RESUMEN Fundamento: la erupción dental es un proceso biológico de migración de un órgano dentario desde el período de formación del diente hasta que alcanza el plano de oclusión. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el peso, la talla y el brote del primer molar permanente como eventos del crecimiento somático en niños de seis años. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en la escuela Antonio Maceo Grajales del municipio Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido entre los meses de septiembre 2020 a junio 2021, que incluyó 63 escolares. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de fichas antropométricas. Se analizaron variables como edad, sexo, color de la piel, peso, talla y tiempo de erupción del primer molar. Los datos recopilados fueron ubicados en tablas estadísticas diseñadas al efecto con Excel XP y se utilizó como editor de texto Microsoft Word 2010. Resultados: al relacionar percentiles del peso para la talla, brote del molar número seis y sexo se apreció que 21 féminas con normopeso presentaban brotado el primer molar (33, 3 % del total de niños) y 13 varones normopesos, de un total de 25, no presentaban indicios del molar número seis en boca (20, 6 % del total). La talla se comportó dentro de los percentiles normales. Conclusiones: los niños de la muestra estudiada presentan retraso en el brote del primer molar permanente, sin que esto guarde relación con el peso y la talla. El retardo fue más observado en los varones.

ABSTRACT Foundation: dental eruption is a biological process of a dental organ migration from the period of tooth formation until it reaches the occlusion plane. Objective: determine the relationship between weight, height and the first permanent molar eruption as events of somatic growth in six-years-old children. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional observational study carried out at the Antonio Maceo Grajales school in the Cienfuegos municipality, from September 2020 to June 2021, which included 62 schoolchildren. The data were obtained through anthropometric sheets. Variables such as age, sex, skin color, weight, height and time of first molar eruption were analyzed. The collected data were located in statistical charts designed for this purpose with Excel XP and Microsoft Word 2010 was used as a text editor. Results: when relating percentiles of weight to height, eruption of molar number six and sex, it was observed that 21 females with normal weight had erupted the first molar (33.3% of the total number of children) and 13 normal weight males, out of a total of 25 , did not present signs of molar number six in the mouth (20.6% of the total). Height behaved within normal percentiles. Conclusions: the children in the sample studied have a delay in the first permanent molar eruption, without this being related to weight and height. The delay was more observed in men.

ABSTRACT A 69-year-old female was referred with sudden unilateral painless decreased vision that began 2 days after uncomplicated cataract surgery in the left eye. Visual acuity was hand motion and biomicroscopy showed a mild anterior chamber reaction, no hypopyon, and an intraocular lens that had been placed within the capsular bag. A dilated fundus examination revealed optic disk edema, widespread deep and superficial intraretinal hemorrhages, retinal ischemia, and macular edema. A cardiological evaluation was normal and thrombophilia tests were negative. After surgery, prophylactic vancomycin (1mg/0.1ml) had been injected intracamerally. The patient was diagnosed with hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis likely secondary to vancomycin hypersensitivity. Recognition of this entity is important to ensure early treatment and the use of intracameral vancomycin in the fellow eye should be avoided after cataract surgery. 69yearold yearold 69 year old reaction hypopyon bag edema hemorrhages ischemia negative 1mg/0.1ml 1mg01ml mgml 1mg 0 1ml mg ml (1mg/0.1ml intracamerally hypersensitivity 6

RESUMO Esse caso se refere a uma paciente de 69 anos, sexo feminino, com relato de baixa acuidade visual súbita e indolor no olho esquerdo, de início 2 dias após cirurgia de catarata sem complicações. A acuidade visual era de movimento de mãos e a biomicroscopia mostrou reação de câmara anterior moderada, sem hipópio, e lente intraocular posicionada dentro do saco capsular. A fundoscopia evidenciou edema de disco óptico, hemorragias difusas intrarretinianas superficiais e profundas, isquemia retiniana e edema macular. A avaliação cardiológica foi normal e os testes para trombofilia foram negativos. Ao final da cirurgia foi injetado antibioticoprofilaxia com vancomicina (1mg/0,1ml) na câmara anterior. A paciente foi diagnosticada com vasculite hemorrágica oclusiva da retina secundária à hipersensibilidade a vancomicina. O reconhecimento dessa entidade é importante para o tratamento precoce e para evitar o uso de vancomicina intracameral em caso de cirurgia de catarata no olho contralateral. 6 anos feminino esquerdo complicações moderada hipópio capsular óptico profundas macular negativos 1mg/0,1ml 1mg01ml mgml 1mg 0 1ml mg ml (1mg/0,1ml contralateral

ABSTRACT A 51-year-old non-obese woman presented with a one-week history of progressive blurry vision within the inferior visual field of her left eye. Her only relevant past medical history was long-standing hypothyroidism and recent vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an mRNA vaccine 12 days before the onset of symptoms. At examination, the anterior segment was unremarkable, but the retinal fundus revealed a central retinal vein occlusion associated with a branch retinal artery occlusion of the superior temporal branch in her left eye. Ancillary tests to rule out thrombophilia, hyperviscosity, hypercoagulability, or inflammation were negative. Ultrasound tests were also negative for a cardiac or carotid origin of the branch retinal artery occlusion. At two-month follow-up, no new retinal vascular occlusive events were observed. Although the best-corrected visual acuity at presentation was 8/10 in the left eye, the final best-corrected visual acuity remained 3/10. 51yearold yearold 51 year old nonobese non obese oneweek one week eye longstanding long standing 201 COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 1 symptoms examination unremarkable thrombophilia hyperviscosity hypercoagulability twomonth two month followup, followup follow up, up follow-up observed bestcorrected best corrected 810 8 10 8/1 310 3 3/10 5 20 COVID1 (COVID-1 81 8/ 31 3/1 2 (COVID- 3/ (COVID

RESUMO Uma mulher de 51 anos, não obesa, apresentou história de uma semana de visão embaçada progressiva no campo visual inferior do olho esquerdo. Seu único histórico médico anterior relevante era hipotireoidismo de longa data e uma recente vacinação contra a Doença de Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), com vacina de mRNA, 12 dias antes do início dos sintomas. O exame mostrou segmento anterior normal, mas o fundo da retina revelou uma oclusão da veia central da retina associada a uma oclusão de ramo arterial da retina do ramo temporal superior no olho esquerdo. Testes auxiliares para descartar trombofilia, hiperviscosidade, hipercoagulabilidade ou inflamação apresentaram resultados negativos. Testes de ultrassom também foram negativos quanto a uma origem cardíaca ou da carótida da oclusão do ramo da artéria da retina. Após dois meses de acompanhamento, nenhum novo evento vascular oclusivo retiniano foi observado. Embora, a acuidade visual melhor corrigida na apresentação tenha sido de 8/10 no olho esquerdo, a acuidade visual final melhor corrigida permaneceu em 3/10. 5 anos obesa esquerdo 201 COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19 , (COVID-19) mRNA 1 sintomas normal trombofilia hiperviscosidade acompanhamento observado Embora 810 8 10 8/1 310 3 3/10 20 COVID1 (COVID-19 81 8/ 31 3/1 2 (COVID-1 3/ (COVID- (COVID

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the nasopharynx and oropharynx airway dimensions of Caucasians, Blacks, Japanese, Japanese Brazilians, and Black Caucasians. Methods: A sample of 216 lateral radiographs of untreated young Brazilian subjects (mean age of 12.94 years; SD 0.88) were divided into five groups: Black Caucasian, Black, Caucasian, Japanese, and Japanese Brazilian. Lateral radiographs were used to measure the oropharynx (from the midpoint on the soft palate to the closest point on the anterior pharyngeal wall) and the nasopharynx (from the intersection of the posterior border of the tongue and the inferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior pharyngeal wall). Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test were performed (p< 0.05). Results: The linear dimension of the oropharynx was similar among the different ethnic groups. Caucasian individuals presented a significantly greater linear dimension of the nasopharynx than Black Caucasian and Black individuals. Conclusions: All the groups had similar buccopharyngeal values. However, Caucasian individuals had significantly higher values when compared to Black Caucasians and Black individuals. Objective Blacks Brazilians Methods 21 mean 1294 12 94 12.9 years 0.88 088 0 88 from wall wall. . ANOVA (ANOVA Tukeys Tukey s p< p (p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) Results Conclusions However 2 129 1 9 12. 0.8 08 8 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar as dimensões das vias aéreas da nasofaringe e da bucofaringe de leucodermas, melanodermas, xantodermas, feodermas e nipo-brasileiros. Material e métodos: Uma amostra de 216 telerradiografias laterais de jovens brasileiros não tratados (idade média de 12,94 anos; DP 0,88) foi dividida em cinco grupos: melanodermas, leucodermas, xantodermas, feodermas e nipo-brasileiros. As telerradiografias foram utilizadas para medir a bucofaringe (do ponto médio do palato mole até o ponto mais próximo da parede anterior da faringe) e a nasofaringe (da intersecção da borda posterior da língua e da borda inferior da mandíbula até o ponto mais próximo). Foram realizadas análises de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: A dimensão linear da bucofaringe foi semelhante entre os diferentes grupos étnicos. Indivíduos leucodermas apresentaram dimensão linear da nasofaringe significativamente maior do que indivíduos feodermas e melanodermas. Conclusões: Todos os grupos apresentaram valores da bucofaringe semelhantes. No entanto, os indivíduos leucodermas apresentaram valores significantemente maiores, quando comparados aos feodermas e melanodermas. Objetivo melanodermas xantodermas nipobrasileiros. nipobrasileiros nipo brasileiros. nipo-brasileiros métodos 21 idade 1294 12 94 12,9 anos 0,88 088 0 88 faringe próximo. . próximo) ANOVA (ANOVA p 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) Resultados étnicos Conclusões semelhantes entanto maiores 2 129 1 9 12, 0,8 08 8 00 0,0 0,

RESUMEN Introducción: La ablación con endoláser es un nuevo método mínimamente invasivo que produce oclusión no trombótica de la vena. Mundialmente es aplicada con buenos resultados, pero en Cuba se desconoce su efectividad. Objetivo: Estimar la efectividad del tratamiento por ablación con endoláser en la insuficiencia de la vena safena interna. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo con 20 pacientes diagnosticados de várices por insuficiencia de la vena safena interna, de febrero a octubre de 2022, atendidos en el Servicio de Flebolinfología del Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino con 11 casos (55 %); el promedio de edad fue de 45 años; prevalecieron los pacientes clase 2 y 3 de la clasificación Clínica, Etiológica, Anatómica, Patológica, con 10 y 4 casos (50 % y 20 %, respectivamente). No se produjeron complicaciones intraoperatorias y se observó la oclusión de la vena safena interna en el 100 % de los pacientes a la semana de la intervención quirúrgica; 13 de ellos (65 %) no presentaron complicaciones posoperatorias; y el tiempo de recuperación posquirúrgica para idéntica cantidad resultó de siete días. Conclusiones: La ablación por endoláser es una técnica segura y altamente efectiva que permite el tratamiento de las várices de forma ambulatoria, con elevada satisfacción del paciente, retorno precoz a la actividad normal y, prácticamente, con ausencia de dolor.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endolaser ablation is a new minimally invasive method that produces non-thrombotic occlusion of the vein, it is applied worldwide with good results, but its effectiveness is unknown in Cuba. Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of treatment by endolaser ablation in insufficiency of the great saphenous vein. Methods: A descriptive, prospective study was carried out with 20 patients diagnosed with varicose veins due to insufficiency of the great saphenous vein, from February to October 2022, treated at the Phlebolymphology service of the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. Results: The female sex predominated with 11 cases for 55 %, the average age was 45 years, CEAP class 2 and 3 patients prevailed, with 10 and 4 cases for 50 % and 20 % respectively, it was not observed. Intraoperative complications occurred and occlusion of the great saphenous vein was observed in 20 patients a week after surgery for 100 %; 13 patients (65 %) had no postoperative complications and the postoperative recovery time for 13 patients (65 %) was 7 days. Conclusion: Endolaser ablation is a safe, highly effective technique that allows treatment of varicose veins on an outpatient basis, with high patient satisfaction, early return to normal activity and practically no pain.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To examine whether isoflurane preconditioning (IsoP) has a protective effect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) in diabetic conditions and to further clarify the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly assigned to five groups, as follows: normal sham, normal I/R, diabetic sham, diabetic I/R, and diabetic I/R + isoflurane. Renal I/RI was induced by clamping renal pedicle for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. IsoP was achieved by exposing the rats to 2% isoflurane for 30 min before vascular occlusion. Kidneys and blood were collected after reperfusion for further analysis. Renal histology, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and renal cell apoptosis were assessed. Furthermore, the expression of brahma related gene 1 (Brg1), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined. Results: Compared with control, diabetic rats undergoing I/R presented more severe renal injury, oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis with the impairment of Brg1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. All these alterations were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with isoflurane. Conclusions: These findings suggest that isoflurane could alleviate renal I/RI in diabetes, possibly through improving Brg1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Purpose (IsoP ischemiareperfusion ischemia IRI I RI (I/RI mechanisms Methods streptozotocininduced streptozotocin groups follows sham IR R 4 h 3 occlusion analysis histology nitrogen creatinine stress cytokines assessed Furthermore Brg1, Brg1 Brg , (Brg1) factorerythroid erythroid 2related Nrf2, Nrf2 Nrf (Nrf2) oxygenase1 oxygenase oxygenase- HO1, HO1 HO (HO-1) factorκB κB NFκB NF (NF-κB determined Results control reaction Brg1/Nrf2/HO1 Brg1Nrf2HO1 BrgNrfHO Brg1/Nrf2/HO Brg1/Nrf2/HO- signaling Conclusions diabetes (Brg1 (Nrf2 (HO-1 Brg1Nrf2HO (Brg (Nrf (HO- (HO

ABSTRACT Purpose: to characterize the electrical activation of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles at rest and during swallowing tasks, to compare it with clinical aspects of swallowing. Methods: a cross-sectional study, divided into mild osteogenesis imperfecta and moderate-to-severe osteogenesis imperfecta groups. Surface electromyography was performed on the masseter and suprahyoid muscles at rest and during swallowing tasks. The Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores assessment form was used to assess clinical aspects of swallowing. Results: moderate-to-severe osteogenesis imperfecta participants presented a higher percentage of masseter activation than mild osteogenesis imperfecta ones. Regarding the clinical aspects of swallowing, the total sample presented 40.9% normal lip occlusion or with slight effort; 59.1% demonstrated tongue protrusion and 50% showed two other signs of atypical function. Furthermore, the higher the score for lip activity during swallowing, the lower the activation of the suprahyoid muscles at rest. Conclusions: the activation of the suprahyoid muscles while swallowing saliva and during consecutive swallows of liquid was similar, and activation during different tasks was higher in the moderate-to-severe osteogenesis imperfecta group. The better the labial myofunctional condition during swallowing, the lower the electrical activation of the suprahyoid muscles at rest. Purpose Methods crosssectional cross sectional study moderatetosevere moderate severe groups Results ones 409 40 9 40.9 effort 591 59 1 59.1 50 function Furthermore Conclusions similar group 4 40. 5 59.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Blood–brain barrier is a protective layer that regulates the influx and efflux of biological materials for cerebral tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Biochanin A on cerebral histopathology and blood–brain barrier immunohistochemically. METHODS: A total of 24 rats were assigned to three groups: sham, ischemia-reperfusion, and ischemia-reperfusion+Biochanin A. Ischemia-reperfusion was performed by occluding the left carotid artery for 2/24 h. Notably, 20 mg/kg Biochanin A was administered to rats for 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion. Blood was collected for malondialdehyde and total oxidant/antioxidant status analysis. Cerebral tissues were processed for histopathology and further for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: Malondialdehyde content with total oxidant status value was significantly increased and total antioxidant status values were significantly decreased in the ischemia-reperfusion group compared with the sham group. Biochanin A treatment significantly improved scores in the ischemia-reperfusion+Biochanin A group. The normal histological appearance was recorded in the cerebral sections of the sham group. Degenerated neurons and vascular structures with disrupted integrity of the cerebral cortex were observed after ischemia-reperfusion. Biochanin A alleviated the histopathology in the cerebrum in the ischemia-reperfusion+Biochanin A group. Ischemia-reperfusion injury decreased the expression of blood–brain barrier in the ischemia-reperfusion group compared to the sham group. Administration of Biochanin A upregulated the blood–brain barrier immunoreactivity in the cerebrum by restoring blood–brain barrier. CONCLUSION: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion caused an increase in oxidative stress and pathological lesions in the cerebrum. Biochanin A treatment restored the adverse effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury by restoring blood–brain barrier. OBJECTIVE Bloodbrain brain tissue bloodbrain blood immunohistochemically METHODS 2 groups ischemiareperfusion, ischemiareperfusion ischemia reperfusion, reperfusion ischemiareperfusion+Biochanin ischemiareperfusionBiochanin reperfusion+Biochanin Ischemiareperfusion Ischemia 224 2/2 h Notably mgkg mg kg ischemiareperfusion. reperfusion. oxidantantioxidant analysis RESULTS CONCLUSION reperfusionBiochanin 22 2/

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the influence of four different maxillary removable orthodontic retainers on speech. Material and Methods: Eligibility criteria for sample selection were: 20-40-year subjects with acceptable occlusion, native speakers of Portuguese. The volunteers (n=21) were divided in four groups randomized with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio. The four groups used, in random order, the four types of retainers full-time for 21 days each, with a washout period of 7-days. The removable maxillary retainers were: conventional wraparound, wraparound with an anterior hole, U-shaped wraparound, and thermoplastic retainer. Three volunteers were excluded. The final sample comprised 18 subjects (11 male; 7 female) with mean age of 27.08 years (SD=4.65). The speech evaluation was performed in vocal excerpts recordings made before, immediately after, and 21 days after the installation of each retainer, with auditory-perceptual and acoustic analysis of formant frequencies F1 and F2 of the vowels. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman with Tukey tests were used for statistical comparison. Results: Speech changes increased immediately after conventional wraparound and thermoplastic retainer installation, and reduced after 21 days, but not to normal levels. However, this increase was statistically significant only for the wraparound with anterior hole and the thermoplastic retainer. Formant frequencies of vowels were altered at initial time, and the changes remained in conventional, U-shaped and thermoplastic appliances after three weeks. Conclusions: The thermoplastic retainer was more harmful to the speech than wraparound appliances. The conventional and U-shaped retainers interfered less in speech. The three-week period was not sufficient for speech adaptation. Objective Methods 2040year year 20 40 occlusion Portuguese n=21 n21 n (n=21 1111 1 1:1:1: ratio order fulltime full time 2 7days. 7days days. 7-days Ushaped U shaped excluded 11 (1 male female 2708 27 08 27.0 SD=4.65. SD465 SD SD=4.65 . 4 65 (SD=4.65) before auditoryperceptual auditory perceptual F comparison Results levels However weeks Conclusions threeweek week adaptation n=2 n2 (n=2 111 1:1:1 ( 270 0 27. SD46 SD=4.6 6 (SD=4.65 n= (n= 1:1: SD4 SD=4. (SD=4.6 (n 1:1 SD=4 (SD=4. 1: SD= (SD=4 (SD= (SD

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a influência na fala causada por quatro diferentes contenções ortodônticas removíveis superiores. Material e Métodos: Os critérios de elegibilidade para seleção da amostra foram: indivíduos com 20 a 40 anos de idade, com oclusão aceitável, falantes nativos de português. Os voluntários (n=21) foram divididos em quatro grupos, randomizados com proporção de alocação de 1:1:1:1. Os quatro grupos utilizaram os quatro tipos de contenção, em ordem aleatória e em período integral por 21 dias cada, com período de wash-out de sete dias. As contenções superiores removíveis foram: wraparound convencional, wraparound com orifício anterior, wraparound em U e contenção termoplástica. Três voluntários foram excluídos. A amostra final foi composta por 18 indivíduos (11 homens; 7 mulheres) com idade média de 27,08 anos (DP=4,65). A avaliação da fala foi realizada em gravações de trechos vocais, realizadas antes, imediatamente após e 21 dias após a instalação de cada contenção, com análise perceptivo-auditiva e acústica das frequências formantes F1 e F2 das vogais. ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste de Friedman com Tukey foram utilizados para comparação estatística. Resultados: As alterações de fala aumentaram imediatamente após a instalação das contenções wraparound e termoplástica, e reduziram após 21 dias, mas não para níveis normais. Porém, esse aumento foi estatisticamente significativo apenas para as contenções wraparound com orifício anterior e termoplástica. As frequências dos formantes das vogais foram alteradas no momento inicial e, após três semanas, as alterações se mantiveram com as contenções convencional, em forma de U e termoplástica. Conclusões: A contenção termoplástica foi mais prejudicial à fala do que os aparelhos wraparound. Oswraparounds convencional e em forma de U interferiram menos na fala. O período de três semanas não foi suficiente para adaptação da fala. Objetivo Métodos 2 4 aceitável português n=21 n21 n (n=21 1111. 1111 1 1. 1:1:1:1 washout wash out excluídos 11 (1 homens mulheres 2708 27 08 27,0 DP=4,65. DP465 DP DP=4,65 . 65 (DP=4,65) vocais antes perceptivoauditiva perceptivo auditiva F estatística Resultados normais Porém Conclusões n=2 n2 (n=2 111 1:1:1: ( 270 0 27, DP46 DP=4,6 6 (DP=4,65 n= (n= 1:1:1 DP4 DP=4, (DP=4,6 (n 1:1: DP=4 (DP=4, 1:1 DP= (DP=4 1: (DP= (DP

ABSTRACT Purpose: this study aims to assess speech-language pathologists' knowledge of malocclusion, and to assess their perception in recognizing the need for referral of cases. Methods: a self-administered online questionnaire, aimed at assessing Brazilian speech-language pathologists' professional practices, orthodontic knowledge, and diagnostic skills, was applied. The collected data underwent descriptive analysis. Results: most respondents stated regularly contacting or referring patients to orthodontists; the most frequent reason for referral was related to the professional’s quality. Respondents indicated the importance of first occlusal evaluations at a very early age, and recognized the potential deleterious effects of oral habits. Most participants reported referring a normal occlusion, distocclusion, mesiocclusion, anterior open bite, deep overbite, and posterior crossbite cases, during the deciduous stage. For the mixed dentition cases, a substantial portion of the sample would refer a case without alterations, another one with mild incisal crowding, as well as deep overbite, Class II, Class III, anterior open bite, and posterior crossbite cases. Conclusion: professionals demonstrated a good knowledge of malocclusions. Perceptions regarding the need for early referral of Class III cases, anterior open bite, and posterior crossbite, in addition to the lack of an immediate approach for patients affected by mild space problems, were frequent. Purpose speechlanguage speech language pathologists malocclusion cases Methods selfadministered self administered questionnaire practices skills applied analysis Results orthodontists s quality age habits occlusion distocclusion mesiocclusion bite overbite stage alterations crowding II Conclusion malocclusions problems

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor in the antioxidant response and is associated with various chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the action of esculetin, a natural dihydroxy coumarin, on attenuating middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion, and whether its effect is dependent on Nrf2 activation, as well as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibition. Two doses of esculetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) were tested on rats with MCAO reperfusion. Neurological deficiency, oxidative stress, and pathological analyses were performed to evaluate its effect. An in vitro analysis was also used to confirm whether its action was dependent on the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1 pathway. Compared with MCAO reperfusion rats, esculetin improved infarct volume and increased normal-shaped neuron cells by decreasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β levels. The oxidative stress parameter malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio increased after esculetin treatment. Moreover, esculetin inhibited NF-κB activation induced by MCAO. In vitro, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) impaired the viability of rat neuron cells and esculetin showed a neuron protection effect on cells. Nrf2 inhibitor Brusatol inhibited the activation of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) caused by esculetin and abolished its protection effect. Esculetin protected cerebral neurons from ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1 activation. NFE2related NFErelated NF E2 related E Nrf (Nrf2 diseases coumarin (MCAO factorkappa kappa NFκB κB (NF-κB inhibition 20 (2 4 mg/kg mgkg mg kg deficiency Nrf2/HO1/NQO1 Nrf2HO1NQO1 NrfHONQO Nrf2/HO 1/NQO HO NQO Nrf2/HO-1/NQO- pathway normalshaped normal shaped factoralpha alpha TNFα, TNFα TNF α , (TNF-α) IL6, IL6 IL 6, 6 (IL)-6 IL1β ILβ 1β β levels MDA (MDA SOD (SOD glutathioneglutathione glutathione GSH/GSSG GSHGSSG GSH GSSG (GSH/GSSG treatment Moreover hypoxiareoxygenation hypoxia reoxygenation H/R HR H R (H/R oxygenase1 oxygenase oxygenase- HO1, HO1 (HO-1) NADPH NAD P NQO1 (NQO-1 ischemiareperfusion ischemia NFE (Nrf ( Nrf2/HO1/NQO Nrf2HO1NQO Nrf2HO NrfHO 1NQO Nrf2/HO-1/NQO (TNF-α (IL)- (HO-1 (NQO- (IL) (HO- (NQO (IL (HO

Abstract: Introduction: primary vasculitis of the central nervous system (PVCNS) is rare, with heterogeneous clinical presentation. Case report: 35-years-old female with seven days with headache, without improvement with analgesics, adding vomiting and stupor, right hemiparesis, and aphasia; CT showed hemorrhages in the right caudate nucleus and left frontal lobe, laboratory tests including antibodies and acute phase reactants normal; pan-angiography showed: a pattern of vasculitis of trunk branches in cerebral arteries and occlusion of the inferior longitudinal sinus; with a diagnosis of possible PVCNS. Drainage of frontal hemorrhage and biopsy was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis; beginning treatment with methylprednisolone bolus and cyclophosphamide, obtaining clinical improvement. Conclusions: PVCNS presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations of acquired neurological deficits; it is a challenge. Its diagnosis implies the existence of the following: a) the acquired neurological deficit, unexplained by another cause, b) angiographic or histopathological evidence of PVCNS, c) absence of systemic vasculitis or other condition that explains it.

Resumen: Introducción: la vasculitis primaria del sistema nervioso central (VPSNC) no es frecuente, con presentación clínica heterogénea. Caso clínico: femenino de 35 años de edad con cefalea de siete días de evolución, sin mejoría con analgésicos, aunado a vómito y estupor, hemiparesia derecha y afasia en las últimas 24 horas; la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) mostró hemorragias en núcleo caudado derecho y lóbulo frontal izquierdo; los exámenes de laboratorio incluyendo anticuerpos y reactantes de fase aguda fueron normales; la panangiografía mostró patrón de vasculitis de ramos troncales en arterias cerebrales y oclusión del seno longitudinal inferior, con diagnóstico de posible VPSNC se le practicó drenaje de hemorragia frontal y toma de biopsia, la cual confirmó el diagnóstico, así se inició tratamiento con bolos de metilprednisolona y ciclofosfamida, con lo que se obtuvo mejoría clínica. Conclusiones: la VPSNC presenta manifestaciones clínicas heterogéneas de déficit neurológico adquirido, por lo que es un reto y su diagnóstico implica existencia de: a) déficit neurológico adquirido inexplicable por otra causa; b) evidencias angiográficas o histopatológicas de VPSNC; y c) ausencia de vasculitis sistémica u otra condición que lo explique.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effectiveness of atropine treatment versus ocular occlusion in patients with unilateral moderate refractive amblyopia. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of a series of cases that attended the Pediatric Ophthalmology office of the Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology during the period from September 2019 to September 2021 was carried out. The sample consisted of 44 patients, who were randomly divided into two study groups, 22 cases to the occlusion group and the same number to the atropine group, who met the inclusion criteria. The variables age, gender, refractive defect, best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis were analyzed. Results: Hypermetropic astigmatism predominated in both study groups. Average initial best-corrected visual acuity in both groups was 0.4 LogMAR and improved to 0.1 LogMAR at the end of treatment. Average initial contrast sensitivity was 1.48 (±19.75) for the occlusion group and 1.47 (±20.5) for the atropine group, at completion reaching 1.59 (±10.1) and 1.57 (±10.0) in order of mention. Initial stereopsis was subnormal in both groups, at the end of treatment it was normal in 77.3 % occlusion group and 68.2 % atropine group. Conclusions: The effectiveness of treatment in patients with unilateral moderate refractive amblyopia with atropine is similar to that achieved with the application of ocular occlusion.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad del tratamiento de atropina versus oclusión ocular en pacientes con ambliopía refractiva moderada unilateral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de una serie de casos que acudieron a la consulta de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el período comprendido de septiembre del 2019 a septiembre de 2021. La muestra quedó conformada por 44 pacientes, los cuales se dividieron de forma aleatoria en dos grupos de estudio, 22 casos al grupo de oclusiones e igual número al grupo de atropina, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, defecto refractivo, agudeza visual mejor corregida, sensibilidad al contraste y estereopsis. Resultados: Predominó el astigmatismo hipermetrópico en ambos grupos de estudio. La media de la agudeza visual mejor corregida inicial en ambos grupos fue de 0,4 LogMAR y mejoró a 0,1 LogMAR al finalizar el tratamiento. La media de la sensibilidad al contraste inicial fue de 1,48 (±19,75) para el grupo de oclusiones y de 1,47 (±20,5) para el grupo atropina, al finalizar alcanzaron 1,59 (±10,1) y 1,57 (±10,0) por orden de mención. La estereopsis inicial fue subnormal en ambos grupos, al finalizar el tratamiento fue normal en el 77,3 % grupo oclusión y el 68,2 % grupo atropina. Conclusiones: La efectividad del tratamiento en pacientes con ambliopía refractiva moderada unilateral con atropina es similar a la que se alcanza con la aplicación de la oclusión ocular.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Paraplegia may develop as a result of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients who underwent thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. The objective of this research is to determine the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rd pretreatment in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were randomly assigned to three groups. The sham (n=12) and control (n=12) groups received normal saline orally. The Rd group (n=12) received ginsenoside Rd (100 mg/kg) orally 48 hours before the induction of spinal cord ischemia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by aortic occlusion using a Fogarty balloon catheter in the Rd and control groups. A neurological assessment according to the motor deficit index and a histological evaluation of the spinal cord were performed. To evaluate the antioxidant activity of ginsenoside Rd, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Further, the tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta were measured. Results: The Rd group showed significantly lower motor deficit index scores than did the control group throughout the entire experimental period (P<0.001). The Rd group demonstrated significantly greater numbers of normal motor neurons than did the control group (P=0.039). The Rd group exhibited decreased malondialdehyde levels (P<0.001) and increased superoxide dismutase activity (P=0.029) compared to the control group. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta tissue levels were significantly decreased in the Rd group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rd pretreatment may be a promising treatment to prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients who undergo thoracoabdominal aortic surgery. Introduction ischemiareperfusion reperfusion surgery Methods SpragueDawley Sprague Dawley n=36 n36 n 36 (n=36 n=12 n12 12 (n=12 100 (10 mg/kg mgkg mg kg 4 performed determined Further factoralpha factor alpha interleukin1 interleukin 1 interleukin- measured Results P<0.001. P0001 P P<0.001 . 0 001 P=0.039. P0039 P=0.039 039 (P=0.039) (P<0.001 P=0.029 P0029 029 (P=0.029 Conclusion n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n=1 n1 (n=1 10 (1 P000 P<0.00 00 P003 P=0.03 03 (P=0.039 (P<0.00 P=0.02 P002 02 (P=0.02 n= (n= ( P00 P<0.0 P=0.0 (P=0.03 (P<0.0 (P=0.0 (n P0 P<0. P=0. (P<0. (P=0. P<0 P=0 (P<0 (P=0 P< P= (P< (P= (P

RESUMO Esse caso se refere a uma paciente de 69 anos, sexo feminino, com relato de baixa acuidade visual súbita e indolor no olho esquerdo, de início 2 dias após cirurgia de catarata sem complicações. A acuidade visual era de movimento de mãos e a biomicroscopia mostrou reação de câmara anterior moderada, sem hipópio, e lente intraocular posicionada dentro do saco capsular. A fundoscopia evidenciou edema de disco óptico, hemorragias difusas intrarretinianas superficiais e profundas, isquemia retiniana e edema macular. A avaliação cardiológica foi normal e os testes para trombofilia foram negativos. Ao final da cirurgia foi injetado antibioticoprofilaxia com vancomicina (1mg/0,1ml) na câmara anterior. A paciente foi diagnosticada com vasculite hemorrágica oclusiva da retina secundária à hipersensibilidade a vancomicina. O reconhecimento dessa entidade é importante para o tratamento precoce e para evitar o uso de vancomicina intracameral em caso de cirurgia de catarata no olho contralateral.

ABSTRACT A 69-year-old female was referred with sudden unilateral painless decreased vision that began 2 days after uncomplicated cataract surgery in the left eye. Visual acuity was hand motion and biomicroscopy showed a mild anterior chamber reaction, no hypopyon, and an intraocular lens that had been placed within the capsular bag. A dilated fundus examination revealed optic disk edema, widespread deep and superficial intraretinal hemorrhages, retinal ischemia, and macular edema. A cardiological evaluation was normal and thrombophilia tests were negative. After surgery, prophylactic vancomycin (1mg/0.1ml) had been injected intracamerally. The patient was diagnosed with hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis likely secondary to vancomycin hypersensitivity. Recognition of this entity is important to ensure early treatment and the use of intracameral vancomycin in the fellow eye should be avoided after cataract surgery.