RESUMEN Objetivo: La transición entre Educación Parvularia y Educación Básica es una problemática identificada en las prácticas y la teoría pedagógica actual. En este contexto, las bases para la comprensión neurocientífica de la enseñanza de la lectoescritura es un sesgo epistemológico persistente y débilmente abordado en la investigación, por lo que se convirtió en el problema de origen del presente artículo. Este tiene como objetivo fundamentar en el plano neurocientífico la enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura en la transición educativa entre los niveles Transición II de Educación Parvularia y primero básico. Método: Los fundamentos expuestos tienen como precedente la revisión crítico-reflexiva de publicaciones científicas de los últimos cinco años, con focos en las indexadas en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, DOAJ o Dialnet, en acceso abierto y en idiomas inglés y español. Resultados: La estructuración lógico-argumentativa aportó la construcción de tres núcleos de conocimiento referidos a: 1) la conceptualización de la transición educativa y términos asociados; 2) las bases neurobiológicas de la lectura y escritura en la infancia; y 3) los predictores cognitivos y modelos del proceso lector. Conclusión: El principal valor científico de este texto radica en aportar saberes neurocientíficos para la toma de decisiones pedagógicas referente a la enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura en el proceso de transición educativa.

ABSTRACT Objective: The transition between Early Childhood Education and Basic Education is a problem identified in current pedagogical practices and theory. In this context, the basis for the neuroscientific understanding of literacy teaching is a persistent epistemological bias that is still weakly addressed in research. Consequently, this paper aims at constructing a theoretical framework of the reading and writing teaching process based on a neuroscientific perspective in the educational transition between preschool and first basic education. Method: The foundations presented arise from the critical-reflexive review of scientific publications published in the 2019-2023 period, focused on Scopus, Web of Science, DOAJ or Dialnet indexes (both English and Spanish versions). Results: The logical and argumentative structuring provided the construction of three cores of knowledge referred to: 1) the conceptualization of the educational transition and associated terms; 2) the neurobiological bases of reading and writing in childhood; and, 3) cognitive predictors and models of the reading process. Conclusion: The main scientific value of this text lies in providing neuroscientific knowledge for making pedagogical decisions regarding the teaching of reading and writing in the educational transition process.

abstract Introduction: The co-occurrence of substance use disorder with at least one other mental disorder is called dual pathology, which in turn is characterised by heterogeneous symptoms that are difficult to diagnose and have a poor response to treatment. For this reason, the identification and validation of biomarkers is necessary. Within this group, possible electroencephalographic biomarkers have been reported to be useful in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, both in neuropsychiatric conditions and in substance use disorders. This article aims to review the existing literature on electroencephalographic biomarkers in dual pathology. Methods: A narrative review of the literature. A bibliographic search was performed on the PubMed, Science Direct, OVID, BIREME and Scielo databases, with the key**words: electrophysiological biomarker and substance use disorder, electrophysiological biomarker and mental disorders, biomarker and dual pathology, biomarker and substance use disorder, electroencephalography, and substance use disorder or comorbid mental disorder. Results: Given the greater amount of literature found in relation to electroencephalography as a biomarker of mental illness and substance use disorders, and the few articles found on dual pathology, the evidence is organised as a biomarker in psychiatry for the diagnosis and prediction of risk and as a biomarker for dual pathology. Conclusions: Although the evidence is not conclusive, it suggests the existence of a subset of sites and mechanisms where the effects of psychoactive substances and the neurobiology of some mental disorders could overlap or interact.

resumen Introducción: Se denomina patología dual a la coocurrencia del trastorno por consumo de sustancias con al menos otro trastorno mental, que a su vez se caracteriza por una clínica heterogénea difícil de diagnosticar y de pobre respuesta al tratamiento. Por esto es necesario la identificación y validación de biomarcadores. Dentro de este grupo, se han reportado posibles biomarcadores electroencefalográficos útiles en el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el seguimiento, tanto en condiciones neuropsiquiátricas como en trastornos por consumo de sustancias. Este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la literatura existente acerca de biomarcadores electroencefalográficos en patología dual. Métodos: Revisión narrativa de la literatura. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, OVID, BIREME y Scielo, con las palabras clave: biomarcador electrofisiológico y trastorno por uso de sustancias, biomarcador electrofisiológico y trastornos mentales, biomarcador y patología dual, biomarcador y trastorno por uso de sustancias, electroencefalografía y trastorno por uso de sustancias o trastorno mental comórbido. Resultados: Dado que se ha hallado mayor cantidad de literatura en relación con la electroencefalografía como biomarcador de enfermedades mentales y trastornos por consumo de sustancias y pocos artículos sobre patología dual, se organiza la evidencia como biomarcador en psiquiatría para el diagnóstico y la predicción del riesgo y como biomarcador para patología dual. Conclusiones: Aunque la evidencia no es concluyente, indica la existencia de subconjunto de sitios y mecanismos donde los efectos de las sustancias psicoactivas y la neurobiología de algunos trastornos mentales podrían traslaparse o interactuar.

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster is undoubtedly one of the most useful model organisms in biology. Initially used in solidifying the principles of heredity, and establishing the basic concepts of population genetics and of the synthetic theory of evolution, it can currently offer scientists much more: the possibility of investigating a plethora of cellular and biological mechanisms, from development and function of the immune system to animal neurogenesis, tumorigenesis and beyond. Extensive resources are available for the community of Drosophila researchers worldwide, including an ever-growing number of mutant, transgenic and genomically-edited lines currently carried by stock centers in North America, Europe and Asia. Here, we provide evidence for the importance of stock centers in sustaining the substantial increase in the output of Drosophila research worldwide in recent decades. We also discuss the challenges that Brazilian Drosophila scientists face to keep their research projects internationally competitive, and argue that difficulties in importing fly lines from international stock centers have significantly stalled the progression of all Drosophila research areas in the country. Establishing a local stock center might be the first step towards building a strong local Drosophila community that will likely contribute to all areas of life sciences research. biology heredity evolution more mechanisms neurogenesis beyond evergrowing ever growing mutant genomicallyedited genomically edited America Asia Here decades competitive country

Abstract Animals adapt to the daily changes in their environmental conditions by means of genetically encoded circadian clocks. These clocks, found throughout the tree of life, regulate diverse biological functions, and allow periodical changes in physiology and behaviour. The molecular underpinnings of these clocks have been extensively studied across taxa, revealing a brain-based system that coordinates rhythmic activities through neuronal networks and signalling pathways. Entrainment, the alignment of internal rhythms with external cues or zeitgebers, is crucial for the adaptive value of these internal clocks. While the solar light-dark cycle is a primary zeitgeber for most animals, other relevant cues such as temperature, meal timing, predators, anxiety, fear, physical activity, and social interactions also play roles in entraining circadian clocks. The search of a detailed description of the circadian clocks is a goal for neurobiology and an area of growing societal interests. Moreover, as disruptions in circadian rhythms are implicated in various diseases, understanding the entrainment pathways contributes to developing interventions for improved wellbeing and health outcomes. This review focuses on socially relevant cues, examining their impact on animal physiology and behaviour, and explores the sensory pathways transmitting information to the central clock. life functions behaviour taxa brainbased brain based Entrainment zeitgebers lightdark light dark animals temperature timing predators anxiety fear activity interests Moreover diseases outcomes clock

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate reading performance and brain activation associated with reading for bilingual and monolingual dyslexics (DDB-DDM), and typical bilinguals as Controls (C). The behavioral results showed that DDB outperformed DDM in all reading components in Portuguese. In the tasks applied in English, there was no significant difference in the performance of DDB compared to C. The results of the brain imaging for the task in Portuguese showed C presented significant activation of the left occipitotemporal and left inferior frontal gyrus while reading words. DDB and DDM, in turn, showed deactivation of left temporoparietal region and no significant activation in the left occipitotemporal region or left inferior frontal gyrus. For the FAST LOC task, DDB showed hypoactivity in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) during word reading, both in English and Portuguese. The findings provide evidence for a possible positive impact of bilingualism on the reading performance of dyslexics. DDBDDM, DDBDDM , (DDB-DDM) . (C) words turn VWFA (VWFA (DDB-DDM (C

Abstract Background Smoking dependence is a chronic disease and a public health problem. The neurobiology of nicotine addiction can explain smoking behavior. This system has genetic variability that has been associated with vulnerability to dependence. Genetic variability in the neurobiology of smoking can help to understand why individuals exposed to drugs may or may not become addicted. Objective This study aims to address genetic variability in the neurobiology of smoking addiction with a focus on polymorphic genes related to the nicotinic response and the dopaminergic reward pathway. Method This work involved a search of the main scientific research on genetic variability in the neurobiology of smoking and its effects on smoking behavior. One hundred and five studies were selected, most of which highlighted polymorphisms in the genes of nicotinic receptors, dopamine receptors, and nicotine metabolism. Results The majority of studies have focused on genes related to the activation of the dopaminergic reward system by nicotine. Combinations between different polymorphisms were also highlighted, showing that interactions can determine a genetic profile of predisposition to smoking addiction. Additionally, gender and ethnicity were identified as relevant factors. Conclusion Knowledge of the genetic bases involved in the individual response to smoking can enable a better understanding of inter-individual differences in smoking behavior, and contribute to improving the treatment of addiction. problem behavior addicted pathway selected receptors metabolism Additionally factors interindividual inter

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The discovery of the psychoactive agent of Cannabis sativa (tetrahydrocannabinol - THC) in the second half of the 20th century originated the research that later came to identify dozens of other substances from this plant, including cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids. Ensuing description of their interaction sites in animals and humans, together with endogenous ligands, transport proteins as well as synthesis and degradation enzymes, revealed what came to be known as the endocannabinoid system. Several receptors participate in this system. CONTENTS: The first receptors to be discovered were called CB1 and CB2, both are G protein-coupled (GPCR). It is noteworthy that CB1 receptors are among the most abundant and widely distributed GPCR in the mammalian brain, with marked expression in basal ganglia, cerebellum and hippocampus, for instance; on the other hand, they are scarce in areas of the brainstem related to breathing control. In light of the multiplicity of pharmacological effects of cannabinoids, concomitant with the lack of more clarifying studies on their mechanisms of action despite the great interest in research on their therapeutic application, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge in this area. CONCLUSION: Considering the literature research conducted for the composition of this article, it is possible to conclude that cannabinoids have a broad spectrum of action mechanisms in the human body, and that more robust clinical studies are needed to better understand their broad therapeutic potential. OBJECTIVES tetrahydrocannabinol THC th plant flavonoids humans ligands enzymes system CONTENTS CB CB2 proteincoupled protein coupled GPCR. . (GPCR) brain ganglia hippocampus instance hand control application area CONCLUSION article body potential (GPCR

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A descoberta do princípio psicoativo da Cannabis sativa (tetrahidrocanabinol - THC) na segunda metade do século XX inaugurou pesquisas que posteriormente vieram a identificar dezenas de outras substâncias a partir dessa planta, incluindo canabinoides, terpenos e flavonoides. A subsequente descrição dos sítios de interação dessas substâncias em animais e humanos, assim como seus ligantes endógenos, proteínas de transporte e enzimas de síntese e degradação, revelou o que veio a ser conhecido como sistema endocanabinoide. Diversos receptores participam deste sistema. CONTEÚDO: Os primeiros receptores a serem descobertos foram denominados CB1 e CB2, ambos são acoplados à proteína G (GPCR). É importante ressaltar que os receptores CB1 estão entre os GPCRs mais abundantes e amplamente distribuídos do encéfalo de mamíferos, com marcada expressão, por exemplo, em gânglios da base, cerebelo e hipocampo; em contrapartida, são escassos em áreas do tronco cerebral relacionadas ao controle da respiração. Diante da multiplicidade de efeitos farmacológicos dos canabinoides, concomitante à falta de estudos mais esclarecedores sobre seus mecanismos de ação apesar do grande interesse na pesquisa de sua aplicação terapêutica, é preciso aprofundar o conhecimento nessa área. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando as pesquisas bibliográficas realizadas para a composição deste artigo, é possível concluir que os canabinoides possuem um amplo espectro de mecanismos de ação no organismo humano, e que mais estudos clínicos robustos são necessários para que seja possível entender melhor o seu amplo potencial terapêutico. OBJETIVOS tetrahidrocanabinol THC planta flavonoides humanos endógenos degradação endocanabinoide CONTEÚDO CB CB2 GPCR. GPCR . (GPCR) mamíferos expressão exemplo base hipocampo contrapartida respiração terapêutica área CONCLUSÃO artigo humano terapêutico (GPCR

Introduction: L’idéal du réductionnisme neurobiologique en psychopathologie implique l’idée que la schizophrénie peut être comprise simplement comme le produit d’altérations du fonctionnement cérébral. D’autre part, et critiquant cette tradition, l’approche phénoménologique propose que la schizophrénie soit comprise comme un trouble de soi. Bien que les deux traditions soient pertinentes aujourd’hui, nous pensons qu’une compréhension complète du phénomène psychotique implique une intégration des deux. Objectif: Cet article soutient que l’hypothèse de la saillance aberrante est un bon candidat pour unifier les traditions phénoménologique et neuropsychiatrique dans l’étude de la schizophrénie. Procédure: Après avoir examiné en profondeur l’hypothèse en question, nous explorons comment elle pourrait expliquer certains des symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie d›une manière cohérente avec leurs descriptions phénoménologiques. Conclusions: Enfin, quelques considérations générales sont proposées concernant les conséquences de notre analyse pour le domaine de la psychopathologie. Introduction Lidéal L idéal lidée l idée daltérations d altérations cérébral Dautre D autre part tradition lapproche approche soi aujourdhui, aujourdhui aujourd hui, hui aujourd’hui quune qu Objectif lhypothèse hypothèse létude étude Procédure question dune phénoménologiques Conclusions Enfin

Introdução: A popularização do reducionismo neurobiológico na psicopatologia traz a ideia de que a esquizofrenia pode ser entendida simplesmente como o produto de alterações na função cerebral. Por outro lado, e criticando essa tradição, a abordagem fenomenológica propõe que a esquizofrenia seja entendida como uma desordem do eu. Embora ambas as tradições sejam relevantes hoje, acreditamos que uma compreensão completa do fenômeno psicótico envolve uma integração de ambas. Objetivo: Este artigo argumenta que a hipótese da saliência aberrante é uma boa candidata para unificar as tradições fenomenológica e neuropsiquiátrica no estudo da esquizofrenia. Procedimento: Depois de examinar a hipótese em questão em profundidade, exploramos como ela pode explicar alguns dos sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia de maneira consistente com suas descrições fenomenológicas. Conclusões: Por fim, são oferecidas algumas considerações gerais sobre as consequências de nossa análise para o campo da psicopatologia. Introdução cerebral lado tradição eu hoje Objetivo Procedimento profundidade fenomenológicas Conclusões fim

Background: The popularization of neurobiological reductionism in psychopathology involves the idea that schizophrenia can be fully understood as the mere product of brain-functioning alterations. Criticizing this tradition, the phenomenological approach proposes that schizophrenia should be understood as a self-disturbance. Although both traditions are relevant, we believe that a comprehensive understanding of schizophrenia involves the integration of these two frameworks. Aim: This article proposes that the aberrant salience hypothesis is a good candidate for unifying the phenomenological tradition with the neuropsychiatric approach to psychosis. Methods: After examining the aberrant salience hypothesis in detail, we explore the way in which it can explain the positive symptoms of schizophrenia respecting being consistent with their phenomenological descriptions. Conclusion: we conclude with some considerations about the consequences of our analysis for the field of psychopathology. Background brainfunctioning brain functioning alterations selfdisturbance. selfdisturbance self disturbance. disturbance self-disturbance relevant frameworks Aim psychosis Methods detail descriptions Conclusion

Introducción: La popularización del reduccionismo neurobiológico en psicopatología conlleva la idea de que la esquizofrenia puede entenderse simplemente como el producto de alteraciones en el funcionamiento cerebral. Por otro lado, y criticando esta tradición, el enfoque fenomenológico propone que la esquizofrenia debería entenderse como un trastorno del yo. Si bien ambas tradiciones son relevantes en la actualidad, creemos que una comprensión completa del fenómeno psicótico envuelve una integración de ambas. Objetivo: Este artículo plantea que la hipótesis de la saliencia aberrante es un buen candidato para unificar la tradición fenomenológica y la neuropsiquiátrica en el estudio de la esquizofrenia. Procedimiento: Luego de examinar la hipótesis en cuestión en profundidad, exploramos la forma en que podría explicar algunos de los síntomas positivos de la esquizofrenia de forma consistente con sus descripciones fenomenológicas. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se ofrecen algunas consideraciones generales respecto de las consecuencias de nuestro análisis para el campo de la psicopatología. Introducción cerebral lado yo actualidad Objetivo Procedimiento profundidad fenomenológicas Conclusiones Finalmente

ABSTRACT This essay brings reflections on the National Common Curricular Base/BNCC, stage of Early Childhood Education, especially with regard to the relationship between human beings and nature. This issue gained visibility in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when it began to be identified as an effect of the capitalist-colonialist economic development model. Theoretical references are sought in conceptual characters that are situated in non-hegemonic Western philosophies and in neurobiology, based on discourse analysis based on the archeology of knowledge, by Michel Foucault. These perspectives converge with native epistemologies that conceive the human as an organic-cultural being whose existence is intertwined with other living beings, beings and phenomena; being, therefore, potentiates itself in this state of entanglement. The analyzes reveal that the BNCC’s inattention to the biophilic condition of human infants is related to philosophical conceptions and theoretical-practical propositions marked by the modern, deeply cosmophobic, anthropocentric, rationalist, individualistic, adultcentric and colonialist worldview. In opposition, they challenge the formulation of pedagogies attentive to the planetary emergency, confluent with the knowledge/sciences of our original and traditional Brazilian peoples in the care of biodiversity; and invite the proposal of native pedagogies committed to the causes of children, with regard to freedom of movement and choice, living together and free playing with nature, conditions for the integrity of humans and, simultaneously, for the integrity of Earth. BaseBNCC Base BNCC Base/BNCC Education nature COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic capitalistcolonialist capitalist model nonhegemonic non hegemonic neurobiology knowledge Foucault organiccultural organic cultural phenomena therefore entanglement BNCCs s theoreticalpractical theoretical practical modern cosmophobic anthropocentric rationalist individualistic worldview opposition emergency knowledgesciences sciences biodiversity children choice simultaneously Earth COVID1 1 COVID-

RESUMO Este ensaio traz reflexões sobre a Base Nacional Comum Curricular/BNCC, etapa da Educação Infantil, especialmente, no que diz respeito às relações divorciadas entre seres humanos e natureza. Esta questão ganhou visibilidade no contexto da pandemia do COVID-19, decorrente do modelo de desenvolvimento econômico capitalista-colonialista devastador. Os referenciais teóricos são buscados em personagens conceituais que se situam em filosofias ocidentais não hegemônicas e na neurobiologia, a partir de análise do discurso baseada na arqueologia do saber, de Michel Foucault. Essas perspectivas confluem com epistemologias nativas que concebem o humano como ser orgânico-cultural cuja existência é entrelaçada com outros seres, entes e fenômenos viventes, e, que, portanto, se potencializa neste estado de entrelaçamento. As análises revelam que a desatenção da BNCC à condição biofílica dos infantes humanos está relacionada a concepções filosóficas e proposições teórico-práticas marcadas pela visão de mundo moderna, profundamente cosmofóbica, antropocêntrica, racionalista, individualista, adultocêntrica e colonialista. Em contraposição, as análises também desafiam à formulação de pedagogias atentas à emergência planetária, confluentes com os saberes/ciências de nossos povos brasileiros originários e tradicionais no cuidado da biodiversidade; e convidam à proposição de pedagogias nativas comprometidas com as causas das crianças, no que se refere à liberdade de circulação e de escolha, ao convívio e ao livre brincar com a natureza, condições para a integridade dos humanos e, simultaneamente, para a integridade da Terra. CurricularBNCC Curricular Curricular/BNCC Infantil especialmente natureza COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19, 19 COVID-19 capitalistacolonialista capitalista colonialista devastador neurobiologia saber Foucault orgânicocultural orgânico cultural viventes portanto entrelaçamento teóricopráticas teórico práticas moderna cosmofóbica antropocêntrica racionalista individualista contraposição planetária saberesciências saberes ciências biodiversidade crianças escolha simultaneamente Terra COVID1 1 COVID-1 COVID-

ABSTRACT The study of language, specifically semantic development, has considered the lateralisation of one hemisphere since its discovery by neurologists Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke in the 19th century. However, research conducted in the last decade, based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), found that language production and comprehension not only involve the left side of the brain but the eloquent areas may also form a large part of the brain mass. This study presents a brief historical account of the neurobiological study of the semantic processes of homo sapiens, with emphasis on the development of changes in the study of semantic processes theory from 2002 onwards. This work considers the latest research completed by the University of Berkeley (Lescroart and Gallant, 2019), which point out the lo cation of semantic maps in the brain, as well as the most recent studies on the construction of figurative meaning in relation to cultural and social processes.

RESUMEN El estudio del lenguaje, específicamente el desarrollo semántico, ha considerado la lateralización de un hemisferio, desde su descubrimiento por los neurólogos Paul Broca y Carl Wernicke en el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, los estudios de la última década, a partir de la resonancia magnética funcional (RMf), consideran que la producción y comprensión del lenguaje no solo implican el lado izquierdo del cerebro, sino que también las áreas elocuentes se encontrarían conformando gran parte de la masa cerebral. En el presente texto, se hace un breve recuento de lo acontecido en el tiempo, en relación con el estudio neurobiológico de los procesos semánticos del homo sapiens, y se pone énfasis en el desarrollo de los cambios en el estudio de la teoría de los procesos semánticos desde el 2002 hacia adelante. Se considera, en este trabajo, las últimas investigaciones alcanzadas por la universidad de Berkeley (Lescroart y Gallant, 2019) en las que se eviden cia la ubicación de los mapas semánticos en el cerebro, y las más recientes sobre la construcción de sentido figurado en relación con los procesos culturales y sociales.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las consecuencias neurobiológicas en ninos, ninas y adolescentes con antecedente de abuso sexual infantil (ASI). Metodologia: Se realizó una revisión de literatura entre los años 2015 al 2020 en tres bases de datos (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), utilizando las palabras clave: abuso sexual infantil, neurobiologia. Se recopiló información acerca de los tipos de alteraciones neurobiológicas (estructurales, funcionales, endocrinos, psicológicos, inmunológicos y genéticos) en ninos, ninas y adolescentes con antecedente de ASI. Se excluyeron articulos cuyo titulo o resumen no incluyeran los temas de esta revisión. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 99 estudios asociados a las consecuencias neurobiológicas del ASI, con las consecuentes alteraciones estructurales, funcionales, endocrinas, inmunológicos y genéticos que afectan a un importante número de victimas. Conclusiones: Diversos autores han encontrado una relación entre la exposición al ASI y los cambios neurobiológicos, visibilizando asi, el impacto que esto ocasiona en la salud de las victimas, por tal, se hace importante promover intervenciones tempranas y tratamiento adecuado por las múltiples consecuencias que genera, algunas irreversibles.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as conseqüências neurobiológicas em crianças e adolescentes com histórico de abuso sexual infantil (CSA). Metodologia: Entre 2015 e 2020 foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica em três bancos de dados (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), utilizando as palavras-chave: abuso sexual infantil, neurobiologia. Foram coletadas informações sobre os tipos de alterações neurobiológicas (estruturais, funcionais, endócrinas, psicológicas, imunológicas e genéticas) em crianças e adolescentes com histórico de CSA. Foram excluidos os artigos cujo titulo ou resumo não incluia os tópicos desta revisão. Resultados: Foram selecionados 99 estudos associados às conseqüências neurobiológicas da CSA, com conseqüentes alterações estruturais, funcionais, endócrinas, imunológicas e genéticas que afetam um número significativo de vitimas. Conclusões: Vários autores encontraram uma relação entre a exposição à CSA e as mudanças neurobiológicas, tornando assim visivel o impacto que isso tem na saúde das vitimas, por isso é importante promover intervenções precoces e tratamento adequado para as múltiplas conseqüências que ela gera, algumas das quais são irreversiveis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the neurobiological consequences in children and adolescents with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA). Methodology: A literature review was carried out between the years 2015 and 2020 in three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo), using the keywords: child sexual abuse, neurobiology Information was collected about the types of neurobiological alterations (structural, functional, endocrine, psychological, immunological and genetic) in children and adolescents with a history of CSA. Articles whose title or abstract did not include the topics of this review were excluded. Results: 99 studies associated with the neurobiological consequences of CSA were selected, with the consequent structural, functional, endocrine, immunological and genetic alterations that affect a significant number of victims. Conclusions: Various authors have found a relationship between exposure to CSA and neurobiological changes, thus making visible the impact that this causes on the health of the victims, therefore, it is important to promote early interventions and adequate treatment due to the multiple consequences that generates, some irreversible.

Resumen El cuestionamiento del por qué alguien quería asesinar a otra persona aún no tiene una respuesta única: supervivencia, odio, placer, venganza? Frente a este fenómeno, las neurociencias ofrecen un espacio de comprensión relevante y actual para dar respuesta a este interrogante. Diversos estudios clínicos y en neuroimagen han mostrado diversas alteraciones anatómicas, bioquímicas, genéticas y su relación con una variedad de redes neuronales asociadas a conductas agresivas. Subregiones en la corteza prefrontal, la amígdala, el hipocampo y el lóbulo temporal juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de la biología de la agresión. Variaciones genéticas en la regulación de proteínas y neurotransmisores tales como la serotonina y la dopamina han sido establecidas como mediadores en las conductas agresivas y homicidas. Las interacciones epigenéticas y los mediadores sociales representan importantes factores de riesgo adicionales para la agresividad. El presente articulo sistematiza algunos de los factores que influyen en la conducta homicida. Delimita sus factores de riesgo y correlato neurobiológico, así como aporta información basada en evidencia que ayude en la prevención de dichos comportamientos, la comprensión multidimensional del delito y el desarrollo de intervenciones efectivas fundamentadas en las neurociencias cognitivas forenses.

Abstract The question of why someone would want to murder another person still has no single answer: survival, hatred, pleasure, revenge? In the face of this phenomenon, neuroscience offers a relevant and current area of understanding to answer this question. Several clinical and neuroimaging studies have shown diverse anatomical, biochemical and genetic alterations and their relationship with a variety of neural networks associated with aggressive behaviors. Subregions in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and temporal lobe play an important role in the development and functioning of the biology of aggression. Genetic variations in the regulation of proteins and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine have been established as mediators of aggressive and homicidal behaviors. Epigenetic interactions and social mediators represent additional important risk factors for aggression. The present article systematizes some of the factors that influence homicidal behavior. It delineates their risk factors and neurobiological correlates, as well as provides evidence-based information to aid in the prevention of such behaviors, the multidimensional understanding of crime, and the development of effective interventions based on forensic cognitive neuroscience.

Resumo A questão de por que alguém quereria matar outra pessoa ainda não tem uma única resposta: sobrevivência, ódio, prazer, vingança? Diante deste fenômeno, as neurociências oferecem uma área relevante e atual de compreensão para responder a esta pergunta. Vários estudos clínicos e de neuroimagem tem mostrado diversas alterações anatômicas, bioquímicas e genéticas e sua relação com uma variedade de redes neurais associadas a comportamentos agressivos. Sub-regiões no córtex pré-frontal, amigdala, hipocampo e lobo temporal desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento e funcionamento da biologia da agressão. Variações genéticas na regulação de proteínas e neurotransmissores como a serotonina e a dopamina foram estabelecidas como mediadores de comportamentos agressivos e homicidas. As interações epigenéticas e os mediadores sociais representam fatores de risco adicionais importantes para a agressão. Este artigo sistematiza alguns dos fatores que influenciam o comportamento homicida. Ela delineia seus fatores de risco e correlatos neurobiológicos e fornece informações baseadas em evidências para ajudar na prevenção de tais comportamentos, na compreensão multidimensional do crime e no desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes baseadas na neurociência cognitiva forense.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has multiple uses in psychiatry, but its mechanisms of action (MA) in patients with schizophrenia (PS) are poorly understood. We synthesize and discuss the available evidence in this regard. We conducted a search for primary human studies and systematic reviews searching MA of ECT in PS published in PubMed/Medline, SciELO, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Library, including 24 articles. Genetic findings are scarce and inconsistent. At the molecular level, the dopaminergic and GABAergic role stands out. The increase in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after ECT, is a predictor of positive clinical outcomes, while the change in N-acetyl aspartate levels would demonstrate a neuroprotective role for ECT. This intervention would improve inflammatory and oxidative parameters, thereby resulting in a symptomatic improvement. ECT is associated with an increase in functional connectivity in the thalamus, right putamen, prefrontal cortex and left precuneus, structures that play a role in the neural default mode network. A decrease in connectivity between the thalamus and the sensory cortex and an enhanced functional connectivity of the right thalamus to right putamen along with a clinical improvement have been reported after ECT. Moreover a volumetric increase in hippocampus and insula has been reported after ECT. These changes could be associated with the biochemical pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Most of the included studies are observational or quasi-experimental, with small sample sizes. However, they show simultaneous changes at different neurobiological levels, with a pathophysiological and clinical correlation. We propose that the research on ECT should be carried out from neurobiological dimensions, but with a clinical perspective.

O psicanalista vienense Otto Kernberg repensou o conceito de pulsão de morte a partir de novos conhecimentos da área de neurobiologia e a partir da investigação de quadros psicopatológicos graves, pouco abordados por Freud. Ele reconheceu que os fenômenos elencados por Freud para sustentar a ideia de pulsão de morte, de fato, demonstram a presença de uma tendência autodestrutiva dominante, mas sustentou que essa tendência resulta de uma transformação maligna da agressão, decorrente de fatores constitucionais e relacionais, e não de uma tendência inata do psiquismo. O objetivo deste artigo é retomar alguns pontos problemáticos da teoria freudiana do segundo dualismo pulsional e procurar mostrar que a perspectiva de Kernberg permite escapar de certos impasses presentes nessa teoria.

Resumos Based on new discoveries in the field of neurobiology and on his own research on severe psychopathological conditions mostly unaddressed by Freud, the Viennese psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg redefined the death drive concept. Despite acknowledging that the phenomena referred to by Freud refers as supporting the idea of a death drive reveal the existence of a dominant self-destructive tendency, Kernberg maintains that such tendency results from a malignant transformation of aggression due to constitutional and relational factors, rather than from an innate feature of the mind. This paper seeks to reassess some problematic points of Freud’s second drive theory and argue that Kernberg’s perspective allows to avoid some of its main stalemates.

El psicoanalista vienés Otto Kernberg replanteó el concepto de pulsión de muerte, a partir de nuevos conocimientos del área neurobiológica y de la investigación de cuadros psicopatológicos graves, poco abordados por Freud. Reconoce que los fenómenos enumerados por Freud para apoyar la idea de la pulsión de muerte, de hecho, demuestran la presencia de una tendencia autodestructiva dominante, pero sostiene que esta tendencia resulta de una transformación maligna de la agresión, resultante de factores constitucionales y relacionales, y no de una tendencia innata del psiquismo. El objetivo de este artículo es retomar algunos puntos problemáticos de la teoría freudiana del segundo dualismo pulsional y mostrar que la perspectiva de Kernberg permite salir de ciertos impasses presentes en esta teoría.

S’appuyant sur de nouvelles découvertes dans le domaine de la neurobiologie et sur ses propres investigations de tableaux psychopathologiques sévères, pour la plupart non abordés par Freud, le psychanalyste viennois Otto Kernberg a redéfini le concept de pulsion de mort. Toute en reconnaisant que les phénomènes énumérés par Freud pour soutenir l’idée de pulsion de mort révèlent l’existence d’une tendance dominante à l’autodestruction, Kernberg soutient que cette tendance résulte d’une transformation maligne de l’agressivité due à des facteurs constitutionnels et relationnels, plutôt que d’une caractéristique innée du psychisme. Cet article cherche à reprendre certains points problématiques de la théorie freudienne du second dualisme pulsionnel et soutient que la perspective de Kernberg permet d’échapper à certaines de ces impasses.

ABSTRACT Background: Eating disorders (ED) are characterized by psychosocial disfunctions, like social anxiety, alexithymia and lack of assertiveness. Objective: To propose a comprehensive integrative model including neurobiology and behavior aspects. Method: A literature review on Medline/PubMed, SciELO and specialized texts databases were assessed against quality criteria. Core concepts were extracted and coherence articulated. Results: Four factors were disposed to meaning: alarm and reward system with social brain and control (inhibition/excitation) mechanisms. They were articulate in a complex psychophysiological interplay. They were associated with social behaviours achieved/not achieved during development. Food intake could operate like a pathological balance to psychopathological effects Conclusion: An explanatory/comprehensive psychoneurobiological model to understand social function in ED is proposed. This form of understanding facilitates: the connection between emerging research in eating disorders and ID; clinical decision-making and guide the prognosis and treatment alternatives.

RESUMEN: Antecedentes: Los trastornos alimentarios (TCA) presentan entre sus síntomas disfunciones psicosociales como ansiedad social, alexitimia y falta de asertividad. Objetivo: Se propone un modelo explicativo/comprensivo que integra aspectos de psiconeurobiología y comportamiento útil para la clínica. Método: Se evaluó una revisión de la literatura en Medline / PubMed, SciELO y bases de datos de textos especializados con criterios de calidad. Fueron seleccionados conceptos centrales para construir una coherencia que permitiera la lectura psiconeurobiológica del fenómeno y su aplicación clínica. Resultados: Cuatro factores fueron dispuestos a significar: 1- sistema de alarma; 2- sistema de recompensa 3- cerebro social; 4-mecanismos de control (inhibición/excitación). Se dispusieron mostrando la complejidad de su interacción psicofisiológica. Se sugiere que la ingesta de alimentos podría funcionar como una forma primaria de equilibrio cuando hay fallas en alguno de los sistemas expuestos. Conclusión: Se presenta un modelo de integración psiconeurobiológico útil para explicar la dificultad interpersonal en TCA. Esta forma de comprensión facilita: la conexión entre las investigaciones emergentes en TCA y DI; la toma de decisiones clínicas y orientan el pronóstico y las alternativas de tratamiento.