Résumé Par la méthode historique-comparative, cet article aborde les impacts, sur les États-Unis, l’Allemagne et le Brésil, des quatre crises économiques internationales survenues jusqu’en 2019, en se concentrant principalement sur leurs effets sur le régime politique et le post-2008. Les pays sélectionnés ont eu des expériences autoritaires distinctes, anciennes ou actuelles. Je conceptualise l’État de manière tridimensionnelle : régime politique, appareil décisionnel et structure de domination politique appuyée sur des coalitions. J’argumente que les conjonctures internationales critiques ont tendance à avoir un impact sur cette tridimensionalité, facilitant l’observation de ses variations et continuités. Je formule et corrobore trois hypothèses sur ces crises : elles ont tendance à augmenter ou diminuer les niveaux de démocratie ou d’autocratie des régimes ou à les changer ; la réponse autocratisante dépend d’une relation de forces pro-entreprises, subordonnant les travailleurs ; l’engagement démocratique des acteurs s’oppose à l’autocratisation. La contribution à la littérature réside dans la manière d’aborder les processus d’autocratisation et de démocratisation, ici étudiés à travers les impacts des crises économiques internationales sur les États. Les conjonctures critiques éclairent les composants clés de la mutabilité du Léviathan. On examine le régime politique par la politique économique des relations entre l’État, les marchés et les classes sociales, et non exclusivement par les variables politico-institutionnelles. On analyse les mécanismes d’intersection de la sphère et des acteurs politico-institutionnels avec les structures et acteurs économiques et sociaux, qui, impactant la tridimensionalité de l’État, entraînent des changements de régime ou dans le régime. historiquecomparative, historiquecomparative historique comparative, comparative historique-comparative ÉtatsUnis, ÉtatsUnis États Unis, Unis États-Unis lAllemagne l Allemagne Brésil jusquen jusqu 2019 post2008. post2008 post 2008. 2008 post-2008 distinctes actuelles lÉtat État coalitions Jargumente J argumente lobservation observation continuités dautocratie d autocratie dune une proentreprises, proentreprises pro entreprises, entreprises pro-entreprises lengagement engagement soppose s oppose lautocratisation. lautocratisation autocratisation. autocratisation l’autocratisation daborder aborder dautocratisation démocratisation Léviathan lÉtat, État, sociales politicoinstitutionnelles. politicoinstitutionnelles politico institutionnelles. institutionnelles politico-institutionnelles dintersection intersection politicoinstitutionnels institutionnels sociaux qui 201 post200 200 post-200 20 post20 post-20 2 post2 post-2 post-

Resumen Por medio del método histórico comparativo, se abordan los impactos en los Estados de Estados Unidos, Alemania y Brasil, de las cuatro crisis económicas internacionales que han ocurrido hasta 2019, enfocándose, principalmente, en sus efectos en el régimen político y en el periodo posterior a 2008. Los países seleccionados tuvieron distintas experiencias autoritarias, antiguas o actuales. Defino al Estado de una forma tridimensional: régimen político, aparato decisor y estructura de dominación política respaldada en coaliciones. Argumento que las respectivas coyunturas críticas internacionales tienden a impactar esta tridimensionalidad, facilitando la observación de sus variaciones y continuidades. Así, formulo y corroboro tres hipótesis sobre esas crisis: tienden a aumentar o disminuir los niveles de democracia o autocracia de los regímenes o a cambiarlos; la respuesta autocratizante depende de una relación de fuerzas proempresarial que subordina a los trabajadores; y el compromiso democrático de los actores opera contra la autocratización. La contribución a la literatura se relaciona con el modo de abordar los procesos de autocratización y democratización aquí investigados por los impactos de las crisis económicas internacionales en los Estados. Las coyunturas críticas vislumbran componentes clave de la mutabilidad del Leviatán. Se investiga el régimen político a partir de la economía política de las relaciones entre Estado, mercados y clases sociales, y no exclusivamente por las variables político-institucionales. Se analizan mecanismos de intersección de la esfera y de los actores político-institucionales con las estructuras y actores económicos y sociales, que, impactando en la tridimensionalidad del Estado, implican cambios de régimen o en el régimen. comparativo Unidos Brasil 2019 enfocándose principalmente 2008 autoritarias actuales tridimensional coaliciones continuidades Así cambiarlos trabajadores Leviatán sociales políticoinstitucionales. políticoinstitucionales institucionales. institucionales 201 200 20 2

Abstract This study uses a historical-comparative method to examine the impacts of the four international economic crises that occurred until 2019 on the United States, Germany, and Brazil, focusing primarily on their effects on the political regime and the post-2008 period. The selected countries had different authoritarian experiences, either in the distant past or more recently. The State is conceptualized along three dimensions: political regime, decision-making apparatus, and the structure of political domination supported by coalitions. The argument is that the respective international critical junctures tend to impact this three-dimensionality, making it easier to observe their variations and continuities. Three hypotheses are formulated and corroborated regarding these crises: they tend to increase or decrease the levels of democracy or autocracy in regimes or change them; autocratization depends on a pro-business power balance that subordinates workers; the democratic commitment of actors operates against autocratization. This study’s contribution to the literature lies in the approach to processes of autocratization and democratization, which are investigated here through the impacts of international economic crises on States. Critical junctures shed light on key components of the mutability of the Leviathan. It investigates the political regime through the political economy of the relationships between the State, markets, and social classes, not exclusively through political-institutional variables. Mechanisms of intersection between the political-institutional sphere and economic and social structures and actors are analyzed. These mechanisms impact the three-dimensionality of the State, leading to changes in the regime or within the regime. historicalcomparative historical comparative 201 States Germany Brazil post2008 post 2008 post-200 period experiences recently dimensions decisionmaking decision apparatus coalitions threedimensionality, threedimensionality dimensionality, dimensionality continuities them probusiness pro business workers studys s democratization Leviathan markets classes politicalinstitutional institutional variables analyzed 20 post200 200 post-20 2 post20 post-2 post2 post-

Resumo Aborda-se, pelo método histórico-comparativo, impactos, nos Estados dos EUA, Alemanha e Brasil, das quatro crises econômicas internacionais ocorridas até 2019, focando-se, principalmente, em seus efeitos no regime político e no pós-2008. Os países selecionados tiveram distintas experiências autoritárias, remotas ou atuais. Conceituo o Estado tridimensionalmente: regime político, aparato decisor e estrutura de dominação política escorada em coalizões. Argumento que as respectivas conjunturas críticas internacionais tendem a impactar nesta sua tridimensionalidade, facilitando a observação de suas variações e continuidades. Formulo e corroboro três hipóteses sobre essas crises: elas tendem a aumentar ou diminuir os níveis de democracia ou autocracia dos regimes ou a mudá-los; a resposta autocratizante depende de uma relação de forças pró-empresarial, que subordine os trabalhadores; o compromisso democrático dos atores opera contra a autocratização. A contribuição com a literatura está no modo de abordagem dos processos de autocratização e democratização, aqui investigados pelos impactos das crises econômicas internacionais nos Estados. As conjunturas críticas iluminam componentes-chave da mutabilidade do Leviatã. Investiga-se o regime político pela economia política das relações entre Estado, mercados e classes sociais, e não exclusivamente pelas variáveis político-institucionais. Analisam-se mecanismos de intersecção da esfera e dos atores político-institucionais com as estruturas e atores econômicos e sociais, que, impactando na tridimensionalidade do Estado, ensejam mudanças de regime ou no regime. Abordase, Abordase Aborda se, se Aborda-se históricocomparativo, históricocomparativo histórico comparativo, comparativo histórico-comparativo EUA Brasil 2019 focandose, focandose focando focando-se principalmente pós2008. pós2008 pós 2008. 2008 pós-2008 autoritárias atuais tridimensionalmente coalizões continuidades mudálos mudá los mudá-los próempresarial, próempresarial pró empresarial, empresarial pró-empresarial trabalhadores democratização componenteschave componentes chave Leviatã Investigase Investiga sociais políticoinstitucionais. políticoinstitucionais institucionais. institucionais Analisamse Analisam 201 pós200 200 pós-200 20 pós20 pós-20 2 pós2 pós-2 pós-

Resumen El presente estudio analiza el sistema de seguimiento de referencia en narraciones del wixárika. La lengua dispone de 8 recursos para identificar a las entidades referenciales y sus funciones, de los cuales 6 son comunes a nivel tipológico. Los dos recursos restantes que distinguen al wixárika de otras lenguas yutoaztecas sureñas son los sufijos de seguimiento de referencia y los pronombres posesivos que codifican mismo o diferente sujeto. Además de describir cada uno de estos recursos, se reporta su frecuencia y observaciones preliminares sobre el proceso de gramaticalización de los sufijos de seguimiento de referencia. Estos hallazgos muestran que el wixárika presenta patrones diferentes a los observados en estudios previos.

Abstract This research analyzes the system of reference in narratives from the Wixárika language. The language displays 8 strategies for identifying entities and their functions, 6 of which are common at a typological level, while the remaining two distinguish Wixárika from other Southern Uto-Aztecan languages. These two strategies include the suffixes of referential continuity and possessive pronouns which encode the same or different subject. This research provides a detailed description of these resources, including their frequency and a preliminary observation of the grammaticalization process of the suffixes of referential continuity. Overall, the language exhibits patterns that differ from those observed in previous literature.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the contribution of the program "Sembrando Vida" in alleviating the poverty of male and female farmers using an Actor-Oriented Approach (AOA), to comprehend the program's impact on poverty reduction in Acayucan, Veracruz, Mexico. This analysis takes into consideration aspects such as employment, food self-sufficiency, the reconstruction of social fabric, forest recovery, the potential of territories, and overall well-being. Methodological design: This is an ethnographic study, using in-depth interviews and participant observation of ten farmers in the program over a period of seven months. The analysis of the information was carried out using NVivo software. Results: The program is partially fulfilling the objective to decrease poverty, because farmers still confront productive limitations, social vulnerability, higher investments, and technical-productive difficulties. Research limitations: The scope of the research only corresponds to the actors who participated in the research; therefore, the results cannot be generalized. Comparisons with more communities and with farmers not participating in the program would give a broader picture. Findings: This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of public interventions on development processes. The findings contribute to improving the implementation of the program and to developing future projects that consolidate the medium and long-term goals of the program.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la contribución del programa Sembrando Vida en el alivio de la pobreza de campesinas y campesinos desde un Enfoque Orientado al Actor (EOA), para comprender el impacto del programa en la disminución de la pobreza en Acayucan, Veracruz, México; considerando aspectos como: el empleo, la autosuficiencia alimentaria, la reconstrucción del tejido social, la recuperación forestal, el potencial de territorios y el bienestar. Diseño metodológico: esta investigación cualitativa es de carácter etnográfico, realizando entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante a diez agricultores del programa durante un periodo de siete meses. El análisis de la información se realizó a través del software NVivo. Resultados: el programa está cumpliendo parcialmente con su objetivo de combate a la pobreza, puesto que los campesinos aún enfrentan limitaciones productivas, vulnerabilidad social, mayores inversiones y dificultad técnico-productiva. Limitaciones de la investigación: los alcances de la investigación solo corresponden a los actores que participaron en ella, por lo tanto, los resultados no pueden generalizarse. Comparar con más comunidades y con campesinos no participantes del programa daría una visión más amplia. Hallazgos: se aporta una mayor comprensión del impacto de las intervenciones públicas en los procesos de desarrollo. Lo encontrado suma para la mejora del programa en su aplicación y en el desarrollo de futuros proyectos que consoliden las metas a mediano y largo plazo del programa.

Resumen Se estudia el emprendimiento y la reintegración de personas colombianas que migraron a Venezuela hacia el año 2000 y fueron deportadas a Colombia en 2015 por el gobierno venezolano. Se investiga hasta qué punto sus movilidades espaciales transfronterizas y sus redes sociales contribuyen al avance de sus microemprendimientos, y cómo el contexto geopolítico influye en su reintegración socioeconómica. La metodología comprende la observación etnográfica multisituada, las entrevistas biográficas, los mapas mentales y los talleres participativos Minga realizados con 18 individuos. Se concluye que, pese a su notable resiliencia, las personas en retorno y sus emprendimientos se enfrentan a una precariedad constante debido a la falta de apoyo estatal, los conflictos geopolíticos prevalentes, la débil economía local y el trauma de la deportación. Así mismo, buscando mejorar su reintegración socioeconómica, los migrantes que retornan efectúan estrategias de movilidad transfronteriza para aprovechar las oportunidades ofrecidas por diferentes lugares en Colombia y Venezuela.

Abstract This paper explores the entrepreneurship and reintegration of Colombians who migrated to Venezuela around 2000 and were arbitrarily deported to Colombia in 2015 by the Venezuelan government. It asks to what extent their cross-border spatial mobilities and social networks help develop their microenterprises and how the geopolitical context influences their socioeconomic reintegration. The methodology includes multi-sited ethnographic observation, biographical interviews, mental maps, and participatory Minga workshops carried out with 18 individuals. It is concluded that, despite their remarkable resilience, these individuals and their business ventures face constant precarity due to a lack of state support, prevalent geopolitical conflicts, a weak local economy, and the trauma of deportation. At the same time, in an attempt to improve their socioeconomic reintegration, returning migrants deploy cross-border mobility strategies to take advantage of the opportunities offered by different localities in Colombia and Venezuela.

Resumen Este estudio sobre migración latinoamericana asentada en la ciudad de Tijuana, México, pretende explorar, describir y analizar la influencia de la condición fronteriza en la creación, desarrollo y persistencia de un emergente empresariado étnico y sus respectivos negocios de y para inmigrantes de las periferias mundiales. Para ello, se propone una investigación etnográfica en cinco unidades de observación distribuidas en diversos puntos de la trama urbana fronteriza, pertenecientes a empresarios gastronómicos de tres grupos nacionales: hondureños, salvadoreños y venezolanos. La observación participativa se realiza como comensal y se instrumentan varias técnicas de conversación con los administradores de dichos restaurantes típicos. Finalmente, mediante un análisis interactivo se determina la presencia de sinergias entre los negocios de inmigrantes y la región fronteriza, la cuales facilitan la existencia de estos. El resultado en su conjunto supone un primer acercamiento al fenómeno, inédito en estudios previos en México.

Abstract This study on Latin American migration settled in the city of Tijuana, Mexico, aims to explore, describe and analyze the influence of the border condition in the creation, development and persistence of an emerging ethnic entrepreneurship and its respective businesses of and for immigrants from the global peripheries. To this end an ethnographic research is proposed in five observation units distributed in as various points of the border urban weave, belonging to gastronomic entrepreneurs from three national groups: Hondurans, Salvadorans, and Venezuelans. Participatory observation is carried out as a diner and several conversation techniques are implemented with the managers of these typical restaurants. Finally, through an interactive analysis, the presence of synergies between immigrant businesses and the border region is determined, which facilitate the existence of such businesses. The overall result is a first approach to the phenomenon, unpublished in previous studies in Mexico.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to analyze the female stereotypes represented in the Harry Potter saga. The research is qualitative, using content analysis as a method and observation as a research technique. The results of the re-search showed that the women in the study, although they have a variety of eye and hair colors, are all white-skinned, and the majority only use natural makeup for different occasions. On the other hand, the strength in the female characters is almost non-existent. Finally, the research concludes that the characteristics help encourage the viewer to continue having an ideal woman in mind, and the physical descriptions do not help the identification of different girls in the world with their favorite female characters.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el analizar los estereotipos femeninos representados en la saga Harry Potter. La investigación es cualitativa. Se usa, como método, el análisis de contenido; y como técnica de investigación, la observación. Los resultados de la investigación indicaron que, las mujeres de estudio, aunque tienen variedad de color de ojos y cabello, todas son de piel blanca; incluso la mayoría solo usa el maquillaje natural para diferentes ocasiones. Por otro lado, la fuerza en los personajes femeninos es casi inexistente. Finalmente, la investigación concluye que las características ayudan a incentivar a que el espectador siga teniendo una mujer ideal en mente, y las descripciones físicas no ayudan a la identificación de las diferentes niñas del mundo con sus personajes femeninos favoritos.

Os movimentos de luta por amplificação dos direitos, entre eles o direito à moradia, marcam a transição democrática brasileira dos anos 1980 e têm grande impacto nas relações estabelecidas nas cidades brasileiras, em especial nas grandes metrópoles, onde a questão da moradia é atravessada por uma intensa disputa comercial de especulação imobiliária que precariza as condições de vivência dos ocupantes urbanos e dá luz as disputas daqueles que almejam moradia digna e melhores condições nas cidades. Em vistas disso, o presente artigo busca entender as dinâmicas existentes entre os movimentos sociais por moradia, em especial o MTST em Uberlândia-MG, e os fiéis evangélicos, analisando como o pentecostalismo elabora e reelabora a vivência dos ocupantes nesse espaço. Desde os anos 1990, com a ascensão dos grupos pentecostais nos espaços urbanos, novas dinâmicas sociais emergiram, redefinindo esses lugares que passam a se configurar a partir de outras maneiras e se constroem com e a partir desses novos atores, mas de que forma isso ocorre? Quais interesses estão em jogo? A pesquisa, ainda em andamento, inclui a aplicação de Survey para mapear características dos ocupantes, como renda, saúde, educação e preferências políticas, observação-participante na ocupação durante o ano de 2024 e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas recortando apenas evangélicos. Os dados provisórios revelam que 45% dos ocupantes são evangélicos, 65% dos respondentes não possuem preferência partidária e há uma significativa taxa de não votantes, mesmo em um movimento social ligado a um partido político (PSOL). 

The movements fighting to expand rights, including the right to housing, marked Brazil's democratic transition in the 1980s and had a major impact on the relationships established in Brazilian cities, especially in the large metropolises, where the issue of housing is crossed by an intense commercial dispute over real estate speculation that makes the living conditions of urban occupants precarious and gives rise to disputes among those who want decent housing and better conditions in the cities. In view of this, this article seeks to understand the dynamics between social movements for housing, especially the MTST in Uberlândia-MG, and the evangelical faithful, analyzing how Pentecostalism elaborates and re-elaborates the experience of the occupants in this space. Since the 1990s, with the rise of pentecostal groups in urban spaces, new social dynamics have emerged, redefining these places that are now configured based on other ways and are built with and from these new actors, but how does this happen? What interests are at stake? The research, which is still in progress, includes a survey to map the characteristics of the occupants, such as income, health, education and political preferences, participant observation in the occupation during the year 2024 and semi-structured interviews with only evangelicals. The provisional data shows that 45% of the occupiers are evangelicals, 65% of the respondents have no party preference and there is a significant rate of non-voters, even in a social movement linked to a political party (PSOL).

Neste trabalho, apresento algumas partes da minha dissertação defendida em 2023, onde analiso depoimentos produzidos e compartilhados durante as dinâmicas efetivadas no campo de pesquisa. Realizei observação participante no programa “Território Hip-Hop” da prefeitura de São Paulo – uma iniciativa de política pública conquistada pela militância da cultura Hip-Hop na cidade. Essa imersão permitiu compreender os desenvolvimentos e interações de jovens negros/as e periféricos/as participantes das atividades do programa. Utilizei trechos de rap de artistas como Baco Exu do Blues, Cristal e Djonga para a produção de dados. As músicas foram usadas como provocações, permitindo levantar questões e reflexões, mais do que apenas fornecer respostas definitivas. Organizei um experimento com dois grupos focais e realizei entrevistas semiestruturadas com alguns/as desses/as adolescentes, captando suas perspectivas e conhecimentos situados. Essa abordagem metodológica permitiu uma análise das experiências, das construções de identidades e posicionamentos dos/as jovens, contextualizando suas vivências no cotidiano. Durante a produção e análise dos dados, investiguei as vozes e conhecimentos desses jovens identificados com a cultura Hip-Hop. Busquei compreender os efeitos subjetivos das mensagens de negritude presentes no rap, que descrevem as realidades raciais no Brasil. Desse modo, analisei como essas mensagens influenciam trajetórias e perspectivas de vida, moldando identidades e identificações. As entrevistas e discussões revelaram o rap como uma poderosa ferramenta transformadora que estimula reflexões profundas e transcende a luta contra opressões, sendo um saber realizado pelo corpo e pela voz, representando múltiplas vivências.

In this paper, I present some parts of my dissertation defended in 2023, where I analyze testimonies produced and shared during the dynamics carried out in the research field. I carried out participant observation in the “Território Hip-Hop” program of the city of São Paulo – a public policy initiative achieved by the activism of Hip-Hop culture in the city. This immersion allowed me to understand the dynamics and interactions of young black people and people from the outskirts of the city who participated in the program’s activities. I used rap excerpts from artists such as Baco Exu do Blues, Cristal and Djonga to produce data. The songs were used as provocations, allowing questions and reflections to be raised, rather than just providing definitive answers. I organized an experiment with two focus groups and conducted semi-structured interviews with some of these adolescents, capturing their perspectives and situated knowledge. This methodological approach allowed an analysis of the experiences, identity constructions and positioning of the young people, contextualizing their experiences in everyday life. During the production and analysis of the data, I investigated the voices and knowledge of these young people who identify with Hip-Hop culture. I sought to understand the subjective effects of the messages of blackness present in rap, which describe racial realities in Brazil. In this way, I analyzed how these messages influence life trajectories and perspectives, shaping identities and identifications. The interviews and discussions revealed rap as a powerful transformative tool that stimulates deep reflections and transcends the fight against oppression, being a knowledge carried out by the body and voice, representing multiple experiences.

The objective of this work is to present the preliminary results of a study that aims to investigate the consequences of the implementation of the educational itineraries in the public system on the experience of teaching and learning of faculty and students. To achieve this, we conducted qualitative research with field observation work in a full-time school in Campinas-SP and semistructured interviews with the faculty and students. The interviews were analyzed from the perspective of Content Analysis, which resulted in thematic categories, with the following most frequent themes: strategies, affections, time, university entrance exam, relation to conventional classes and methodology among the faculty; and of affections, relation to conventional classes, university entrance exam and relevance of the teacher among the students. These themes point to the perception of the deepening of inequality brought by the itineraries, to the distancing between the expectations and interests of the school community and the policy and to the centrality of the faculty work in the process of curriculum adaptation.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados preliminares de uma pesquisa que busca investigar as consequências da implementação dos itinerários formativos na rede pública para a experiência de ensino e aprendizagem de docentes e estudantes. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com trabalho de observação de campo em uma escola de tempo integral de Campinas-SP, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas com docentes e estudantes. As entrevistas foram analisadas sob a perspectiva da Análise de Conteúdo que resultou em categorias temáticas, constatando-se a maior frequência dos temas: estratégias, afetos, tempo, vestibular, relação com as disciplinas tradicionais e metodologia entre as docentes; e afetos, relação com as disciplinas tradicionais, vestibular e relevância do professor entre as estudantes. Essas temáticas apontam para a percepção do aprofundamento da desigualdade proporcionada pelos itinerários, para o distanciamento entre as expectativas e interesses da comunidade escolar e a política e para a centralidade do trabalho docente no processo de tradução do currículo.

Resumo Os dispositivos estatais para o governo das águas no Brasil vêm sendo fortemente influenciados pelo discurso do desenvolvimento, tendo como principal instituição multilateral promotora o Banco Mundial, cujas diretrizes convergem para o afastamento das instituições estatais do papel de provedoras dos serviços de água e promovem a perda do controle sobre as águas por populações locais. Neste artigo, analiso a trajetória das políticas governamentais para a gestão das águas no Brasil a partir da instituição da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) à luz da literatura antropológica sobre grandes projetos de desenvolvimento, administração pública e o campo autodenominado de antropologia da água, observando o processo de criação e implementação de dispositivos institucionais que abrem caminho para a transformação da água em uma commodity. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observação participante em avaliação oficial da PNRH e análise de relatórios de projetos do Banco Mundial. desenvolvimento Mundial locais artigo (PNRH commodity

Abstract State devices for water governance in Brazil have been strongly influenced by the development discourse, with the World Bank as the main multilateral institution that promotes it, whose guidelines converge towards the removal of state institutions from the role of providers of water services and promote the loss control over water by local populations. In this article, I analyze the trajectory of government policies for water management in Brazil from the institution of the National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) under the light of anthropological literature on large development projects, public administration and the self-declared field of anthropology of water, observing the process of creation and implementation of institutional devices that pave the way for the transformation of water into a commodity. The research was carried out through participant observation in an official evaluation of the NWRP and analysis of project reports from the World Bank. discourse it populations article (NWRP projects selfdeclared self declared commodity

Abstract The objective of this article is to research the meanings given to gourmet gastronomy in two popular neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, as part of a broader study on processes of commodification and de-stigmatization in urban community tourism projects. The methodology is based on ethnography that includes participant observation and interviews with owners and managers of the gastronomic spaces, visitors, and government officials involved in the promotion of these spaces. The analysis is complemented by the study of press materials and social network publications in order to observe broader implications. In conclusion, although the urban community tourism projects in the neighborhoods studied have developed unevenly, the gastronomic attractions stand out in both proposals. The findings do not offer definitive conclusions on the following issues: 1) the correlation between the growth of these new ventures and 2) the real threats to the revaluation of the spaces where they are located due to the multiplicity of actors involved, the processes of varying duration associated with the socio-spatial imaginaries attributed to popular neighborhoods, and the dynamics of urban cultural consumption.

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es indagar sobre los sentidos otorgados a la gastronomía gourmet en dos barrios populares de Buenos Aires como parte de una investigación más amplia en la que se discuten los procesos de mercantilización y desestigmatización a partir de proyectos de turismo comunitario urbano. El abordaje metodológico se asienta en una perspectiva etnográfica que incluye la observación participante y entrevistas a dueños y referentes de los espacios gastronómicos, a visitantes y al funcionariado del Gobierno involucrados en la difusión de estos espacios. El análisis se complementa con el estudio de material de prensa con publicaciones de las redes sociales, a fin de observar repercusiones más amplias. Como conclusiones se propone que, si bien el desarrollo de proyectos de turismo comunitario urbano en los barrios estudiados se ha implementado de manera dispar, el atractivo gastronómico es algo que se destaca en ambas propuestas. Los hallazgos nos previenen de elaborar conclusiones taxativas sobre los siguientes aspectos: 1) la correlación entre el crecimiento de estos nuevos emprendimientos; y 2) las amenazas reales de recualificación de los espacios donde se emplazan debido a la multiplicidad de actores intervinientes, a los procesos de diversa duración asociados a los imaginarios socioespaciales que se atribuyen a los barrios populares y a las dinámicas propias de los consumos culturales urbanos.

Abstract Despite experiencing significant transformations in recent decades, the municipal markets of Madrid continue to play a crucial role in the supply of fresh food. These markets are regarded as spaces where consumers can acquire high-quality products through proximity and trust. This article presents findings derived from participant observation and interviews with merchants conducted in the central district of Madrid throughout the final months of 2022. The study examines shifts in food consumption patterns during and following the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on the perception of risks, quality, and health associated with food. The obtained results offer valuable insights into trends and processes pertinent to contemporary food consumption. decades highquality high quality trust 2022 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic risks 202 COVID1 1 COVID- 20 2

Resumo Ainda que nas últimas décadas tenham passado por intensas transformações, os mercados municipais de Madrid permanecem tendo papel significativo no abastecimento de alimentos frescos e são considerados espaços em que, através da proximidade e da confiança, podem ser adquiridos produtos de qualidade. A partir de observação participante e de entrevistas junto a comerciantes, realizadas durante os últimos meses de 2022 nos mercados municipais do distrito central da cidade de Madrid, este artigo discute mudanças no consumo alimentar ocorridas durante e após a pandemia de Covid-19. A análise se detém, especialmente, em aspectos associados a percepção de risco, qualidade e saúde relacionados com a alimentação. Os resultados obtidos fornecem pistas para a reflexão sobre tendências e processos pertinentes ao consumo alimentar na contemporaneidade. transformações confiança comerciantes 202 Covid19. Covid19 Covid 19. 19 Covid-19 detém especialmente risco alimentação contemporaneidade 20 Covid1 1 Covid-1 2 Covid-

Resumen: El presente artículo analizó las teorías de aprendizaje prevalentes en las asignaturas de inglés y liderazgo en instituciones de educación tecnológica de la ciudad de Quito, durante el período enero-mayo 2023 a través de la técnica de observación no participante. La metodología cualitativa en la que se apoyó este artículo fue la propuesta de Tranfield y Denyer que hace alusión a la revisión bibliográfica para poder sustentar las diversas teorías de aprendizaje existentes. La información obtenida fue analizada y contrastada desarrollando cuadros de comparación entre teorías de aprendizaje aplicadas en el aula; las mismas que influyen significativamente en el aprendizaje en los estudiantes de educación superior. Una vez observadas las clases y aplicadas las rúbricas, los resultados obtenidos fueron que las teorías más aplicadas han sido la constructivista, cognitivista y conectivista. Esto respondió a los temas abordados y a las actividades desarrolladas por parte de los estudiantes.

Abstract: This article examines the prevalent learning theories in English and Leadership subjects in Higher Education Institutions in Quito, from January to May 2023, through the non-participant observation technique. The qualitative methodology applied is based on the approach proposed by Tranfield and Denyer, which involves a literature review to support through the different existing learning theories. The gathered information was analyzed and compared by creating tables of comparison between the learning theories applied in the classroom, which significantly influence in the learning of higher education students. The results, obtained after observing the classes and applying rubrics, showed that the most frequently applied theories were constructivism, cognitivism, and connectivism. This choice was influenced by the topics covered and the activities carried out by the students.

Resumen: La Formación Profesional (FP) atraviesa un período de reconstrucción tras las altas tasas de fracaso y abandono escolar experimentadas en las últimas décadas. En medio de la crisis educativa que enfrenta la FP, este estudio investigó las raíces del desinterés y la desmotivación en este nivel, atribuidos en gran parte a la apatía y la falta de valores en la sociedad actual. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo que incorpora historias de vida y observación, identificamos la discriminación hacia la FP y la percepción negativa como causas fundamentales. Este análisis exploró cómo la reintegración de valores en el aula podría ser la clave para revitalizar el interés de los estudiantes, puesto que resulta significativo que el alumnado de esta formación no posee una implicación directa en cuanto a los motivos que propician arraigo en su proyección académico-profesional. De esta forma, fue posible analizar la relevante indiferencia que se muestra por hallar respuestas a la realidad educativa vigente, en la que no se produce un desarrollo óptimo para su futuro inmediato. Se resaltó a modo de conclusión, la magnitud de la problemática y la necesidad apremiante de abordarla desde una perspectiva axiológica que posibilite la participación activa del alumnado.

Abstract: Vocational Training (VET) is going through a period of reconstruction after the high rates of school failure and dropout experienced in recent decades. In the midst of the educational crisis facing VET, this study investigates the roots of disinterest and demotivation at this level, largely attributed to apathy and lack of values in today's society. Using a qualitative approach that incorporates life stories and observation, we identify discrimination towards FP and negative perceptions of them as root causes. This analysis explores how the reintegration of values in the classroom could be the key to revitalizing the interest of students, since it is significant that the students of this training do not have a direct involvement in terms of the reasons that foster roots in their academic projection. -professional. In this way, it is possible to analyze the relevant indifference that they show in finding answers to the current educational reality, in which optimal development does not occur for their immediate future. In conclusion, the magnitude of the problem and the pressing need to address it from an axiological perspective is highlighted, which enables the active participation of students.

Abstract In January 2023, the Law for the Institutionalisation of Public Policy Evaluation in the General State Administration came into force in Spain. This law takes an important step by establishing the evaluation of public policies (EPP) as an instrument to improve the effective and efficient use of public resources and to make the decision-making process more transparent. This requires trained personnel to carry out evaluations. The aim of this article is to present how university education in EPP is structured in the public universities of Spain and how the various university degrees linked mainly to Political Science incorporate courses on public policy analysis and evaluation. Based on the observation and analysis of the presence of these courses in universities, this study shows in the development of political science studies, EPP is at an incipient stage, this being a relatively young approach in Spain within the realm of Political Science and partially limited to a few universities. The proportion of academic credits in public policy analysis and evaluation out of the overall volume of courses is marginal. This implies that in terms of the skillset attained at the end of university education and its transfer to the workplace, it vastly depends on certain universities and the completion of their coursework.

Resumen En enero de 2023 entró en vigor en España la Ley de Institucionalización de la Evaluación de Políticas Públicas en la Administración General del Estado. Esta ley da un paso importante al establecer la evaluación de políticas públicas (EPP) como elemento para mejorar el uso eficaz y eficiente de los recursos públicos y dotar de una mayor transparencia al proceso de toma de decisiones. Para ello es necesario contar con personal capacitado para realizar las evaluaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar cómo se estructura la formación universitaria dentro de las universidades públicas españolas en EPP y cómo los diferentes grados universitarios vinculados mayoritariamente a la Ciencia Política introducen la formación en análisis y evaluación de políticas públicas. A partir de la observación y análisis de la presencia de estas formaciones en las universidades, este estudio muestra cómo la EPP se encuentra en una fase bastante incipiente en el desarrollo dentro de los estudios de ciencia política, siendo un enfoque relativamente joven en España dentro de la Ciencia Política y parcialmente limitado a unas cuantas universidades. El volumen de créditos formativos en análisis y evaluación de políticas públicas sobre el total de la formación es marginal. Esto significa que, en términos de competencias alcanzadas al final de la formación universitaria y de la transferencia de esos aprendizajes al puesto de trabajo, depende de la realización de la formación universitaria en determinadas universidades.