The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66-NH2, UiO-66-2,5-(OH)2, UiO-66-NO2, UiO-66-NDC, and UiO-66-BPDC were synthesized under solvothermal conditions using different functionalized organic linkers. The structures and properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The crystal structures of these functionalized UiO-66(Zr) forms were similar. A series of functionalized UiO-66(Zr) samples were used in the adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2). UiO-66-NH2 had the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (about 3.35 mmol g-1) due to its small polar -NH2 group. The performance of UiO-66-NH2 in CO2 adsorption at different temperatures was also determined. The amino-functionalized material possessed better adsorption properties at 273 K than at 303 K, while the CO2 working capacity of UiO-66-NH2 was fully recovered after cyclic regeneration. metalorganic metal MOFs (MOFs UiO66NH2, UiO66NH2 UiONH UiO 66 NH2, NH2 NH UiO662,5OH2, UiO6625OH2 UiOOH 2,5 OH 2, 2 5 UiO-66-2,5-(OH)2 UiO66NO2, UiO66NO2 UiONO NO2, NO2 NO UiO-66-NO2 UiO66NDC, UiO66NDC UiONDC NDC, NDC UiO-66-NDC UiO66BPDC UiOBPDC BPDC linkers Xray X ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis microscopy adsorptiondesorption desorption isotherms UiO66Zr UiOZr Zr UiO-66(Zr similar CO2. CO . (CO2) UiO-66-NH about 335 3 35 3.3 g1 g 1 g-1 -NH group determined aminofunctionalized amino 27 30 regeneration UiO66NH 6 UiO662 5OH2 UiO662,5OH2 UiO6625OH 25 UiO-66-2,5-(OH) UiO66NO UiO-66-NO (CO2 33 3. g- UiO66 5OH UiO662,5OH UiO-66-2,5-(OH (CO UiO6

RESUMO Santa Catarina é um importante produtor de banana, responsável por 722 toneladas anuais. Para cada 1.000 kg de banana colhida, são gerados aproximadamente 3.000 kg de pseudocaule, 650 kg de cascas e 350 kg de frutos rejeitados. Estudos avaliaram a utilização de resíduos de banana para produção de bioetanol. Resíduos sólidos como bagaço de pseudocaule de banana, cascas de banana e vinhaça (resíduo de caldo fermentado) são produzidos nesse processo. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar esses resíduos para produção de biogás e metano. Cascas de banana e vinhaça foram melhores por conterem menor teor de sólidos totais e relações C:N (carbono:nitrogênio) favoráveis (10 - 30:1), proporcionando maior potencial bioquímico de metano (260 mLCH4 gvs -1) em comparação ao pseudocaule de bananeira bagaço (201 mLCH4 gvs -1). No entanto, a vinhaça apresentou alto teor de sulfeto de hidrogênio (0,0783%), necessitando de dessulfurização do biogás gerado para seu uso seguro. No geral, os resultados indicam que o bagaço do pseudocaule da banana, as cascas de banana e a vinhaça têm potencial substancial para a produção de biogás e metano devido às suas altas taxas de degradação. A composição do biogás atende aos critérios de utilização, com concentrações adequadas de metano e dióxido de carbono, destacando a viabilidade desses resíduos para geração de energia e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade no cultivo da banana. 72 anuais 1000 1 000 1.00 colhida 3000 3 3.00 65 35 rejeitados bioetanol resíduo fermentado processo CN C N carbononitrogênio carbono nitrogênio (carbono:nitrogênio 10 (1 301, 301 30 , 30:1) 260 (26 mLCH -1 201 (20 1. . entanto 0,0783%, 00783 0,0783% 0 0783 (0,0783%) seguro geral degradação 7 100 00 1.0 300 3.0 6 ( 30:1 26 (2 20 0078 0,0783 078 (0,0783% 3. 30: 2 007 0,078 07 (0,0783 0,07 (0,078 0,0 (0,07 0, (0,0 (0, (0

ABSTRACT Santa Catarina is a significant banana producer, responsible for 722 tons annually. For every 1,000 kg of bananas harvested, approximately 3,000 kg of pseudostem, 650 kg of peels, and 350 kg of rejected fruit are generated. Studies have evaluated the use of banana residues for bioethanol production. Solid residues like banana pseudostem bagasse, banana peels, and vinasse (fermented broth residue) are produced during this process. This study aimed to quantify and characterize these residues for biogas and methane production. Banana peels and vinasse were more suitable for containing lower total solids content and favorable C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratios (10-30:1), yielding higher biochemical potential of methane (260 mLCH4 gvs -1) compared to banana pseudostem bagasse (201 mLCH4 gvs -1). However, vinasse had a high hydrogen sulfide content (0.0783%), necessitating desulphurization for safe biogas use. The results indicate that banana pseudostem bagasse, banana peels, and vinasse have substantial potential for biogas and methane production due to their high degradation rates. The biogas composition meets the criteria for use, with adequate methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, highlighting the viability of these residues for energy generation and contributing to sustainability in banana cultivation. producer 72 annually 1000 1 000 1,00 harvested 3000 3 3,00 65 35 generated fermented residue process CN C N carbonnitrogen nitrogen (carbon:nitrogen 10301, 10301 10 30 , (10-30:1) 260 (26 mLCH -1 201 (20 1. . However 0.0783%, 00783 0.0783% 0 0783 (0.0783%) rates concentrations cultivation 7 100 00 1,0 300 3,0 6 1030 (10-30:1 26 (2 - 20 0078 0.0783 078 (0.0783% 1, 3, 103 (10-30: 2 ( 007 0.078 07 (0.0783 (10-30 0.07 (0.078 (10-3 0.0 (0.07 (10- 0. (0.0 (10 (0. (1 (0

Resumen En Cuba, la falta de equipos de medición, el alto costo de las estaciones de contaminación atmosférica y las limitantes para acceder a nuevas tecnologías, dificultan el monitoreo continuo de la calidad del aire. Por tales motivos, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, caracterizar contaminantes criterio empleando el modelo System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition. Se obtuvo una serie diaria de concentraciones estimadas de contaminantes criterio en La Habana durante el año 2021. Se realizó una caracterización del comportamiento de los contaminantes analizando las concentraciones medias diarias y medias mensuales. Se realizó una revisión de los días en que las concentraciones sobrepasaban los valores de las concentraciones máximas admisibles establecidas en la Norma Cubana. Además, se compararon estos resultados con los Valores Guías de Calidad del Aire recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. De forma general, los valores diarios estimados de las concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución espacial y temporal característicos observados en estudios precedentes en la ciudad con monitoreo automático y activo. Se reafirma así la utilidad de la herramienta de las salidas del modelo System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition para brindar información de calidad del aire en La Habana.

Abstract In Cuba, the lack of measurement equipment, the high cost of air pollution stations and the limitations to access new technologies make continuous monitoring of air quality difficult. For these reasons, the objective of this research was to characterize criterion pollutants using the System for Integrated modeling of Atmospheric coMposition model. A daily series of estimated concentrations of criteria pollutants was obtained in Havana during the year 2021. A characterization of the behavior of the pollutants was carried out by analyzing the average daily and average monthly concentrations. A review was carried out of the days in which concentrations exceeded the values of the maximum admissible concentrations established in the Cuban Standard. In addition, these results were compared with the Air Quality Guide Values recommended by the World Health Organization. In general, the estimated daily values of pollutant concentrations corresponded to the characteristic spatial and temporal distribution patterns observed in previous studies in the city with automatic and active monitoring. Thus, the usefulness of the tool of the outputs of the System for Integrated modelLing of Atmospheric coMposition model to provide air quality information in Havana is reaffirmed.

ABSTRACT The prevailing synoptic conditions in one place are directly linked to the implementation values of contaminants in the atmosphere. Its study allows to determine the presence of phenomena that favor to a greater or lesser extent the accumulation of polluting substances. Taking this into account, the present investigation aimed to determine the behavior of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and ozone dioxide in two locations in Havana under the influence of different types of synoptic situations. The data comes from automatic monitoring stations and correspond to time concentrations of the pollutants criteria. From these the daily average concentrations were calculated in µg/m3 and grouped according to the type of synoptic situation that predominated. The sampling period was from November 2015 to October 2016. To determine the relationship with the TSS, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed and to study this relationship in greater detail the Dunn test. The maximum average concentration values were obtained when the localities were under the weak influence of the subtropical anti -cyclone of the North Atlantic and the migratory continental anticyclones.

RESUMEN Las condiciones sinópticas imperantes en un lugar están directamente vinculadas con los valores de inmisión de contaminantes en la atmósfera. Su estudio permite determinar la presencia de fenómenos que favorecen en mayor o menor grado la acumulación de sustancias contaminantes. Teniendo esto en cuenta, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el comportamiento de las inmisiones de Dióxido de Azufre, Dióxido de Nitrógeno y Ozono en dos localidades de La Habana bajo la influencia de diferentes tipos de situaciones sinópticas. Los datos provienen de estaciones de monitoreo automático y corresponden a concentraciones horarias de los contaminantes criterio. A partir de estas se calcularon las concentraciones medias diarias en µg/m3 y se agruparon según el tipo de situación sinóptica que predominaba. El período de muestreo fue desde noviembre del 2015 hasta octubre del 2016. Para determinar la relación con los TSS se realizó la prueba H de Kruskal-Wallis y para estudiar esta relación en mayor detalle la prueba de Dunn. Los máximos valores medios de concentración se obtuvieron cuando las localidades estuvieron bajo la débil influencia del Anticiclón Subtropical del Atlántico Norte y los anticiclones continentales migratorios.

Abstract Carbon accumulation in coffee is a way to reduce greenhouse gases and combat climate change; nevertheless, in the Sierra de Chiapas, there is no accurate information on carbon capture in coffee plantations. Quantifying carbon is essential to value this ecosystem service and conserve coffee plantations through subsidies. For this reason, this research aims to evaluate the carbon stored in the aerial biomass of coffee in two altitudinal gradients and determine the concentration of carbon (CC) and nitrogen, with CC being an indispensable element in obtaining the carbon stored in coffee. The study was carried out at two altitudes: the first at 1 200 m and the second at an altitude of 1 500 m, in the year 2022. To estimate the carbon, first, the biomass was estimated indirectly using an allometric equation for the species, then the concentration of carbon and nitrogen was determined with a device called Thermo Scientific Flash 2000 NC Soils Analyzer, which works by complete combustion at 950 °C. Once the biomass and the concentration of carbon in coffee were obtained, they were multiplied, thus obtaining the stored carbon; for carbon dioxide, the stored carbon was multiplied by the constant 3.67. The results indicate significant differences in the range of 1 200 masl (10.72 t C ha-1) and the lowest carbon storage in the range of 1 500 masl (4.74 t C ha-1). This indicates that the altitude of the site influences carbon capture in coffee; the lower the altitude, the more carbon stored there will be in the coffee.

Resumen La acumulación de carbono en el café es una forma de disminuir los gases de efecto invernadero y combatir el cambio climático; sin embargo, en la Sierra de Chiapas no se tiene información precisa sobre la captura de carbono en los cafetales. Cuantificar el carbono es dispensable para valorar este servicio ecosistémico y conservar las plantaciones de café a través de subsidios. Por esta razón la presente investigación tiene como objetivo, evaluar el carbono almacenado en biomasa aérea de café en dos gradientes altitudinales, así también determinar la concentración de carbono (CC) y nitrógeno, siendo la CC un elemento indispensable para obtener el carbono almacenado en café. El estudio se realizó en dos altitudes: la primera a 1 200 m y la segunda a una altitud de 1 500 m. Para estimar el carbono, primeramente, se estimó la biomasa de manera indirecta utilizando una ecuación alométrica para la especie, posteriormente la concentración de carbono y nitrógeno se determinó con un equipo denominado analizador elemental Thermo Scientific Flash 2000 NC Soils Analyzer, que funciona por combustión completa a 950 °C. Una vez obtenido la biomasa y la concentración de carbono en café se multiplicaron, obteniendo así el carbono almacenado, para el dióxido de carbono se multiplicó el carbono almacenado por la constante 3.67. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en el rango 1 200 msnm (10.72 t C ha-1) y el más bajo almacenamiento de carbono en el rango 1 500 msnm (4. 74 t C ha-1). Lo anterior, indica que la captura de carbono en café es influenciada por la altitud del sitio, a menor altitud mayor carbono almacenado habrá en el café.

ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal variability of air pollutants in an urban area is great. Superimposed on daily meteorological variability are seasonal cycles of human activities that influence air quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of polluting gases: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in two locations in Havana from November 2015 to October 2016. Hourly concentration data from two Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Stations. The statistical processing of the data was carried out using the MS-Excel and Origin 2016 software. The non-pa rametric Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Dunn tests were applied. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants corresponded to the distribution patterns characteristic of urban locations.

RESUMEN La variabilidad espacial y temporal de los contaminantes atmosféricos en un área urbana es grande. Superpuestos a la variabilidad meteorológica diaria existen ciclos estacionales de las actividades humanas que influyen en la calidad del aire. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la variación espacial y temporal de los gases contaminantes: dióxido de azufre, dióxido de nitrógeno y ozono en dos localidades de La Habana desde noviembre de 2015 hasta octubre de 2016. Se utilizaron datos horarios de concentración provenientes de dos Estaciones Automáticas de Monitoreo Atmosférico. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos fue realizado empleando los softwares MS-Excel y Origin 2016. Se aplicaron las pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney, H de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. De forma general as concentraciones de los contaminantes se correspondieron con los patrones de distribución característicos de localidades urbanas.

ABSTRACT: Controlled machinery traffic is a technique to increase the efficiency of machines and make better use of inputs. This study evaluated the pollutant gas emissions of an agricultural tractor towing a precision seeder-fertilizer with different plow configurations in an area with varying intensities of controlled machinery traffic. The study was carried out in a commercial agricultural area located in the municipality of Carazinho, Brazil. The experimental design was of randomized 3 x 3 blocks, with three traffic situations (tractor traffic; tractor + harvester traffic; and tractor + harvester + sprayer traffic), as well as three plow settings. The pollutant gases analyzed were: particulate material (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2). We concluded that greater controlled traffic intensity, compared to an area without traffic, yields a PM reduction of 43% using the double disk, and 67% using the double disk without a ridge plow. The absence of plows on the traffic lines reduces the PM, NOx, and CO2 emissions by, respectively, 73%, 12%, and 17% with tractor + harvester traffic; and 80%, 12%, and 15% with tractor + harvester + sprayer traffic, compared to cultivation using ridge plows. ABSTRACT inputs seederfertilizer seeder fertilizer Carazinho Brazil blocks , traffic) settings were (PM) NOx (NOx) CO2, CO (CO2) O2. O2 O . (O2) intensity 43 67 by respectively 73 73% 12 12% 17 80 80% 15 (PM (NOx (CO2 (O2 4 6 7 1 8 (CO (O

RESUMO: O tráfego controlado de máquinas é uma técnica para aumentar a eficiência das máquinas e melhor utilizar os insumos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as emissões de gases poluentes de um trator agrícola tracionando uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão com diferentes configurações de sulcadores em uma área com intensidades variadas de tráfego controlado de máquinas. O estudo foi realizado em uma área agrícola comercial localizada no município de Carazinho, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados 3 x 3, com três situações de tráfego (tráfego de trator; tráfego de trator + colheitadeira; e tráfego de trator + colheitadeira + pulverizador), além de três configurações de sulcadores. Os gases poluentes analisados foram: material particulado (MP), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), dióxido de carbono (CO2) e oxigênio (O2). Concluiu-se que a maior intensidade de tráfego controlado, em comparação com área sem tráfego, proporciona redução de MP de 43% usando o disco duplo e 67% usando o disco duplo sem haste. A ausência de sulcadores nas faixas de tráfego reduz as emissões de MP, NOx e CO2 em 73%, 12% e 17% respectivamente, com tráfego trator + colheitadeira e 80%, 12% e 15% com tráfego de trator + colheitadeira + pulverizador, em relação ao cultivo com sulcador haste. RESUMO insumos semeadoraadubadora semeadora adubadora Carazinho Brasil pulverizador , pulverizador) foram (MP) NOx, (NOx) CO (CO2 O2. O2 . (O2) Concluiuse Concluiu se 43 67 haste 73 73% 12 17 respectivamente 80 80% 15 (MP (NOx (CO (O2 4 6 7 1 8 (O

This study aimed to assess how a partial lockdown due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected air quality in four cities with dissimilar characteristics. In three cities, Araraquara (ARQ), Presidente Prudente (PPE), and Santos (STS), reductions in NO2 concentrations were observed due to social distancing. Conversely, in Santa Gertrudes (SGD), NO2 concentrations increased, indicating that a brief pause in ceramics industry activity was not sufficient to reduce NO2 emissions. A variable behavior was observed in O3 concentrations; in some cases, it followed the trends observed in previous years, but in others, an increase or decrease in concentrations was observed due to variations in concentrations of NO2 and volatile organic compounds and/or climatic conditions. Particulate matter (PM) concentrations decreased in SGD and STS due to social distancing, meteorological conditions, such as wind speed, and reductions in industrial and port activities. Nevertheless, in the cities of ARQ and PPE, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10) concentrations were elevated during the pandemic period, due to numerous biomass burning events in 2020. Thus, although vehicular and industrial emission control/reduction policies are effective in improving air quality, they may not be sufficient to achieve air quality standards if they are not combined with more restrictive measures to manage biomass burning. 201 COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 characteristics ARQ, , (ARQ) PPE (PPE) STS, (STS) NO distancing Conversely SGD, (SGD) increased emissions O cases years others andor conditions PM (PM speed activities Nevertheless 1 PM10 (PM10 period 2020 Thus controlreduction control reduction 20 COVID1 (COVID-1 (ARQ (PPE (STS (SGD PM1 (PM1 202 2 (COVID- (COVID

Abstract Global warming is attributed to the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Land use changes significantly impact on GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 44% of the country’s emissions in 2019. This review addresses the main pathways of GHG formation in the soil, focusing on the influence of land use changes on GHG emissions. It is found that soil CO2 emissions are related to root respiration, microorganisms, and organic matter (OM) decomposition in the soil. Changes in land use can alter soil characteristics, favoring increased CO2 emissions. Soil CH4 emissions occur under anaerobic conditions by methanogenic microorganisms; however, land use changes, such as forest conversion to pasture, can increase CH4 emissions due to a higher concentration of methanogenic microorganisms in the soil. On the other hand, N2O is produced in the soil during nitrification and denitrification processes by microorganisms, and nitrogen fertilization in agricultural areas can increase N2O emissions, especially when associated with soil moisture and the availability of organic carbon. It is important to understand the dynamics of GHG formation and emissions resulting from land use changes because efficient management strategies can reduce these emissions and contribute to Brazil’s goals for GHG reduction as established in international agreements. (GHG CO2, CO , (CO2) CH4, CH (CH4) N2O. NO . N O (N2O) 44 countrys country s 2019 respiration OM (OM characteristics however pasture hand Brazils Brazil agreements (CO2 (CH4 (N2O 4 201 (CO (CH 20 2

Resumo O aquecimento global é atribuído ao aumento das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O). As mudanças no uso da terra têm impactos significativos nas emissões de GEE, sendo responsáveis por aproximadamente 44% das emissões do país em 2019. Essa é uma revisão que aborda as principais rotas de formação dos GEE no solo com foco na influência das mudanças do uso da terra nas emissões de GEE. Constata-se que as emissões de CO2 pelo solo estão relacionadas à respiração de raízes, microrganismos e decomposição da matéria orgânica (MO) do solo, assim mudanças no uso da terra podem alterar as características do solo, favorecendo a intensificação das emissões de CO2. As emissões de CH4 pelo solo ocorrem em condições de anaerobiose por microrganismos metanogênicos, no entanto as mudanças no uso da terra, como a conversão de florestas em pastagens, podem aumentar as emissões de CH4 devido a uma maior concentração de microrganismos metanogênicos no solo. Já o N2O é produzido no solo durante o processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação por microrganismos, e a fertilização nitrogenada em áreas agrícolas pode aumentar as emissões de N2O, especialmente quando associada à umidade e disponibilidade de carbono orgânico no solo. Destaca-se a importância de compreender as dinâmicas de formação e emissão de GEE decorrentes das mudanças de uso da terra, pois estratégias eficientes de manejo podem reduzir essas emissões e contribuir para o cumprimento das metas do Brasil em relação à redução de GEE estabelecidas em acordos internacionais. , (GEE) CO2, CO (CO2) CH (CH4 N2O. NO . N (N2O) 44 2019 Constatase Constata se raízes MO (MO pastagens Destacase Destaca internacionais (GEE (CO2 (CH (N2O 4 201 (CO 20 2

RESUMO A uva é considerada umas das principais culturas frutíferas no mundo, podendo ser cultivada nas mais diferentes condições climáticas e possuindo grande importância econômica. O excesso de práticas de manejo, como o preparo do solo, abuso de fertilizantes nitrogenados e tráfego de tratores na vinha, pode reduzir a fertilidade e a biodiversidade do solo, além de alterar o equilíbrio dos ecossistemas e dos fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa emitidos pelo solo. Objetivou-se desenvolver uma revisão sistemática a respeito das emissões de gases de efeito estufa pela viticultura, com o intuito de apresentar uma perspectiva global sobre o assunto. Foi utilizada a metodologia Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA), bem como os termos (“grape growing” OR “viticulture” OR “vineyard” OR “grape cultivation”) AND (“nitrous oxide” OR “carbon dioxide” OR “methane” OR “grenhouse gas”), os quais deveriam aparecer no título do artigo ou no resumo ou nas palavras-chave. A análise incluiu 29 artigos das bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Os resultados mostram, principalmente, a relação entre fertilizantes nitrogenados e orgânicos e a textura do solo, além da relação das práticas de preparo do solo e emissões do carbono do solo, e a influência do conteúdo de água no solo sobre as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. A associação das condições climáticas locais, práticas de manejo e características do solo pode explicar a grande variabilidade dos resultados observados. A compreensão da dinâmica de emissão espaço-temporal e dos fatores determinantes permitem desenvolver medidas para uma mitigação eficaz das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, possibilitando reduzir o impacto do aquecimento global. mundo econômica vinha Objetivouse Objetivou se viticultura assunto PRISMA, PRISMA , (PRISMA) grape growing viticulture “viticulture vineyard “vineyard cultivation cultivation” nitrous oxide carbon dioxide methane “methane grenhouse gas, gas gas”) palavraschave. palavraschave palavras chave. chave palavras-chave 2 Science mostram principalmente locais observados espaçotemporal espaço temporal (PRISMA gas”

ABSTRACT Grapes are considered one of the world leading fruit crops. They can be grown in various climatic conditions and are highly economically important. Excessive management practices, such as soil preparation, abuse of nitrogen fertilizers and tractors traffic in the vineyard, may reduce the soil fertility and biodiversity, besides altering the balance of ecosystems and the fluxes of greenhouse gases emitted by the soil. This article aimed to develop a systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions from viticulture, in order to present a global perspective on the subject. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) methodology was used, as well as the terms (“grape growing” OR “viticulture” OR “vineyard” OR “grape cultivation”) AND (“nitrous oxide” OR “carbon dioxide” OR “methane” OR “greenhouse gas”), which should appear in the article title, abstract or keywords. The analysis included 29 articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The results mainly showed the relationship between nitrogen and organic fertilizers and soil texture, in addition to the relation between soil preparation practices and soil carbon emissions, and the influence of the soil water content on greenhouse gas emissions. The association of local climate conditions, management practices and soil characteristics can explain the significant variability of the observed results. Understanding the spatiotemporal emission dynamics and the determining factors allows the development of measures for effective greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, thus reducing the impact of global warming. crops important vineyard biodiversity viticulture subject PRISMA (PRISMA used grape growing “viticulture “vineyard cultivation cultivation” nitrous oxide dioxide methane “methane gas, , gas”) title keywords 2 databases texture mitigation warming gas”

Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of environmental factors and prematurity relating to juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), its course and refractoriness to treatment. Methods A case-control study with 35 patients followed up at a tertiary hospital and 124 healthy controls, all residents of São Paulo. Patients were classified according to monocyclic, polycyclic or chronic disease courses and refractoriness to treatment. The daily concentrations of pollutants (inhalable particulate matter-PM10, sulfur dioxide-SO2, nitrogen dioxide-NO2, ozone-O3 and carbon monoxide-CO) were provided by the Environmental Company of São Paulo. Data from the population were obtained through a questionnaire. Results Fifteen patients had monocyclic courses, and 19 polycyclic/chronic courses. Eighteen patients were refractory to treatment. Maternal occupational exposure to inhalable agents (OR = 17.88; IC 95% 2.15–148.16, p = 0.01) and exposure to O3 in the fifth year of life (third tertile > 86.28μg/m3; OR = 6.53, IC95% 1.60–26.77, p = 0.01) were risk factors for JDM in the multivariate logistic regression model. The presence of a factory/quarry at a distance farther than 200 meters from daycare/school (OR = 0.22; IC 95% 0.06–0.77; p = 0.02) was a protective factor in the same analysis. Prematurity, exposure to air pollutants/cigarette smoke/sources of inhalable pollutants in the mother's places of residence and work during the gestational period were not associated with JDM. Prematurity, maternal exposure to occupational pollutants during pregnancy as well as patient's exposure to ground-level pollutants up to the fifth year of life were not associated with disease course and treatment refractoriness. Conclusion Risk factors for JDM were maternal occupational exposure and exposure to O3 in the fifth year of life. Key points Maternal exposure to occupational pollutants during pregnancy was a risk factor for Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). Exposure to ozone in the fifth year of life was found to be a risk factor for JDM. Exposure to air pollutants during the gestational period was not associated with JDM, its course or refractoriness. , (JDM) casecontrol case control 3 12 controls Paulo matterPM10, matterPM10 matterPM matter PM10, PM10 PM matter-PM10 dioxideSO2, dioxideSO2 dioxideSO dioxide SO2, SO2 SO dioxide-SO2 dioxideNO2, dioxideNO2 dioxideNO NO2, NO2 NO dioxide-NO2 ozoneO3 ozoneO O ozone-O monoxideCO monoxide CO monoxide-CO questionnaire 1 polycyclicchronic 17.88 1788 17 88 95 21514816 2 15 148 16 2.15–148.16 0.01 001 0 01 third 86.28μg/m3 8628μgm3 μgm 86 28μg m3 μg m 653 6 53 6.53 IC95 1602677 60 26 77 1.60–26.77 model factoryquarry factory quarry 20 daycareschool daycare school 0.22 022 22 0.06–0.77 006077 06 0.02 002 02 analysis Prematurity pollutantscigarette cigarette smokesources smoke sources mothers mother s patient groundlevel ground level . (JDM matterPM1 PM1 matter-PM1 dioxide-SO dioxide-NO 17.8 178 8 9 2151481 14 2.15–148.1 0.0 00 86.28μg/m 8628μgm 65 5 6.5 IC9 160267 7 1.60–26.7 0.2 0.06–0.7 00607 matter-PM 17. 215148 2.15–148. 0. 6. 16026 1.60–26. 0.06–0. 0060 21514 2.15–148 1602 1.60–26 0.06–0 006 2151 2.15–14 160 1.60–2 0.06– 215 2.15–1 1.60– 0.06 21 2.15– 1.60 2.15 1.6 2.1 1. 2.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollutants and illness by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection can cause serious pulmonary impairment. OBJECTIVE: To identify a possible association between exposure to air pollutants and hospitalizations due to SARS-Cov-2. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological time-series study carried out in Taubaté, Tremembé, and Pindamonhangaba in 2020 and 2021. METHODS: Study with Sars-Cov-2 hospitalizations with information on hospitalization date, sex and age of the subjects, duration of hospitalization, type of discharge, and costs of these hospitalizations. Statistical analysis was performed through a negative binomial regression, with data on pollutant concentrations, temperature, air relative humidity, and hospitalization date. Coefficients obtained by the analysis were transformed into relative risk for hospitalization, which estimated hospitalizations excess according to an increase in pollutant concentrations. RESULTS: There were 1,300 hospitalizations and 368 deaths, with a predominance of men (61.7%). These data represent an incidence rate of 250.4 per 100,000 inhabitants and 28.4% hospital lethality. Significant exposure (P value < 0.05) occurred seven days before hospital admission (lag 7) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (relative risk, RR = 1.0124) and two days before hospital admission for PM2.5 (RR = 1.0216). A 10 μg/m3 in NO2 concentration would decrease by 320 hospitalizations and » US $ 240,000 in costs; a 5 μg/m3 in PM2.5 concentration would decrease by 278 hospitalizations and » US $ 190,000 in costs. CONCLUSION: An association between exposure to air pollutants and hospital admission due to Sars-Cov-2 was observed with excess hospitalization and costs for the Brazilian public health system. BACKGROUND SARSCov2 SARSCov SARS Cov (SARS-Cov-2 impairment OBJECTIVE SARSCov2. 2. SARS-Cov-2 SETTING timeseries time series Taubaté Tremembé 202 2021 METHODS SarsCov2 SarsCov Sars Sars-Cov- date subjects discharge regression concentrations temperature humidity RESULTS 1300 1 300 1,30 36 deaths 61.7%. 617 61.7% . 61 7 (61.7%) 2504 250 4 250. 100000 100 000 100,00 284 28 28.4 lethality P 0.05 005 0 05 lag NO (NO2 1.0124 10124 0124 PM25 PM PM2 PM2. 1.0216. 10216 1.0216 0216 1.0216) μgm3 μgm μg m3 m μg/m 32 240000 240 240,00 27 190000 190 190,00 CONCLUSION system (SARS-Cov- SARS-Cov- 20 Sars-Cov 130 30 1,3 3 61.7 6 (61.7% 25 10000 00 100,0 28. 0.0 (NO 1.012 1012 012 1021 1.021 021 24000 24 240,0 19000 19 190,0 (SARS-Cov SARS-Cov 13 1, 61. (61.7 1000 100, 0. 1.01 101 01 102 1.02 02 2400 240, 1900 190, (61. 1.0 (61 1. (6 (

ABSTRACT A new passive atmospheric gas sampling system is presented. With the AnaliseAr kit, it is possible to measure 16 atmospheric contaminants/pollutants simultaneously, in external, internal and/or remote environments. Each kit, made of polypropylene, contains 15 passive samplers (PS), diffusive type, of low cost and simple operation. Impregnated or adsorbent filters are used in the PS, providing measurements of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, NOx, ammonia, aldehydes and organic acids (formic and acetic), inorganic acids (hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric and nitric acids), and volatile organic compounds: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX). The analysis of the fixed gases in the collection medium involves liquid chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and IC and gas chromatography (CG-FID), in addition to molecular absorption spectrophotometry. The accuracy of the PS was evaluated against continuous analyzers and other active air sampling techniques. The application of AnaliseAr in the surroundings of Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia, presented results with good precision and accuracy, within the limit recommended by the European Union. kit 1 contaminantspollutants contaminants pollutants simultaneously external andor environments polypropylene , (PS) type operation dioxide ozone NOx ammonia formic acetic, acetic acetic) hydrogen sulfide acids, acids) compounds Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene BTEX. BTEX . (BTEX) CGFID, CGFID CG FID (CG-FID) spectrophotometry Santos Bahia Union (PS (BTEX (CG-FID

RESUMO Um novo sistema de amostragem passiva de gases atmosféricos é apresentado. Com o kit AnaliseAr, é possível medir 16 contaminantes/poluentes atmosféricos simultaneamente, em ambientes externos, internos e/ou remotos. Cada kit, confeccionado em polipropileno, contém 15 amostradores passivos (APs), do tipo difusivo, de baixo custo e de simples operação. Filtros impregnados ou adsorventes são usados nos APs, fornecendo medições de dióxido de enxofre, dióxido de nitrogênio, ozônio, óxidos de nitrogênio, amônia, aldeídos e ácidos orgânicos (fórmico e acético), ácidos inorgânicos (ácidos sulfídrico, clorídrico e nítrico) e compostos orgânicos voláteis — benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos. A análise dos gases fixados no meio de coleta envolve técnicas de cromatografia líquida como cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, cromatografia iônica e cromatografia gasosa, além de espectrofotometria de absorção molecular. A precisão dos APs foi avaliada contra analisadores contínuos e outras técnicas de amostragem ativa de ar. A aplicação do AnaliseAr no entorno da Baía de Todos os Santos (BA) apresentou resultados com boa precisão e exatidão, conforme o limite recomendado pela União Europeia. apresentado 1 contaminantespoluentes contaminantes poluentes simultaneamente externos eou remotos polipropileno , (APs) difusivo operação enxofre nitrogênio ozônio amônia fórmico acético, acético acético) sulfídrico nítrico benzeno tolueno xilenos eficiência gasosa molecular ar BA (BA exatidão Europeia (APs

RESUMEN El dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2) es uno de los contaminantes atmosféricos más importantes que afecta la salud humana (mayor propensión a infecciones respiratorias) y el medio ambiente (acidificación del suelo y agua). En muchas regiones de Brasil las mediciones de NO2 a nivel del suelo presentan dificultades debido a que la red de estaciones de monitoreo es escasa y está desigualmente espaciada. Las observaciones satelitales combinadas con modelos de aprendizaje automático pueden mitigar esta falta de datos. Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación sobre la capacidad de un enfoque de aprendizaje automático (un algoritmo estadístico no lineal de bosques aleatorios, en adelante RF) para ejecutar una reconstrucción espacio-temporal de NO2 a nivel del suelo, de 2006 a 2019, utilizando como parámetros de entrada datos de NO2 recuperados del sensor del Instrumento de Monitoreo de Ozono (OMI) a bordo del satélite Aura, además de covariables meteorológicas y mediciones localizadas de NO2 a nivel del suelo. Los resultados muestran que el modelo de RF predice el NO2 con una precisión expresada por una correlación R2 = 0.68 basada en una validación cruzada de 10 iteraciones. El modelo también predijo una concentración media de NO2 de 18.73 ± 3.86 μg m-3. La concentración total de NO2 en toda la región analizada mostró una tendencia decreciente (2.9 μg m-3 yr-1) entre 2006 y 2017. Este estudio demuestra que las estadísticas no lineales empleadas por el algoritmo de RF pueden ser herramientas complementarias a las observaciones in situ y por satélite para predecir NO2.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the most important atmospheric pollutants, affecting human health (increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections) and the environment (soil and water acidification). In many regions of Brazil, NO2 measurements at ground level meet difficulties because monitoring stations are few and unevenly distributed. Satellite observations combined with machine learning models can mitigate this lack of data. This paper report results from an investigation on the ability of a machine learning approach (a non-linear statistical Random Forest algorithm, hereafter RF) to reconstruct the long-term spatiotemporal ground-level NO2 from 2006 to 2019 using as input parameters NO2 data retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensor aboard Aura satellite, besides meteorological covariates and localized ground-level NO2 measurements. Results show that the RF model predicts NO2 with an accuracy expressed by an R2 = 0.68 correlation based on a 10-fold cross-validation. The model also predicted a mean NO2 concentration of 18.73 ± 3.86 μg m-3. The total NO2 concentration over the entire region analyzed showed a decreasing trend (2.9 μg m-3 yr-1), being 2006 the year with the higher concentrations and 2017 with the lowest. This study suggests that non-linear statistical algorithm reconstructions using RF can be complementary tools to in situ and satellite observations for NO2 mapping.

Ground-level ozone (O3) is an air pollutant of major health and environmental concern. The Johannesburg-Pretoria megacity in South Africa is the industrial and economical capital of the country with more than 10 million inhabitants experiencing poor air quality. In 2004, the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) began monitoring trace gases to assess ground-level O3 pollution. Here, we use CoJ's publicly available air quality data, and present the first long-term data analysis of O3, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) in the City from 2004 to 2011 at three air quality monitoring sites: Buccleuch, Delta Park and Newtown. We quantified CoJ's South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) exceedances for O3 and NO2, and demonstrate the City's substantial O3 and NO2 air pollution problem. O3 mixing ratios peak in the early afternoon as expected due to photochemical production. To estimate O3 production rates, we summed O3 and NO2 diurnal profiles to obtain Ox mixing ratios at each site. This analysis provided insight into missing volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity as well as primary NO2 emissions information necessary for developing tropospheric O3 pollution mitigation strategies. Furthermore, CoJ experiences high O3 mixing ratios on weekends due to lower NOx traffic emissions titrating the O3, thereby providing evidence of a VOC-limited regime for O3 production. Seasonal peak O3 occurs in the austral spring, a maximum that we link to increases in water (H2O) concentrations which in turn increases radical chemistry leading to O3. In addition, wintertime VOC and aerosol emissions from biomass burning over the winter add important precursors for O3 formation once radical chemistry is initiated during the first rain events in early spring. In all, this study will help inform air quality modelling and policy work on air pollutants in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa.