ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to propose a model for the design of work environments in the SMEs Bogotá Metropolitan Area, taking as a guide the methodology of Kansei Engineering, with the support of instruments such as the survey and the semantic differential test, the neural networks (multilayer perceptron) for its validation. A questionnaire is elaborated with the support of experts, and a pilot test is carried out to improve and evaluate the relevance of the questions. Using the SPSS Software, the statistical analysis was performed, applying the normality tests, performing Spearman correlations, principal component analysis, and linear regression to the resulting equations to understand the relationships between the studied perceptions and the work environment in general. Subsequently the multilayer perceptron was used as a neural network model to validate the relationships between the proposed variables and perceptions, allowing at the same time to determine the importance of the emotional dimensions in the design of work environments, from which it was possible to conclude that the application of Kansei Engineering for the design of work environments is possible.

RESUMEN El propósito de esta investigación es proponer un modelo para el diseño de ambientes laborales en las Pymes Bogotá Área - Metropolitana tomando como guía la metodología de la Ingeniera Kansei, con el apoyo de instrumentos como la encuesta y la prueba de diferencial semántico, las redes neuronales (perceptrón multicapa) para su validación. Se elabora un cuestionario con cuestionario con el apoyo de expertos, al que se le realiza una prueba piloto para mejorar y evaluar la pertinencia de las preguntas. Haciendo uso del Software SPSS se realizó el análisis estadístico, aplicando las pruebas de normalidad, realizando correlaciones de Spearman, análisis de componentes principales, regresión lineal a las ecuaciones resultantes para entender las relaciones entre las percepciones estudiadas y el ambiente laboral en general. Posteriormente, hizo uso del perceptrón multicapa como modelo de redes neuronales para validar las relaciones entre las variables y percepciones propuestas permitiendo a su vez determinar la importancia de las dimensiones emocionales en el diseño de ambientes laborales, a partir de lo cual se pudo concluir que es posible la aplicación de la Ingeniería Kansei para el diseño de ambientes laborales.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um modelo para o projeto de ambientes de trabalho em PMEs da Região Metropolitana de Bogotá, usando a metodologia da Engenharia Kansei como guia, com o apoio de instrumentos como a pesquisa e o teste de diferencial semântico, e redes neurais (perceptron multicamadas) para validação. É elaborado um questionário com o apoio de especialistas, que é testado como piloto para melhorar e avaliar a relevância das perguntas. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software SPSS, aplicando testes de normalidade, correlações de Spearman, análise de componentes principais e regressão linear às equações resultantes para entender as relações entre as percepções estudadas e o ambiente de trabalho em geral. Posteriormente, utilizou-se o perceptron de múltiplas camadas como modelo de rede neural para validar as relações entre as variáveis e as percepções propostas, permitindo, por sua vez, determinar a importância das dimensões emocionais no projeto de ambientes de trabalho, a partir do qual foi possível concluir que é possível aplicar a Engenharia Kansei ao projeto de ambientes de trabalho.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between usability and satisfaction in university students using ChatGPT. Since its launch, the use of ChatGPT by university students has increased significantly in most universities around the world. This software can generate answers to any type of question, emulating the experience of interacting with a real person. A survey with Likert-type questions is applied to 250 university students and a covariance-based structural equation model is constructed. The results show and adjusted model with factor loadings and an acceptable Cronbach's Alpha (usability α=0.80 and satisfaction α=0.85), CFI=0.921 and RMSA=0.0112. The p-value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test is 0.0245. In conclusion, the results of the model allowed accepting the research hypothesis-there is a positive and direct relationship between usability and satisfaction.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre usabilidad y satisfacción en estudiantes universitarios que utilizan ChatGPT. Desde su lanzamiento, el uso de ChatGPT por parte de estudiantes universitarios se ha incrementado notablemente en la mayoría de universidades del mundo. Este software puede generar respuestas a cualquier tipo de pregunta, emulando la experiencia de estar interactuando con una persona real. Se aplica una encuesta con preguntas tipo Likert a 250 estudiantes universitarios y se construye un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales basado en covarianzas. Los resultados muestran un modelo ajustado con cargas factoriales y un Alfa de Cronbach aceptable (usabilidad α=0.80 y satisfacción α=0.85), CFI=0.921 y RMSA=0.0112. El valor p de la prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov es de 0.0245. En conclusión, los resultados del modelo permiten aceptar la hipótesis de investigación, existe una relación positiva y directa entre usabilidad y satisfacción.

Abstract The natural durability of wood is defined as its intrinsic ability to resist degradation caused by biotic and abiotic factors. There are few records of natural wood durability in Mexico; in this study, it was determined based on the degradation of the wood of six commercial species: Pinus durangensis, P. strobiformis, P. cooperi, Juniperus deppeana, Quercus sideroxyla, and Alnus acuminata, in addition to Fagus sylvatica as the control. Test specimens were placed in contact with soil for 12 months at the Mineral de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria Ecological Reserve of in Cósala, Sinaloa, and at the Las Bayas property in the state of Durango. Five specimens of each species were buried at 50 % of their length and analyzed following the UNE-EN 252:2015 European standard for determining degradation in wood, and UNE-EN 350:2016 for estimating durability. Due to the absence of normality (p<0.05) in the degradation data, the Kruskall-Wallis nonparametric test was used to determine statistical differences between species, locality, and puncture area. Statistical analysis was performed in the R-Studio program. According to UNE-EN 252:2015 and UNE-EN 350:2016, J. deppeana was the most durable wood classified as Class 1; Q. sideroxyla, P. strobiformis, P. durangensis and F. sylvatica (control) were Class 2 timbers, with slight damage; and A. acuminata and P. cooperi were classified as Class 3, with evident degradation. It is concluded that J. deppeana has the most durable wood.

Resumen La durabilidad natural de la madera se define como la capacidad intrínseca que tiene para resistir la degradación ocasionada por factores bióticos y abióticos. Existen pocos registros de la durabilidad natural de la madera en México; en este estudio se determinó con base en la degradación de la madera de seis especies comerciales: Pinus durangensis, P. strobiformis, P. cooperi, Juniperus deppeana, Quercus sideroxyla y Alnus acuminata, además de Fagus sylvatica como testigo. Se usaron probetas colocadas en contacto con el suelo por 12 meses en dos localidades: la Reserva Ecológica del Mineral de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria en Cósala, Sinaloa, y el predio Las Bayas, Durango. Cinco probetas de cada especie se enterraron a 50 % de su longitud y se analizaron siguiendo la norma europea UNE-EN 252:2015 que determina la degradación en la madera, y la UNE-EN 350:2016 para la durabilidad. Debido a la ausencia de normalidad (p<0.05) en los datos de degradación, se usó la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskall-Wallis para determinar diferencias estadísticas entre especies, localidad y área de punzado. El análisis estadístico se realizó en el programa R-Studio. De acuerdo con las normas UNE-EN 252:2015 y UNE-EN 350:2016, J. deppeana fue la madera más durable clasificada como Clase 1; Q. sideroxyla, P. strobiformis, P. durangensis y F. sylvatica (control), fueron maderas Clase 2, con ligero daño; A. acuminata y P. cooperi clasificaron como Clase 3, con evidente degradación. Se concluye que J. deppeana presenta la madera más durable.

Resumen: El pasado curso escolar 2019-2020 vivió una situación de confinamiento que obligó a la observancia de una educación online. Esto tuvo varias repercusiones como afectación del alumnado que venía arrastrando alguna dificultad previa (Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, 2020); imposibilidad de acceso a herramientas tecnológicas para el desempeño educativo diario; incertidumbre sobre cuándo y cómo debía llevarse a cabo la vuelta a la normalidad; regreso a la presencialidad, entre otros. Esto provocó que los docentes manifestaran no sólo la incertidumbre en el ejercicio de su docencia, sino también se viesen hastiados por cambios que no han servido para mejorar su situación profesional, requiriendo sacrificios a nivel personal. Un estudio encaminado a analizar la particular situación educativa en la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia (España), puso de manifiesto el hartazgo de la clase docente. Esto, con total independencia de la tipología del centro escolar al que pertenecían: público, privado o concertado. La necesidad de realizar varios procesos de muestreo-participación, para obtener la muestra requerida por el estudio, dada su relevancia, fue lo que motivó el análisis sobre las razones que llevan al colectivo de docentes a no participar determinando, a través de un indicador, el grado de hastío de estos.

Abstract: The past school year 2019-2020 has experienced a situation of school confinement, which forced the observance of an online education, with certain repercussions: affectation on students who had been dragging some previous difficulty (OEI), impossibility of access to technological tools for daily educational performance, uncertainty about when and how the return to normality should take place, i.e., return to face-to-face. This caused teachers to express not only uncertainty in the exercise of their teaching, but also to see themselves jaded by changes that have not served to improve their professional situation, requiring sacrifices on a personal level. A study carried out aimed at analyzing the particular educational situation in the Autonomous Community of Galicia (Spain), has revealed the weariness of the teaching class, with complete independence of the type of school to which they are attached: public, private or concerted. The need to carry out various sampling-participation processes, to obtain the sample required by the study, given its relevance, was what motivated the analysis of what leads the group of teachers not to participate, determining, through an indicator, the degree of boredom with them.

Abstract Unsupervised learning techniques are employed to study the relationship between atmospheric circulation and precipitation over Central America and its surrounding areas. Specifically, the clustering algorithm k-means++ is applied to three coarse-grained datasets from ERA-interim reanalysis that are the candidates for representing the atmospheric state vector, each candidate contains its full temporal variability. Datasets are composed of: a) wind fields at 925, 800 and 200 hPa, b) same as “a)” plus convective available potential energy and c) same as “a)” plus total column water vapor. Clustering metrics, namely the variance ratio criterion, the silhouette criterion and the mean squared error, are computed to quantify clustering quality. Clusters are interpreted as weather types, recurrent configurations of the atmospheric state vector associated with observable weather states. The correct number of clusters for each dataset is determined with a Monte Carlo test of normality, to assure cluster existence. The main objective is to obtain a set of weather types containing elements that characterize the transition from and to the rainy season over the Pacific side of Central America as well as other elements of the seasonal cycle of regional precipitation, such as the Mid-Summer Drought. Besides the statistical metrics, in order to select between candidate datasets and plausible number of clusters, focus is given to the temporal characteristics of the clusters. Existing literature does not provide a set of weather types suitable to analyze seasonal transitions and the differences in the mechanisms associated with rainfall maxima.

Resumen Técnicas de aprendizaje no supervisado se emplean para estudiar la relación entre la circulación atmosférica y la precipitación sobre América Central y sus áreas circundantes. Específicamente, el algoritmo de agrupamiento k-means++ se aplica a tres conjuntos de datos de baja resolución del reanálisis ERA interim, estos son candidatos a representar el vector de estado atmosférico y cada uno contiene su variabilidad temporal completa. Los conjuntos de datos probados son: a) campos de viento a 925, 800 y 200 hPa, b) lo mismo que “a)” más la energía potencial convectiva disponible y c) lo mismo que “a)” más el vapor de agua en la columna total. Se calculan métricas de agrupamiento, a saber, el criterio de relación de varianza, el criterio de silueta y el error cuadrático medio, para cuantificar la calidad del agrupamiento. Los grupos se interpretan como weather types, configuraciones recurrentes del vector de estado atmosférico asociadas con estados observables del tiempo atmosférico. El número correcto de grupos para cada conjunto de datos se determina con una prueba de normalidad de Monte Carlo para asegurar la existencia de grupos reales. El objetivo principal es obtener un conjunto de weather types que contengan elementos que caractericen la transición de y hacia la temporada de lluvias en la vertiente del Pacífico de América Central, así como otros elementos del ciclo estacional de precipitación regional, como las canículas. Además de las métricas estadísticas, para seleccionar entre conjuntos de datos y un número plausible de grupos, se presta atención a las características temporales de los grupos. La literatura existente no proporciona un conjunto de weather types adecuado para analizar transiciones estacionales y las diferencias en los mecanismos asociados con los máximos estacionales de lluvia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The superiority of the functional results of robot-assisted radical prostatectomyis still controversial. Despite this, it is known that minimally invasive surgery obtains better results when analyzing blood loss, blood transfusion and length of stay, for example. Several studies have analyzed the impact of the resident physician's involvement on the results of urological surgeries. The simple learning curve for robot-assisted radical prostate surgery is estimated to be around 10 to 12 cases. Learning curve data for robotic surgeons is heterogeneous, making it difficult to analyze. Rare studies compare the results of a radical prostatectomy of an inexperienced surgeon starting his training in open surgery, with the results of the same surgeon, a few years later, starting training in robotic surgery. Objective: to analyze the results of open radical prostatectomy surgeries (ORP) performed by urology residents, comparing them to the results of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), performed by these same surgeons, after completing their training in urology. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of the cases of only 3 surgeons was performed. 50 patients underwent ORP (group A). The surgeons who operated on the ORP patients were in the 3rd and final year of the urology residency program and beginners in ORP surgery, but with at least 4 years of experience in open surgery. The same surgeons, already trained urologists, began their training in robotic surgery and performed 56 RARP surgeries (group B). For the comparative analysis, data were collected on age, number of lymph nodes removed, surgery time, hospitalization time, drain volume, drain permanence time, indwelling bladdercateter (IBC) permanence time, positive surgical margin, biochemical recurrence, risk classification (ISUP), intra and postoperative complications, urinary incontinence (UI) and erectile dysfunction (ED). The console used was the Da Vinci Si, from Intuitive®. For statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test verified that the data did not follow normality, the Levene test guaranteed homogeneity, and the Mann-Whitney test performed the comparative analysis of the quantitative data. For the analysis of qualitative data, the Chi-square test was used for nominal variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for ordinal variables. Additionally, the Friedman test analyzed whether there was an improvement in the perception of UI or ED over the months, for each group individually (without comparing them), and the post-hoc Durbin-Conover test, for the results with statistically significant difference. We used a p-value < 0.05, and the Jamovi® program (Version 2.0). Results: there was no statistically significant difference between the groups for age, number of lymph nodes removed, positive surgical margin, biochemical recurrence, risk classification and urinary incontinence. Additionally, we observed that the surgical time was longer in group B. On the other hand, the length of stay, drain volume, drain time, IBC time, complication rate and levels of erectile dysfunction in the third and sixth months were higher in group A, when compared to group B. We also observed that there was no evolutionary improvement in ED over the months in both groups, and that there was a perception of improvement in UI from the 1st to the 3rd month in group A, and from the 1st to the 6th month, and from the 3rd to the 12th month, in group B. Conclusion: the learning curve of RARP is equivalent to the curve of ORP. In general, the results for the robotic group were better, however, the functional results were similar between the groups, with a slight tendency of advantage for the robotic arm. Introduction robotassisted robot assisted controversial this loss stay example physicians physician s 1 heterogeneous later Objective (ORP residents RARP, , (RARP) methods 5 A. A . A) rd urologists B B) age removed volume (IBC margin recurrence ISUP, ISUP (ISUP) complications (UI ED. (ED) Si Intuitive Intuitive® ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk normality homogeneity MannWhitney Mann Whitney Chisquare Chi square Additionally without them, them) posthoc post hoc DurbinConover Durbin Conover pvalue p value 005 0 05 0.05 Jamovi Version 2.0. 20 2.0 2 2.0) Results hand st th Conclusion general however arm (RARP (ISUP (ED 00 0.0 2. 0.

ABSTRACT Foundation: cerebrovascular disease is any alteration of one or more brain areas, whether temporary or permanent, secondary to a cerebral circulation disorder of ischemic or hemorrhagic origin. For many years it has been considered one of the main causes of death worldwide. It is among the main causes of death in Ecuador. Objective: to describe the risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases in adult patients diagnosed with cerebrovascular diseases at the Tulcán Sur Health Center over a period of 1 year. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the Tulcán Sur Health Center, over a period of 1 year, from September 2022 to September 2023. The universe consisted of 130 patients. The sociodemographic variables were analyzed: age and sex; clinical: presence or absence of high blood pressure, smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation and sedentary lifestyle. The normality of the data distribution was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies. Quantitative variables were described using the mean and standard deviation. Results: the mean age of the population was 61.0 ± 16.5. The male sex predominated with 70 patients (53.8 %). High blood pressure, smoking and obesity were the most common cardiovascular risk factors with 73 (56.5 %), 79 (60.7 %), 64 (49.2 %) patients respectively. Conclusions: high blood pressure, smoking and obesity were the most prevalent risk factors.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la enfermedad cerebrovascular es toda alteración de una o varias áreas encefálicas, ya sea de forma transitoria o permanente, secundaria a un trastorno de la circulación cerebral de origen isquémico o hemorrágico. Por muchos años ha sido considerada una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial. Está entre las principales causas de muerte en Ecuador. Objetivo: describir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cerebrovasculares en pacientes adultos diagnosticados con enfermedades cerebrovasculares en el Centro de Salud Tulcán Sur en un periodo de 1 año. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en el Centro de Salud Tulcán Sur, en un periodo de 1 año, desde septiembre del 2022 a septiembre del 2023. El universo lo constituyeron 130 pacientes. Se analizaron las variables sociodemográficas: edad y sexo; clínicas: presencia o no de hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, alcoholismo, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, fibrilación auricular y sedentarismo. La normalidad de la distribución de los datos fue analizada utilizando la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Las variables categóricas fueron expresadas en frecuencias absoluta y relativa. Las variables cuantitativas se describieron utilizando la media y la desviación típica. Resultados: la media de edad de la población fue de 61,0 ± 16,5. El sexo masculino predominó con 70 pacientes (53,8 %). La hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes con 73 (56,5 %), 79 (60,7 %), 64 (49,2 %) pacientes respectivamente. Conclusiones: la hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo y la obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo con más prevalencia.

ABSTRACT Interlaboratory comparison provides experimental evidence on the lab continuous performance to realize specific tests. In this work, uncertainty of measurements and the interlaboratory error for the chemical analysis of cobalt and iron was determined in paired samples of nickel sulfide (NiS) and sintered nickel oxide (NiO), using the least-squares linear regression. The analytical determinations were made by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) with the participation of two laboratories of the corporative group for the production of nickel in Cuba. The assumptions of the linear regression model were verified using the Durbin-Watson statistic, homoscedasticity and normality test. The uncertainty in the slope (Sm), in the intercept (Sb) and the standard deviation of the measurement (Sy) were determined. As a result, the uncertainty (Sx0) associated with the expected value (x0) and error (ξ) in cobalt determination was Sx0 = 0,3 % and ξ = ( 0,60 % in Nickel Sulfide (NiS), and Sx0 = 0,03 % and ξ = ( 0,05 % in Nickel Oxide (NiO). As for iron determination, it was obtained Sx0 = 0,16 % and ξ = ( 0,32 % in NiS, and Sx0 = 0,05 % and ξ = ( 0,09 % in NiO. This method uses the historic database of interlaboratory comparison and provides information to strategic management decisions.

RESUMEN La comparación interlaboratorio provee evidencia experimental del desempeño continuo del laboratorio para realizar pruebas específicas. En este trabajo, se determinó la incertidumbre de las mediciones y el error para los análisis químicos de cobalto y hierro en muestras pareadas de sulfuro de níquel (NiS) y óxido de níquel sinterizado (NiO), mediante mínimo-cuadrados de regresión lineal. Las determinaciones analíticas se realizaron por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica con la participación de dos laboratorios del grupo empresarial para la producción de níquel en Cuba. Los supuestos del modelo de regresión lineal se comprobaron mediante el estadístico de Durbin-Watson, pruebas de homocedasticidad y normalidad. Se determinó la incertidumbre de la pendiente (Sm), la incertidumbre del intercepto (Sb) y la desviación estándar de la medición (Sy). Como resultado, la incertidumbre (Sx0) asociada con el valor esperado (x0) y el error (ξ) en la determinación de cobalto fue Sx0 = 0,3 % y ξ = ( 0,60 % en el Sulfuro de Níquel (NiS), y Sx0 = 0,03 % y ξ = ( 0,05 % en el Óxido de Níquel (NiO). En cuanto a la determinación de hierro, se obtuvo Sx0 = 0,16 % y ξ = ( 0,32 % en el NiS, y Sx0 = 0,05 % y ξ = ( 0,09 % en el NiO. Este método utiliza la base de datos histórica de comparación interlaboratorio y aporta información para las decisiones de gestión estratégica.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar una intervención educativa elaborada en Tik Tok sobre los conocimientos en etiquetado nutrimental en estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes al área de ciencias de la salud de una universidad pública de México. La intervención educativa fue aplicada a 75 estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Se aplicó una encuesta de 16 ítems antes y después de la intervención, la cual estuvo conformada por 8 videos elaborados en la plataforma de TikTok. Para verificar la normalidad de los datos se empleó la prueba Kolmogorov-Smirnov. La efectividad de esta estrategia educativa se midió con la prueba Wilcoxon y, para comparar las medias de cada licenciatura, se utilizó la prueba Kruskal-Wallis. Antes de la intervención, el 62,7 % de los universitarios obtuvo un grado bueno de conocimiento en el etiquetado; posteriormente, aumentó a 81,3 % (p < 0,001). La intervención educativa sobre etiquetado aumentó favorablemente la comprensión de la información nutrimental en los estudiantes del área de ciencias de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate an educational intervention elaborated in Tik Tok, on the knowledge in nutritional labeling in university students belonging to the area of health sciences of a public university in Mexico. Methods: The educational intervention was applied to 75 health science students. A 16-item survey was applied before and after the intervention, which consisted of 8 videos made on the TikTok platform. To verify the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, the effectiveness of this educational strategy was measured with the Wilcoxon test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the means of each degree. Results: Before the intervention, 62.7% of the university students obtained a good labeling knowledge, later, it increased to 81.3% (p<0.001). Conclusions: The educational intervention on labeling favorably increased the understanding of nutritional information in the students of the area of health sciences.

Abstract Introduction: Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue is a benign condition frequent in dark skin patients. It usually appears in the second or third decade of life, and it has been reported as autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The diagnosis is clinical, but dermoscopy could be helpful: a classical rose petal pattern is observed. The pathogenesis is unknown, and no treatments are effective. Case report: We report a case of a 15-year-old girl with a pigmented fungiform papillae and a compatible dermatoscopy pattern. Conclusions: Knowing the existence of this entity and its characteristic dermoscopy, avoids additional invasive medical test. We have to know this entity because it is a variant of normality.

Resumen Introducción: La pigmentación de las papilas fungiformes linguales es una condición benigna y relativamente frecuente en pacientes con piel oscura. Suele aparecer en la segunda o tercera décadas de la vida y se han descrito casos de herencia autosómica dominante. El diagnóstico es clínico, pero la dermatoscopia es de gran ayuda: presenta un patrón clásico en pétalos de rosa. La patogénesis se desconoce y no hay tratamientos efectivos. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de una niña de 15 años con pigmentación de las papilas fungiformes y con patrón dermatoscópico compatible. Conclusiones: Conocer la existencia de esta afección y su característica dermatoscopia evita realizar pruebas invasivas adicionales, ya que se trata una variante de la normalidad.

Abstract Background: Verbesina molinaria B.L. Rob. & Greenm. and V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton constitute species with conflicting circumscription; different authors consider them as two different or just one species (V. oncophora). Questions: ¿Are they one or two species of Verbesina? ¿A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) will differentiate them as two species? Species studied/Mathematic model: Verbesina molinaria and V. oncophora / Royston, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, correlation (Pearson), Variance inflation factor (VIF), and LDA. Study site and years: Mexico; 2022-2023. Methods: Types, protologues, as well as herbarium specimens at ENCB, HUMO, MEXU, and UAMIZ of the two species were analyzed, assigning a preliminary name to each one. A data matrix with the characters and character states was created to carry out the statistical analyses. Box plots were generated to evaluate differences among characters and the statistical tests were done using the software Rstudio. Results: Types and protologs analyses revealed morphological differences between both species. Royston and Shapiro-Wilk tests supported normality among characters evaluated, and the Levene test suggests there are no significant differences among them. Finally, Pearson correlation and the VIF values suggested the absence of correlation or collinearity. The LDA analysis showed 100 % accuracy in the assigning of specimens to the a priori species allocated. Conclusions: The two species represent distinct taxa based on the morphological differences and statistical support, one of them widespread in central Mexico (V. oncophora) and the other (V. molinaria) restricted as far as now to the states of Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacán.

Resumen Antecedentes: Verbesina molinaria B.L. Rob. & Greenm. y V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton son especies con circunscripción conflictiva; algunos autores las consideran como especies distintas mientras que otros como una sola (V. oncophora). Preguntas: ¿Son dos especies de Verbesina? ¿Un análisis linear discriminante (LDA) ayudará a diferenciarlas? Especies de estudio/Modelo matemático: Verbesina molinaria y V. oncophora / Pruebas de Royston, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, correlación (Pearson), factor de inflación de la varianza (VIF) y LDA. Sitio y años de estudio: México; 2022-2023. Métodos: Se revisaron tipos, protólogos, así como ejemplares de ambas especies depositados en ENCB, HUMO, MEXU y UAMIZ, asignándoles un nombre preliminar y elaborando una matriz de datos. Se generaron diagramas de cajas para evaluar diferencias entre los caracteres analizados; las pruebas estadísticas se realizaron utilizando el software Rstudio. Resultados: Los tipos y protólogos permitieron identificar diferencias morfológicas entre ellas. Las pruebas de Royston y Shapiro-Wilk respaldaron la normalidad entre los caracteres evaluados. La prueba de Levene sugiere que no hay diferencias significativas entre los caracteres; finalmente, la correlación de Pearson y el VIF indican ausencia de correlación o colinealidad. El análisis LDA mostró una precisión del 100 % en la asignación de los ejemplares con las asignaciones a priori. Conclusiones: Las diferencias morfológicas y las pruebas estadísticas, apoyan el reconocimiento de dos entidades distintas, V. oncophora con amplia distribución en el centro de México y V. molinaria con distribución más restringida, mejor conocida hasta la fecha en los estados de México, Michoacán y Morelos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the level of COVID-19 risk perception (PCR-CV19) by returning to in-person classes and to analyze this perception with sociodemographic and health variables associated with such disease. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and prospective study. The questionnaire was adapted to assess the PCR-CV19 among 532 university students. Moreover, an association analysis of the four dimensions of the PCR-CV19 (cognitive vulnerability, emotional vulnerability, risky-protective behaviors and severity) and the perception index was performed with sociodemographic and health variables. The following statistical methods were used: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, Levene’s test for homogeneity of variances and Tukey’s honest significant difference or Games-Howell post hoc tests. These analyses were performed using the Jamovi statistical software, version 1.2.2. Results: A moderate level of PCR-CV19 was found, where the most relevant dimensions were risky-protective behaviors and severity. In addition, there was an association between the dimensions PCR-CV19 and perception index with the variables age, gender, alcohol consumption, physical and mental health indicators (anxiety and depression), and experiences with COVID-19. Cognitive vulnerability and emotional vulnerability were the most sensitive dimensions in the evaluation of the PCR-CV19. Conclusions: We continue to face constant risk conditions, thus making it necessary to maintain a surveillance scheme of the PCR-CV19 experienced by the population. In university students, cognitive vulnerability and emotional vulnerability were the most sensitive dimensions in the evaluation of PCR-CV19 and experiences with COVID-19 (illness or death). The fact that university students do not feel vulnerable and/or do not perceive the severity associated with COVID-19 transmission may affect their self-care behaviors. These results have key implications for public health; therefore, an intersectoral approach is required to have relevant information in order to face future pandemics.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de percepción de riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 frente al retorno a las clases presenciales y analizar esta percepción con variables sociodemográficas y de salud asociadas a esta enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y prospectivo. Se adaptó el cuestionario para evaluar la percepción de riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 (PCR-CV19) en 532 universitarios. Además, se realizó un análisis de asociación de las cuatro dimensiones del PCR-CV19 (vulnerabilidad cognitiva, vulnerabilidad emocional, conductas de riesgo-protección y gravedad) y el índice de percepción con variables sociodemográficas y de salud. Se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas: análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una vía (OneWay ANOVA), previa verificación de la prueba de normalidad Shapiro-Wilk y la prueba de Levene para la homogeneidad y la prueba post-hoc de Tukey o Ganes-Howell. Estos análisis se realizaron en el programa estadístico JAMOVI, versión 1.2.2. Resultados: Se evidenció un nivel moderado de percepción de riesgo de contagio, en donde las dimensiones de las conductas de riesgo-protección y gravedad se identificaron como las más relevantes; asimismo, se encontró asociación entre las dimensiones del PCR-CV19 y el índice de percepción con las variables edad, género, consumo de alcohol e indicadores de salud física y mental (ansiedad y depresión) y las experiencias vividas con la enfermedad de la COVID-19. Los aspectos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y emocional fueron las dimensiones más sensibles en la evaluación de la percepción. Conclusiones: Seguimos enfrentando condiciones de riesgo que surgen de manera constante, lo que hace necesario mantener un esquema de vigilancia de la percepción de riesgo que experimenta la población. En los universitarios, los aspectos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y emocional fueron las dimensiones más sensibles en la evaluación de la percepción del riesgo y las experiencias vividas con la COVID-19 (enfermedad o muerte). El hecho de que los universitarios no se sientan vulnerables y/o no perciban la gravedad asociada al contagio puede afectar sus conductas de autocuidado. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones claves para la salud pública, por lo que se requiere un abordaje intersectorial, con el objetivo de contar con información relevante para enfrentar futuras pandemias.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the relationship between the budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS (Seguro Integral de Salud) and the availability of medical supplies in third-level establishments of the Ministry of Health of Metropolitan Lima. Material and method: Analytical and cross-sectional study, carried out in the 20 level III establishments of the MINSA in Lima; Likewise, documentary information was used such as Closing Minutes of Financial Supervision of the Macroregional Management of the SIS from which information on budget execution was obtained and the availability of medical supplies was obtained from the Mundo IPRESS web portal (Institutions Providing Health Services). After evaluating normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Spearman correlation test was used. Result: Overall budget execution was not related to the availability of medical supplies (rho=-0.014; p=0.955). The evaluation by components showed that budget execution on medicines was positively related to the availability of supplies (rho=0.417; p=0.045), which was also valid in the segmented analysis only for hospitals (rho: 0.594; p=0.032). Although budget execution in segmented materials and supplies for hospitals was related to the availability of supplies, this relationship was inverse (rho=-0.552; p=0.043). Conclusions: The general budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS was not related to the availability of medical supplies, but the spending component on medicines was.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the relationship between the budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS (Seguro Integral de Salud) and the availability of medical supplies in third-level establishments of the Ministry of Health of Metropolitan Lima. Material and method: Analytical and cross-sectional study, carried out in the 20 level III establishments of the MINSA in Lima; Likewise, documentary information was used such as Closing Minutes of Financial Supervision of the Macroregional Management of the SIS from which information on budget execution was obtained and the availability of medical supplies was obtained from the Mundo IPRESS web portal (Institutions Providing Health Services). After evaluating normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Spearman correlation test was used. Result: Overall budget execution was not related to the availability of medical supplies (rho=-0.014; p=0.955). The evaluation by components showed that budget execution on medicines was positively related to the availability of supplies (rho=0.417; p=0.045), which was also valid in the segmented analysis only for hospitals (rho: 0.594; p=0.032). Although budget execution in segmented materials and supplies for hospitals was related to the availability of supplies, this relationship was inverse (rho=-0.552; p=0.043). Conclusions: The general budget execution of financial transfers from the SIS was not related to the availability of medical supplies, but the spending component on medicines was.

Abstract Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) represents a culture of economic, social, and ecological importance for the cultivation regions. Due to the chemical, physical, and biological variations that occur in the different soils where yerba mate is economically exploited, the symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) guarantee the plant's ability to absorb nutrients. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different environments of yerba mate cultivation. The research was performed in four areas located in the rural area of the municipality of Seberi/RS: Environment with production of yerba mate in the conventional system, silvopastoral system, organic system, and native forest. The normality of residuals and homogeneity of variances assumptions were verified using the Lilliefors and Chi-square tests and the averages compared by the Tukey's test at 5% probability of error. In addition to calculations of diversity, equivalent species, and evenness indices. The presence of AMF spores showed a direct relationship with the phosphorus (P) availability in each treatment, with a count reduction in the organic system, with P content lower than 3 mg kg-1 of soil. The species with the highest predominance were the Acaulosporaceae (Acaulospora colombiana, A. delicata, and A. tuberculata), followed by the Glomaceae (Glomus ambisporum and Glomus pansihalos) in the conventional and silvopastoral systems. The silvopastoral and conventional systems showed the highest levels of Shannon-Weaver diversity (H') and Pielou's evenness, demonstrating greater diversity and consequently greater richness and uniformity. Ilex paraguariensis economic social regions chemical physical exploited (AMF plants plant s nutrients Seberi/RS SeberiRS Seberi RS system forest Chisquare Chi square Tukeys Tukey 5 error indices (P treatment kg1 kg 1 kg- soil Acaulospora colombiana A delicata tuberculata, tuberculata , tuberculata) pansihalos ShannonWeaver Shannon Weaver H (H' Pielous Pielou uniformity (H

Resumo A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) representa uma cultura de importância econômica, social e ecológica para as regiões de cultivo. Devido às variações químicas, físicas e biológicas que ocorrem nos diferentes solos onde a erva-mate é explorada economicamente, as associações simbióticas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) garantem a capacidade da planta de absorver nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar a ocorrência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em diferentes ambientes de cultivo de erva-mate. A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro áreas localizadas na zona rural do município de Seberi/RS: Ambiente com produção de erva-mate no sistema convencional, sistema silvipastoril, sistema orgânico e mata nativa. As suposições de normalidade dos resíduos e homogeneidade das variâncias foram verificadas pelos testes de Lilliefors e Qui-quadrado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Além de cálculos de diversidade, espécies equivalentes e índices de equivalência. A presença de esporos de FMAs apresentou relação direta com a disponibilidade de fósforo (P) em cada tratamento, com redução na contagem no sistema orgânico, com teor de P inferior a 3 mg kg-1 de solo. As espécies com maior predominância foram as Acaulosporaceae (Acaulospora colombiana, A. delicata e A. tuberculata), seguidas pelas Glomaceae (Glomus ambisporum e Glomus pansihalos) nos sistemas convencional e silvipastoril. Os sistemas silvipastoril e convencional apresentaram os maiores níveis de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H') e equitabilidade de Pielou, demonstrando maior diversidade e consequentemente maior riqueza e uniformidade. ervamate erva mate Ilex paraguariensis econômica químicas economicamente FMA (FMA nutrientes ervamate. mate. Seberi/RS SeberiRS Seberi RS nativa Quiquadrado Qui quadrado 5 erro equivalência (P tratamento kg1 kg 1 kg- solo Acaulospora colombiana tuberculata, tuberculata , tuberculata) pansihalos ShannonWeaver Shannon Weaver H (H' Pielou uniformidade (H

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the rib cage expansion and respiratory rate in newborns using an abdominal stabilization band. Methods: The study included 32 newborns of both genders, with gestational age between 35 and 41 weeks. The abdominal stabilization band was used for 15 minutes between the xiphoid process and the anterosuperior iliac crest, with an abdominal contention 0.5cm smaller than the abdominal circumference. The rib cage expansion was evaluated by a breathing transducer (Pneumotrace II™) three minutes before using the band, during the use (15 minutes), and ten minutes after removing the band. The Shapiro-Wilk test verified data normality, and the Wilcoxon test compared the variables considering rib cage expansion and respiratory rate. Significance was set to p<0.05. Results: There was an increase in respiratory rate when comparing before and ten minutes after removing (p=0.008) the abdominal stabilization band, as well as when comparing during its use and ten minutes after its removal (p=0.001). There was also an increase in rib cage expansion when comparing before and during the use of the abdominal stabilization band (p=0.005). Conclusions: The use of the abdominal stabilization band promoted an increase in the rib cage expansion and respiratory rate in the assessed newborns and may be a viable option to improve the respiratory kinematics of this population. Objective Methods 3 genders 4 weeks 1 crest 05cm cm 0 5cm circumference Pneumotrace II™ II (1 minutes, , minutes) ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk normality p005 p 05 p<0.05 Results p=0.008 p0008 008 (p=0.008 p=0.001. p0001 p=0.001 . 001 (p=0.001) p=0.005. p0005 p=0.005 005 (p=0.005) Conclusions population ( p00 p<0.0 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 (p=0.001 (p=0.005 p0 p<0. p=0.0 (p=0.0 p<0 p=0. (p=0. p< p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a expansibilidade torácica e a frequência respiratória em recém-nascidos que fizeram uso de uma faixa de estabilização abdominal. Métodos: O estudo incluiu 32 recém-nascidos de ambos os sexos, com idade gestacional entre 35 e 41 semanas. A faixa de estabilização abdominal foi mantida por 15 minutos entre o processo xifoide e a espinha ilíaca anterossuperior, com contenção abdominal 0,5 cm menor do que a circunferência abdominal. A expansibilidade torácica foi avaliada por um transdutor piezoelétrico (Pneumotrace II™) 3 minutos antes do uso da faixa, durante 15 minutos, e 10 minutos após sua retirada. A normalidade das variáveis foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a análise comparativa da expansibilidade torácica e da frequência respiratória foi realizada por meio do teste t pareado, considerando-se p<0,05. Resultados: Houve aumento da frequência respiratória quando comparados os tempos antes do uso da faixa e 10 minutos após a retirada (p=0,008), bem como quando comparados os tempos durante o uso e 10 minutos após a retirada da faixa (p=0,001). Houve aumento da expansibilidade torácica quando comparados os tempos antes e durante o uso da faixa (p=0,005). Conclusões: O uso da faixa de estabilização abdominal conferiu aumento da expansibilidade torácica e da frequência respiratória nos recém-nascidos estudados, podendo ser uma opção viável para a melhora da cinemática respiratória dessa população. Objetivo recémnascidos recém nascidos Métodos sexos 4 semanas 1 anterossuperior 05 0 5 0, Pneumotrace II™ II ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk pareado considerandose considerando se p005 p p<0,05 Resultados p=0,008, p0008 p=0,008 , 008 (p=0,008) p=0,001. p0001 p=0,001 . 001 (p=0,001) p=0,005. p0005 p=0,005 005 (p=0,005) Conclusões estudados população p00 p<0,0 p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,008 (p=0,001 (p=0,005 p0 p<0, p=0,0 (p=0,00 p<0 p=0, (p=0,0 p< p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p