ABSTRACT The male and female of a new species in the long-horned caddisfly genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 are described from southeastern Brazil. The new species has male genitalia similar to species of the candida-group, but has several endothecal spines in the phallic apparatus similar to those of gemma-group species. The color pattern of the scales and hairs on the head, thorax and forewings is similar to that of Nectopsyche splendida (Navás, 1917), as both species have bands of metallic silver-iridescent scales interleaved with black areas on the forewings. Additionally, we present illustrations of the male and female genitalia of N. splendida and expand the knowledge of its distribution. longhorned long horned Müller 187 Brazil candidagroup, candidagroup candida group, group candida-group gemmagroup gemma head Navás, Navás (Navás 1917, 1917 , 1917) silveriridescent silver iridescent Additionally N distribution 18 191 1 19

ABSTRACT The genus Nectopsyche is widely recognized by its striking adults, with colored setae and scales, even metallic and/or iridescent. It is primarily distributed in the Neotropical region, with a few species found in the Nearctics. Nectopsyche has more than 100 described species, with 26 of them recorded in Brazil. In Pará state, one of the largest Brazilian’ states, only three species have been recorded. In contribution to the taxonomic knowledge about the Neotropical caddisflies, especially those of the Amazonian region, we propose two new species of Nectopsyche from Pará state based on male specimens: Nectopsyche tridentata n. sp. and Nectopsyche froehlichi n. sp. In addition, Nectopsyche acutiloba, Nectopsyche adusta, Nectopsyche jenseni, and Nectopsyche quatuorguttata are recorded for the first time in the state of Pará. Our results increase the number of Nectopsyche species recorded in Brazil to 28, and the number of recorded species in the state of Pará to eight. adults scales andor or iridescent region Nearctics 10 2 Brazilian states caddisflies specimens n sp addition acutiloba adusta jenseni 28 eight 1

Resumen Introducción: La estructura, diversidad taxonómica y diversidad funcional del ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados acuáticos son estimadores sensibles a las variaciones del medio circundante. El ambiente físico es un factor fundamental, donde el sustrato y la dinámica hidráulica modifican la disponibilidad de recursos, la estructuración, el funcionamiento de la comunidad y del ecosistema. Objetivo: Determinar la estructura, diversidad taxonómica y diversidad funcional del ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados bajo diferentes condiciones abióticas en el río Hato Laguna, tributario del Lago de Tota. Métodos: Se recolectaron 120 muestras biológicas en cuatro momentos de muestreos en dos tramos en el río. Se midieron in situ profundidad, velocidad del flujo, ancho de canal y rugosidad del sustrato. Los rasgos funcionales evaluados fueron: longitud corporal, forma corporal, tipo de respiración, movilidad, gremio trófico y grupos funcionales alimenticios. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 38 taxones; los órdenes Diptera, Coleoptera y Trichoptera presentaron la mayor riqueza de familias y géneros. Hubo mayor abundancia de Orthocladiinae, Andesiops sp. y Simulium sp. en condiciones de alta velocidad del flujo en los tramos altos; Nectopsyche sp. fue abundante en los tramos bajos relacionados con menores velocidades y mayor ancho del canal. Según los índices de diversidad taxonómica se presentó variación por tramos y muestreos sin observarse tendencias. En los tramos altos, el gremio trófico MOPF (colectores), respiración por tegumento y tamaño del cuerpo pequeño fueron característicos. En los tramos bajos, el ensamblaje fue de tipo raspador con respiración por branquias y forma del cuerpo aplanada. La riqueza, divergencia y equidad funcional fueron mayores en el tramo alto. En el Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica, los mayores valores de ancho y velocidad se relacionaron con categorías adherido al sustrato y endobentónico, mientras que valores bajos de ancho y rugosidad se relacionaron con las categorías de forma del cuerpo aplanado, recurso alimentario micrófitas y tamaño del cuerpo máximo. Conclusiones: El sistema presentó variación en las condiciones abióticas, en la estructura, diversidad taxonómica y funcional de los macroinvertebrados. Se resalta el papel de la velocidad del flujo como una variable determinante de la estructura y función del ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados. Asimismo, se destaca la diversidad funcional como una expresión de los rasgos descritos, por lo cual se relaciona en los tramos altos con la dominancia de taxones como Orthocladiinae, Chironominae, Simulium sp.y Andesiops sp.

Abstract Introduction: The structure, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity of the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages are estimators sensitive to variations in the surrounding environment. The physical environment is a key factor, where the substrate and hydraulic dynamics modify the availability of resources, the structuring, the functioning of the community and the ecosystem. Objective: Determine the structure, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity of the macroinvertebrate assemblages under different abiotic conditions in the Hato Laguna river, a tributary of Lake Tota. Methods: 120 biological samples were collected in four sampling events in two reaches in the river. Depth, flow velocity, channel width and roughness of the substrate were measured in situ. The functional traits evaluated were: body length, body shape, type of breathing, type of locomotion, trophic guild and functional feeding groups. Results: A total of 38 taxa were identified; Diptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera orders presented the highest abundance of families and genera. Orthocladiinae, Andesiops sp. and Simulium sp. were more abundant groups under high-velocity conditions in the upper reaches. Nectopsyche sp. was abundant in the lower sections related to lower velocity and greater channel width. According to the taxonomic diversity indices, variation by reaches and samplings was presented without observing trends. In the upper reaches, the MOPF trophic guild (collectors), in tegument respiration, and small body size were characteristic. In the lower reaches, the assembly was of the scraper type with gill breathing and flattened body shape. The richness, divergence and functional evenness were higher in the upper reaches. In the Canonical Correspondence Analysis, the highest values of width and speed were related to categories attached to the substrate and endobenthic, while low width and roughness were related to the categories of flattened body shape, microphytes food resource, and maximum body size. Conclusions: The system presented a variation in the abiotic conditions, in the structure, taxonomic and functional diversity of the macroinvertebrates. The role of the flow velocity as a determining variable of the structure and function of the community is highlighted. Likewise, functional diversity stands out as an expression of the described traits, which is why it is related in the upper reaches with the dominance of taxa such as Orthocladiinae, Chironominae, Simulium sp. and Andesiops sp.

Los insectos acuáticos son importantes como indicadores de calidad de aguas en ríos y arroyos. Uno de los grupos más abundantes son los Thichoptera, ellos juegan un papel importante por su papel funcional en los sistemas acuáticos. Por eso conocer su diversidad es prioritario. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la estructura de la comunidad del orden Trichoptera y su dinámica espacio-temporal en relación con los microhábitats y algunas variables físicas y químicas, en la parte media y baja de la cuenca del río Manzanares (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Se muestrearon mensualmente ocho microhábitats entre agosto 2002 y febrero 2003, durante los periodos de lluvias y sequía. Se recolectaron 3 316 larvas, repartidas en tres subórdenes pertenecientes a 10 familias y 14 géneros; seis de estos géneros y una familia son los primeros registros para el departamento del Magdalena (Colombia). Los tricópteros presentaron la mayor abundancia y riqueza genérica en los microhábitats Hojarasca Corriente Lenta, Hojarasca Corriente Rápida y Piedra Corriente Rápida, donde Nectopsyche (28%), Leptonema (17%) y Smicridea (15%) fueron los géneros más predominantes. La estructura, y composición de los géneros del orden Trichoptera variaron en cada estación en función del régimen pluviométrico y las variables físicas y químicas presentadas en la localidad de estudio, evidenciando las menores abundancias y riqueza en los periodos de altas precipitaciones (octubre y noviembre) y las mayores en épocas de precipitaciones bajas (diciembre, enero y febrero). De igual forma las estaciones con mayores valores de oxígeno disuelto y menores valores en temperatura y conductividad reportaron las mayores abundancias de tricópteros. Los tricópteros evidenciaron preferencias por microhábitats específicos, variación en su composición de acuerdo con los periodos climáticos y respuesta a los niveles de polución del río. Se recomienda complementar estos estudios con ciclos anuales y aumentar el gradiente altitudinal para conocer aspectos de su distribución.

The aquatic insects are important bioindicators of water quality in rivers and streams. The order Trichoptera is part of this group, plays an important role in aquatic systems and because of the multiple functions they fulfill, it is essential to know about their biodiversity. This study aimed to know the Trichoptera composition, and its spatial and temporal distribution, in close relationship with the available microhabitats, and some physical and chemical variables, in the middle and lower sections of the Manzanares river basin (Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia). A total of eight microhabitats were sampled in three sites from August 2002 to February 2003, and during the rainy and dry seasons. A total sample of 3 316 Trichoptera larvae were collected, belonging to 10 family and 14 genera; six of these genera and one family are new records for the Magdalena department. The caddisflies presented the greatest abundance and richness on leaves in pool, leave in riffles and stones in riffle, where Nectopsyche (28%), Leptonema (17%) and Smicridea (15%) were the more predominant genus. Structure and composition of Trichoptera genus in each site changed in function to the rainfall pattern, and physical and chemical variables presented in the basin, showing the lowest abundance and richness during high rainfall period (October and November), and the greatest abundance and richness in low rainfall period (December, January and February). Likewise, stations with higher values of dissolved oxygen and lower in temperature and conductivity reported the greatest abundance of Trichoptera. The Trichoptera showed affinity to the specific microhabitats, variations in their composition in relationship whit climatic periods and pollution levels of the river. To know others aspects about the Trichoptera distribution, we recommended continuing these studies including annual cycles and increasing the altitudinal gradients.

A ordem Trichoptera compreende uma das mais diversas e abundantes ordens dentre todos os grupos de insetos aquáticos encontrados em rios ao redor do mundo. Atualmente, cerca de 500 espécies são conhecidas no Brasil, mas apenas 16 espécies foram registradas para o Estado de Mato Grosso. O presente estudo apresenta uma lista das espécies conhecidas e novos registros, a partir de material coletado na região leste do estado nos últimos 10 anos e incorporado à seção entomológica da Coleção Zoobotânica "James A. Ratter" da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina (CZNX). Foram registrados espécimes de tributários do Rio Xingu e do médio Rio das Mortes e em lagos e rios da planície de inundação do Bananal. Ao todo são reportadas 30 espécies, sendo sete novos registros para o Estado de Mato Grosso. Achoropsyche duodencimpunctata (Navás, 1916), Amazonatolica hamadae Holzenthal & Pes, 2004, Nectopsyche nigricapilla (Navás, 1920), Nectopsyche quatourguttata (Navás, 1922), Macronema hageni Banks, 1924, Macrostemum santaeritae (Ulmer, 1905) e Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks, 1905) são novos registros para Mato Grosso. Nectopsyche quatourguttata e N. nigricapilla são registradas pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Adicionalmente, Blepharopus diaphanus Kolenati, 1859, Macrostemum arcuatum (Erichson, 1848) e Macrostemum ulmeri (Banks, 1913) configuram novos registros regionais e provêem material adicional para a distribuição das espécies no Estado.

Trichoptera comprise one of the most diverse and abundant group among aquatic insects in stream ecosystems around the world. Currently, about 500 species are known from Brazil, but only sixteen species have been recorded from the State of Mato Grosso. The present article provides a list of known species and new records of caddisflies collected in the eastern region over the past 10 years and incorporated in the entomological section of the Coleção Zoobotânica "James A. Ratter" of University of Mato Grosso State, Nova Xavantina (CZNX). Specimens were recorded from tributaries of the Rio Xingu and of the Rio das Mortes and from lakes and rivers of the Bananal floodplain. Altogether, 30 species are reported, being seven new records from Mato Grosso. Achoropsyche duodencimpunctata (Navás, 1916), Amazonatolica hamadae Holzenthal & Pes, 2004, Nectopsyche nigricapilla (Navás, 1920), Nectopsyche quatourguttata (Navás, 1922), Macronema hageni Banks, 1924, Macrostemum santaeritae (Ulmer, 1905) and Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks, 1905) are new records from the State. Nectopsyche quatourguttata and N. nigricapilla configure the first records to Brazil. Additionally, Blepharopus diaphanus Kolenati, 1859, Macrostemum arcuatum (Erichson, 1848), Macrostemum ulmeri (Banks, 1913) are new regional records and provide additional material to species distribution from State.

The functional feeding groups of aquatic invertebrates indicate both the type of food source used and the feeding mechanism involved. The groups considered were: collectors (gatherers and filterers), shredders, scrapers and predators. Trichoptera larvae display a diversity of trophic adaptations and exploit a variety of microhabitats, but information on their feeding habits in the Neotropical region is still incomplete. The main objective of this paper was to analyze the feeding habits and define the functional feeding groups of Trichoptera recorded in a subtropical Andean basin. The larvae were collected during the low water period and identified to the genus level. Diet profiles were obtained through gut content analysis. Schoener's Proportional Similarity Index was applied to assess the similarity between diet profiles. A complete linkage dendrogram was obtained and significant clusters (dietary patterns) were identified. The majority of taxa examined prefer more than one food item, being fine particle organic matter present throughout all genera. Metrichia, Hydroptila, Oxyethira and Marilia are categorized as collectors-gatherers. Nectopsyche is defined as collector-gatherer and secondarily shredder. Mortoniella and Helicopsyche are primarily scrapers and secondarily collectors-gatherers. Chimarra shows a collector-filterer habit. Smicridea and Polycentropus are basically predators, but they also feed on particles trapped in nets. Only four of the ten genera analyzed here correspond to the functional groups already reported for other regions.

Los tricópteros constituyen un elemento importante en el flujo de energía y en la dinámica de nutrientes de los ambientes acuáticos debido a que sus larvas despliegan una diversidad amplia de adaptaciones tróficas y explotan una gran variedad de microhábitats. Sin embargo, se dispone de escasa información sobre sus hábitos alimentarios en la región Neotropical. En este trabajo se analizan y definen los grupos funcionales de larvas de tricópteros de una cuenca subtropical andina. Las larvas fueron colectadas en época de aguas bajas e identificadas hasta el nivel de género. Mediante análisis de contenido estomacal se realizaron los perfiles dietarios por género. La mayoría de los géneros prefirieron más de un ítem alimenticio, registrándose en todos los casos materia orgánica particulada fina. Metrichia, Hydroptila, Oxyethira y Marilia se clasificaron como colectores-recolectores; Nectopsyche se clasificó como colector-recolector y triturador secundario. Mortoniella y Helicopsyche presentaron un hábito raspador primario y colector-recolector secundario. Chimarra se clasificó como colector-filtrador. Smicridea y Polycentropus resultaron depredadores de invertebrados y recolectores de partículas retenidas en las redes. Sólo cuatro de los diez géneros analizados se correspondieron con las categorías informadas para otras regiones.

A frequente ocorrência de larvas de Triplectides sp. em casas de Nectopsyche no Ribeirão Bocaina (Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil) foi registrada. Acúmulos de folhas foram coletados de novembro de 1999 a junho de 2000 em corredeiras e remansos. Larvas de Triplectides sp. em casas de Nectopsyche foram encontradas principalmente em remansos.

The frequent occurrence of Triplectides sp. larvae in cases of Nectopsyche Müller in Ribeirão Bocaina, Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil is recorded. Leaf packs were collected from November 1999 to June 2000 in riffles and pools. Triplectides sp. larvae in cases of Nectopsyche were found mostly in pools.

From 126,340 adult specimens of Trichoptera captured with light trap during one year of the project called "Survey of the Entomological Fauna in Paraná State" (Paraná, Brazil), 6,375 belong to the family Leptoceridae. The individuals of the family were identified and a list of species is presented. The following species are recorded for the first time to Paraná State: Achoropsyche duodecimpunctata (Navas. 1916); Nectopsyche aureovittala Flint, 1983; Nectopsyche fuscomaculata Flint, 1983; Nectopsyche muhni (Navas, 1916); Nectopsyche separata (Banks, 1920); Nectopsyche ortizi Holzenthal, 1995; Nectopsyche splendida (Navas, 1917) and Tripleclides gracilis (Burmeister, 1839). Discussion on individual abundance and species seasonality are also presented.

Se calcularon las relaciones entre la masa del cuerpo y el ancho de la capsula cefálica para Thraulodes sp., Haplohyphes sp. (Ephemeroptera), Leptonema sp., Phylloicus sp., Nectopsyche sp. (Trichoptera), y Anacroneuria sp. (Plecoptera). Los análisis de regresión indicaron que todas las relaciones se expresan adecuadamente mediante la función potencial en vez de la función exponencial o linear. El análisis de las relaciones obtenidas revela diferencias entre los insectos pertenecientes a un mismo Orden. Se recomienda el uso de relaciones específicas para cada especie siempre y cuando sea posible, debido a que, dependiendo de la especie, la subestimación de la masa puede llegar a ser hasta de un 56%.

Relationships of body mass and head capsule width were developed for Thraulodes sp., Haplohyphes sp. (Ephemeroptera), Leptonema sp., Phylloicus sp. Nectopsyche sp. (Trichoptera), and Anacroneuria sp. (Plecoptera). The organisms were collected with a Surber net (0.1296 m² and 0.286 mm mesh size) on the Orituco river, Venezuela. The number of specimens used in the analysis for the species studied, was different (from 84 to 103 specimens). Regression analysis indicated that all relationships were best expressed by a power function rather than by linear or exponential equation. Analyses of the relationships reveal interspecific differences among insects of the same order. Species-specific relationships are recommended to be used whenever possible since, depending on the species, the underestimation of mass could be as much as 56%.

Se calcularon las ecuaciones para las relaciones entre la masa del cuerpo y el ancho de la cápsula cefálica para Thraulodes sp., Haplohyphes sp. (Ephemeroptera), Leptonema sp., Nectopsyche sp. (Trichoptera) y Anacroneuria sp. (Plecoptera) usando diferentes preservativos (Congelamiento, Formol 4% and Kahle). El análisis de regresión indicó que todas las relaciones obtenidas son altamente significativas para cada uno de los preservativos utilizados. Los cambios en la masa del cuerpo por unidad de cambio en el ancho de la cápsula cefálica, son diferentes para cada especie y preservativo, sin haberse obtenido una clara relación entre ellos. La compararación entre los valores de masa obtenidos con los diferentes preservativos y los obtenidos con muestras no preservadas, indica que todos los preservativos subestiman la masa seca hasta en un 85,4%, excepto en el caso de Nectopsyche sp. cuya masa corporal fue siempre sobre-estimada. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo nuevamente indican, aún trabajando con insectos acuáticos tropicales, que cualquier estudio en el cual la biomasa va a ser determinada, debe de tener en cuenta el efecto que los preservativos producen en la disminución de la masa corporal.

Relationships of body mass and head capsule width were calculated for Thraulodes sp., Haplohyphes sp. (Ephemeroptera), Leptonema sp. and Nectopsyche sp. (Trichoptera), and Anacroneuria sp. (Plecoptera) using different preservatives (Freezing, Formaldehyde 4% and Kahle). The organisms were collected monthly during a year on the Orituco river, Venezuela with a Surber net (0. 1296 m² and 0.286 mm mesh size). The data presented here are representative of the organism conditions year around. No attempt was made to quantify intersample variation. Regression analysis indicated that all relationships were highly correlated for any of the fixatives used. Changes in dry mass per unit change of head capsule width, vary among species and preservatives with no clear relationship among them. Changes in dry mass calculated as the difference between dry mass of preserved samples to those of unpreserved ones, indicate that all fixatives underestimate dry mass by as much as 85.4%, except for Nectopsyche sp. whose dry mass was always overestimated. These results provide further evidence on the effect of preservatives on dry mass losses. Even when working with tropical species, any study in which biomass is going to be determined should consider the effect of preservatives on dry mass.