Abstract: Estoa journal´s editorial emphasises the increasing importance of evaluation and validation processes in scientific publications, particularly in architectural research. It highlights the necessity of generating and contextualising processes to ensure replicability, functionality, and sustainability in research studies. The integration of new technologies, such as digital simulation, virtual reality, and biomaterials, has revolutionised these processes, enhancing the precision and rigour of evaluations. The journal's current issue focuses on the impact of these technologies on architectural and urban studies, presenting 16 diverse articles that explore various aspects of this transformation. Key themes include the application of innovative technologies in architecture, urbanism, and public policy, emphasising sustainability, bioclimatic efficiency, and heritage preservation. The editorial concludes by encouraging readers to reflect on improving evaluation processes and responsibly educating future generations to use these new technologies effectively. It underscores the critical role of precision, sustainability, and adaptability in modern society and the significant impact of technological advancements on architectural and urban environments.

Resumen: La editorial de la revista Estoa enfatiza la creciente importancia de los procesos de evaluación y validación en las publicaciones científicas, especialmente en la investigación arquitectónica. Destaca la necesidad de generar y contextualizar procesos para asegurar la replicabilidad, funcionalidad y sostenibilidad en los estudios de investigación. La integración de nuevas tecnologías, como la simulación digital, la realidad virtual y los biomateriales, ha revolucionado estos procesos, mejorando la precisión y el rigor de las evaluaciones. El número actual de la revista se centra en el impacto de estas tecnologías en los estudios arquitectónicos y urbanos, presentando 16 artículos diversos que exploran varios aspectos de esta transformación. Los temas clave incluyen la aplicación de tecnologías innovadoras en la arquitectura, el urbanismo y las políticas públicas, enfatizando la sostenibilidad, la eficiencia bioclimática y la preservación del patrimonio. La editorial concluye animando a los lectores a reflexionar sobre cómo mejorar los procesos de evaluación y educar responsablemente a las futuras generaciones para que utilicen estas nuevas tecnologías de manera efectiva. Subraya el papel crucial de la precisión, la sostenibilidad y la adaptabilidad en la sociedad moderna y el impacto significativo de los avances tecnológicos en los entornos arquitectónicos y urbanos.

Abstract Introduction/Frame: Some migrant women living in Portugal who have undergone female genital mutilation pass on this legacy to their daughters for cultural reasons. In this context, it is imperative that nurses specialising in maternal health and obstetric nursing (henceforth referred to as obstetric nurses) contribute to eradicating this harmful traditional practice and protecting the girls of future generations; Research Question/Objectives: The guiding research question is “What experiences do obstetric nurses have when caring for women with female genital mutilation?” and the objective is “To understand the experiences of obstetric nurses when faced with the challenges of caring for women with female genital mutilation”; Methodology: This is a hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study, based on the assumptions of Max van Manen, who defends the importance of understanding and interpreting human experiences for nursing practice. A phenomenological interview script was used to collect the data, and 12 participants were interviewed who met the following inclusion criteria: being an obstetric nurse who provides, or has provided, preventive care and has notified or referred cases of FGM; Results: Two categories stand out: “Constraints experienced by obstetric nurses when caring for women who have undergone genital mutilation” and “Proposals to be implemented by obstetric nurses to prevent, notify and intervene to eradicate female genital mutilation”; Final considerations: The conclusions show that preventive, notification and intervention practices still fall short of what would be desirable. There is an urgent need to invest in and intensify the training of health professionals in female genital mutilation, making them more aware and knowledgeable about this practice. Training these professionals will enable them to empower populations to change their mentalities, including communities where FGM is prevalent, with a view to eradicating it.

Resumo Introdução/Enquadramento: Algumas mulheres migrantes residentes em Portugal, que foram alvo de mutilação genital feminina, transmitem esse legado às suas filhas, por questões culturais. Neste contexto, é premente que o enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de saúde materna e obstétrica (doravante designado enfermeiro obstetra) contribua para erradicar esta prática tradicional nefasta, e proteger as meninas das gerações vindouras.; Questão de investigação/Objetivos: : A questão de investigação norteadora é “Que vivências tem o enfermeiro obstetra, no cuidar mulheres, com mutilação genital feminina?” e o objetivo é “Compreender as vivencias, do Enfermeiro Obstetra, face aos desafios que se lhe colocam ao cuidar mulheres com Mutilação Genital Feminina”; Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo fenomenológico hermenêutico, apoiado nos pressupostos de Max van Manen, que defendem a importância que recai no entendimento e interpretação das experiências humanas para a prática de enfermagem. Para a recolha de dados foi utilizado um guião de entrevista fenomenológica e entrevistados 12 participantes que corresponderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: ser Enfermeiro Obstetra que preste, ou tenha prestado, cuidados preventivos e realizado notificação ou referenciação de casos de MGF; Resultados: Destacam-se duas categorias: “Constrangimentos vivenciados pelo Enfermeiro Obstetra no cuidado a mulheres submetidas à mutilação genital” e “Propostas a implementar pelo Enfermeiro Obstetra para a prevenção, notificação e intervenção para a erradicar a mutilação genital feminina”; Considerações Finais: As conclusões revelam que as práticas preventivas, de notificação e intervenção ainda estão aquém do que seria desejável. Urge investir e intensificar a formação dos profissionais de saúde em mutilação genital feminina tornando-os mais despertos e conhecedores sobre esta prática. A capacitação destes profissionais vai permiti-los empoderar as populações rumo à mudança de mentalidades, incluído as comunidades, onde a MGF é prevalente, tendo em vista a erradicação da mesma.

Abstract Introduction: professional codes of ethics should be updated periodically to respond to criticisms and demands arising from social, technological and scientific changes, especially in the field of human rights; Objectives: to verify the updating of the new Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics in the field of bioethics and human rights; Methods: document analysis of a document in the public domain, with previous definition of categories of analysis and registration units, with reference to the Unesco Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Results: the analysis showed the following most prevalent principles: dignity, autonomy, respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, benefit and harmful effects, solidarity, privacy and confidentiality, non-discrimination and non-stigmatization; Not very well covered: people without the capacity for consent, social responsibility, protection of the environment and future generations; Absent: sharing of research benefits, equality, justice and equity, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism; Final considerations: the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics values the maintenance of prudential autonomy in the relationship with patients and health professionals. The inclusion of broader social concerns, in a fragmentary and insufficient way, does not yet ensure the broad defense of public health, and the rights of people in vulnerability, who have historically been in a position of disparity. The application of the method in a specific context, of the pandemic, was useful for the understanding of the deontological and principlist limits applied to public health. A future revision is suggested based on Unesco's Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights and the deliberative method for interprofessional decision-making.

Resumo Introdução: os códigos profissionais de ética devem ser atualizados, periodicamente, para responder às críticas e demandas decorrentes de mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e científicas, especialmente no campo dos direitos humanos; Objetivos: verificar a atualização do novo Código de Ética Médica brasileiro ao campo da bioética e dos direitos humanos; Métodos: análise documental de documento de domínio público, com definição prévia de categorias de análise e unidades de registro, tendo como referencial teórico a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. Resultados: a análise demonstrou como princípios mais prevalentes: dignidade, autonomia, respeito à vulnerabilidade humana e a integridade pessoal, benefício e efeitos nocivos, solidariedade, privacidade e confidencialidade, não discriminação e não estigmatização; pouco contemplados: pessoas sem capacidade de consentimento, responsabilidade social, proteção do meio ambiente e das gerações futuras; ausentes: repartição de benefícios da pesquisa, igualdade, justiça e equidade, respeito à diversidade cultural e ao pluralismo; Considerações finais: o Código de Ética Médica brasileiro preza pela manutenção de uma autonomia prudencial na relação com os pacientes e profissionais da saúde. A inclusão de preocupações sociais mais amplas, de forma fragmentária e insuficiente, não assegura ainda a ampla defesa da saúde pública, e dos direitos das pessoas em vulnerabilidade, situadas historicamente em posição de desigualdade. A aplicação do método em contexto específico, de pandemia, foi útil para a compreensão dos limites deontológicos e principialistas aplicados à saúde coletiva. Sugere-se uma futura revisão tendo como eixos a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco e o método deliberativo para tomada de decisões interprofissionais.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo socializar la periodización de la obra educativa de Anisia Miranda Fernández, quien se dedicó a la educación de niños, adolescentes y jóvenes a través de la literatura donde contribuyó a la formación de valores morales, sociales y a la identidad nacional. En la investigación se emplea la periodización como instrumento metodológico que permitió precisar el periodo a estudiar, las etapas y dentro de ellas, los aportes que realizó esta escritora a la educación de las nuevas generaciones. Como resultado se demostró que la obra educativa de Anisia Miranda es creativa, transformadora, intencionadamente nacional, adecuada a las edades de sus públicos y permeada de mensajes comprometidos con la formación del hombre nuevo que necesitaba una sociedad en construcción, los cuales hoy son retomados por su trascendencia social.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to socialize the periodization of the educational work of Anisia Miranda Fernández, who dedicated herself to the education of children, adolescents and young people through literature where she contributed to the formation of moral and social values and national identity. In the research, periodization is used as a methodological instrument that allowed us to specify the period to be studied, the stages and within them, the contributions that this writer made to the education of new generations. As a result, it was demonstrated that Anisia Miranda's educational work is creative, transformative, intentionally national, appropriate to the ages of its audiences and permeated with messages committed to the formation of the new man that a society under construction needed, which today are taken up by its social significance.

Abstract The Chilean Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery (SOCHICAR) is a scientific society whose mission is to improve the nation’s cardiovascular health. Its primary goals include discussing issues affecting the specialty and engaging in various activities that support its advancement. To achieve these goals, numerous educational initiatives are undertaken for health professionals, including physicians in cardiology training programs. Training specialists in Chile is the responsibility of the universities, which design the curriculum and plan the program according to the graduate profile. SOCHICAR seeks to integrate these new generations of cardiologists, setting up tasks that contribute to their training. It seemed relevant to us to state our position as a Scientific Society in importants aspects related to this process: the graduate profile of the clinical cardiologist, the necessary competencies for their performance nationally, the identification of deficient areas in their training period, and the Society’s contributions to this university-dependent process. A total of 15 cardiologists from SOCHICAR, at different stages of professional development, various geographic areas, and areas of performance and functions, were invited to participate in three working groups. This SOCHICAR position statement may be useful and an important source of information to be considered by authorities, accrediting entities, training centers, and the Chilean Society of Cardiology.

Resumen La Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular (SOCHICAR) es una entidad científica cuya misión es mejorar la salud cardiovascular del país y entre sus objetivos principales está el debatir los problemas de la especialidad y realizar diferentes actividades que tiendan a fomentar su progreso. Para cumplir con ellos se realizan diferentes actividades de educación dirigidas a profesionales de la salud, entre los cuales se encuentran los médicos en programas de formación de cardiología. La formación de especialistas en Chile es responsabilidad de las Universidades, quienes diseñan la malla curricular y planifican las diferentes actividades del programa de acuerdo con el perfil de egreso. La SOCHICAR busca integrar a estas nuevas generaciones de cardiólogos, implementando una serie de actividades dirigidas a ellos que contribuyan en su período de formación. Nos pareció relevante entregar nuestra posición como Sociedad Científica en importantes aspectos relacionados con este proceso: el perfil de egreso del cardiólogo clínico, las competencias necesarias para su desempeño en el país, la identificación de áreas deficitarias en su etapa formativa y las contribuciones desde la Sociedad a este proceso dependiente de las Universidades. Se convocó a cardiólogos de SOCHICAR, en distintas etapas de desarrollo profesional, diferentes áreas geográficas y ámbitos de desempeño y funciones, en total, 15 cardiólogos (as), distribuidos en tres grupos de trabajo. Esta declaración de posición de la SOCHICAR puede ser de utilidad y una fuente de información importante a considerar por autoridades, entidades acreditadoras, centros formadores y la Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología.

Resumen El derecho debe ir adaptándose a los cambios sociales que se producen a lo largo de la historia y, en este contexto, los derechos humanos poseen un carácter evolutivo y dinámico que permite avanzar en su reconocimiento, en atención a los valores o ideales del entorno social en el que nos encontramos, marcado por la globalización y el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Este escenario motiva el reconocimiento de una cuarta generación de derechos humanos, digna de protección internacional. El propósito de esta investigación es presentar una breve revisión de las generaciones de los derechos humanos, conectadas con el momento histórico en el que se han desarrollado, con acento en el nacimiento de la cuarta generación. La nueva era digital ha provocado cambios sustanciales en nuestra forma de trabajar, de adquirir bienes y servicios, de relacionarnos y, en definitiva, de vivir. Este cambio social sin precedentes nos obliga a reflexionar sobre el sentido de la relación entre el desarrollo tecnológico y el ser humano. El enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, con un método reflexivo y crítico, mediante la revisión y el análisis documental de normas y doctrina, para analizar los riesgos que enfrentamos y los ámbitos en los que esa transformación ha sido más relevante. Por último, se describen acciones normativas europeas, para orientar la respuesta jurídica necesaria, que posibilite aprovechar todo el potencial tecnológico que se despliega ante nosotros, sin menoscabo en la protección de los derechos humanos. La investigación pudo constatar que debe proponerse una adecuación del ordenamiento jurídico para asegurar la efectividad de tales derechos.

Abstract The law must adapt to the social changes that have occurred throughout history. In this regard, human rights have an evolutionary and dynamic nature that allows progress in their recognition in response to the values or ideals of the social context in which we are immersed, marked by globalization and the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT). This scenario motivates the recognition of a fourth generation of human rights that is worthy of international protection. This research aims to present a brief review of the generations of human rights connected to the historical moment when they were established, emphasizing the birth of the fourth generation resulting from the technological revolution we are witnessing. The new digital era has caused substantial changes in our way of working, acquiring goods and services, relating to each other, and, ultimately, living. This unprecedented social change forces us to reflect on the meaning of the relationship between technological development and human beings. The research approach is qualitative, with a reflective and critical method. A documentary review and analysis of norms and doctrine allowed us to discuss the risks we face and the areas where this transformation has been most relevant. Finally, various European regulatory actions are described to guide the necessary legal response, taking advantage of all the technological potential unfolding before us without affecting the protection of human rights. The study confirmed that an adaptation of the legal system must be proposed to ensure the effectiveness of such rights.

ABSTRACT: Archetypes play a fundamental role in shaping the collective unconscious and bring about significant changes in the societal psyche. Particularly, thanks to the femvertising trend, Disney's new princesses project powerful archetypes, such as the queen or the warrior. This contrasts with the archetype of the maiden that the early Disney princesses used to represent, marking a generational shift in favor of female empowerment. This paper establishes a chronological classification of Disney's princesses through a semiotic and archetypal analysis. Additionally, it addresses the characteristics accepted and rejected across generations in women, comparing the princesses with the antagonists of the tales. The attributes that were once considered negative in their antagonists have evolved to become positive traits and values that the new princesses now project. ABSTRACT psyche Particularly trend Disneys s archetypes warrior represent empowerment analysis Additionally women tales

RESUMEN: Los arquetipos desempeñan un papel fundamental en la formación del inconsciente colectivo, y generan cambios significativos en la psique de la sociedad. En particular, y gracias a la tendencia del femvertising, las nuevas princesas de Disney proyectan arquetipos poderosos, como el de la reina o la guerrera. Esto contrasta con el arquetipo de la doncella, que solían representar las primeras princesas de la franquicia, marcándose así un cambio generacional en favor del empoderamiento femenino. El presente trabajo establece una clasificación cronológica de las princesas de Disney a través de un análisis semiótico arquetípico. Además, se abordan las características aceptadas y rechazadas generacionalmente en una mujer, y se comparan las princesas con las antagonistas de los cuentos. Las características que alguna vez se consideraron negativas en sus antagonistas han evolucionado para convertirse en atributos y valores positivos que ahora proyectan las nuevas princesas. RESUMEN colectivo sociedad particular femvertising poderosos guerrera doncella franquicia femenino arquetípico Además mujer cuentos

Abstract The increase in world population and the demand for technologies have exponentially increased the consumption of mineral resources, putting their availability for future generations at risk. The objective of this study is to know the state of academic production on resource scarcity and evaluate its consequences on exploitation, sustainability and technological development. A systematized bibliographic review was developed using the Scopus, WoS and SciELO databases. 57 documents were analyzed that cover topics such as the environmental impact of extraction, reuse strategies, criticality evaluations and regulatory policies for mining activity. It is concluded that the main factors of resource scarcity are related to the lack of regulations, the growing demand for new technologies and discrepancy in criticality estimation methods. There is a need to look for extraction alternatives and promote material recovery strategies.

Resumen El incremento de la población mundial y la demanda de tecnologías han aumentado de manera exponencial el consumo de recursos minerales, poniendo en riesgo su disponibilidad para las generaciones futuras. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el estado de la producción académica sobre la escasez de recursos y evaluar sus consecuencias en la explotación, la sostenibilidad y el desarrollo tecnológico. Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada usando las bases de datos Scopus, WoS y SciELO. Se analizaron 57 documentos que abordan temáticas como el impacto ambiental de la extracción, estrategias de reutilización, evaluaciones de criticidad y políticas de regulación de la actividad minera. Se concluye que los principales factores de la escasez de recursos están relacionados con la falta de normativa, la creciente demanda de nuevas tecnologías y discrepancia en los métodos de estimación de criticidad. Se advierte la necesidad de buscar alternativas de extracción y fomentar estrategias de recuperación de materiales.

Tolstoy'sfiction is part of the cultural background of the South African intelligentsia. Moreover, generations of South Africans have been introduced to Tolstoy through screen adaptations of hisfiction, including Hollywood blockbusters and acclaimed TV series such as Anna Karenina (1935, 1948 and 2012) and War and Peace (1956 and 2016). Such exposure may well be the reason why, in the late 1990s, a survey among South African students of their perceptions of Russia showed that Tolstoy was the best-known Russian writer. During his lifetime, Tolstoy's work and personality were discussed extensively in Russia and abroad, including South Africa. He was one of the most influential and authoritative writers in the world and remained the best-known Russian author in South Africa. Tolstoy was the only writer of Imperial Russia who, for decades, received letters and guests from South Africa. His statements on the Anglo-Boer War of1899-1902 (also known as the South African War) attracted international attention which none of his Russian colleagues could match. Tolstoy wrote on South Africa, and his work was widely read there. Thanks to his erudition, ability to discern global trends, and interest in world culture and philosophy, Tolstoy had a profound understanding of political events in countries that he never visited and inspired leaders of liberation movements that he never met. His influence on South African realist literature can be traced throughout the twentieth century. This study of Tolstoy's and South Africans' views of each other focuses on Afrikaners, because in the last ten years of his life the Russian author often wrote and spoke about them, as is evident from his published works, correspondence and the archival material in the Tolstoy museums in Moscow and Yasnaya Polyana in Russia that were used for this paper. Furthermore, Afrikaner authors seem to have referred to Tolstoy's work remarkably often. By exploring these references, one can ascertain why Tolstoy's writing remained relevant to Afrikaners and other South Africans for more than a century. In the 1890s and 1900s, Tolstoy continued to develop his doctrine of not resisting evil with violence. He used information on the Anglo-Boer War to test his radical pacifist ideas. His protest against British imperialism in Africa echoed that of other world-famous humanist writers, such as Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Theodore Dreiser, Anatole France, Romain Rolland, Bernard Shaw, Bertha von Suttner and Mark Twain. But, unlike most of them, Tolstoy refused to support the Boers unconditionally. He sympathised with the defenders of the Boer republics, but as a principled opponent ofviolence he condemned those Christian people for engaging in armed struggle and killing, which he regarded as a mortal sin. During the transitional and guerrilla phases of the war, Tolstoy came to regard the continued Boer resistance to British invasion as a triumph of moral strength over immorality. He viewed the South African military conflict in a global context, as a typical war of a new era. Reflecting on the news from South Africa, he concluded that such wars were characterised by immoral goals and methods of warfare, and by non-participation in hostilities by those who directly benefitted from the hostilities (big entrepreneurs manipulating the government). Tolstoy argued that European governments were not interested in eradicating militarism, but nonviolent protest by ordinary people could well put an end to war. However, Tolstoy believed Russians, unlike participants in mass pro-Boer campaigns, were not to concern themselves with such protest because instead their main tasks were moral self-improvement and tackling injustice in their homeland. His concern with affairs in South Africa was limited to the Anglo-Boer War and the Indian civil rights campaign of the 1900s led by Gandhi, whose doctrine of satyagraha was partly based on Tolstoy's ethical teachings. Still, Tolstoy's influence on Afrikaner culture has been evident for over a century. Apartfrom direct contact, such as visits and letters to the Russian writer, Afrikaner cultural figures promoted his work, translated his fiction into Afrikaans and published their translations in almost every decade up to the 1990s. Along with other distinguished novelists of the late Imperial Russia, Tolstoy was viewed by Afrikaans authors as an exemplary realist writer who set standards that they aspired to but often regarded as unattainable. It only applied to his fiction, because Tolstoy's confessional writings and philosophical treatises did not seem to be recognised by Afrikaans authors, especially not after the Second World War. For these authors, Tolstoy was primarily a fiction writer. Tolstoy's work featured in South African literary debates with regard to resistance to abusive state authority and grappled with censorship. His fiction reminded South Africans of the humanist ideals that were meant to guide those who wanted to bring about positive change in an unjust, deeply divided society. Tolstoy's work stimulated introspection and reflection on literary mastery, the ethical standards of a writer and one's purpose in life.

Tolstoi was die enigste skrywer in Imperiale Rusland wat oor dekades briewe en gaste uit Suid-Afrika ontvang het. Sy stellings oor die Anglo-Boereoorlog van 1899-1902 het internasionaal aandag getrek op 'n wyse wat geeneen van sy Russiese kollegas kon ewenaar nie. Tolstoi het oor Suid-Afrika geskryf, waar sy werk wyd gelees is. Tolstoi se invloed op Suid-Afrikaanse realistiese¹ letterkunde is deur die hele twintigste eeu merkbaar. Hierdie studie van Tolstoi en Suid-Afrikaanse skrywers se sieninge van mekaar fokus op Afrikaners, want Tolstoi het in die laaste tien jaar van sy lewe dikwels oor hulle geskryf en gepraat. Afgesien van regstreekse kontak, soos besoeke en briewe aan die Russiese skrywer, het Afrikaner-kultuurfigure sy werk bevorder, sy fiksie in Afrikaans vertaal en hul vertalings in feitlik elke dekade tot die 1990's gepubliseer. Tolstoi, soos ook ander vooraanstaande romansiers in laat Imperiale Rusland, is deur Afrikaanse skrywers beskou as 'n toonbeeld van 'n realistiese skrywer wat standaarde gestel het waarna hulle gestreef het maar wat hulle dikwels ook as onhaalbaar beskou het. Tolstoi se werk het in Suid-Afrikaanse literêre debatte oor weerstand teen onregmatige staatsgesag en sensuur gefigureer. Sy fiksie het Suid-Afrikaners herinner aan die humanistiese ideale wat as rigsnoere moes dien vir diegene wat positiewe verandering in 'n onregverdige en diep verdeelde samelewing teweeg wou bring. Tolstoi se werk het introspeksie en nadenke oor literêre uitnemendheid, die etiese standaarde van 'n skrywer en 'n mens se lewensdoel gestimuleer.

RESUMEN Introducción: el aprendizaje virtual, como vía para desarrollar el trabajo independiente, se ha incorporado en los escenarios de las instituciones educativas, como respuesta a las exigencias y necesidades de las nuevas generaciones. Objetivo: analizar el uso de la plataforma Moodle para el desarrollo del trabajo independiente durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Métodos: para desarrollar la revisión que se presenta se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos SCielo, PubMed, Cochrane Plus, ELSEVIER Y ClinicalKey sobre el trabajo independiente a través de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje en idiomas inglés y español. Los artículos seleccionados por los autores de la presente investigación fueron los publicados en el período comprendido entre el año 2018 y el 2023. Como criterio de exclusión, se descartaron los artículos en idioma que no fuese el inglés o el español y publicados antes del período señalado. Se acotaron 20 referencias bibliográficas. Resultados: se logró un impacto positivo tanto en los docentes como en los estudiantes. La plataforma puede utilizarse en el diseño de la mayoría de las actividades autorregulatorias, principalmente en la promoción de la autoevaluación. Conclusiones: permite incentivar el conocimiento de los estudiantes, para continuar adquiriendo experiencias a través plataformas virtuales de aprendizaje, permitiendo el apoyo a la clase presencial, facilitando en los estudiantes un proceso de aprendizaje autónomo y regulado a través del trabajo independiente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: virtual learning, as a way to develop independent work, has been incorporated into the settings of educational institutions, in response to the demands and needs of the new generations. Objective: analyze the use of the Moodle platform for the development of independent work during the students' teaching-learning process. Methods: to develop the review presented, a bibliographic search was carried out in the Scielo, Pubmed, Cochrane Plus, ELSEVIER and ClinicalKey databases on independent work through virtual learning environments in English and Spanish. The articles selected by the authors of this research were those published in the period between 2018 and 2023. As an exclusion criterion, articles in a language other than English or Spanish and published before the indicated period were discarded. 20 bibliographic references were identified. Results: a positive impact was achieved on both teachers and students. The platform can be used in the design of most self-regulatory activities, mainly in promoting self-assessment. Conclusions: it allows to encourage students' knowledge, to continue acquiring experiences through virtual learning platforms, allowing support for face-to-face classes, facilitating an autonomous and regulated learning process for students through independent work.

ABSTRACT Random Forest approaches have been used in phenotyping at both morphological and metabolic levels and in genomics studies, but direct applications in practical situations of plant genetics and breeding are scarce. Random Forest was compared with Discriminant Analysis for its ability in classifying tomato individuals belonging to different breeding populations, exclusively based on phenotypic fruit quality traits. In order to take into account different steps in breeding programs, two populations were assayed. One was composed by a set of RILs derived from an interspecific tomato cross, and the other was composed by two of these RILs and the corresponding F1, F2 and backcross generations. Being tomato an autogamous species, the first population was considered a final step in breeding programs because promising genotypes are being evaluated for putative commercial release as new cultivars. Meanwhile, the second one, in which new variation is being generated, was considered as an initial step. Both Random Forest and Discriminant Analysis were able to classify populations with the aim of evaluating general variability and identifying the traits that most contribute to this variability. However, overall errors in classification were lower for Random Forest. When comparing the adequacy of classification between populations, errors of both statistical analyses were greater in the second population than in the first one, though Random Forest was more precise than Discriminant Analysis even in this initial step of plant breeding programs. Random Forest allowed breeders to get a reliable classification of tomato individuals belonging to different breeding populations.

RESUMEN Los enfoques de Random Forest se han utilizado en la fenotipificación, tanto a nivel morfológico como metabólico, y en estudios de genómica, pero las aplicaciones directas en situaciones prácticas de fitomejoramiento y genética son escasas. Random Forest se comparó con el Análisis Discriminante por su capacidad en la clasificación de individuos de tomate pertenecientes a diferentes poblaciones de mejoramiento, exclusivamente en función de los rasgos fenotípicos de calidad de la fruta. Para tener en cuenta los diferentes pasos en los programas de mejoramiento, se ensayaron dos poblaciones. Una estaba compuesta por un conjunto de RILs derivadas de un cruce interespecífico de tomate, y la otra estaba compuesta por dos de estas RILs y las correspondientes generaciones F1, F2 y retrocruzas. Siendo el tomate una especie autógama, la primera población se consideró un paso final en los programas de mejoramiento porque se están evaluando genotipos prometedores para su lanzamiento comercial putativo como nuevos cultivares. Mientras tanto, la segunda, en la que se está generando nueva variación, se consideró como un paso inicial. Tanto Random Forest como Análisis Discriminante pudieron clasificar poblaciones con el objetivo de evaluar la variabilidad general e identificar los rasgos que más contribuyen a esta variabilidad. Sin embargo, los errores generales en la clasificación fueron menores para Random Forest. Al comparar la adecuación de la clasificación entre poblaciones, los errores de ambos análisis estadísticos fueron mayores en la segunda población que en la primera, aunque Random Forest fue más preciso que el Análisis Discriminante incluso en este paso inicial de los programas de fitomejoramiento. Random Forest permitió a los criadores obtener una clasificación fiable de individuos de tomate pertenecientes a diferentes poblaciones de cría.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta diversas aproximaciones al estudio y la intervención del patrimonio colonial argentino generadas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. En torno a 1915, el movimiento neocolonial consideró a la arquitectura del periodo virreinal como fuente de inspiración de nuevas expresiones arquitectónicas para definir la estética nacional. Ello impulsó una primera etapa de estudio, reconocimiento y valoración, tanto desde el plano historiográfico como proyectual. Posteriormente, a mediados de la década de 1930, una nueva generación de historiadores propuso una visión metodológica y conceptual alternativa para los estudios coloniales, una postura de indagación proyectual para la restauración de dicho patrimonio. Este trabajo analiza los diversos posicionamientos que prevalecieron en el campo historiográfico y patrimonial a partir de las intervenciones realizadas en el templo y convento de San Francisco en Santa Fe por las generaciones anteriormente mencionadas.

ABSTRACT This work introduces and analizes different approaches generated to study and intervention of Argentina´s colonial heritage during the first half of the XXth Century. About 1915, the neocolonial movement considered the architecture from colonial period as an inspiration source for new architectural experiences to define the national asthetic. This boosted a pioneer stage of studies, acknoledgement and assesment from an historical and projectual point of view. Later on, during middle of the 30´s, a new generation of historians proposed a methodological and cenceptual alternative for colonial studies. Also, a projection inquiry for the restoration of this heritage. This work analizes, through the interventions implemented in San Francisco`s church and abbey in Santa Fe by the aforementioned generations, the different approaches that prevailed in the historical and heritage field.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar el papel de la Federación Estudiantil Universitaria (FEU) en la actividad científica de los jóvenes universitarios cubanos. La FEU, como organización estudiantil representativa, desempeña un papel fundamental en el fomento de la investigación y el desarrollo del talento científico entre los estudiantes.En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis del marco institucional y normativo que respalda el trabajo de la FEU en relación con la actividad científica. Se examinan las políticas y programas establecidos por la FEU y su relación con instituciones académicas y científicas.Se investigan las diferentes iniciativas y programas liderados por la FEU para fomentar la investigación científica, como la organización de eventos científicos, la creación de grupos de investigación estudiantiles y la colaboración con instituciones académicas y científicas nacionales e internacionales.La FEU se presenta como una plataforma importante para fomentar la investigación, brindar apoyo y recursos, y lograr un impacto significativo en el desarrollo del talento científico de las nuevas generaciones de estudiantes. Esta investigación proporciona una base sólida para comprender y valorar el trabajo de la FEU en el ámbito de la actividad científica y ofrece recomendaciones para fortalecer aún más este papel en el futuro.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to analyze the role of the University Student Federation (FEU) in the scientific activity of young Cuban university students. FEU, as a representative student organization, plays a key role in fostering research and developing scientific talent among students. First, an analysis of the institutional and regulatory framework that supports the work of the FEU in relation to scientific activity is carried out. The policies and programs established by the FEU and its relationship with academic and scientific institutions are examined. The different initiatives and programs led by the FEU to promote scientific research are investigated, such as the organization of scientific events, the creation of student research groups and collaboration with national and international academic and scientific institutions. The FEU presents itself as an important platform to promote research, provide support and resources, and achieve a significant impact on the development of the scientific talent of the new generations of students. This research provides a solid foundation to understand and value the work of the FEU in the field of scientific activity and offers recommendations to further strengthen this role in the future.

Resumen La situación de la pandemia por COVID-19 provocó cambios en el sistema educativo costarricense y en consecuencia, se implementó una modalidad de educación virtual de emergencia. En esta investigación, el objetivo es examinar la experiencia subjetiva de un grupo de profesionales en docencia de I y II ciclo de la Educación General Básica para adaptarse a la nueva modalidad pedagógica. El diseño metodológico se sustenta en el paradigma fenomenológico, pues se seleccionó una muestra intencional no probabilística con la participación de 20 docentes de las Direcciones Regionales 01-San José Central, 03-San José Norte y 04-San José Oeste. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian debilidades del profesorado en competencias y estrategias de mediación virtual. Se concluye que, pese a los aprendizajes adquiridos, todavía es necesario potenciar el área tecnológica en la comunidad educativa, en respuesta a las demandas de las nuevas generaciones digitales.

Résumé La situation de la pandémie de COVID-19 a entraîné des changements dans le système éducatif costaricien et, par conséquent, une modalité d'enseignement virtuel d'urgence a été mise en place. Dans cette recherche, l'objectif a été d'examiner l'expérience subjective d'un groupe de professionnels de l'enseignement du premier et du deuxième cycle de l'enseignement général de base pour s'adapter à la nouvelle modalité pédagogique. La conception méthodologique a reposé sur le paradigme phénoménologique, car un échantillon intentionnel non probabiliste a été sélectionné avec la participation de 20 enseignants des Directions Régionales 01-San José Central, 03-San José Nord et 04-San José Ouest. Les résultats obtenus révèlent les faiblesses des enseignants en termes de compétences et de stratégies de médiation virtuelle. On conclut que, malgré les apprentissages acquis, il est encore nécessaire de renforcer le domaine technologique dans la communauté éducative, en réponse aux demandes des nouvelles générations numériques.

Abstract The COVID 19 pandemic situation caused changes in the Costa Rican educational system and consequently, an emergency virtual education modality was implemented. In this research, the objective is to examine the subjective experience of a group of professionals teaching I and II cycles of Basic General Education to adapt to the new pedagogical modality. The methodological design is based on the phenomenological paradigm, since a non-probabilistic intentional sample was selected with the participation of 20 teachers from the Regional Directorates 01-San José Central, 03-San José Norte and 04-San José Oeste. The results obtained show weaknesses of the teaching staff in virtual mediation skills and strategies. It is concluded that, despite the learning acquired, it is still necessary to enhance the technological area in the educational community, in response to the demands of the new digital generations.

Abstract: Currently, the trends of the new generations of telecommunications (6G and beyond) point towards a non-centralized process, however, for these architectures where no central entity regulates the transmission and information sharing, collaboration among nodes becomes a major issue to provide an adequate service. To this end, in this paper, we study Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems to obtain models that reproduce these technologies’ operation and the collaboration mechanism. The behavior of these systems is modeled through a Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC), and later we develop a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) to validate the analytical results. For solving these processes, M/M/s type queues were used in order to analyze the impact of collaboration levels on the system performance.