RESUMEN: Las mariposas son indicadores del bienestar ambiental de los bosques y también, símbolo de belleza, colorido y emociones en los seres humanos. El conocimiento de este grupo en el área es parcial, razón por lo cual se desarrolló el estudio, desde mayo del 2020 hasta abril del 2021 en siete sectores del valle de Zarumilla, Tumbes, Perú. El objetivo fue evaluar la diversidad de mariposas a nivel de familias, utilizando los índices de Shannon (H) y Simpson (ʎ), su abundancia relativa y riqueza de especies en cada sector. Las evaluaciones fueron quincenales usando red entomológica y trampas Van Someren - Rydon y como cebo atrayente una mezcla de frutas, chicha de jora y melaza o azúcar en proporciones de 70, 20 y 10%; además de cebos a base de pescado en descomposición. Los ejemplares recolectados se depositaron en sobres de papel para su montaje e identificación. Se recolectó un total de 323 ejemplares distribuidos en seis familias: Nymphalidae (39,13%), Hesperiidae (27,54%), Pieridae (15,94%), Lycaenidae (10,14%), Papilionidae (2,90%) y Riodinidae (4,35%). Se obtuvo una riqueza de 69 especies distribuidas en: Hesperiidae (19), Lycaenidae (7), Nymphalidae (27), Papilionidae (2), Pieridae (11) y Riodinidae (3). Según el índice de Shannon (H), la mayor diversidad se encontró en el sector Uña de Gato. El índice de diversidad de Simpson (ʎ) fue alto en los sectores de Matapalo, Uña de Gato, Papayal, Lechugal, Manglares y La Coja.

ABSTRACT: Butterflies are indicators of the environmental well-being of forests and a symbol of beauty, color and emotions in human beings. The knowledge of this group in the area is partial, which is why the study was carried out from May 2020 to April 2021 in seven sectors of the Zarumilla Valley, Tumbes, Peru. The objective was to evaluate the diversity of butterflies at the family level, using the Shannon (H) and Simpson (ʎ) indices, their relative abundance and species richness in each sector. The evaluations were biweekly using entomological nets and Van Someren - Rydon traps and as an attractive bait a mixture of fruits, chicha de jora and molasses or sugar in proportions of 70, 20 and 10%; in addition to baits based on decomposing fish. The collected specimens were placed in paper envelopes for assembly and identification. A total of 323 specimens were collected distributed in six families: Nymphalidae (39.13%), Hesperiidae (27.54%), Pieridae (15.94%), Lycaenidae (10.14%), Papilionidae (2.90%) and Riodinidae (4.35%). A richness of 69 species was obtained distributed in: Hesperiidae (19), Lycaenidae (7), Nymphalidae (27), Papilionidae (2), Pieridae (11) and Riodinidae (3). According to the Shannon index (H), the greatest diversity was found in the Uña de Gato sector. The Simpson diversity index (ʎ) was high in the sectors of Matapalo, Uña de Gato, Papayal, Lechugal, Manglares and La Coja.

ABSTRACT The present paper describes the immature stages of the Neotropical satyrine butterfly Euptychia boulleti (Le Cerf, 1919) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Eggs were laid singly on the under surface of the fronds of its host plant, Selaginella muscosa Spring (Lycopodiopsida: Selaginellaceae). Larvae are solitary in all instars, with a color pattern and shape that make them cryptic on their host plants. The pupa is short and smooth, green with black and white markings. Although the adults are very divergent in wing pattern, the immature stages are very similar to those of other species in the genus Euptychia Hübner, 1818. The present study added over 20 more records of E. boulleti, adding two additional sites for this species. Based on all available records, the EOO (extent of occurrence) has an increase of 13% and AOO (area of occupancy) an increase of 20% compared to previous estimates. Identifying additional E. boulleti populations could be important for conservation efforts of this species, especially if these are in fully protected areas. Le Cerf 1919 Forest plant Lycopodiopsida (Lycopodiopsida Selaginellaceae. Selaginellaceae . Selaginellaceae) instars plants smooth markings Hübner 1818 2 E extent occurrence 13 area occupancy estimates areas 191 181 1 19 18

RESUMO (Borboletas e mariposas (Lepidoptera) da Ilha do Cardoso, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). O presente trabalho apresenta uma lista preliminar das espécies de borboletas e mariposas (Lepidoptera) da Ilha do Cardoso, no Município de Cananéia, no sul do Estado de São Paulo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista conta com 245 espécies de borboletas registradas, sendo 118 Hesperiidae, 78 Nymphalidae, 19 Lycaenidae, 17 Riodinidae, 9 Pieridae e 4 Papilionidae. Além dessas, 15 espécies de mariposas diurnas foram registradas até o momento. Baseado em comparações com listas de localidades próximas, a lista pode passar das 500 espécies de borboletas com um maior esforço amostral. Mesmo com uma lista relativamente preliminar, com base em alguns subgrupos mais bem amostrados, a região da Ilha do Cardoso mostra uma fauna típica da região costeira entre os Estados de São Paulo e Santa Catarina. Levando-se em conta que a diversidade de borboletas e mariposas deve ser espelhada por outros grupos de insetos, vertebrados e plantas, a Ilha do Cardoso tem enorme importância na preservação da biodiversidade da região sul do Estado de São Paulo. Borboletas Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Brasil . Brasil) Cananéia 24 11 Hesperiidae 7 Nymphalidae 1 Lycaenidae Riodinidae Papilionidae dessas momento próximas 50 amostral amostrados Catarina Levandose Levando se insetos plantas 2 5

ABSTRACT (Butterfly and moths (Lepidoptera) from Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo State, Brazil). The present paper presents a preliminary list of species of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) from the Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia Municipality, in the south of the State of São Paulo, SE Brazil. The list has 245 recorded butterfly species, 118 Hesperiidae, 78 Nymphalidae, 19 Lycaenidae, 17 Riodinidae, 9 Pieridae and 4 Papilionidae. In addition to these, 15 species of diurnal moths have been recorded so far. Based on comparisons with lists from nearby locations, the list could exceed 500 butterfly species with greater sampling effort. Even with a relatively preliminary list, based on some better-sampled subgroups, the Cardoso Island region shows a fauna typical of the coastal region between the States of São Paulo and Santa Catarina. Taking into account that the diversity of butterflies and moths must be mirrored by other groups of insects, vertebrates, and plants, the “Ilha do Cardoso” has enormous importance in preserving the biodiversity of the southern region of São Paulo State. Butterfly Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Brazil . Brazil) Municipality 24 11 Hesperiidae 7 Nymphalidae 1 Lycaenidae Riodinidae Papilionidae these far locations 50 effort bettersampled better sampled subgroups Catarina insects vertebrates plants 2 5

Resumen El presente artículo reporta el redescubrimiento para Colombia de dos raras especies de ninfálidos charaxinos: Zaretis syene (Hewitson, 1856) y Anaeomorpha splendida splendida Rothschild, 1984. De esta última se divulga por primera su fotografía en vivo en su medio natural, que no se conocía. Se suministran además algunos datos de distribución y ecología para las dos especies.

Abstract This article reports the rediscovery for Colombia of two rare species of charaxine nymphalids: Zaretis syene (Hewitson, 1856) and Anaeomorpha splendida splendida Rothschild, 1984. Live photography of the latter in its natural environment is published for the first time, which is not knew. Some distribution and ecology data for the two species are also provided.

Abstract Iguaçu National Park is the second largest (1852.62 km²) protected area in the Atlantic Forest domain and harbors the largest area of semideciduous seasonal forest in Brazil. In this study, we present 795 subspecies and 787 species of butterflies that occur in this protected area and its surrounding areas, collected over 15 years and ten months using different non-standardized sampling methods. We also searched for additional records in the literature, entomological collections, and citizen science platforms on the internet. Among the sampled taxa, six are recorded for the first time in Brazil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae), and Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Another six are listed as endangered in lists of butterflies of conservation concern. The records for some species significantly increase previously documented distributions.

Resumo O Parque Nacional do Iguaçu é a segunda maior Unidade de Conservação (1.852,62 km²) no domínio Mata Atlântica, abrigando a maior área de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua no Brasil. Neste estudo apresentamos uma lista com 795 subespécies e 787 espécies de borboletas que ocorrem nesta Unidade de Conservação e seus arredores, coligida ao longo de 15 anos e dez meses através do uso de diferentes métodos de amostragem não padronizados. Nós também procuramos por registros adicionais na literatura, coleções entomológicas e plataformas de ciência cidadã na internet. Dentre os táxons amostrados, seis são registrados pela primeira vez para o Brasil: Emesis orichalceus Stichel, 1916, Theope p. pakitza Hall & Harvey, 1998 (Riodinidae), Elbella v. viriditas (Skinner, 1920), Apaustus gracilis ssp. n. (Hesperiidae), Deltaya sp. n. (Nymphalidae) e Symbiopsis sp. n. (Lycaenidae). Outras seis espécies são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção em listas de borboletas de interesse para a conservação. Os registros de algumas espécies aumentam significativamente as suas distribuições previamente documentadas.

ABSTRACT Larvae of the Indian red admiral butterfly, Vanessa indica (Herbst, 1794), fold the leaves of the host plants along the midvein to construct shelters. Usually, one leaf is used for every shelter, although more than one leaf are sometimes used. To determine the conditions under which larvae use more than one leaf to construct a shelter, a field investigation of the larval shelters was conducted. Early instar larvae used multiple leaves in a shelter when a larger leaf served as the main leaf. In comparison, in later instars used multiple leaves when a smaller leaf served as the main leaf. When an early instar larva uses a large, tough leaf, it may not be able to fold it sufficiently and there may be gaps in the surface of the shelter. In such a case, a larva in the early instar may add nearby leaves to cover the gaps, so that the shelter has more than one leaf. Because later instar larvae can fold a leaf tightly, their shelters have no gaps. When later instar larvae use a small leaf, multiple leaves will be needed to expand the shelters within which they hide and feed.

Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot.

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque.

Resumen Se determinan las relaciones biogeográficas entre áreas aisladas de bosque tropical húmedo de México a partir de sus faunas de mariposas. Los análisis se hicieron a partir de los registros de 676 especies pertenecientes a las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Nymphalidae en unidades geográficas de Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí y Campeche, mediante el uso de algoritmos de parsimonia y similitud. Ambos métodos corroboraron que las unidades mejor estudiadas forman un grupo consistente: Sierra de Juárez-Los Tuxtlas-Chajul-Huichihuayán, mientras que Soconusco representa el área más diferenciada.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the biogeographical relationships between isolated areas of tropical rainforests in Mexico from their butterfly faunas. The analysis were made from the records of 676 species belonging to the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae in 12 geographic units in Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Campeche, through the use of parsimony and similarity algorithms. Both methods corroborated that the best studied units form a consistent group: Sierra de Juárez–Los Tuxtlas–Chajul–Huichihuayán, while Soconusco represents the most differentiated area.

Resumen Los estudios poblacionales de mariposas en el Caribe colombiano son escasos, razón por la cual se analizó la estructura poblacional y el desplazamiento de Hamadryas Hübner (1806) en diferentes usos del suelo en un paisaje fragmentado en los Montes de María, San Jacinto, Bolívar. Se realizaron 6 muestreos entre marzo y junio de 2018. En el área de estudio se ubicaron 7 estaciones donde se colocaron 5 trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con mezcla de fruta fermentada. Mediante el método de captura-marcaje-recaptura, se registraron 541 individuos del género Hamadryas (312 machos - 229 hembras). La especie más abundante fue H. feronia (Linnaeus, 1758) con 291 individuos registrados y la menos frecuente H. amphinome (Linnaeus, 1767) con 33 registros. Las proporciones sexuales variaron, aunque el número de machos siempre fue mayor y las hembras experimentaron una mayor distancia de desplazamiento. La estructura de edades y las recapturas mostraron un pico de emergencia de imagos entre abril-junio. Por último, la variación de la abundancia de Hamadryas se asocia, principalmente, con la cobertura del dosel, indicando que este factor juega un papel determinante en la dinámica poblacional de este grupo de mariposas.

Abstract Population studies about butterflies in the Colombian Caribbean are scarce, which is why we analyzed the variation in the population structure and displacement of Hamadryas in different land uses in a fragmented landscape in Montes de María, San Jacinto, Bolívar. Six samplings were conducted between March and June, 2018. Seven sampling stations were located in the study area where 5 Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with fermented fruit mix were placed in each station. Using the capture-mark-recapture method, 541 individuals of the genus Hamadryas were recorded (including 312 males and 229 females). The most abundant species was H. feronia with 291 individuals recorded and the least frequent was H. amphinome with 33 individuals records. Sex ratios varied, although the number of males was always greater and the females experienced greater travel distance. The age structure and recapture showed a peak of imagos emergence for these butterflies between April-June. Finally, the variation in the abundance of Hamadryas is mainly associated with variables such as canopy cover, indicating that this factor plays a determining role in the population dynamics of this group of butterflies.

Resumen Se realizó un inventario de las mariposas de Isla Grande, la isla más extensa del Archipiélago Islas del Rosario (Cartagena de Indias) en el mar Caribe colombiano, a partir de muestreos realizados entre agosto y noviembre de 2017, empleando redes entomológicas y trampas Van Someren-Rydon en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical, donde se ubicaron 13 transectos de 100 m x 10 m. Se registró un total de 129 individuos distribuidos en seis familias, 14 subfamilias y 25 especies. La presencia de Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) se confirma para el Caribe colombiano. La familia Nymphalidae fue la más representativa, por el contrario, las familias Lycaenidae, Riodinidae y Papilionidae presentaron la menor representatividad. Las especies se clasificaron a partir del número de individuos capturados, registrándose cinco especies abundantes, cuatro comunes, tres escasas y 13 raras. Se considera que la realización de muestreos en época seca y de transición permitirá ampliar el número de especies registradas para la isla. Estos resultados constituyen el primer listado de las mariposas de Isla Grande, información que constituye una línea de referencia para posteriores estudios.

Abstract An inventory of the butterflies of Isla Grande, the largest island in the Islas del Rosario Archipelago (Cartagena de Indias) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, was developed based on samplings carried out between August and November 2017 using entomological nets and Van Someren-Rydon traps in fragments of tropical dry forest, where 13 transects of 100 m x 10 m were located. A total of 129 individuals distributed in six families, 14 subfamilies and 25 species were recorded. The presence of Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) is confirmed for the Colombian Caribbean. The Nymphalidae family was the most representative. On the contrary, the Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Papilionidae families presented the least representativeness. The species were classified based on the number of individuals captured, registering five abundant species, four common species, three scarce and 13 rare. It is considered that carrying out samplings in the dry and transitional season will allow expanding the number of species recorded for the island. These results constitute the first list of the butterflies of Isla Grande, information that constitutes a reference line for further studies.

Resumen Objetivo: reportar las mariposas de la tribu Morphini de la Colección de Entomología del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Cauca (Popayán, Colombia). Alcance: publicar un listado de especies, y realizar análisis museológicos, biológicos y de historia natural sobre la tribu Morphini del MHN-Unicauca. Metodología: se revisó la Colección de Entomología del MHN-Unicauca para identificar las especies de la tribu Morphini y realizar análisis descriptivos sobre temas museológicos y un análisis de la calidad del inventario encontrado. Resultados: se examinaron 117 especímenes de mariposas de la tribu Morphini del MHN-Unicauca (Popayán, Colombia), pertenecientes a tres especies del género Antirrhea Hübner [1822], una especie de Caerois Hübner [1819] y siete especies (12 subespecies) de Morpho Fabricius [1807]. Conclusiones: los 117 ejemplares examinados pertenecen 16 subespecies, siendo la más abundante M. helenor rugitaeniatus con 39 especímenes. Sin embargo, los análisis estadísticos indican que para la zona, potencialmente se pueden encontrar 39,08 subespecies, lo que se explicaría por la gran complejidad del área de influencia del MHN-Unicauca. Este análisis permite ubicar a la tribu Morphini como un grupo de gran potencial de estudio.

Abstract Objective: To report the butterflies of the Morphini tribe in the Entomology Collection of the Natural History Museum of Universidad de Cauca (MHN-Unicauca) (Popayan, Colombia). Scope: To publish a list of species, and carry out museological, biological and natural history analyses about the tribe Morphini in the Entomological Collection of MHN-Unicauca. Methodology: The Entomological Collection of MHN-Unicauca was reviewed to identify the species of the Morphini tribe and to carry out descriptive analyses on museological themes and an analysis of the quality of the inventory found. Main results: A total of 117 specimens of butterflies of the Morphini tribe of the Entomology Collection of MHN-Unicauca (Popayan, Colombia), belonging to three species of the genera Antirrhea Hübner, [1822], one species of Caerois Hübner, [1819] and seven species (12 subspecies) of Morpho Fabricius [1807], were examined. Conclusions: The 117 specimens examined belonged to 16 subspecies, the most abundant being M. helenor rugitaeniatus with 39 specimens. However, statistical analyses indicate that possibly 39.08 subspecies can be found for the area which would be explained by the great complexity of the area of influence of the MHN-Unicauca. This analysis allows defining the Morphini tribe as a group with great study potential.

RESUMEN Colombia, con 3642 especies de mariposas, es uno de los países que más riqueza de estos organismos expresa a nivel mundial, sin embargo, en regiones con una alta tasa de transformación del paisaje y de fragmentación del hábitat como la Orinoquía, el estudio de estos insectos se ha enfocado en inventarios locales. Este trabajo aporta una primera lista de especies de mariposas en la Orinoquía Colombiana para las familias: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae y Lycaenidae. Con el fin de visualizar a la Orinoquía como una región más allá de las llanuras y para evitar sobreestimación causada por la inclusión de taxones andinos, la biorregión fue dividida en cinco subregiones. A partir de esto, se revisó el material depositado en seis colecciones, literatura asociada y se realizaron salidas de campo. Se obtuvieron 7828 registros correspondientes a 1115 especies desde el año 1941 hasta el 2018, albergando el 30,61 % de la riqueza estimada para el país y próxima a la dada en regiones como la Amazonia con 1088 especies y el Chocó-Darién con 970. Nymphalidae es la familia más rica con 389 especies y el Piedemonte es la subregión con más especies con 829. Este trabajo visualiza a la Orinoquía como una región diversa en mariposas y es un importante aporte al conocimiento de la riqueza de estos insectos en Colombia para la creación de estrategias de conservación y gestión de su conocimiento en esta región.

ABSTRACT Colombia, with 3642 species of butterflies, is one of the countries with the greatest richness of these organisms worldwide, however, in regions with a high rate of landscape transformation and habitat fragmentation such as the Orinoquia, the study of these insects focuses on local lists, whence this work provides a first list of butterfly species in the Colombian Orinoquia for the families: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, and Lycaenidae. In order to visualize the Orinoquia as a region beyond the plains and to avoid overestimation from the inclusion of Andean taxa, the bioregion was divided into five subregions. Based on this, material deposited in six collections was reviewed, field trips were made, and associated literature was reviewed. A total of 7828 records were obtained corresponding to 1115 species registered from 1941 to 2018, housing 30.61 % of the estimated richness for the country and close to regions such as the Amazon with 1088 species and the Chocó-Darién with 970 species. Nymphalidae was the most representative family with 389 species and the Foothills was the richest subregion with 829 species. This work visualizes the Orinoquia as a diverse region in butterflies and is an important contribution to the knowledge about the richness of butterflies in Colombia, and it is an input for the creation of conservation strategies and knowledge management in this region.

Abstract Introduction: The Loxicha Region of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been historically important for the study of Nymphalidae, second in the Papilionoidea for species richness. Describing the diversity patterns of this butterfly clade in Loxicha can improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Mexican Pacific slope, and Mexico in general. Objective: To describe the temporal and spatial patterns of Nymphalidae diversity along an elevational gradient (80-2 600 m), and to compare Loxicha's fauna with other regions in Mexico. Methods: We obtained 28 756 records from 21 sites in the Loxicha Region, representing seven years of sampling. We estimate and analyze the diversity, endemism, and distributional patterns for three elevational levels and five vegetation types. We estimated species composition and similarity with other regions of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. Results: We identified 189 taxa, including species and subspecies, from 85 genera and ten subfamilies of Nymphalidae. Loxicha contains 46 % of the species in the family recognized for Mexico, including ten endemic species and 56 endemic subspecies. Cloud forest and low elevations were the most diverse habitats for this family. There is a clear divergence between the Atlantic and Pacific faunas, and the Sierra Madre del Sur has two faunal components. High-elevation sites in Oaxaca, and in the neighboring state of Guerrero, have a distinctive fauna, apparently isolated from low-elevation sites, revealing an archipelagic distribution for cloud forest Nymphalidae. Conclusions: The Loxicha Region is one of the richest areas for Nymphalidae in Mexico. Distribution on the Pacific slope is determined by geographical history and ecological conditions, including elevation. Nymphalidae can be used to test hypotheses of biogeographic regionalization in Mexico.