type of reproduction systems in orchids, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. At the same time, the study of the induction effect of metaxenia and xenia in this family is proposed. Finally, the production of orchid hybrids is contextualized and the opportunities of this approach in the near future.

Abstract Orchidaceae is one of the most numerous families in the world contributing to tropical forests diversity. In this study, we assessed two permanent sampling plots (PSP), in which five 20 x 20 m subplots were chosen: the four corner plots and one in the center; two 10 x 200 m linear transects (one at each study site) were also monitored. The total sampling area was 0,4 ha per PSP, to assess the presence of orchids and their preference for particular tree species as phorophytes. Data from host tree and orchids found were gathered as orchid density per hectare, IVI based on relative frequency and abundance; specific abundance according to phorophyte, bark type, bark thickness and the associativity degree of the species with the specific host plant were all quantified using RStudio software version 4.1.1. The species Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides and Semialarium mexicanum were found as phorophytes with the presence of the following orchid species; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans and Stilifolium ascendens. The species Sacoila lanceolata was found growing on the forest floor, in the phenological flowering stage. Phorophytes with longitudinally fissured bark, greater thickness and little exfoliation, were those with the highest affinity for orchids, which managed to establish in the upper canopy part.

Resumen La familia Orchidaceae es una de las más numerosas en el mundo contribuyendo a la diversidad de los bosques tropicales. En el presente trabajo se realizaron estudios en dos parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM), en las cuales se escogieron cinco subparcelas de 20 x 20 m: las cuatro de las esquinas y una al centro; también se monitorearon dos transectos lineales de 10 x 200 m (uno en cada sitio de estudio), para un total de muestreo de 0,4 ha por PPM, con el objetivo de conocer la presencia de orquídeas y su preferencia por algunas especies arbóreas en particular como forófitos. Se registraron los datos del árbol hospedero y de las orquídeas encontradas. Utilizando el software RStudio versión 4.1.1, se cuantifico la densidad de orquídeas por hectárea, el IVI con base en la frecuencia y abundancia relativas; la abundancia específica según el forófito, tipo de corteza, espesor de corteza y el grado de asociatividad de las especies con la planta hospedera específica. Se encontró como forófitos las especies Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides y Semialarium mexicanum con la presencia de las siguientes especies de orquídeas; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans y Stilifolium ascendens. La especie Sacoila lanceolata fue encontrada creciendo en el piso del bosque, en estado fenológico de floración. Los forófitos con corteza fisurada longitudinalmente, de mayor grosor y poca exfoliación, fueron las de mayor afinidad por parte de las orquídeas, donde se lograron establecer en la parte superior de dosel.

ABSTRACT: The application of techniques is important for the massive and efficient propagation of orchids, without affecting the natural environment and its conservation. The objective was to evaluate the effects of six culture media: t1, Knudson; t2, MS 75% + NAA (1,0 mg L-1) + GA3 (3,0 mg L-1); t3, MS 75% + 100 mL L-1 coconut water; t4, MS 100% + GA3 (3,0 mg L-1); t5, MS 100% + NAA (1,0 mg L-1) + GA3 (5,0 mg L-1); t6, MS 100% + 100 mL L-1 coconut water on in vitro seed germination and protocorms formation of the orchid E. catillus. Seeds were obtained from a capsule in stage of physiological maturity from sector Grapanazú, Huancabamba, province of Oxapampa-Pasco, Peru. A randomized complete block design was used. It was found that, at 64 and 71 days, the treatments t1, t3, t4 and t6 had the same seed germination and development of in vitro protocorms, however, all of them were higher than t2 y t5. We concluded that Knudson media, MS 75% and 100% + 100 mL L-1 coconut water and MS 100% + GA3 (3,0 mg L-1), enhanced seed germination.

RESUMEN: La aplicación de técnicas es importante para la propagación masiva y eficiente de orquídeas, sin afectar el entorno natural y su conservación. El objetivo fue establecer un protocolo para la germinación in vitro de semillas y formación de protocormos de la orquídea E. catillus, donde se probaron seis medios de cultivo, t1, Knudson; t2, MS 75% + ANA (1,0 mgL-1) + AG3 (3,0 mg L-1); t3, MS 75% + 100 mL L-1 de agua de coco; t4, MS 100% + AG3 (3,0 mg L-1); t5, MS 100% + ANA (1,0 mg L-1) + AG3 (5,0 mg L-1); t6, MS 100% + 100 mL L-1 de agua de coco. Las semillas fueron obtenidas de una cápsula en estado de madurez fisiológica, del sector Grapanazú, Huancabamba, provincia de Oxapampa-Pasco, Perú. Se utilizó el diseño en bloques completos al azar (DBCA). Se encontró que, a los 64 y 71 dds los tratamientos t1, t3, t4 y t6 igualaron en la germinación de semillas y desarrollo de protocormos in vitro y todos ellos fueron superiores a t2 y t5. Se concluye que los medios Knudson, MS al 75 y 100% + 100 mL L-1 de agua de coco y MS 100% + AG3 (3,0 mg L-1), favorecieron la germinación in vitro.

ABSTRACT This study presents a new orchid species of the genus Catasetum belonging to the group of species with symmetrical and parallel antennae. It was found in terra-firme and floodplain forests in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará. We provide a formal description of the new species, images, and notes on distribution, habitat, phenology, flower visitors and preliminary conservation status. We compare it with C. cristatum and C. barbatum, both sympatric and morphologically most similar to the new species. It was preliminarily classified in the Endangered (EN) category according to IUCN criteria based on the extent of occurrence, area of occupation, number of occurrence locations and the risks that the known populations are exposed to (deforestation and predatory collection). antennae terrafirme terra firme Pará images distribution habitat phenology status C barbatum EN (EN occupation deforestation collection. collection . collection)

RESUMO Este estudo apresenta uma nova espécie de orquídea do gênero Catasetum, do grupo de espécies cujas antenas são simétricas e paralelas. Foi encontrada em florestas de terra-firme e igapó nos estados do Amazonas e Pará, Brasil. Fornecemos uma descrição formal da nova espécie, imagens e comentários referentes à distribuição, habitat, fenologia, visitantes florais e estatus de conservação. A comparamos com C. cristatum e C. barbatum, que ocorrem em simpatria e são morfologicamente mais semelhantes à nova espécie. Ela foi preliminarmente classificada na categoria Em Perigo (EN) segundo os critérios da UICN, com base na extensão de ocorrência, área de ocupação, número de localidades de ocorrência e os riscos a que as populações conhecidas estão expostas (desmatamento e coleta predatória). Catasetum paralelas terrafirme terra firme Pará Brasil distribuição habitat fenologia conservação C barbatum EN (EN UICN ocupação desmatamento predatória. predatória . predatória)

ABSTRACT In this study, a tissue culture method was developed for the propagation and conservation of Cattleya gaskelliana (N.E.Br.) B.S. Williams. Initially, protocorms with leaf primordium, obtained via asymbiotic seed germination, were used as explants. Half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 6-benzyl aminopurine (BA) and 2.0 mg L−1, indole butyric acid (IBA) was found to be optimal for the proliferation of protocorm-like bodies (PLB). Most explants (81%) proliferated, each producing 11.1 ± 1.87 units per explant. The optimum number of PLB differentiated to plantlets on a cultured medium with 0.5 mg L−1 Thidiazuron (TDZ) + 100 mL L−1 coconut water. Firmly rooted plantlets with vigorous growth were regenerated on ½ MS medium + 1.0 mg L−1 Indole- 3-acetic acid (IAA) and 50 g L−1 banana puree. Plants regenerated via in vitro processes were wrapped with sphagnum moss and acclimatized in a substrate containing equal proportions of bark, perlite, and peat with a 100% ex-vitro survival rate after acclimation for 70 days. The protocol developed in this study can be used to obtain several thousand plants within one year, and thus, is an effective method. N.E.Br. NEBr N E Br (N.E.Br. BS B S B.S Williams Initially primordium germination Halfstrength Half strength (MS 15 1 5 1. L1 L L− 6benzyl benzyl 6 BA (BA 20 2 0 2. IBA (IBA protocormlike protocorm like PLB. . (PLB) 81% 81 (81% proliferated 111 11 11. 187 87 1.8 explant 05 0. TDZ (TDZ 10 water Indole 3acetic acetic 3 IAA (IAA puree bark perlite exvitro ex 7 days year thus N.E.Br (N.E.Br (PLB 8 (81 18 (8 (

RESUMO Neste estudo foi desenvolvido um método de cultura de tecidos para propagação e conservação de Cattleya gaskelliana (N.E.Br.) B.S. Willians. Inicialmente, protocormos com primórdio foliar, obtidos via germinação assimbiótica de sementes, foram utilizados como explantes. Meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) de meia concentração suplementado com 1,5 mg L-1 de 6-benzil aminopurina (BA) e 2,0 mg L-1 de ácido indol butírico (AIB) foi considerado ideal para a proliferação de corpos semelhantes a protocormos (PLB). A maioria dos explantes (81%) proliferou, cada um produzindo 11,1 ± 1,87 unidades por explante. O número ótimo de PLB diferenciados para plântulas em meio de cultura com 0,5 mg L−1 de Thidiazuron (TDZ) + 100 mL L−1 de água de coco. Plântulas firmemente enraizadas e com crescimento vigoroso foram regeneradas em meio ½ MS + 1,0 mg L-1 de ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) e 50 g L-1 de pasta de banana. Plantas regeneradas via processos in vitro foram envoltas com musgo esfagno e aclimatadas em substrato contendo proporções iguais de casca, perlita e turfa com taxa de sobrevivência ex-vitro de 100% após aclimatação por 70 dias. O protocolo desenvolvido neste estudo pode ser usado para obter milhares de plantas por um ano sendo, portanto, um método eficaz. N.E.Br. NEBr N E Br (N.E.Br. BS B S B.S Willians Inicialmente foliar sementes (MS 15 1 5 1, L1 L L- 6benzil benzil 6 BA (BA 20 2 0 2, AIB (AIB PLB. . (PLB) 81% 81 (81% proliferou 111 11 11, 187 87 1,8 explante 05 0, L− TDZ (TDZ 10 coco indol3acético indolacético 3 acético AIA (AIA banana casca exvitro ex 7 dias sendo portanto eficaz N.E.Br (N.E.Br (PLB 8 (81 18 (8 (

Abstract This project originates from a problem related to the illicit sale of orchids. It seeks to reflect this unfavorable scenario for the orchid market in the city of Moyobamba, the production and trade of the species. For this reason, the context surrounding the orchid is evident educationally and dynamically through a photobook, with the intention of raising consumer awareness of the orchid. In addition, a quantitative and qualitative analysis is used through surveys and in-depth interviews, where a sample of 153 people is taken to evaluate the results of the project. Finally, based on the results obtained after the presentation of the book and the evaluation of the results, it is shown that the majority of the participants did not know the development circuit of orchids, nor the legal and illegal market that surrounds them. That is why, the book fulfills its main objective: to raise awareness and inform about the orchid market in Peru and especially in Moyobamba, the nerve center of orchid development in the country.

Resumen Este proyecto se origina a raíz de una problemática relacionada con la venta ilícita de orquídeas. Busca reflejar este escenario desfavorable para el mercado de la orquídea en la ciudad de Moyobamba, eje de producción y comercio de la especie. Para ello, se evidencia el contexto que rodea a la orquídea didáctica y dinámicamente a través de un fotolibro, con la intención de lograr la concientización del consumidor de la planta. Asimismo, se emplea un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo a través de encuestas y entrevistas a profundidad, donde se toma una muestra de 153 personas para evaluar los resultados del proyecto. Finalmente, a partir de los resultados obtenidos tras la presentación del libro y la evaluación de los resultados, se demuestra que la mayoría de las personas participantes no conocían a profundidad el circuito de desarrollo de las orquídeas, así como tampoco el mercado legal e ilegal que las rodea. En este sentido, el libro cumple con su objetivo principal: concientizar e informar acerca del mercado de las orquídeas en el Perú y sobre todo en Moyobamba, centro neurálgico de desarrollo de la orquídea en el país.

Abstract The diversity of Cymbidium hybrids, and the growing commercialization of orchids, reinforces the need for sustainable production, and the bioprospecting of diazotrophic bacteria can demonstrate potential for agricultural use. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro diazotrophic bacteria, isolated from rhizospheric soil and tissues of the Cymbidium orchid, and to analyze the solubilization capacity of phosphorus, potassium and phytohormones production. Leaves, pseudobulbs and rhizospheric soil were isolated in five different semi-solid and semi-selective mediums, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV and FAM, in order to verify the biological nitrogen fixation capacity, through the indicative movie on the surface of the medium. The bacteria were grouped, according to their morphological characteristics, in a dendrogram, and selected at 75% similarity, testing them for the production of indoleacetic acid (IAA). The isolates that stood out in terms of the production of the aforementioned phytohormone were tested for their ability to solubilize phosphorus and potassium, usage phosphate rock powder, AO-15, and potassium, phonolite, as a source, respectively. The 66 isolated strains fixed nitrogen, and the 18 strains with 75% similarity produced AIA. The 8 strains that stood out in the production of indoleacetic acid, in the absence and presence of tryptophan, did does not solubilize phosphorus, with the strains UNIFENAS 100-589, UNIFENAS 100-591, UNIFENAS 100-600, UNIFENAS 100-604, being able to solubilize potassium, demonstrating the potential agricultural use of growth -promoting bacteria in the cultivation of the Cymbidium orchid. hybrids orchids orchid Leaves semisolid semi solid semiselective selective mediums NFb JNFb LGI FAM medium grouped characteristics dendrogram 75 IAA. IAA . (IAA) powder AO15, AO15 AO 15, 15 AO-15 phonolite source respectively 6 1 AIA tryptophan 100589, 100589 100 589, 589 100-589 100591, 100591 591, 591 100-591 100600, 100600 600, 600 100-600 100604, 100604 604, 604 100-604 promoting 7 (IAA AO1 AO-1 10058 10 58 100-58 10059 59 100-59 10060 60 100-60 AO- 1005 5 100-5 1006 100-6 100-

Resumo A diversidade de híbridos de Cymbidium, e a crescente comercialização de orquídeas, reforça a necessidade da produção sustentável, sendo que a bioprospecção de bactérias diazotróficas pode demonstrar potencial de uso agrícola. Objetivou-se avaliar in vitro bactérias diazotróficas, isoladas de solo rizosférico e tecidos da orquídea Cymbidium, e analisar a capacidade de solubilização de fósforo, potássio e produção de fitormônios. Folhas, pseudobulbos e solo rizosférico foram isolados em cinco diferentes meios semissólidos e semisseletivos, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV e FAM, a fim de verificar a capacidade de fixação biológica de nitrogênio, por meio da película indicativa na superfície do meio. As bactérias foram agrupadas, de acordo com suas características morfológicas, em um dendrograma, e selecionadas a 75% de similaridade, testando-as quanto a produção de ácido indolacético (AIA). Os isolados que obtiveram destaques quanto a produção do referido fitormônio, foram testados em sua capacidade de solubilização de fósforo e potássio, usando como fonte, pó de rocha fosfatada, AO-15, e potássica, fonolito respectivamente. As 66 estirpes isoladas fixaram nitrogênio, e as 18 estirpes com 75% similaridade produziram AIA. As 8 estirpes que se destacaram na produção do ácido indolacético, na ausência e presença de triptofano, não solubilizaram fósforo, sendo que as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-589, UNIFENAS 100-591, UNIFENAS 100-600, UNIFENAS 100-604, foram capazes de solubilizar potássio, demonstrando o potencial de uso agrícola das bactérias promotoras de crescimento no cultivo da orquídea Cymbidium. Cymbidium orquídeas sustentável Objetivouse Objetivou fitormônios Folhas semisseletivos NFb JNFb LGI FAM nitrogênio agrupadas morfológicas dendrograma 75 testandoas testando AIA . (AIA) fitormônio fonte fosfatada AO15, AO15 AO 15, 15 AO-15 potássica respectivamente 6 1 triptofano 100589, 100589 100 589, 589 100-589 100591, 100591 591, 591 100-591 100600, 100600 600, 600 100-600 100604, 100604 604, 604 100-604 7 (AIA AO1 AO-1 10058 10 58 100-58 10059 59 100-59 10060 60 100-60 AO- 1005 5 100-5 1006 100-6 100-

Abstract Mycorrhizae, exclusively associated with orchids, play a crucial role in plant growth, competitive interactions and pathogen protection. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization rate in Dactylorhiza hatagirea at three sites in Kashmir Himalaya: Gulmarg, Sonamarg, and Pahalgam. Additionally, it examines soil parameters such as temperature, precipitation, pH, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. The root tips were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm. Samples were stored in sterilized polythene bags, refrigerated at 4±1 °C. Our results showed a significant variation in mycorrhizal colonization across three sites, with Pahalgam showing the highest at 78%, followed by Gulmarg at 73%, and Sonamarg at 57%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed 69.5% of the variation in environmental and soil variables. Positive correlations were observed among pH, nitrogen, potassium, and organic carbon, whereas phosphorus was negatively correlated with potassium and nitrogen. Gulmarg and Pahalgam were similar in soil characteristics, while Sonamarg exhibited distinct differences. Phosphorus positively correlated with Sonamarg but negatively with Pahalgam and Gulmarg, while other soil parameters showed opposite trends. The study emphasizes the significance of AMF colonization in understanding and enhancing plant-microbe interactions in terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting its role in nutrient cycling and the assimilation of essential elements like phosphorus and nitrogen. Mycorrhizae orchids growth protection (AMF Himalaya Additionally temperature precipitation pH carbon nitrogen 020 0 20 0-2 cm bags 41 4 1 4± C °C 78 78% 73 73% 57 57% PCA (PCA 695 69 5 69.5 variables characteristics differences trends plantmicrobe microbe ecosystems 02 2 0- 7 6 69.

Resumo As micorrizas, associadas exclusivamente às orquídeas, desempenham um papel crucial no crescimento das plantas, nas interações competitivas e na proteção contra patógenos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar quantitativamente a taxa de colonização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) em Dactylorhiza hatagirea em três locais localizados na região de Caxemira (Himalaia) : Gulmarg, Sonamarg e Pahalgam. Além disso, examinar parâmetros do solo como temperatura, precipitação, pH, carbono orgânico, fósforo, potássio e nitrogênio. As pontas das raízes foram coletadas a uma profundidade de 0-20 cm e após armazenadas em sacos de polietileno estéreis, refrigeradas a 4±1 °C. Nossos resultados mostraram uma variação significativa na colonização micorrízica nos três locais, sendo que Pahalgam apresentou o valor mais alto com 78%, seguido por Gulmarg com 73% e Sonamarg com 57%. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) revelou 69,5% de variação nas variáveis ambientais e de solo. Correlações positivas foram observadas entre pH, nitrogênio, potássio e carbono orgânico, enquanto o fósforo foi negativamente correlacionado com potássio e nitrogênio. Os locais Gulmarg e Pahalgam foram semelhantes nas características do solo, enquanto Sonamarg exibiu diferenças significativas. O fósforo correlacionou-se positivamente com Sonamarg, mas negativamente com Pahalgam e Gulmarg, enquanto outros parâmetros do solo mostraram tendências opostas. O estudo destaca a importância da colonização de FMA na compreensão e melhoria das interações planta-micróbio em ecossistemas terrestres, destacando o seu papel na ciclagem de nutrientes e na assimilação de elementos essenciais como o fósforo e nitrogênio. micorrizas orquídeas plantas patógenos (FMA Himalaia (Himalaia disso temperatura precipitação pH orgânico nitrogênio 020 0 20 0-2 estéreis 41 4 1 4± C °C 78 78% 73 57 57% ACP (ACP 695 69 5 69,5 significativas correlacionouse correlacionou se opostas plantamicróbio planta micróbio terrestres 02 2 0- 7 6 69,

Abstract Repetitive sequences can lead to variation in DNA quantity and composition among species. The Orchidaceae, the largest angiosperm family, is divided into five subfamilies, with Apostasioideae as the basal group and Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae showing high diversification rates. Despite their different evolutionary paths, some species in these groups have similar nuclear DNA content. This study focuses on one example to understand the dynamics of major repetitive DNAs in the nucleus. We used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data from Apostasia wallichii (Apostasioideae) and Ludisia discolor (Orchidoideae) to identify and quantify the most abundant repeats. The repetitive fraction varied in abundance (27.5% in L. discolor and 60.6% in A. wallichii) and composition, with LTR retrotransposons of different lineages being the most abundant repeats in each species. Satellite DNAs showed varying organization and abundance. Despite the unbalanced ratio between single-copy and repetitive DNA sequences, the two species had the same genome size, possibly due to the elimination of non-essential genes. This phenomenon has been observed in other Apostasia and likely led to the proliferation of transposable elements in A. wallichii. Deep genome information in the future will aid in understanding the contraction/expansion of gene families and the evolution of sequences in these genomes. Orchidaceae family subfamilies rates paths content nucleus NextGeneration Next Generation NGS (NGS (Apostasioideae (Orchidoideae 27.5% 275 27 5 (27.5 L 606 60 6 60.6 A singlecopy single copy size nonessential non essential genes contractionexpansion contraction expansion genomes 27.5 2 (27. 60. 27. (27 (2 (

Resumo As orquídeas são uma das plantas decorativas florais mais populares. Dentre as diversas espécies de orquídeas, Phalaenopsis sp. ou a moon orchid é popular por causa de sua cor, formato e tamanho distintos. No entanto, as orquídeas apresentam taxa de crescimento lenta devido à sua longa fase juvenil; portanto, é necessária modificação da técnica de cultivo para impulsionar seu crescimento, ou seja, sombreamento e aplicação de fertilizantes. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de obter a melhor porcentagem de sombra e concentração de fertilizante para aumentar o crescimento da moon orchid. O experimento foi conduzido de junho a dezembro de 2022 na estufa de Bale Tatanan Padjadjaran, Faculdade de Agricultura, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. O experimento utilizou o delineamento de parcelas subdivididas com oito tratamentos de sombra e fertilizantes. As plantas foram cultivadas em duas intensidades de sombreamento, 60% e 70%, e posteriormente tratadas com quatro concentrações diferentes de compostos fertilizantes foliares completos (1, 2, 3 e 4 g L-1). Os resultados mostraram que 60% de sombra combinada com 2 g L-1 de fertilizante foliar aumentou significativamente a área foliar e o comprimento da raiz, enquanto 70% de sombra combinada com 4 g L-1 aumentou significativamente a área foliar, número de raízes e o CCI da moon orchid. populares sp cor distintos entanto juvenil portanto seja 202 Padjadjaran Agricultura Jatinangor Sumedang Barat 60 70 1, 1 (1 L1. L1 L . L-1) L- raiz 20 6 7 (

Abstract Orchid plants are one of the most popular floral decorative plants. Among the several species of orchids, Phalaenopsis sp. or moon orchid is popular because of its distinctive color, shape, and size. However, orchids have a slow growth rate due to their long juvenile phase; thus, culture technique modification is required to boost their growth, i.e., shading and fertilizer application. This research was carried out to obtain the best shade percentage and fertilizer concentration to increase the growth of moon orchid. The experiment was conducted from June to December 2022 at the greenhouse of Bale Tatanan Padjadjaran, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat. The experiment used a split-plot design of eight shade and fertilizer treatments. The plants were cultivated in two shading intensities, namely 60% and 70%, then treated with four different complete foliar fertilizer compound concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 g L-1). The results showed that 60% shade combined with 2 g L-1 of foliar fertilizer significantly increased the leaf area and root length, whereas 70% shade combined with 4 g L-1 significantly increased the leaf area, root number and CCI of moon orchid. sp color shape size However phase thus ie i e i.e. application 202 Padjadjaran Agriculture Jatinangor Sumedang Barat splitplot split plot treatments intensities 60 70 1, 1 (1 3 L1. L1 L . L-1) L- length i.e 20 6 7 (

Resumo Este estudo apresenta a sinopse de Orchidaceae no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (ParNa Iguaçu), um dos maiores remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica no estado do Paraná. Orchidaceae é representada na área por 65 espécies, distribuídas em 41 gêneros, sendo os mais representativos Gomesa (sete spp.) e Acianthera (seis spp.). Representantes de três subfamílias estão presentes: Vanilloideae (duas spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) e Epidendroideae (51 spp.) que, como esperado, apresenta maior riqueza (78% do total). Entre as espécies encontradas, cinco são consideradas endêmicas do Brasil, 23 são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica (36%) e uma é endêmica do Paraná. Foram encontrados 31 novos registros para a área. As áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) tiveram 29 espécies exclusivas, as de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) tiveram 20, enquanto 16 espécies ocorreram em ambas fitofisionomias. Nova ocorrência foi registrada para FOM. Com relação ao hábito, espécies exclusivamente epífitas foram as mais representativas (39 spp.), seguidas de exclusivamente terrícolas (15 spp.), duas trepadeiras e uma micoheterotrófica. Entre as famílias já inventariadas no ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae está entre as mais ricas e os achados no presente estudo reforçam a importância de estudos florísticos para catalogação da flora local. , Iguaçu) Paraná 6 4 gêneros sete spp. spp seis spp.. . presentes spp., 12 (1 51 (5 que esperado 78% 78 (78 total. total total) encontradas Brasil 2 36% 36 (36% 3 FOM (FOM exclusivas FES (FES 20 1 fitofisionomias hábito 39 (3 15 micoheterotrófica local ( 5 7 (7 (36

Abstract This study presents a synopsis of the Orchidaceae species in Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu), one of the largest Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Paraná. Orchidaceae is represented in the area by 65 species, distributed in 41 genera, the most representative being Gomesa (7 spp.) and Acianthera (6 spp.). Representatives of three subfamilies are present: Vanilloideae (2 spp.), Orchidoideae (12 spp.) and Epidendroideae (51 spp.) which, as expected, presents the greatest richness (78% of the total). Among the species found, five are considered endemic to Brazil, 23 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (36%) and one is endemic to Paraná. Thirty-one new records were found for the area. The areas of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) had 29 exclusive species, the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) had 20, while 16 species occur in both phytophysiognomies. A new occurrence was recorded for MOF. Regarding habit, exclusively epiphytic was the most representative (39 spp.), followed by exclusively terricolous (15 spp.), two vines and one mycoheterotrophic species. Among the families already inventoried in ParNa Iguaçu, Orchidaceae is among the richest and the findings of the present study reinforce the importance of floristic studies for cataloging the local flora. , Iguaçu) Paraná 6 4 genera 7 ( spp. spp spp.. . 2 spp., 12 (1 51 (5 which expected 78% 78 (78 total. total total) Brazil 36% 36 (36% Thirtyone Thirty MOF (MOF SSF (SSF 20 1 phytophysiognomies habit 39 (3 15 flora 5 3 (36

Abstract Anathallis encompasses nearly 120 neotropical orchid species, with Mexico representing the northernmost limit of its distribution. Around fifteen Mexican species were initially classified in Anathallis during the current century. However, several of them have been reclassified in recent years into Lankesteriana, Specklinia, and Stelis. Currently, Anathallis in Mexico includes A. greenwoodii, A. lewisiae, A. minutalis, A. oblanceolata, A. sertularioides, and A. yucatanensis. This work presents the taxonomic treatment for these species, models of their potential distribution, and the assesses of their conservation status in Mexico. For this, specialized literature, living and herbarium specimens, and online databases were examined. For each species, a description, drawing, photograph, and distribution map were prepared, along with information on nomenclature, habitat, phenology, comparison with similar species, and an assessment of their risk status is provided. Mexican Anathallis plants are characterized by their diminutive habit, rhizomatous growth, semi-open flowers with acute sepals and petals, free lateral sepals, mobile lip, and winged column. Five species are recognized among them: A. lewisiae, A. minutalis, A. oblanceolata, A. sertularioides, and A. yucatanensis. Anathallis greenwoodii exhibits a morphology more similar to Lankesteriana and it was transferred accordingly. Anathallis oblanceolata was previously known only from the type locality and is redescribed based on specimens previously confused with A. minutalis. Both species are endemic to the mountainous regions of Mexico. Anathallis lewisiae, A. sertularioides, and A. yucatanensis grow in warm, lowland areas along the Gulf of Mexico coast and Yucatan Peninsula. The extinction risk assessment assigned the category of species subject to special protection to the five Mexican taxa. For each taxon the extent of its distribution in Mexico and the environmental variables determining it were estimated; the areas with the highest probability for the presence each species were identified. Finally, we designate here lectotypes for Pleurothallis minutalis, P. tenuissima, and P. trichopoda.

Resumen Anathallis incluye casi 120 especies de orquídeas neotropicales y México representa el límite norte de su distribución. Durante el presente siglo, hasta quince especies mexicanas han sido clasificadas en Anathallis. Pero en los último años varias de ellas han sido reclasificadas a géneros como Lankesteriana, Specklinia y Stelis. Actualmente Anathallis de México incluye A. greenwoodii, A. lewisiae, A. minutalis, A. oblanceolata, A. sertularioides y A. yucatanensis. Este trabajo presenta el tratamiento taxonómico para dichas especies, el modelado de su distribución potencial y la evaluación de su estatus de conservación en México. Para ello se revisó literatura especializada, especímenes vivos y registros en colecciones científicas y bases disponibles en línea. Para cada especie se presenta una descripción, dibujo, fotografía, mapa de distribución; además, se proporciona información sobre su nomenclatura, hábitat, fenología, comparación con especies similares y una evaluación de su estatus de riesgo. En México las plantas de Anathallis se caracterizan por su hábito diminuto, crecimiento rizomatoso, flores semiabiertas con sépalos y pétalos agudos, sépalos laterales libres entre sí, labelo móvil y columna alada. El género incluye cinco especies mexicanas: A. lewisiae, A. minutalis, A. oblanceolata, A. sertularioides y A. yucatanensis. Anathallis greenwoodii exhibe una morfología más similar con Lankesteriana y por ello se transfiere a este género. Anathallis oblanceolata solo era conocida de la localidad tipo, aquí se redescribe a partir de especímenes previamente confundidos con A. minutalis. Ambas especies son endémicas en las zonas montañosas de México. Anathallis lewisiae, A. sertularioides y A. yucatanensis crecen en zonas cálidas y bajas de la costa del Golfo de México y Península de Yucatán. La evaluación del riesgo de extinción asignó la categoría de especie sujeta a protección especial a los cinco taxones mexicanos. Para cada taxón se estimó la extensión de su distribución en México y las variables ambientales que la determinan; se identificaron las áreas con mayor probabilidad de presencia de cada especie. Finalmente, se designan aquí lectotipos para Pleurothallis minutalis, P. tenuissima y P. trichopoda.

Abstract Maevia Noemí Correa (1914-2005) will always be remembered as the director and editor of an outstanding work, Flora Patagonica, in which she assumed the treatment of several plant families, among them the Orchidaceae. Published between 1969 and 1999, the work was the product of 30 years of dedicated research and fieldwork, resulting in the publication of eight volumes and extraordinary plant collections, now housed in Argentinian and foreign herbaria. Popularly known as The Dame of the Orchids, Correa must be considered one of the most relevant Argentinian botanists of the 20th century. In honor of her birth on February 14th, the day has been designated as “The Day of the Orchidophile”.

Abstract The commercial crops of vanilla face a significant risk of genetic erosion due to various factors. Vanilla chamissonis, a species with promising bioeconomic compounds, is found in limited regions in Argentina, particularly in the Osununú Natural Reserve in San Ignacio, Misiones, where it grows wildly in sectors (nuclei). This locally adapted germplasm of V. chamissonis holds considerable value and needs preservation efforts. In this study, we genetically characterized unexplored V. chamissonis germplasm and identified specimens within a phylogenetic framework using nuclear and plastid markers. The genotyping revealed that at least four gene pools contribute to the genetic diversity of these plants, with approximately 81% of total genetic variation allocated within populations. Sexual reproduction seems to predominate, and population N1 is a candidate for conservation. There is a genetic discontinuity between northeastern and southwestern nuclei, due to their different genetic constitutions and the tenuous isolation by distance. Phylogenetic results confirm the surveyed vanilla germplasm as V. chamissonis. This research provides essential insights for guiding the ongoing conservation and management efforts at the Osununú Reserve.

Resumen Debido a diversos factores los cultivos comerciales de vainilla son altamente vulnerables a la erosión genética. Se ha demostrado que la especie Vanilla chamissonis produce compuestos bioeconómicos interesantes que podrían diversificar el mercado. En Argentina, la distribución de esta orquídea fragante se restringe a regiones específicas del noreste, como, por ejemplo, la Reserva Natural Osununú (San Ignacio, Misiones) donde crece de manera silvestre en sectores (núcleos). Este germoplasma, inexplorado, representa un endemismo localmente adaptado y, por lo tanto, es un recurso valioso que amerita preservarse. En este trabajo se llevó a cabo la caracterización genética de germoplasma de V. chamissonis. Además, se realizó la identificación molecular de los especímenes en un contexto filogenético empleando tanto marcadores nucleares como plastidiales. El genotipado expuso que, al menos, cuatro acervos genéticos contribuyen a la diversidad genética de estas plantas, y que ca. del 81% de la variación genética total se asigna dentro de las poblaciones. Los resultados actuales sugieren un predominio de la reproducción sexual, que el núcleo N1 emerge como una unidad candidata a conservarse, y la ocurrencia de una discontinuidad genética entre las poblaciones del noreste y del suroeste, que muestran constituciones genéticas diferentes. También se develó la ocurrencia de un tenue aislamiento por distancia. Nuestros resultados filogenéticos sugieren que es apropiado considerar al germoplasma estudiado como V. chamissonis. El conocimiento básico generado en este trabajo ayudará a guiar la iniciativa de manejo y conservación in situ, en curso en la reserva de Osununú.