Resumen Introducción. La enfermedad de la necrosis aguda del hepatopáncreas (AHPND, por sus siglas en inglés) es producida por bacterias Vibrio parahaemolyticus que poseen un plásmido con genes que codifican las toxinas pirA y pirB. La enfermedad se caracteriza por descamación masiva de las células epiteliales del hepatopáncreas, así como la atrofia y decoloración de ese órgano. Los camarones enfermos presentan anorexia y muestran un intestino vacío, debilidad, decoloración del cuerpo y altas mortalidades. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus causante de AHPND en fincas de camarones en la zona del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Durante los años 2019 y 2020, se recolectaron camarones (Penaeus vannamei) y agua de estanques de 32 fincas localizadas en la costa occidental del golfo de Nicoya (noroeste del país) y la costa del Pacífico Central (Puntarenas-Parrita). Los camarones recolectados en los muestreos tenían un peso de entre 7 y 15 g. El diagnóstico de la presencia de la enfermedad se analizó a nivel molecular con la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) punto final, y diferentes protocolos e iniciadores para detectar los genes de las toxinas pirA y pirB. Además, se hizo una correlación lineal entre la presencia de AHPND y la calidad del agua con el programa estadístico R. Resultados. La presencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus causante de AHPND ocurrió en 93,75 % (30/32) de los estanques muestreados en ambas zonas de cultivo. Conclusiones. Este trabajo confirma la presencia y amplia distribución de AHPND en agua y camarones en treinta fincas camaroneras en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.

Abstract Introduction. The acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing a plasmid encoding the toxin genes pirA and pirB. The disease is characterized by massive sloughing of epithelial cells in the hepatopancreas, also showing atrophy and discoloration of that organ. Diseased shrimp display anorexia with empty guts, weakness, body discoloration and high mortality. Objective. To determine the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND in farms that grow shrimp in the Pacific zone of Costa Rica. Materials and methods. During the years 2019 and 2020, water and shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) samples were obtained from 32 farms located on the western coast of the Nicoya Gulf (Northwest Costa Rica) and the Central Pacific coast (Puntarenas-Parrita). The samples were analyzed by endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different protocols and primers to detect the toxins pirA and pirB. Further, a linear correlation between the presence of AHPND and water quality was done using the R statistical program. Results. The presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing AHPND occurred in 93.75 % (30/32) of sampled ponds in both farming areas. Conclusion. This work confirms the presence and wide distribution of AHPND in water and shrimp from thirty shrimp farms in the Costa Rican Pacific.

ABSTRACT: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare, rapidly progressing, and severe infection of subcutaneous tissues and muscle fascia that can be fatal. It causes rapid tissue necrosis through pathogen-induced vasoconstriction and thrombosis. While commonly found in the torso, abdomen, and limbs, it rarely affects the head and neck. Effective treatment includes early diagnosis, surgery, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, though mortality remains high. A 40-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) presented with increased volume, erythema, and cramps in the cervical and upper thoracic area. The main diagnosis was NF, requiring surgical debridement of the affected tissue. Despite therapeutic efforts, the patient succumbed to sepsis and multiple organ failure. NF is a life-threatening infection with a very low incidence but a high mortality rate. Cervical NF often arises from odontogenic infections and is associated with systemic factors like diabetes and obesity. Early diagnosis is challenging, but Computed tomography (CT) and the Laboratory risk indicator score for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score are essential. Effective treatment includes surgical debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. NF remains a critical condition with high mortality, underscoring the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

RESUMEN: La fascitis necrosante (FN) es una infección rara, de rápida progresión y grave de los tejidos subcutáneos y la fascia muscular que puede ser fatal. Causa necrosis tisular rápida a través de la vasoconstricción y trombosis inducidas por patógenos. Aunque se encuentra comúnmente en el torso, abdomen y membros, rara vez afecta la cabeza y el cuello. El tratamiento efectivo incluye un diagnóstico temprano, cirugía, antibióticos y terapia de oxígeno hiperbárico, aunque la mortalidad sigue siendo alta. Un hombre de 40 años con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus (DM) no controlada se presentó con aumento de volumen, eritema y calambres en la zona cervical y torácica superior. El diagnóstico principal fue FN, requiriendo desbridamiento quirúrgico del tejido afectado. A pesar de los esfuerzos terapéuticos, el paciente sucumbió a sepsis y falla multiorgánica. La FN es una infección potencialmente mortal con una incidencia muy baja pero una alta tasa de mortalidad. La FN cervical a menudo surge de infecciones odontogénicas y está asociada con factores sistémicos como la diabetes y la obesidad. El diagnóstico temprano es un desafío, pero la tomografía computarizada (TC) y el puntaje de indicadores de riesgo de laboratorio para fascitis necrosante (LRINEC) son esenciales. El tratamiento efectivo incluye desbridamiento quirúrgico, antibióticos de amplio espectro y terapia de oxígeno hiperbárico. La FN sigue siendo una condición crítica con alta mortalidad, lo que subraya la necesidad de un reconocimiento temprano y estrategias de tratamiento agresivas para mejorar los resultados de los pacientes.

ABSTRACT The herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D are widely used to control weeds in various crops. The rubber tree crop is exposed to these molecules, which can interfere with its establishment. This study aimed to assess the effects caused by the drift of glyphosate, 2,4-D, and the combination of both, in different proportions corresponding to 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64% of the recommended dose (1,440 and 804 g a·e·ha-1 of glyphosate and 2,4-D, respectively). The characteristic symptoms when 2,4-D was present in the drift began with wilting and shriveling of young leaves and, at the highest doses, quickly progressed to chlorosis, shoot epinasty, and edge necrosis, while mature leaves showed a brown color, culminating in a high rate of fall. The effects of glyphosate were intensified after leaf flushing, which occurred 120 days after its application and resulted in long, narrow, twisted leaves in a spiral shape and deformed shoots. Drift above 32% from the combination of glyphosate and 2,4-D resulted in a high mortality rate, while 16% damaged growth and resulted in the death of some plants. The results indicate that drift from the combination of glyphosate and 2,4-D intensifies the symptoms of phytotoxicity in rubber trees, with drift above 8% being harmful. For the herbicides applied alone, there was full recovery of the plants in the drift of up to 16%, so it is important to avoid the drift of these herbicides in the management of weeds in the rubber tree crop.

Abstract Submandibular salivary gland inflammation has been suggested as one of the mechanisms underlying impaired salivary secretion associated with sleep deprivation (SD). However, whether the salivary inflammatory response occurs to the same extent in paradoxical sleep deprivation with or without sleep recovery remains unknown. Objective: This study evaluated the extent to which inflammation influences salivary impairments associated with paradoxical sleep deprivation with or without sleep recovery. Methodology: Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups as control, partial SD (PSD) with sleep recovery for four hours a day and total SD (TSD). Paradoxical SD was carried out for seven days in the SD groups, after which saliva, blood, and submandibular gland samples were taken. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitrite were determined in saliva, serum, and the submandibular salivary gland. Leucocyte count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio were determined in all groups. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey's post hoc tests were used for data analysis. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and nitrite in the submandibular salivary glands were significantly higher in the TSD groups (p=0.04,p<0.001, p=0.03, respectively) than in the control. Saliva level of TNF-α was higher in the PSD and TSD groups (p=0.003 and p=0.01 respectively) than in the control. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in both PSD and TSD groups than in the control (p<0.01 for both). Conclusion: While total SD produced higher inflammatory response in the submandibular salivary gland, four-hour sleep recovery ameliorated this impact. This finding suggests that sleep recovery is crucial to improve inflammatory salivary gland dysfunction induced by sleep deprivation.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To establish a profile of the inflammatory response in the preoperative and postoperative period of pulmonary resection of patients without postoperative complications, in order to trace the inflammatory profile of lung resection surgery. Methods: Six collections of arterial and venous blood were performed for data analysis, one sample in the preoperative, immediate postoperative, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. Twenty-seven patients with a median age of 63 years old, ranging from 29 to 80 years old, were included. Results: The leukocyte count showed a significant increase in the times: immediate postoperative and 4 hours after surgery, in relation to the preoperative period. Concomitantly, there was an increase in lactate, heart rate, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 after 4 hours of surgery. The platelet count showed a significant decrease in 48 h, associated with an increase in IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. A significant increase in IL-10 was observed in the immediate postoperative. Conclusion: The study may contribute to the search for more specific and adequate alternatives for controlling the inflammatory response. In this way, the intervention would be specific to that cytokine that causes the greatest harm to the patient, as well as to the moment of the intervention.

Abstract Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) damages exocrine glands, and Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker (Lilii Bulbus, LB) shows potential as a therapeutic agent. This study evaluated LB’s efficacy in alleviating xerostomia using non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice and human salivary gland acinar (NS-SV-AC) cells. In vitro, NS-SV-AC cells were treated with LB (1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (2 µM/mL) for 48 h. Cell viability, fluid secretion, and aquaporin-5 (AQP-5) expression were assessed. In vivo, thirty 20-week-old NOD/SCID mice received LB orally (100, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, with salivary secretion rates measured. AQP-5 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) expression and inflammatory mediator levels were determined using western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histopathological examination of salivary glands was also performed. LB significantly increased NS-SV-AC cell proliferation, fluid secretion, and AQP-5 expression. In NOD/SCID mice, LB reduced anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibodies, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-6, while increasing AQP-5 and M3R expression. This resulted in increased salivary secretion and reduced glandular inflammation. LB extract appears promising for managing oral health by enhancing salivation, upregulating AQP-5, and modulating immune-inflammatory responses.

Abstract Background: Fish venoms have been poorly characterized and the available information about their composition suggests they are uncomplicated secretions that, combined with epidermal mucus, could induce an inflammatory reaction, excruciating pain, and, in some cases, local tissue injuries. Methods: In this study, we characterized the 24-hour histopathological effects of lionfish venom in a mouse experimental model by testing the main fractions obtained by size exclusion-HPLC. By partial proteomics analysis, we also correlated these in vivo effects with the presence of some potentially toxic venom components. Results: We observed a strong lesion on the skin and evident necrosis in the skeletal muscle. None of the tissue-damaging effects were induced by the fraction containing cytolysins, membrane pore-forming toxins ubiquitously present in species of scorpionfish, stonefish, and lionfish, among others. On the contrary, injuries were associated with the presence of other components, which have remained practically ignored so far. This is the case of an abundant protein, present in venom, with homology to a Golgi-associated plant pathogenic protein 1-like (GAPR1), which belongs to the same protein superfamily as venom CRISPs and insect allergens. Conclusion: This GAPR1-like protein and the hyaluronidase are probably responsible for the hemostasis impairment and hemorrhagic lesions observed in mouse skin, whereas muscle injuries can be indirectly caused by a combination of inflammatory and hemorrhagic events. More information is required to establish the components accountable for the myonecrotic effect.

RESUMO A combinação de xilazina e quetamina tem sido usada há décadas para anestesiar cães e gatos submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos. Três cães morreram dois a quatro dias após serem anestesiados com essa combinação, sem quaisquer complicações conhecidas durante o procedimento anestésico. Foram observadas áreas multifocais brancas no coração dos três cães, o que histologicamente correspondia a acentuada necrose de cardiomiócitos. Achados epidemiológicos e anatomopatológicos sugerem que os cães foram a óbito devido ao comprometimento cardíaco causado pela combinação anestésica.

ABSTRACT The combination of xylazine and ketamine has been used for decades to anesthetize dogs and cats undergoing surgical procedures. Three dogs died two to four days after being anesthetized with this combination without any know complications during the anesthetic procedure. White multifocal areas were present in the hearts of the three dogs, which histologically corresponded to marked necrosis of cardiomyocytes. Epidemiological and anatomopathological findings suggest that the dogs died because of cardiac impairment caused by the anesthetic combination.

The widespread use of parabens has led to their accumulation in aquatic environments. This study examined the effects of methylparaben on rainbow trout, dividing 96 fish into control and treatment groups (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 8 mg/L). Results showed dose-dependent weight loss, altered hepatosomatic indices, increased serum urea, uric acid, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Histopathological analysis revealed liver and kidney abnormalities in treated groups, including hepatocyte degeneration, proliferation in the bile duct, glomerular atrophy, reduced haematopoietic tissue, increased melanomacrophage centres, necrosis and fibrosis. CONTRIBUTION: These findings highlight methylparaben's toxic effects, emphasising the need for stricter regulations and further research to safeguard aquatic ecosystems and understand its impact on aquatic organisms.

The poultry gastrointestinal microbiome consists of more than 900 bacterial species and their metabolites; it serves as an indicator of bird health and is influenced by nutrition, medication, and other factors. Dysbiosis is a form of reduced microbial diversity, characterised by the loss of beneficial microbes, the expansion of opportunistic microbes, and the disruption of tight junctions, as well as raised pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-17), tumour necrosis factor-α, and Enterobacteriaceae, and decreased short-chain fatty acids. Dysbiosis leads to various disorders, including liver disorders, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and neurological problems. It also impacts several bodily systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, the gut-liver axis (liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, autoimmune liver disease, and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease), the gut-lung axis (pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), the gut-microbiota axis (irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and constipation or stool hardness), and the gut-islet axis (hypertension, hyperglycaemia, diabetes, and hypercreatinaemia syndrome). Many factors, including medications (antibiotics, anti-tumour, and immunosuppressants), environmental pollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, microplastics, and atmospheric particulates), high levels of nutrients (protein, fat, salt, and sugar), and others (age, disease, habits, and genes), cause and enable gastrointestinal dysbiosis to develop. Nutritional strategies such as the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, or phytogenic feed additives, and the consumption of a high-quality, balanced diet, as well as early detection of gut health malfunction and an emphasis on increasing bird resilience, can reduce the risk of dysbiosis, modify the gut microbial balance, and make microbial eubiosis possible.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) triggered in solid organ transplant procedures, we aimed to evaluate the effects of multi-organ abdominal ischemic preconditioning (MAIP) in the context of renal IRI. Methods: An experimental kidney transplant model was conducted. Rats were divided into three groups: an intervention free basal group from which physiological data was collected; a control group (CT), which consisted of transplanted animals without MAIP; and a treated group, in which a MAIP protocol was implemented in the donor during the procurement of the left kidney, monitoring the recipient for 24 hours. Results: Urea, creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as histopathological analysis (Banff: CT 1,66 ± 0,57 vs. basal 0, and MAIP 1), showed a clear trend in favor of MAIP group. Similar results were observed for tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and CXCL10, as well as indicators of oxidative stress, with statistically significant levels for CXCL10 [0,295 ± 0,0074 arbitrary units (AU) CT and 0,0057 ± 0,0065 AU MAIP] and TBARS (2,93 ± 0,08 nmol/μg CT; and 2,49 ± 0,23 nmol/μg MAIP; p 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicated that the MAIP exerts a protective influence on the transplanted kidneys, functioning as an IRI-protective strategy and enhancing the parameters associated with renal graft functionality. Purpose ischemiareperfusion ischemia reperfusion IRI (IRI procedures multiorgan multi (MAIP Methods conducted groups collected CT, , (CT) 2 hours Results Urea creatinine dehydrogenase Banff (Banff 166 1 66 1,6 057 0 57 0,5 vs 1, 1) factorα, factorα factor α, α factor-α interleukin6 interleukin 6 interleukin- CXCL stress CXCL1 0,295 0295 295 [0,29 00074 0074 0,007 (AU 00057 0057 0,005 00065 0065 0,006 2,93 293 93 (2,9 008 08 0,0 nmolμg nmol μg 249 49 2,4 023 23 0,2 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) Conclusion kidneys IRIprotective functionality (CT 16 5 0,29 029 29 [0,2 0007 007 0,00 0005 0006 006 2,9 9 (2, 00 4 2, 02 0.0 [0, 000 (2 0. [0 ( [

RESUMO: O estudo foi realizado em um ovino, fêmea, de três anos de idade, da raça santa inês, procedente de uma propriedade localizada do município de Santo Antônio de Tauá, oeste do Pará. O animal acometido tinha histórico de exoftalmia no olho esquerdo, secreção nasal e dificuldade respiratória há mais de três meses. Ao exame físico o animal apresentava baixo escore corporal, apatia, assimetria facial unilateral, moderada exoftalmia unilateral esquerda, dispneia mista e exsudação nasal serossanguinolenta profusa unilateral. À necropsia, foi observada grande massa nasal, predominantemente branco-amarelada com áreas vermelho enegrecidas, de superfície irregular, finamente granular, úmida e friável. A massa invadia desde a junção mucocutânea do nariz esquerdo até as coanas, se infiltrava pelos seios nasais frontais, placa cribiforme e alcançava as meninges e a porção frontal do cérebro. À microscopia da superfície do epitélio nasal notou-se severa destruição dos cornetos e dos epitélios, evidenciada por extensas áreas de necrose com muitos debris celulares, ulceração e infecção bacteriana secundária. No sistema nervoso central (SNC) havia meningite piogranulomatosa com acentuada congestão de vasos, focos de necrose e inflamação granulomatosa. O diagnóstico de rinite granulomatosa de origem micótica associada ao fungo Conidiobolus lamprauges foi baseado nos achados da imuno-histoquímica. RESUMO ovino fêmea idade inês Tauá Pará meses corporal apatia esquerda necropsia brancoamarelada branco amarelada enegrecidas irregular granular friável coanas frontais cérebro notouse notou epitélios celulares secundária SNC (SNC vasos imunohistoquímica. imunohistoquímica imuno histoquímica. histoquímica imuno-histoquímica

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted on a 3-year-old female Santa Inês sheep from a property located in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Tauá, west of Pará. The affected animal had a history of exophthalmos in the left eye, nasal discharge, and breathing difficulty for more than three months. On physical examination, the animal had a low body score, apathy, unilateral facial asymmetry, moderate unilateral left exophthalmos, mixed dyspnea and unilateral profuse serosanguinous nasal discharge. At necropsy, a large nasal mass was observed, predominantly yellowish-white with blackish-red areas, with an irregular, finely granular, moist, and friable surface. The mass invaded from the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril to the choanae, infiltrated the frontal sinuses, the cribiform plate, and reached the meninges and the frontal portion of the brain. Microscopy of the surface of the nasal epithelium showed severe destruction of the turbinates and epithelia, evidenced by extensive areas of necrosis with a large amount of cellular debris, ulceration, and secondary bacterial infection. In the central nervous system there was pyogranulomatous meningitis with marked vessel congestion, as well as foci of necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of numerous intralesional hyphae for antibodies against Conidiobolus lamprauges. The diagnosis of granulomatous rhinitis of mycotic origin associated with the Conidiobolus lamprauges was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and immunohistochemical data. ABSTRACT 3yearold yearold 3 year old Tauá Pará eye discharge months examination score apathy asymmetry necropsy observed yellowishwhite yellowish white blackishred blackish red irregular granular moist choanae sinuses plate brain epithelia debris ulceration infection congestion inflammation epidemiological clinicalpathological, clinicalpathological clinical pathological, pathological clinical-pathological data

ABSTRACT Aging and face sagging have many causes, and various techniques are used for treatment, including noninvasive procedures, such as focused ultrasound, which uses the principle of collagen regeneration by coagulative necrosis of the dermis layers using radiofrequency, but this procedure has complications. We reported a case of a 54-year-old female patient who complained of poor visual acuity in her right eye three days after a focused ultrasound facial aesthetic procedure, with the best visual acuity of 20/60. Biomicroscopy of the right eye revealed an acute cataract with three points of fibrosis extending from the posterior to the anterior capsule. The patient underwent phacoemulsification surgery with visual rehabilitation and improved vision of 20/20. We hypothesized that the occurrence of acute cataract was related to the inappropriate use of focused ultrasound. causes treatment procedures radiofrequency complications 54yearold yearold 54 year old 2060 20 60 20/60 capsule 2020 20/20 5 206 2 6 20/6 202 20/2 20/

Resumo: A tromboangeíte obliterante (TAO) é uma doença inflamatória segmentar, não aterosclerótica, que afeta artérias, veias e nervos de pequeno e médio calibre nas extremidades. Fumar é o fator patogênico fundamental. É apresentado o caso clínico de um jovem, tabagista, que apresenta necrose seca da 1ª, 2ª e 3ª falange da mão esquerda. A ultrassonografia Doppler arterial mostra artérias radial e ulnar esquerdas ocluídas. Excluindo outras etiologias, e com achados histopatológicos compatíveis, é feito o diagnóstico de TAO, doença rara, devendo ser suspeitada em pacientes jovens, do sexo masculino, fumantes, com história de claudicação intermitente, úlcera ou gangrena. O diagnóstico é clínico e de exclusão. A cessação do tabagismo é o pilar fundamental do tratamento.

Abstract: Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a segmental, non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease that affects small and medium-sized arteries, veins and nerves of the extremities. Smoking is the main pathogenetic factor. We present the clinical case of a young man, a smoker, who presented dry necrosis of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd phalanx of the left hand. Arterial Doppler ultrasound showed occluded left radial and ulnar arteries. After excluding other etiologies and with compatible histopathological findings, a diagnosis of TAO was made. This disease is rare and should be suspected in young, male, smoker patients with a history of intermittent claudication, ulcer or gangrene. Diagnosis is clinical and by exclusion. Smoking cessation is the cornerstone of treatment.

Resumen: La tromboangeítis obliterante (TAO) es una enfermedad inflamatoria segmentaria, no aterosclerótica, que afecta a arterias, venas y nervios de pequeño y mediano calibre de las extremidades. El tabaquismo es el factor patogénico fundamental. Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre joven, tabaquista, que presenta necrosis seca de 1era, 2da y 3era falange de mano izquierda. Ecografía doppler arterial evidencia arteria radial y cubital izquierda ocluidas. Excluidas otras etiologías, y con hallazgos histopatológicos compatibles, se realiza diagnóstico de TAO, enfermedad poco frecuente, se debe sospechar en pacientes jóvenes, de sexo masculino, tabaquistas, con historia de claudicacion intermitente, úlcera o gangrena. El diagnóstico es clínico y de exclusión. El cese del tabaco es el pilar fundamental del tratamiento.

ABSTRACT: Endodontic treatments are among the dental procedures with the highest success rate. They are performed due to the evolution of a carious process or dental trauma, which leads the pulp to a state of irreversible inflammation or directly to pulp necrosis. The aim of the treatment is to eliminate the affected pulp tissue together with the microorganisms, keeping the root canal disinfected during and post-treatment. One of the factors described in the literature that leads to endodontic treatment failure is bacterial microleakage through the coronal filling, so the sealing capacity of provisional materials plays a fundamental role in the evolution and prognosis of the treatment. The aim of this review is to evaluate the coronal microleakage of temporary filling materials in endodontically treated teeth using the dye penetration technique. A systematic review was carried out by searching for publications in the PubMed, SciELO and Cochrane databases from the last 24 years, in English and Spanish. Only in vitro/ex vivo studies of endodontic teeth coronally filled with different provisional materials and subjected to dye penetration testing were included. From a total of 201 articles found, 23 were selected, analyzed and included in this review. The results of the selected studies were diverse. The most analyzed materials in the studies are Coltosol, Cavit and MRI. The microleakage found varied according to the material used, however, no material was able to avoid microleakage completely. Bioplic, a light-curing resinous material, is the only material which in one of the two studies where it was tested had no microleakage. Due to the heterogeneity in the measurement methodology of the studies analyzed, it is suggested to standardize when carrying out new research.

RESUMEN: Los tratamientos de endodoncia son de los procedimientos odontológicos con mayor tasa de éxito. Se realizan por la evolución de un proceso carioso o trauma dental, que llevan a la pulpa a un estado de inflamación de carácter irreversible o directamente a la necrosis pulpar. El objetivo del tratamiento es la eliminación del tejido pulpar afectado junto con los microorganismos, manteniendo el conducto radicular desinfectado durante y post-tratamiento. Uno de los factores descritos en la literatura que conlleva al fracaso del tratamiento endodóntico es la microfiltración bacteriana a través de la obturación coronal, por lo que la capacidad de sellado de los materiales provisorios cumple un rol fundamental en la evolución y pronóstico del tratamiento. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar la microfiltración coronal de los materiales de obturación provisoria en dientes tratados endodónticamente, mediante el uso de la técnica de penetración del tinte. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante la búsqueda de publicaciones en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y Cochrane, de los últimos 24 años, en idioma inglés y español. Se incluyeron solo estudio in vitro/ex vivo de dientes endodonciados, obturados coronalmente con diferentes materiales provisorios y sometidos a pruebas de penetración de tinte. De un total de 201 artículos encontrados, 23 fueron seleccionados, analizados y se incluyeron en esta revisión. Los resultados de los estudios seleccionados fueron diversos. Los materiales más analizados en los estudios son Coltosol, Cavit e IRM. La microfiltración encontrada fue variada según el material utilizado, sin embargo, ningún material logró evitar la microfiltración completamente. Bioplic, material resinoso fotopolimerizable, es el único material el cual en uno de los dos estudios donde se analizó no tuvo microfiltración. Debido a la heterogeneidad en la metodología de medición de los estudios analizados, se sugiere estandarizar al momento de realizar nuevas investigaciones.