Abstract Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two closely related protozoans that infect a wide range of animals, including birds. However, the occurrence of N. caninum and T. gondii in seabirds is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of T. gondii and N. caninum DNA in tissue samples of seabirds. Tissue samples of the pectoral muscles, heart, and brain were collected from 47 birds along the coastline of Santa Catarina State, SC, Brazil. The DNA was extracted from the tissues and screened using nested-PCR (nPCR) targeting internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). T. gondii DNA was detected in tissues from seven seabirds (7/47, 14.8%), kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) (5/21), and Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) (2/8). N. caninum DNA was detected in tissues of nine seabirds (9/47, 19.1%), the kelp gull (L. dominicanus) (4/21), Manx shearwater (P. puffinus) (2/8), neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) (1/4), brown booby (Sula leucogaster) (1/5), and white-chinned petrel (Procellaria aequinoctialis) (1/1); however, no co-infection was observed. In conclusion, this study showed the circulation of N. caninum and T. gondii in seabirds along the coastline of Santa Catarina State. Further studies are required to clarify the role of these birds in the epidemiology of neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. animals However N T unknown Therefore muscles heart 4 State SC Brazil nestedPCR nested PCR nPCR (nPCR ITS1. ITS1 ITS . (ITS1) 7/47, 747 7 (7/47 14.8%, 148 14.8% , 14 8 14.8%) Larus dominicanus 5/21, 521 5/21 5 21 (5/21) Puffinus puffinus 2/8. 28 2/8 2 (2/8) 9/47, 947 9 (9/47 19.1%, 191 19.1% 19 19.1%) L. L (L 4/21, 421 4/21 (4/21) P. P (P 2/8, Phalacrocorax brasilianus 1/4, 1/4 (1/4) Sula leucogaster 1/5, 15 1/5 (1/5) whitechinned white chinned Procellaria aequinoctialis 1/1 11 (1/1) however coinfection co infection observed conclusion toxoplasmosis (ITS1 7/47 74 (7/4 14.8 52 5/2 (5/21 2/ (2/8 9/47 94 (9/4 19.1 42 4/2 (4/21 1/ (1/4 (1/5 (1/1 (ITS 7/4 (7/ 14. 5/ (5/2 (2/ 9/4 (9/ 19. 4/ (4/2 (1/ 7/ (7 (5/ (2 9/ (9 (4/ (1 ( (5 (4

Resumo Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum são dois protozoários intimamente relacionados que infectam uma ampla gama de animais, incluindo-se aves. Entretanto, a ocorrência de N. caninum e T. gondii em aves marinhas é desconhecida. Portanto, este estudo objetivou determinar a presença de DNA de T. gondii e N. caninum em amostras de tecidos, coletadas de 47 aves marinhas. Amostras de tecidos dos músculos peitorais, coração e cérebro foram coletadas de 47 aves marinhas mortas ao longo da costa do estado de Santa Catarina, SC, Brasil. O DNA foi extraído dos tecidos e testado, usando-se a reação em cadeia da polimerase nested (nPCR), tendo em vista o espaçador interno transcrito 1 (ITS1). O DNA de T. gondii foi detectado em tecidos de sete aves marinhas (7/47, 14,8%), como gaivota (Larus dominicanus) (5/21) e bobo-pequeno (Puffinus puffinus) (2/8). O DNA de N. caninum foi detectado em tecidos de nove aves marinhas (9/47, 19,1%); gaivota (L. dominicanus) (4/21), bobo-pequeno (P. puffinus) (2/8), corvo-marinho (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) 1/4), atobá-pardo (Sula leucogaster) (1/5), e pardela-preta (Procellaria aequinoctialis) (1/1). No entanto, não foi observada coinfecção. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou a circulação de N. caninum e T. gondii em aves marinhas ao longo da costa de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel dessas aves na epidemiologia da neosporose e da toxoplasmose. animais incluindose incluindo se Entretanto N T desconhecida Portanto 4 peitorais Catarina SC Brasil testado usandose usando nPCR, nPCR , (nPCR) ITS1. ITS1 ITS . (ITS1) 7/47, 747 7 (7/47 14,8%, 148 14,8% 14 8 14,8%) Larus dominicanus 5/21 521 5 21 (5/21 bobopequeno bobo pequeno Puffinus puffinus 2/8. 28 2/8 2 (2/8) 9/47, 947 9 (9/47 19,1% 191 19 19,1%) L. L (L 4/21, 421 4/21 (4/21) P. P (P 2/8, corvomarinho corvo marinho Phalacrocorax brasilianus 1/4, 1/4 1/4) atobápardo atobá pardo Sula leucogaster 1/5, 15 1/5 (1/5) pardelapreta pardela preta Procellaria aequinoctialis 1/1. 11 1/1 (1/1) entanto coinfecção conclusão toxoplasmose (nPCR (ITS1 7/47 74 (7/4 14,8 5/2 52 (5/2 2/ (2/8 9/47 94 (9/4 19,1 42 4/2 (4/21 1/ (1/5 (1/1 (ITS 7/4 (7/ 14, 5/ (5/ (2/ 9/4 (9/ 19, 4/ (4/2 (1/ 7/ (7 (5 (2 9/ (9 (4/ (1 ( (4

ABSTRACT The occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Ehrlichia canis and Babesia vogeli in dogs from the municipality of Cândido Sales, Bahia, was investigated. Total and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 131 dogs. Blood smears were performed to check for morulae. Toxoplasma gondii and N. caninum infections were determined by an Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction. Nested-PCR and PCR were used for the diagnoses of E. canis and B. vogeli infections, respectively. Additionally, the risk factors associated with infection by these agents were analyzed. The frequency of infection was 70.2% for N. caninum, 67.9% for T. gondii and 37.4% for E. canis. None of the dogs tested positive for B. vogeli. Morulae of Ehrlichia spp. were identified in two animals and the piroplasm in one animal. Age (> 3 years) was considered a risk factor for infections by E. canis and N. caninum and the rural habitat for infections by N. caninum. Co-infections were frequent, mainly with N. caninum and T. gondii (45.03% of dogs). Ehrlichia canis infection was significantly associated with N. caninum and T. gondii infection. These findings indicated a high occurrence of T. gondii, N. caninum, and E. canis in the studied region. Sales Bahia investigated 13 morulae N Reaction NestedPCR Nested E B respectively Additionally analyzed 702 70 2 70.2 679 67 9 67.9 T 374 37 4 37.4 spp animal > ( years Coinfections Co frequent 45.03% 4503 45 03 (45.03 . dogs) region 1 7 70. 6 67. 37. 45.03 450 0 (45.0 45.0 (45. 45. (45 (4

RESUMO Avaliou-se a ocorrência de infecções por Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Ehrlichia canis e Babesia vogeli em cães do município de Cândido Sales - BA. Para isso, foram obtidas amostras de sangue total e periférico de 131 cães. Esfregaços sanguíneos foram confeccionados para verificação de mórulas. Infecções por T. gondii e N. caninum foram determinadas pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta. O diagnóstico das infecções por E. canis e B. vogeli foi feito por meio de Nested-PCR e PCR, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foram analisados os fatores de risco associados à infecção por esses agentes. Verificou-se frequência de infecção de 70,2% para N. caninum, 67,9% para T. gondii e de 37,4% para E. canis. Nenhum cão foi positivo para B. vogeli. Mórulas de Ehrlichia spp. foram identificadas em dois animais, e piroplasma em um. A idade (acima de 3 anos) foi fator de risco para infecções por E. canis e N. caninum, e hábitat rural para N. caninum. Coinfecções foram frequentes, principalmente por N. caninum e T. gondii (45,03%). Infecção por E. canis foi associada significativamente às infecções por N. caninum e T. gondii. Os achados indicam elevada ocorrência de T. gondii, N. caninum, e E. canis na região. Avaliouse Avaliou se BA isso 13 mórulas T N indireta E B NestedPCR Nested PCR respectivamente Adicionalmente agentes Verificouse Verificou 702 70 2 70,2 679 67 9 67,9 374 37 4 37,4 spp animais um acima anos frequentes 45,03%. 4503 45,03% . 45 03 (45,03%) região 1 7 70, 6 67, 37, 450 45,03 0 (45,03% 45,0 (45,03 45, (45,0 (45, (45 (4 (

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the frequency of anti-Neospora caninum antibody detection in three samples and sampling methods: A prevalence study, routine diagnostic laboratory samples, and fetal bovine serum samples. These samples were collected from cattle in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, and analyzed using the indirect immunofluorescence reaction technique. For each sampling method, a historical study was used as a reference for comparison. In the prevalence study, 1,248 serum samples were collected from 2020 to 2022. The prevalence of N. caninum in the RS state was 22.8% (285/1248). This figure was statistically different compared to previous studies conducted in 2002, which reported a prevalence of 11.2% (p<0.001). In the routine diagnostic samples, an average rate of 29.95% (985/3289) of anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected. This rate was statistically higher than that of a previous study conducted in 2003, which reported a rate of 20% (p=0.01). Similar data were found in the fetal bovine serum samples, which showed an increase compared to previous studies conducted in 2010 that reported a rate of 15% (p=0.003). The increase in the detection rate of N. caninum antibodies underscores the need for measures to control and prevent bovine neosporosis. ABSTRACT antiNeospora anti Neospora methods RS, , (RS) Brazil technique method comparison 1248 1 248 1,24 202 2022 N 228 22 8 22.8 285/1248. 2851248 285/1248 . 285 (285/1248) 2002 112 11 2 11.2 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) 2995 29 95 29.95 985/3289 9853289 985 3289 (985/3289 antiN. antiN anti-N detected 2003 20 p=0.01. p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.01) 201 15 p=0.003. p0003 p=0.003 003 (p=0.003) neosporosis (RS 124 24 1,2 22. 285124 285/124 28 (285/1248 200 11. p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 299 9 29.9 985/328 985328 98 328 (985/328 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 p=0.00 (p=0.003 12 1, 28512 285/12 (285/124 p<0.0 (p<0.00 29. 985/32 98532 32 (985/32 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (p=0.00 2851 285/1 (285/12 p<0. (p<0.0 985/3 9853 3 (985/3 p=0 (p=0. 285/ (285/1 p<0 (p<0. 985/ (985/ p= (p=0 (285/ p< (p<0 (985 (p= (285 (p< (98 (p (28 (9 (2 (

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de detecção de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em três diferentes amostras e métodos de coleta: um estudo de prevalência, amostras de laboratório de diagnóstico de rotina e amostras de soro fetal bovino. Essas amostras foram coletadas de bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), região Sul do Brasil, e analisadas usando a técnica de reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Para cada método de coleta, um estudo histórico foi usado como referência para comparação. No estudo de prevalência, foram coletadas 1.248 amostras de soro entre 2020 e 2022. A prevalência de N. caninum no estado do RS foi de 22,8% (285/1248). Esse valor foi estatisticamente diferente quando comparado a estudos anteriores realizados em 2002, que relataram uma prevalência de 11,2% (p<0,001). Nas amostras de diagnóstico de rotina, foi detectada uma taxa média de 29,95% (985/3289) de anticorpos anti-N. caninum. Essa taxa foi estatisticamente maior do que a de um estudo anterior realizado em 2003, que relatou uma taxa de 20% (p=0,01). Dados semelhantes foram encontrados nas amostras de soro fetal bovino, que mostraram um aumento em comparação com estudos anteriores realizados em 2010 que relataram uma taxa de 15% (p=0,003). O aumento na taxa de detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum destaca a necessidade de medidas para controlar e prevenir a neosporose bovina. RESUMO antiNeospora anti Neospora coleta bovino RS, , (RS) Brasil indireta 1248 1 248 1.24 202 2022 N 228 22 8 22,8 285/1248. 2851248 285/1248 . 285 (285/1248) 2002 112 11 2 11,2 p<0,001. p0001 p p<0,001 0 001 (p<0,001) 2995 29 95 29,95 985/3289 9853289 985 3289 (985/3289 antiN. antiN anti-N 2003 20 p=0,01. p001 p=0,01 01 (p=0,01) 201 15 p=0,003. p0003 p=0,003 003 (p=0,003) bovina (RS 124 24 1.2 22, 285124 285/124 28 (285/1248 200 11, p000 p<0,00 00 (p<0,001 299 9 29,9 985/328 985328 98 328 (985/328 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,01 p=0,00 (p=0,003 12 1. 28512 285/12 (285/124 p<0,0 (p<0,00 29, 985/32 98532 32 (985/32 p0 p=0, (p=0,0 (p=0,00 2851 285/1 (285/12 p<0, (p<0,0 985/3 9853 3 (985/3 p=0 (p=0, 285/ (285/1 p<0 (p<0, 985/ (985/ p= (p=0 (285/ p< (p<0 (985 (p= (285 (p< (98 (p (28 (9 (2 (

Abstract Neospora caninum is a major cause of reproductive loss in cattle worldwide as it leads to abortion and animal repositioning. Although Toxoplasma gondii does not cause a reproductive problem in cattle, consuming raw or uncooked beef poses the risk of transmission. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of anti-N. caninum and anti-T. gondii antibodies in dairy cattle in the West and Northwest regions of São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 653 serum samples from dairy cows were analyzed using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Epidemiological data from the farms were associated with the serological results of the animals by logistic regression based on the presence of antibodies. The frequencies of the antibodies against N. caninum and T. gondii were 41.6% (272/653) and 11.5% (75/653), respectively. A statistically significant association was observed between: the serum anti-N. caninum antibodies and breed, history of food supplementation for calves, introduction of outside animals that later presented reproductive problems, and history of reproductive problems by the trimester of gestation. The present study highlights the importance of neosporosis in dairy cattle in the study regions and that the inclusion of this parasite in the investigation of animals with reproductive disorders is important. repositioning transmission antiN. antiN anti N anti-N antiT. antiT T anti-T State Brazil 65 IFA. IFA . (IFA) 416 41 6 41.6 272/653 272653 272 (272/653 115 11 5 11.5 75/653, 75653 75/653 , 75 (75/653) respectively between breed calves gestation important (IFA 4 41. 272/65 27265 27 (272/65 1 11. 7565 75/65 7 (75/653 272/6 2726 2 (272/6 756 75/6 (75/65 272/ (272/ 75/ (75/6 (272 (75/ (27 (75 (2 (7 (

Resumo Neospora caninum é uma das principais causas de perda reprodutiva em bovinos em todo o mundo, pois leva ao aborto e ao reposicionamento animal. Embora o Toxoplasma gondii não cause problemas reprodutivos em bovinos, o consumo de carne bovina crua ou não cozida apresenta risco de transmissão. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum e anti-T. gondii em bovinos leiteiros nas regiões Oeste e Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Um total de 653 amostras de soro de bovinos leiteiros, foi analisado utilizando-se o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Os dados epidemiológicos das propriedades foram associados aos resultados sorológicos dos animais por meio de regressão logística. As frequências dos anticorpos contra N. caninum e T. gondii foram 41,6% (272/653) e 11,5% (75/653), respectivamente. Foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre: soropositividade para N. caninum e raça, histórico de suplementação alimentar para bezerros, introdução de animais externos que, posteriormente, apresentaram problemas reprodutivos e histórico de problemas reprodutivos no segundo trimestre de gestação. O presente estudo destaca a importância da neosporose em bovinos leiteiros, nas regiões de estudo, e a inclusão deste parasita na investigação de animais com distúrbios reprodutivos é fundamental. mundo animal transmissão antiN. antiN anti N anti-N antiT. antiT T anti-T Paulo Brasil 65 utilizandose utilizando se IFI. IFI . (IFI) logística 416 41 6 41,6 272/653 272653 272 (272/653 115 11 5 11,5 75/653, 75653 75/653 , 75 (75/653) respectivamente entre raça bezerros que posteriormente gestação fundamental (IFI 4 41, 272/65 27265 27 (272/65 1 11, 7565 75/65 7 (75/653 272/6 2726 2 (272/6 756 75/6 (75/65 272/ (272/ 75/ (75/6 (272 (75/ (27 (75 (2 (7 (

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in goats from eight provinces of the Piura region, Peru. In total, 361 sera were analysed with the commercial ID Screen Neospora caninum Competition ELISA kit for the detection of anti-N. caninum IgG antibodies. A general seroprevalence of 3.32% (95% CI 1.47-5.17) was found. The province of Morropón presented the highest frequency with 8.11% (95% CI 0-16.91) and the goats of Huancabamba, Paita, Sechura and Talara were seronegative. The animals seropositive to N. caninum were adults (>1 year) and were living at an altitude d»500 meters above sea level.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en caprinos de ocho provincias de la región Piura, Perú. Se analizaron 361 sueros con el kit comercial de ELISA de competencia ID Screen® Neospora caninum Competition para la detección de anticuerpos IgG anti N. caninum. Se halló una seroprevalencia general de 3.32% (IC 95% 1.47-5.17). La provincia de Morropón presentó la mayor frecuencia con 8.11% (IC 95% 0-16.91) y los caprinos de Huancabamba, Paita, Sechura y Talara fueron seronegativos. Los animales seroreactivos a N. caninum fueron adultos (>1 año) y se encontraban habitando una altitud d»500 msnm.

ABSTRACT Neospora caninum is an important worldwide parasite responsible for causing abortion in animals. Due to limited information on the occurrence of infection by this parasite in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors associated with the infection in slaughtered cattle, from 19 municipalities distributed in seven microregions of the state. A total of 494 samples were obtained and subjected to anti-N. caninum antibodies, using the Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction technique. Antibodies were detected in 5.06% (25/494) of the samples, in 30.30% (10/33) of farms, in nine municipalities located in four microregions of Rondônia. Of all the animals analyzed, 4.81% of the females (20/416) and 6.41% of the males (05/78) were seropositive for the parasite, with “abortion in the last 12 months” being considered an important risk factor for the occurrence of infection (OR = 9.54; p = 0.01). The present study points out the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in 5.06% of slaughtered animals and abortion as the main risk factor associated with infection by N. caninum, thus contributing to the elucidation of the epidemiology of this protozoan in Rondônia, Brazil. Rondônia Brazil cattle 1 49 antiN. antiN anti N anti-N technique 506 5 06 5.06 25/494 25494 25 (25/494 3030 30 30.30 10/33 1033 10 33 (10/33 farms analyzed 481 4 81 4.81 20/416 20416 20 416 (20/416 641 6 41 6.41 05/78 0578 05 78 (05/78 months OR 9.54 954 9 54 0.01. 001 0.01 . 0 01 0.01) 50 5.0 25/49 2549 2 (25/49 303 3 30.3 10/3 103 (10/3 48 8 4.8 20/41 2041 (20/41 64 6.4 05/7 057 7 (05/7 9.5 95 00 0.0 5. 25/4 254 (25/4 30. 10/ (10/ 4. 20/4 204 (20/4 6. 05/ (05/ 9. 0. 25/ (25/ (10 20/ (20/ (05 (25 (1 (20 (0 (2 (

RESUMO Neospora caninum é um importante parasito, responsável por causar aborto em animais e distribuído mundialmente. Devido às informações limitadas sobre a ocorrência da infecção por esse parasito no estado de Rondônia, Brasil, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção em bovinos abatidos, oriundos de 19 municípios, distribuídos em sete microrregiões do estado. Um total de 494 amostras foi obtido e submetido à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-N. caninum, por meio da técnica de reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Os anticorpos foram detectados em 5,06% (25/494) das amostras, em 30,30% (10/33) das propriedades rurais, de nove municípios, localizados em quatro microrregiões de Rondônia. De todos os animais analisados, 4,81% das fêmeas (20/416) e 6,41% dos machos (05/78) foram soropositivos para o parasito, sendo o “aborto nos últimos 12 meses” considerado um importante fator de risco para a ocorrência da infecção (OR = 9,54; P = 0,01). O presente estudo aponta a prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em 5,06% dos animais abatidos e o aborto como o principal fator de risco associado à infecção por N. caninum, contribuindo assim para a elucidação da epidemiologia desse protozoário em Rondônia, Brasil. mundialmente Rondônia Brasil 1 municípios 49 antiN. antiN anti N anti-N indireta 506 5 06 5,06 25/494 25494 25 (25/494 3030 30 30,30 10/33 1033 10 33 (10/33 rurais analisados 481 4 81 4,81 20/416 20416 20 416 (20/416 641 6 41 6,41 05/78 0578 05 78 (05/78 meses OR 9,54 954 9 54 0,01. 001 0,01 . 0 01 0,01) 50 5,0 25/49 2549 2 (25/49 303 3 30,3 10/3 103 (10/3 48 8 4,8 20/41 2041 (20/41 64 6,4 05/7 057 7 (05/7 9,5 95 00 0,0 5, 25/4 254 (25/4 30, 10/ (10/ 4, 20/4 204 (20/4 6, 05/ (05/ 9, 0, 25/ (25/ (10 20/ (20/ (05 (25 (1 (20 (0 (2 (

Abstract The purpose of the study is to explore the epidemiological information concerning the spread of neosporosis in the Moscow region (Russian Federation) and Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). The study is conducted in 2019 in the Moscow region (Russian Federation) and Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). The study sample includes 800 cows (400 animals at each of the two locations), 100 at each of the 4 cattle farms in the Moscow region and 100 at each of the 4 cattle farms in the Almaty region. There were more seropositive cows on the rest of farms as compared to farm No. 1: 1.9 times more on farm No. 2 (p ≤ 0.01), 2.4 times more on farm No. 3 (p ≤ 0.001), and almost 4 times more on farm No. 4 (p ≤ 0.0001). In terms of the abortion rates, the maximum difference between the farms was 5-fold in the Moscow region (p ≤ 0.0001) and 3-fold in the Almaty region (p ≤ 0.001). Positive correlations exist between all the studied parameters (the proportion of seropositive animals, the proportion of seroprevalent animals, the abortion rate, and the stillbirth rate). The results of the study are mainly extremely valuable for the global economy, because the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation occupy an important place in the export of meat and dairy products. Kazakhstan. . Kazakhstan) 201 80 400 (40 locations, locations , locations) 10 No 1 19 9 1. p 0.01, 001 0.01 0 01 0.01) 24 2. 0.001, 0001 0.001 0.001) 0.0001. 00001 0.0001 rates 5fold fold 5 3fold 0.001. rate rate. rate) economy products 20 8 40 (4 00 0.0 000 0.00 0000 0.000 ( 0.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. antibodies in sheep and goats raised in villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous community, Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 180 serum samples from sheep and 108 serum samples from goats of both sexes and different ages were analyzed. For antibody research, indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) were used for the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum, and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for Leptospira spp., with a cutoff titer of 1:64, 1:50 and 1:100, respectively. The frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 16.6% (30/180) for sheep and 11.1% (12/108) for goats. The frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 10.55% (19/180) for sheep, and 20.37% (22/108) for goats, while for Leptospira spp., 2.2% (4/180) of sheep and 1.85% (2/108) of goats reacted positively. The results obtained in this study are unprecedented in indigenous communities in the country and serve as an alert for monitoring goats and sheep from the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous village regarding the occurrence and productive impact of infections by T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp., in addition to the occurrence of the zoonosis toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in the indigenous community. antiToxoplasma anti Toxoplasma spp community Pernambuco Brazil 18 10 analyzed research IFAT (IFAT T N MAT (MAT 164, 164 1 64, 64 1:64 150 50 1:5 1100, 1100 100, 100 1:100 respectively antiT. antiT anti-T 166 16 6 16.6 30/180 30180 30 (30/180 111 11 11.1 12/108 12108 12 (12/108 antiN. antiN anti-N 1055 55 10.55 19/180 19180 19 (19/180 2037 20 37 20.37 22/108 22108 22 (22/108 2 2.2 4/180 4180 4 (4/180 185 85 1.85 2/108 2108 (2/108 positively 1:6 15 5 1: 110 1:10 16. 30/18 3018 3 (30/18 11. 12/10 1210 (12/10 105 10.5 19/18 1918 (19/18 203 20.3 22/10 2210 (22/10 2. 4/18 418 (4/18 8 1.8 2/10 210 (2/10 1:1 30/1 301 (30/1 12/1 121 (12/1 10. 19/1 191 (19/1 20. 22/1 221 (22/1 4/1 41 (4/1 1. 2/1 21 (2/1 30/ (30/ 12/ (12/ 19/ (19/ 22/ (22/ 4/ (4/ 2/ (2/ (30 (12 (19 (22 (4 (2 (3 (1 (

Resumo Objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Leptospira spp., em ovinos e caprinos criados em aldeias da comunidade indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram analisadas 180 amostras de soro de ovinos e 108 amostras de soro de caprinos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos foi utilizada a técnica de Reação de Imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), para os protozoários T. gondii e N. caninum e Aglutinação Microscópica (MAT) para Leptospira spp., com ponto de corte de 1:64, 1:50 e 1:100, respectivamente. A frequência de anticorpos anti-T gondii foi de 16,6% (30/180) em ovinos e 11,1% (12/108) em caprinos. A frequência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foi de 10,55% (19/180) para ovinos e 20,37% (22/108) para caprinos, enquanto para Leptospira spp., 2,2% (4/180) dos ovinos e 1,85% (2/108) dos caprinos reagiram positivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo são inéditos em comunidades indígenas do país e alertam para o monitoramento de caprinos e ovinos da aldeia indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, quanto à ocorrência e impacto produtivo de infecções por T. gondii, N. caninum e Leptospira spp., além da ocorrência de zoonoses como a toxoplasmose e leptospirose na comunidade indígena. Objetivouse Objetivou se antiToxoplasma anti Toxoplasma spp spp. Ororubá Pernambuco Brasil 18 10 idades RIFI, RIFI , (RIFI) T N MAT (MAT 164, 164 1 64, 64 1:64 150 50 1:5 1100, 1100 100, 100 1:100 respectivamente antiT 166 16 6 16,6 30/180 30180 30 (30/180 111 11 11,1 12/108 12108 12 (12/108 antiN. antiN anti-N 1055 55 10,55 19/180 19180 19 (19/180 2037 20 37 20,37 22/108 22108 22 (22/108 2 2,2 4/180 4180 4 (4/180 185 85 1,85 2/108 2108 (2/108 positivamente (RIFI 1:6 15 5 1: 110 1:10 16, 30/18 3018 3 (30/18 11, 12/10 1210 (12/10 105 10,5 19/18 1918 (19/18 203 20,3 22/10 2210 (22/10 2, 4/18 418 (4/18 8 1,8 2/10 210 (2/10 1:1 30/1 301 (30/1 12/1 121 (12/1 10, 19/1 191 (19/1 20, 22/1 221 (22/1 4/1 41 (4/1 1, 2/1 21 (2/1 30/ (30/ 12/ (12/ 19/ (19/ 22/ (22/ 4/ (4/ 2/ (2/ (30 (12 (19 (22 (4 (2 (3 (1 (

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the association between neurological signs as well as plausible risk factors and the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in dogs of the Campo Grande region of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In this study, the dogs were divided into two groups based on the presence and the absence of neurological signs (n=30 in each group). Serological diagnosis was performed using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. In the group with neurological disorders, 23.3% and 30% of the dogs had anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies, respectively. Moreover, three dogs from this group showed co-infection with both protozoa. In the group without neurological signs, 16.7% and 13.3% of the dogs were seropositive for T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. Although presence of neurological signs was not associated with T. gondii and N. caninum infections (P = 0.747 and P = 0.21, respectively), there was a statistical association between T. gondii seropositivity and peripheral neurological alteration (P = 0.016) among dogs with neurological signs. Raw meat ingestion was the only risk factor associated with the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies (P = 0.041). Results revealed evidence of exposure to N. caninum and T. gondii in dogs irrespective of the presence of neurological signs. Moreover, this study highlighted the need for serological investigation of T. gondii in dogs with disturbances in peripheral nervous systems and not offering raw meat to animals to avoid the risk of N. caninum infection. ABSTRACT Sul Brazil n=30 n30 n 30 (n=3 group. . group) test disorders 233 23 3 23.3 antiT. antiT anti T anti-T antiN. antiN N anti-N respectively Moreover coinfection co protozoa 167 16 7 16.7 133 13 13.3 0747 0 747 0.74 021 21 0.21 respectively, , respectively) 0.016 0016 016 0.041. 0041 0.041 041 0.041) n=3 n3 (n= 2 23. 1 16. 13. 074 74 0.7 02 0.2 0.01 001 01 004 0.04 04 n= (n 07 0. 0.0 00

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre sinais neurológicos, assim como possíveis fatores de risco e soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em cães de Campo Grande, região de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Nesse estudo, os cães foram divididos em dois grupos, baseado na presença ou ausência de sinais neurológicos (n = 30 em cada grupo). O diagnóstico sorológico foi realizado por meio do teste imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). No grupo com distúrbios neurológicos, 23.3% e 30% dos cães tinham anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-N. caninum, respectivamente. Além disso, três cães deste grupo estavam coinfectados com ambos os protozoários. No grupo sem sinais neurológicos, 16.7% e 13.3% dos cães foram soropositivos para T. gondii e N. caninum, respectivamente. Apesar da presença de sinais neurológicos não ter sido associado a infecção por T. gondii ou N. caninum ( P = 0.747 e P = 0.21, respectivamente), houve associação estatística entre soropositividade para T. gondii e alteração neurológica periférica (P = 0.016) entre os cães com sinais neurológicos. A ingestão de carne crua foi o único fator de risco que apresentou associação com a presença de anticorpos para N. caninum (P = 0.041). Estes resultados mostraram evidência de que a exposição a N. caninum e T. gondii em cães independe da presença de sinais neurológicos. Além disso, este estudo destaca a necessidade de investigação sorológica para T. gondii em cães com distúrbios neurológicos periféricos, e o oferecimento de carne crua aos animais deve ser evitada devido ao risco de infecção por neosporose. RESUMO Grande Sul Brasil grupos n 3 grupo. . grupo) RIFI. RIFI (RIFI) 233 23 23.3 antiT. antiT anti T anti-T antiN. antiN N anti-N respectivamente disso protozoários 167 16 7 16.7 133 13 13.3 0747 0 747 0.74 021 21 0.21 respectivamente, , respectivamente) 0.016 0016 016 0.041. 0041 0.041 041 0.041) periféricos neosporose (RIFI 2 23. 1 16. 13. 074 74 0.7 02 0.2 0.01 001 01 004 0.04 04 07 0. 0.0 00

Abstract The objective was to describe the seroprevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in goats and sheep slaughtered in the state of Paraíba and to identify possible associated factors with the infections. Two hundred twenty-nine samples from goats and two hundred five from sheep were analyzed by Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IFAT) using a cutoff point of 1:50. The presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was identified in 28.4% (65/ 229; 95% Confidence Interval: 22.6-34.2) of the goat samples and in 12.7% (26/ 205; 95% CI: 8.2 – 17.2) of the sheep samples. Contact between goats and dogs (Odds ratio 4.81; CI 1.13 – 2.67; p = 0.041) and cattle (OR. 1.87; CI 1.13 – 2.67; p = 0.002) was identified as a risk factor for goats and contact between sheep and dogs (OR 2.32; CI 1.58 – 3.14; p = 0.026) and history of abortion (OR 1.94; CI 1.28 – 2.90; p = 0.001) was considered a risk factor for sheep. The study revealed a high seroprevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in slaughtered goats and sheep in Paraíba. Risk factors such as contact with dogs/cattle and abortion history underscore the need for preventive measures to control infection and enhance animal health management. antiNeospora anti Neospora infections twentynine twenty nine IFAT (IFAT 150. 150 1 50. 50 1:50 antiN. antiN N. N anti-N 284 28 4 28.4 65/ 65 (65 229 95 Interval 22.634.2 226342 22.6 34.2 22 6 34 2 22.6-34.2 127 12 7 12.7 26/ 26 (26 205 82 8 8. 17.2 172 17 Odds 4.81 481 81 113 13 1.1 2.67 267 67 0.041 0041 0 041 OR. OR 1.87 187 87 0.002 0002 002 2.32 232 32 158 58 1.5 3.14 314 3 14 0.026 0026 026 1.94 194 94 128 1.2 2.90 290 90 0.001 0001 001 dogscattle management 15 5 1:5 28. (6 9 634 22.634. 22634 226 22. 342 34. 22.6-34. 12. (2 20 17. 4.8 48 11 1. 2.6 0.04 004 04 1.8 18 0.00 000 00 2.3 23 3.1 31 0.02 02 1.9 19 2.9 29 1: ( 63 22.634 2263 22.6-34 4. 2. 0.0 3. 22.63 22.6-3 0. 22.6-

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em caprinos e ovinos abatidos em abatedouros públicos do Estado da Paraíba, e identificar os possíveis fatores associados às infecções. Foram analisadas 229 amostras de soro de caprinos e 205 de ovinos pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), utilizando-se ponto de corte de 1:50. A presença de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum foi identificada em 28,4% (65/229; Intervalo de confiança 95%: 22,6-34,2) das amostras de caprinos e em 12,7% (26/205; IC 95%: 8,2-17,2%) das amostras de ovinos. O contato de caprinos com cães (Odds ratio 4,81; IC 2,07-8,87; p = 0,041) e bovinos (OR. 1,87; IC 1,13 – 2,67; p = 0,002) foram identificados como fatores de risco para caprinos; e o contato de ovinos com cães (OR. 2,32; IC 1,58-3,14; p = 0,026) e o histórico de aborto (OR. 1,94; IC 1,28-2,90; p = 0,001) foram considerados fatores de risco para ovinos. O estudo revelou alta soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em caprinos e ovinos abatidos na Paraíba. Fatores de risco, como contato com cães/bovinos e histórico de aborto, destacam a necessidade de medidas preventivas para conter a infecção e melhorar o manejo da saúde animal. antiNeospora anti Neospora Paraíba infecções 22 20 RIFI, RIFI , (RIFI) utilizandose utilizando se 150. 150 1 50. 50 1:50 284 28 4 28,4 65/229 65229 65 (65/229 95% 95 22,634,2 226342 22,6 34,2 6 34 2 22,6-34,2 127 12 7 12,7 26/205 26205 26 (26/205 8,217,2% 82172 8,2 17,2% 8 17 8,2-17,2% Odds 4,81 481 81 2,078,87 207887 2,07 8,87 07 87 2,07-8,87 0,041 0041 0 041 OR. OR (OR 1,87 187 113 13 1,1 2,67 267 67 0,002 0002 002 2,32 232 32 1,583,14 158314 1,58 3,14 58 3 14 1,58-3,14 0,026 0026 026 1,94 194 94 1,282,90 128290 1,28 2,90 90 1,28-2,90 0,001 0001 001 antiN. antiN N. N anti-N cãesbovinos animal (RIFI 15 5 1:5 28, 65/22 6522 (65/22 9 634 22,634, 22634 226 22, 342 34, 22,6-34, 12, 26/20 2620 (26/20 217 8,217,2 8217 82 8, 172 17,2 8,2-17,2 4,8 48 078 2,078,8 20788 207 2,0 887 8,8 2,07-8,8 0,04 004 04 1,8 18 11 1, 2,6 0,00 000 00 2,3 23 583 1,583,1 15831 158 1,5 314 3,1 1,58-3,1 0,02 02 1,9 19 282 1,282,9 12829 128 1,2 290 2,9 1,28-2,9 1: 65/2 652 (65/2 63 22,634 2263 22,6-34 26/2 262 (26/2 21 8,217, 821 17, 8,2-17, 4, 2,078, 2078 2, 88 2,07-8, 0,0 1,583, 1583 31 3, 1,58-3, 1,282, 1282 29 1,28-2, 65/ (65/ 22,63 22,6-3 26/ (26/ 8,217 8,2-17 2,078 2,07-8 0, 1,583 1,58-3 1,282 1,28-2 (65 22,6- (26 8,21 8,2-1 2,07- 1,58- 1,28- (6 (2 8,2- (

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora caninum, in tissues of wild boars slaughtered in southern Brazil. A total of 156 samples were collected from different organs of 25 wild boars, and DNA from at least one of the protozoa investigated was detected in 79 samples. To differentiate between infectious agents, restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using the restriction enzymes DdeI and HpaII. For N. caninum, conventional PCR was performed with specific primers. The DNA of at least one of the studied pathogens was detected in each animal: 26.58% for T. gondii, 68.36% for Sarcocystis spp. and 5.06% for N. caninum. Coinfection between T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp. occurred in 14 animals, between T. gondii and N. caninum in only one male animal, between Sarcocystis spp. and N. caninum in a female, while co-infection with the three agents was equally observed in only one male animal. Considering the high frequency of detection and its zoonotic risk, especially T. gondii, it appears that wild boars can be potential sources of transmission of infectious agents and the adoption of monitoring measures in these populations should be prioritized. (DNA spp Brazil 15 2 7 HpaII N primers animal 2658 26 58 26.58 T 6836 68 36 68.36 506 5 06 5.06 1 animals female coinfection co infection risk prioritized 265 26.5 683 6 3 68.3 50 0 5.0 26. 68. 5.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença de ácido desoxirribonucléico (DNA) de Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. e Neospora caninum, em tecidos de javalis abatidos no sul do Brasil. Foram coletadas 156 amostras de diferentes órgãos de 25 javalis, sendo detectado o DNA de pelo menos um dos protozoários pesquisados em 79 amostras. Para diferenciar entre os agentes infecciosos, o polimorfismo do comprimento do fragmento de restrição, foi realizado usando-se as enzimas de restrição DdeI e HpaII. Para N. caninum, a PCR convencional foi realizada com "primers" específicos. O DNA de pelo menos um dos patógenos estudados foi detectado em cada animal: 26,58% para T. gondii, 68,36% para Sarcocystis spp. e 5,06% para N. caninum. Coinfecção entre T. gondii e Sarcocystis spp. ocorreu em 14 animais; entre T. gondii e N. caninum em apenas um animal macho; entre Sarcocystis spp. e N. caninum em uma fêmea, enquanto a coinfecção com os três agentes foi observada igualmente em apenas um animal macho. Considerando-se a alta frequência de detecção e seu risco zoonótico, especialmente T. gondii, constata-se que os javalis podem ser potenciais fontes de transmissão de agentes infecciosos, e a adoção de medidas de monitoramento nessas populações devem ser priorizadas. (DNA spp Brasil 15 2 7 infecciosos usandose usando se HpaII N primers "primers específicos 2658 26 58 26,58 T 6836 68 36 68,36 506 5 06 5,06 1 animais macho fêmea Considerandose Considerando zoonótico constatase constata priorizadas 265 26,5 683 6 3 68,3 50 0 5,0 26, 68, 5,

Abstract Dogs can be infected by Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, for which they function, respectively, as intermediate, and definitive hosts. In the present study seroprevalence against T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies, were determined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (cut off of 16 and 50, respectively), in dogs that were treated at public veterinary hospitals in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and risk factors were identified. Out of the 1,194 samples 125 (10.5%; 95% CI: 8.8-12.3%) were positive for T. gondii and 9 (0.75%, 95% CI: 0.34-1.4%) for N. caninum. For T. gondii, statistical differences were observed between the proportions of positive dogs and different zones of the municipality (p = 0.025), and age (p = 0.02), higher among older dogs. The keepers were invited to answer an epidemiological questionnaire to analyze risk factors, and 471 (39.4%) agreed to be interviewed, and among their dogs 65 (13.8%) were T. gondii seropositive. Age group above 8 years (OR = 3.63; 95% CI: 1.08-12.23) was a risk factor and having a defined breed (OR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25-0.96) was a protective factor for T. gondii infection. Because of the low number of dogs positive for N. caninum, risk factors for this coccidium were not determined. function respectively intermediate hosts T N antibodies cut 1 50 , respectively) identified 1194 194 1,19 12 10.5% 105 10 5 (10.5% 95 CI 8.812.3% 88123 8.8 12.3% 3 8.8-12.3% 0.75%, 075 0 75 (0.75% 0.341.4% 03414 0.34 1.4% 34 4 0.34-1.4% p 0.025, 0025 0.025 025 0.025) 0.02, 002 0.02 02 0.02) 47 39.4% 394 39 (39.4% interviewed 6 13.8% 138 13 (13.8% seropositive OR 3.63 363 63 1.0812.23 1081223 1.08 12.23 08 23 1.08-12.23 0.49 049 49 0.250.96 025096 0.25 0.96 25 96 0.25-0.96 infection 119 19 1,1 10.5 (10.5 812 8.812.3 8812 88 8. 123 12.3 8.8-12.3 0.75% 07 7 (0.75 341 0.341.4 0341 034 0.3 14 1.4 0.34-1.4 00 0.0 39.4 (39.4 13.8 (13.8 3.6 36 0812 1.0812.2 108122 108 1.0 1223 12.2 2 1.08-12.2 0.4 04 250 0.250.9 02509 0.2 096 0.9 0.25-0.9 11 1, 10. (10. 81 8.812. 881 12. 8.8-12. 0.75 (0.7 0.341. 03 0. 1. 0.34-1. 39. (39. 13. (13. 3. 081 1.0812. 10812 122 1.08-12. 0.250. 0250 09 0.25-0. (10 8.812 8.8-12 0.7 (0. 0.341 0.34-1 (39 (13 1.0812 1081 1.08-12 0.250 0.25-0 (1 8.81 8.8-1 (0 0.34- (3 1.081 1.08-1 0.25- ( 8.8- 1.08-

Resumo Cães podem ser infectados por Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum, os quais funcionam, respectivamente, como hospedeiros intermediários e definitivos. Neste estudo, a soroprevalência contra anticorpos anti-T. gondii e N. caninum foi determinada pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (ponto de corte de 16 e 50, respectivamente), em cães atendidos em hospitais públicos veterinários da região metropolitana de São Paulo e fatores de risco foram identificados. Das 1.194 amostras, 125 (10,5%; IC 95%: 8,8-12,3%) foram positivas para T. gondii e 9 (0,75%, IC 95%: 0,34-1,4%) para N. caninum. Para T. gondii foram observadas diferenças entre as proporções de cães positivos e diferentes zonas do município (p = 0,025) e idade (p = 0,02), prevalência maior entre os mais velhos. Os tutores foram convidados a responder um questionário epidemiológico para análise de fatores de risco, e 471 (39,4%) concordaram em ser entrevistados, destes 65 cães (13,8%) eram soropositivos para T. gondii. Faixa etária acima de 8 anos (OR = 3,63; IC 95%: 1,08-12,23) foi fator de risco e raça definida (OR = 0,49; IC 95%: 0,25-0,96) foi fator de proteção para a infecção por T. gondii. Devido ao baixo número de positivos para anticorpos anti-N. caninum, fatores de risco para este coccídio não foram determinados. funcionam respectivamente definitivos estudo antiT. antiT anti T anti-T N ponto 1 50 , respectivamente) identificados 1194 194 1.19 amostras 12 10,5% 105 10 5 (10,5% 95% 95 8,812,3% 88123 8,8 12,3% 3 8,8-12,3% 0,75%, 075 0 75 (0,75% 0,341,4% 03414 0,34 1,4% 34 4 0,34-1,4% p 0,025 0025 025 0,02, 002 0,02 02 0,02) velhos 47 39,4% 394 39 (39,4% entrevistados 6 13,8% 138 13 (13,8% OR 3,63 363 63 1,0812,23 1081223 1,08 12,23 08 23 1,08-12,23 0,49 049 49 0,250,96 025096 0,25 0,96 25 96 0,25-0,96 antiN. antiN anti-N determinados 119 19 1.1 10,5 (10,5 812 8,812,3 8812 88 8, 123 12,3 8,8-12,3 0,75% 07 7 (0,75 341 0,341,4 0341 034 0,3 14 1,4 0,34-1,4 00 0,0 39,4 (39,4 13,8 (13,8 3,6 36 0812 1,0812,2 108122 108 1,0 1223 12,2 2 1,08-12,2 0,4 04 250 0,250,9 02509 0,2 096 0,9 0,25-0,9 11 1. 10, (10, 81 8,812, 881 12, 8,8-12, 0,75 (0,7 0,341, 03 0, 1, 0,34-1, 39, (39, 13, (13, 3, 081 1,0812, 10812 122 1,08-12, 0,250, 0250 09 0,25-0, (10 8,812 8,8-12 0,7 (0, 0,341 0,34-1 (39 (13 1,0812 1081 1,08-12 0,250 0,25-0 (1 8,81 8,8-1 (0 0,34- (3 1,081 1,08-1 0,25- ( 8,8- 1,08-

Abstract This study establishes the serological frequency against Neospora caninum on day zero and the presence of N. caninum DNA surveyed throughout the gestation of Bubalus bubalis females in a bovine buffalo system in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Blood samples were taken from 11 females in 6 different sampling periods and analyzed for N. caninum antibodies detection on day zero. DNA detection by PCR was performed on all sampling periods. The gestation months of the females were recorded for five trimesters by ultrasonography, as well as births and pregnancy losses. Recorded seropositivity and positivity for agent DNA were 90.9% (95% CI 58.7-9.7) and 36.3% (95% CI 10.9-69.2), respectively, on day zero. N. caninum DNA was detected between 18.1% (95% CI 2.3-51.7) and 45.4% (95% CI 16.7-76.6) over the five trimesters of observation, with three births and three abortions recorded. The studied water buffalo population had a high presence of N. caninum antibodies; however, the detection of N. caninum DNA remained below 47% in the females. The association was only observed in the detection of DNA with pregnant females (P 0.007). Our results support the hypothesis of the resistance of water buffaloes to infection and the onset of clinical signs against infection by N. caninum even upon a high possibility of infection and reinfection described in this production system in Mexico. N Veracruz Mexico 1 ultrasonography losses 909 90 9 90.9 95% 95 (95 58.79.7 58797 58.7 9.7 58 7 58.7-9.7 363 36 3 36.3 10.969.2, 109692 10.9 69.2 , 10 69 2 10.9-69.2) respectively 181 18 18.1 2.351.7 23517 2.3 51.7 51 2.3-51.7 454 45 4 45.4 16.776.6 167766 16.7 76.6 16 76 16.7-76.6 observation however 47 P 0.007. 0007 0.007 . 0 007 0.007) 90. (9 79 58.79. 5879 587 58. 97 9. 5 58.7-9. 36. 969 10.969.2 10969 109 10. 692 69. 10.9-69.2 18. 351 2.351. 2351 23 2. 517 51. 2.3-51. 45. 776 16.776. 16776 167 16. 766 76. 16.7-76. 000 0.00 00 ( 58.79 58.7-9 96 10.969. 1096 10.9-69. 35 2.351 235 2.3-51 77 16.776 1677 16.7-76 0.0 58.7- 10.969 10.9-69 2.35 2.3-5 16.77 16.7-7 0. 10.96 10.9-6 2.3- 16.7- 10.9-

Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that occurs worldwide and is one of the most important causes of abortion, especially in cattle. However, no studies have been performed in Namibia to determine the N. caninum status in livestock. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum in cattle and the associated risk factors in the Khomas region of Namibia. A total of 736 sera were collected from cows in 32 farming establishments. These comprised 698 beef and 38 dairy cattle sera and were tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Questionnaires were concurrently administered to determine possible risk factors associated with N. caninum seropositivity. A total of 42 sera were positive (all beef), giving an animal-level seroprevalence rate of 5.7%. Eight of the 32 establishments had at least one positive animal, giving a herd-level seroprevalence of 25%. There was no significant association between seropositivity and the presence of dogs, jackals, history of abortions, farm size, number of cattle or average annual rainfall. The establishments with moderate to high numbers of Feliformia were 9.8 times more likely to be seropositive to N. caninum than those with none to low levels of the former (p = 0.0245). The authors concluded that the seroprevalence level of N. caninum in the Khomas region was relatively low compared with other parts of the world and that the role of Feliformia in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis needed to be further investigated. CONTRIBUTION: Serological evidence of bovine neosporosis and the associated risk factors are reported in Namibia for the first time. This study contributes to the scientific body of knowledge on N. caninum in Africa, which is currently limited.

RESUMEN Neospora caninum es el agente etiológico de la neosporosis en bovinos y perros, se considera como una de las principales causas de aborto en vacas; en perros infectados intrauterinamente e inmunodeprimidos, ocasiona lesiones multisistémicas y son considerados los hospederos definitivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia contra Neospora caninum en perros urbanos y rurales del sur oriente del Estado de México y su asociación a factores de riesgo para esta especie. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia se obtuvieron 70 muestras de suero de perros de una zona urbana y 76 de zona rural. Información sobre edad, género, alimentación y medio ambiente se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario. El análisis estadístico fue por medio de Ji cuadrada, la determinación de la razón de probabilidades (OR) y regresión lineal múltiple discriminante. La seropositividad general a Neospora caninum mediante IFI, fue 51.3% (75/146), en perros urbanos de 48.6% y en rurales de 53.9%, (p=0.314). Para el factor edad, la seropositividad fue mayor a medida que incrementó la misma; el consumo de placentas se reconoció como factor de riesgo. Se identifica una amplia distribución de Neospora caninum en perros, así como una constante exposición al mismo en el área de estudio

ABSTRACT Neospora caninumç is the etiological agent of neosporosis in cattle and dogs. It is considered one of the leading causes of abortion in cows. Dogs are considered the definitive host; in intrauterine infected and immunosuppressed dogs, it causes multisystemic lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence against Neospora caninum in urban and rural dogs from the southeast of Mexico State and its association with risk factors for these species. Through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling, 70 serum samples were obtained from dogs from an urban area and 76 from a rural one. Information on age, gender, diet and environment was obtained through a questionnaire. The statistical analysis was applied by means of Chi square, as well as the determination of odds ratio (OR) and discriminant multiple linear regression. The general seropositivity to Neospora caninum by IFAT was 51.3% (75/146), in urban dogs, it was 48.6%, and 53.9% in rural dogs (p=0.314). As for the age risk factor, seropositivity was higher as it increased; the consumption of placentas was recognized as a risk factor. A wide distribution of Neospora caninum was identified in dogs as well as constant exposure to it in the area studied.