Levinas mainly deals with the notion of eschatology in the preface of Totalité et infini (1961). There it appears in the context of his agreement with an entire tradition of philosophers claiming that the very nature of being is one of violence and war, which becomes manifest in the pervasive waging of political battles and wars. He further contends that a conception of morality based on the "pure subjectivism of the I" is powerless to shield humankind against such violence. The alternative he offers to such an impotent morality is an ethics of alterity. Eschatology is Levinas's answer to how such an ethics of alterity would be capable of insulating humankind against calculative reason and the pressures of politics and war. To understand how eschatology succeeds in doing so and how Levinas fills in the notion, I argue that it should be understood within the context of his conceptualisation of time. Levinas offers novel analyses of the forms and the work of time. Time, in Levinas, is the very inner structure of an existent's movement of existing - I refer in this regard to the inherent chronological inconsistency of the human condition. In Levinas's ethical metaphysics this inherent chronological inconsistency is theorised as the other (autre) within the self, an affective infection that dates back to a past that has never been present - it hails from the diachronic time of the Other - and is opened to the future, "to the newness of the unknown". While this past is impossible to grasp, it nevertheless concerns me. I cannot remain unaffected in relation to it; it has left a trace. This alterity within the self becomes manifest as an inherent Desire for time, time that can only be given by the other person, which for Levinas is the Other (l'Autrui). This means that the singular time of my being is not yet time, does not yet have time, but the singular I bears an inherent Desire for time within. This Desire for time, then, emanates from the inherent chronological inconsistency which typifies the existent being "out of sync" with itself, a diastasis or a "standing apart from itself. To be sure, this Desire is not a need to be filled, but as Desire, it is essentially insatiable. This Desire conquers the ecstatic time of need and satisfaction and the inevitable return to the self, the collapse back upon oneself that follows when needs are satiated, and the return of the unbearable heaviness of being that it signals. The early Levinas (De l'évasion, 1935) was looking for an escape from this irremediable Being. Only four decades later in Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (1974) will Levinas come to fully plot out "a new path out of being," a temporal path that he started to chart in Le temps et l' autre (1948), which forges a fundamental link between time and ethics. The time that the future brings is not merely the recurrence of the present instant or its continuation, but the possibility of another instant or a new beginning. How can an existent in the instant recommence otherwise? The coming of the future announces another original instant that cannot be approached but that comes; that cannot be assumed, since it appears as an epiphany. The existent is able to welcome the absolutely strangeness of the epiphany of the future because of the inherent susceptibility to fraternity and sociality, which is made possible by time. This, however, is not time that the existent has like a possession but a capacity to welcome time that springs from an existential chronological inconsistency - a being temporally out of joint. To further specify, this "capacity" is not a power that the individual instant is endowed with. Quite to the contrary, faced with the radical strangeness of the future, with the alterity of the face of the Other, the existent is reduced to a "radical passivity. " Passivity is the radix or root of ethical agency. The capacity that time gives, is the capacity for generosity, the power to be able to give of the riches accumulated. This is not to turn away from one's egotistical selfish life once and for all, but a being turned to be able to welcome the Other without being obliterated in the face of an absolute Mystery. The instant as an interruption announces the possibility of a new beginning, which is not the effacement of the past, but the pardon that purifies the past and the injustices committed. Pardon consists in a retroactive action that inverts the natural temporal order of things and implies the "reversibility of time". Now the past instant has not passed but can be lived again, differently. In Levinas we find a non-teleological conception of time. Truth, Levinas contends, requires both an infinite time and a completed time conceived as "messianic time". Messianic time, more precisely, may be conceived as the "extreme vigilance of the messianic consciousness", since it is only such vigilant consciousness that can protect us against the revenge of evil -which infinite time cannot do. This notion of "messianic consciousness" is encapsulated in Levinas's conceptualisation of eschatology, which is the infinity beyond totality or beyond history, without denying history. The eschatological is not realised at the end of time but rather in each instant in which our responsibility vis-a-vis the Other is realised. If this responsibility exempts us from the jurisdiction of history and the future, salvation is not to be found at the end of history but remains at each moment possible. When Levinas speaks of eschatology in Totalité et Infini he does not refer to a doctrine but to a vision: "the eschatological vision" that consummates moral experience. It is not a spiritual relationship; it leads to action. To see (envision) is already to act. This action is evoked in feeling responsible in the face of the future one hopes for others. The future one hopes for others - a better future - is the eschatological vision realised in the eruption of the present as a purified past.

In hierdie essay word die plek van eskatologie in Levinas se tydsbegrip krities onder die loep geneem. Daar word aangevoer dat Levinas se nadruklike aandrang in Totalité et infini (1961), naamlik dat eskatologie etiese verantwoordelikheid fasiliteer, nie onafhanklik van sy konsep-tualisering van tyd verstaan kan word nie. Eskatologie in Levinas is nie die leer van die laaste dinge nie, maar die verklaring wat Levinas bied vir hoe 'n etiek van alteriteit daartoe in staat is om die mensdom teen die geweld van berekende rede en die druk van politiek en oorlog te beskerm. Hoe eskatologie presies hierin slaag, word uiteengesit aan die hand van Levinas se oorspronklike analises van die vorms en werk van tyd.

Resumo A geografia humana desempenha um papel fundamental na adaptação das comunidades ao meio ambiente ao longo do tempo. Ela considera aspectos como a modificação do território, a organização social e as atividades econômicas como o turismo cultural que aborda a geografia, a história e a cultura, valorizando os conhecimentos e processos das comunidades. Portanto, o presente artigo propõe um projeto para criar um Ecomuseu da cultura Chorotega na comunidade de Matambú, localizada na Unidade de Planejamento Turístico Guanacaste Sul, na Costa Rica. A proposta surge como resposta a uma necessidade da comunidade indígena de se envolver no turismo para subsistir, com o objetivo de fomentar o ecoturismo, turismo cultural e criativo no Território Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) e contribuir para a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas da comunidade indígena, preservando e resgatando o senso de pertencimento do patrimônio cultural e natural por parte dos habitantes do território. Após alcançar o objetivo de criar o Ecomuseu “Los Chorotegas” na comunidade de Matambú, haverá uma melhoria na qualidade de vida. Simultaneamente, a comunidade será mais respeitada e reconhecida como a única etnia de origem Mesoamericana presente na Costa Rica.

Abstract Over time, human geography has played a fundamental role in communities’ processes of adaptation to their environment. This involves considerations spanning the modification of territories, social organization, and economic activities such as cultural tourism. This also involves understanding the geographic context of their history and culture to add value to communities’ knowledge and processes. Therefore, this article proposes the creation of a Chorotega Culture Eco-Museum in Matambú, a community located within the South Guanacaste Unit of Touristic Planning, Costa Rica. This proposal arises from the necessity of this indigenous community to be part of the tourism industry as a survival strategy. The objective is to promote ecotourism and cultural and creative tourism in the Matambú Chorotega Indigenous Territory (TICM). This initiative serves as a method to enhance the socio-economic conditions of the indigenous community while helping to preserve and rescue the sense of belonging to its cultural and natural heritage. By achieving the objective of creating “Los Chorotegas” Eco-Museum in the Matambú community, this territory and indigenous group will be respected and valued as the only remaining ethnicity of Mesoamerican origin within Costa Rica, and this recognition can improve their quality of life.

Resumen La geografía humana desempeña un papel fundamental en la adaptación de las comunidades al medio ambiente a lo largo del tiempo, considerando aspectos como la modificación del territorio, organización social, actividades económicas como el turismo cultural que aborda el contexto geográfico, historia y cultura poniendo en valor los saberes y procesos de las comunidades. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo plantea una propuesta para diseñar un Ecomuseo de la cultura Chorotega en la comunidad de Matambú ubicada en la Unidad de Planeamiento Turístico Guanacaste Sur en Costa Rica. La propuesta surge en respuesta a una necesidad de la comunidad indígena de involucrarse en el turismo para subsistir, con el objetivo de fomentar el ecoturismo, turismo cultural y creativo en el Territorio Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) y contribuir al mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la comunidad indígena, conservando y rescatando el sentido de pertenencia del patrimonio cultural y natural por parte de los habitantes del territorio. Cumplido el objetivo de crear el Ecomuseo “Los Chorotegas” en la comunidad de Matambú, mejorará la calidad de vida y a la vez serán más respetados, visibilizados como la única etnia de origen Mesoamericana presente en Costa Rica.

Abstract Adopting the proposal of Lindholm y Ekblom (2019), in reference to the elements that constitute biocultural heritage, this research made a comprehensive analysis of each of these elements: ecosystem memory, landscape memories, and place-based memories, which are combined to generate the integrated landscape analysis. In this way, the man-nature relationship is deepened in several senses: the riverside inhabitants of Lake Chapala before it dries up, their interactions with their immediate natural environment, as well as some social tensions due to the presence of other human groups as landowners, settlers and businessmen who decide to appropriate the lake from a commercial, capitalist perspective, as well as romanticize and even discriminate against its original inhabitants due to conflicting visions in their relationship and interaction with Lake Chapala.

Resumen Adoptando la propuesta de Lindholm y Ekblom (2019), en referencia a los elementos que constituyen el patrimonio biocultural, esta investigación analiza de manera conjunta cada uno de éstos: la memoria de los ecosistemas, los recuerdos del paisaje y los recuerdos basados en el lugar, los cuales se combinan para generar el análisis del paisaje integrado. De esta manera, se profundiza en la relación ser humano-naturaleza en diversos sentidos: los habitantes ribereños de la laguna de Chapala antes de su desecación, sus interacciones con su medio natural inmediato, así como algunas tensiones sociales ante la presencia de otros grupos humanos como hacendados, colonos y empresarios, quienes deciden apropiarse del lago desde una perspectiva mercantil, capitalista, así como romantizar e incluso discriminar a sus habitantes originarios por visiones contrapuestas en su relación e interacción con el Lago de Chapala.

Abstract: The unplanned and fragmented urban development of cities has caused them to be responsible for most of the planet's unsustainable development. Urban sustainability emerges as a response to this imbalance. Throughout its history, Guayaquil has shown unplanned urban growth that has continuously degraded its natural resources, such as forests and estuaries. The present research aims to evaluate the level of sustainability resulting from such change at the neighborhood level in Guayaquil. The study analyzes urban indicators of six representative neighbourhoods of the city regarding socioeconomic and historical factors. Thus, indicators were analyzed with respect to form, diversity, mobility, and environmental quality. The methodology includes an analysis for selecting variables, a study of the neighbourhoods' morphology using geo-portal map and information gathering through field studies and data processing. The results allow inferring the variables' influence on the sustainability level of each analyzed neighbourhood and how density, diversity and environmental quality play a vital role in developing greater sustainability at the neighbourhood and city levels.

Resumen: El desarrollo urbano no planificado y fragmentado de las ciudades ha ocasionado que estas sean responsables de la mayor parte del desarrollo no sustentable del planeta. La sostenibilidad urbana surge como medida de respuesta ante esta descompensación. La ciudad de Guayaquil presenta a lo largo de su historia un crecimiento urbano no planificado que continuamente ha degradado sus recursos naturales, como bosques y esteros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad resultante de tal crecimiento a nivel barrial en Guayaquil. El estudio analiza indicadores urbanos de seis barrios representativos de la ciudad en cuanto a factores socioeconómicos e históricos. Se analizaron indicadores con respecto a la forma, diversidad, movilidad y calidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada recoge un análisis para la selección de variables, estudio de la morfología de los barrios realizada por medio de mapas de geo portales, relevamiento de información a través de estudio de campo y procesamiento de datos. Los resultados permiten inferir la influencia de las variables en el nivel de sostenibilidad de cada uno de los barrios analizados y como la densidad, la diversidad y calidad ambiental desempeñan un papel primordial en el desarrollo de una mayor sostenibilidad a nivel barrial y de ciudad.

Abstract The National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio), the first institution of its kind worldwide, was created in 1989 as a civil society organization, with the mission of promoting greater awareness of the value of biodiversity, to achieve its conservation and promote human development. It operated within the framework of a national biodiversity conservation strategy consisting of three types of actions: “save, know and use”, forming a publicprivate alliance with the National System of Conservation Areas, whose work represented the first step of “saving”. INBio focused on the generation of scientific knowledge of Costa Rican biodiversity (knowing) and the search and promotion of its intelligent use (using). This article describes the genesis of the institution and its main contributions to the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity between 1989-2015. These include the results of the protected areas biodiversity inventory process and the development of the largest systematic collection of biological specimens in the country’s history, fully systematized; the development of an information management system that integrated all the information from the inventory and the specimens in its collection in digital format, allowing global access to this information or its correlation with that of other sources. The results of promoting and facilitating the use of information through five programs: Natural Sciences and Conservation Biology, for scientific purposes; Bioliteracy and Education, conceptually designed for the teaching and development of awareness about the value of biodiversity; Bioprospecting, the systematic search for economic uses of biodiversity for medicinal, agricultural and industrial purposes; Conservation for Development, the use of the information for wild areas conservation purposes, surrounding communities or nature tourism, among others; Technical Assistance and Training, program in charge of assisting public and private entities, inside and outside the country, in the development of initiatives in which Biodiversity was the central element. The main results of its work and the national and international awards that INBio received for its innovative approaches and contributions are described, as well as the financial and political reasons why INBio discontinued its activities in the period 2015-2016 are summarized. Viewing the work of INBio as a first stage, the importance and need to continue with a state program on the knowledge and use of Costa Rican biodiversity is raised, in addition to its protection, with the goal of creating awareness of its value before the serious threats to life on Earth.

Resumen El Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio), la primera institución en su género en el mundo, fue creado en 1989 como una organización de la sociedad civil, con la misión expresa de promover una mayor conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad, para lograr su conservación y fomentar el desarrollo humano. En el marco de una estrategia nacional de conservación de la biodiversidad consistente en tres tipos de acciones: “salvar, conocer y utilizar”, se conformó una alianza público-privada con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, cuya labor representó el primer paso de “salvar”. El INBio se centró en la generación de conocimiento científico de la biodiversidad costarricense (el “conocer”) y en la búsqueda y promoción de su uso inteligente (el “usar”). Este artículo describe la génesis de la institución y sus principales aportes al conocimiento y la utilización de la biodiversidad costarricense en el período 1989-2015. Estos incluyen los resultados del proceso de inventario de la biodiversidad de las áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de la colección sistemática de especímenes biológicos más grande en la historia del país, totalmente sistematizada; el desarrollo de un sistema de manejo de información que integró en formato digital toda la información del inventario y de los especímenes de su colección, permitiendo el acceso global a estos datos o su correlación con la de otras fuentes. Los resultados de la promoción y la facilitación del uso de la información se lograron mediante cinco programas: Ciencias Naturales y Biología de la Conservación, con fines científicos; Bioalfabetización y Educación, conceptualmente diseñados para la enseñanza y el desarrollo de la conciencia del valor de la biodiversidad; Bioprospección, la búsqueda sistemática de usos económicos de la biodiversidad para fines medicinales, agrícolas e industriales; Conservación para el Desarrollo, el empleo de la información para la conservación de áreas silvestres, comunidades circunvecinas o turismo naturalista, entre otros; y Asistencia Técnica y Capacitación, programa encargado de asistir a entidades públicas y privadas, dentro y fuera del país, en el desarrollo de iniciativas en que la biodiversidad fuera el elemento central. Se describen los principales resultados de su labor y los reconocimientos nacionales e internacionales que el INBio recibió por sus novedosos enfoques y aportes, al igual que se resumen las razones de carácter financiero y político por las cuales el INBio descontinuó sus actividades en el período 2015-2016. Vista la labor del INBio como una primera etapa, se plantea la importancia y necesidad de continuar con un programa estatal sobre el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad costarricense, en adición a su protección, con el fin último de que exista conciencia de su valor ante las serias amenazas para la vida en el planeta.

Resumen Los objetivos consistieron en conocer la distribución según género, edad, antigüedad docente y título de grado de docentes que cumplieron funciones de conducción en la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales desde su creación. Sobre 117 cargos totales, 68% correspondieron al género masculino y 32% al femenino; Decanato, total 24, ninguna mujer; Vice Decanato, 2,5 veces > masculino/femenino (m/f); Secretaría Académica 1,6 veces > m/f; Secretaría Extensión, 3,3 veces > m/f; Secretaría Investigación, 1,8 veces > m/f; Secretaría Posgrado, total 1, femenino 1; Dirección Escuela Enfermería, 2,5 veces > f/m. Período 1957-1997: 11 femenino / 60 cargos totales (18%) y Período 1998-2022: 26 femenino / 56 cargos totales (46%). Edad al asumir el cargo: femenino 48 (RI:42-54) y masculino 43 (RI:36-51,5) años (p=0,055). Antigüedad docente: femenino, 23 (RI:13,5-29) y masculino, 16 (RI:10-23) años (p=0,017). Ingeniería Química ocupó la mayoría de los cargos de conducción (60%), seguido por Bioquímica (14%) y Licenciatura en Genética (4%). Se concluye que, a lo largo de la historia de la Facultad, cada 10 cargos de conducción, 3,2 fueron ocupados por el género femenino, mayor en los últimos 25 años, Sin embargo, ninguna mujer ocupó el cargo de Decana en los 65 años de vida de la institución.

Resumo Os objetivos foramconhecer a distribuição por género, idade, antiguidade docente e titulação dos docentes que exerceramfunções de chefia na Faculdade de CiênciasExatas, Químicas e Naturais desde a suacriação. Do total de 117 cargos, 68% correspondiamaogênero masculino e 32% aogênerofeminino; Reitoria, total de 24, semmulheres; Vice-Reitor, 2,5 vezes>homem/mulher (m/f); Secretaria Acadêmica 1,6 vezes> m/f; Extensão da Secretaria, 3,3 vezes> m/f; Secretaria de Pesquisa, 1,8 vezes> m/f; Secretaria de Pós-Graduação, total 1, feminino 1; Endereço da Escola de Enfermagem, 2,5 vezes>f/m. Período 1957-1997: 11 mulheres/60 cargos no total (18%) e Período 1998-2022: 26 mulheres/56 cargos no total (46%). Idade de posse: feminino 48 (RI:42-54) e masculino 43 (RI:36-51,5) anos (p=0,055). Antiguidade docente: feminino, 23 (RI:13,5-29) e masculino, 16 (RI:10-23) anos (p=0,017). A Engenharia Química ocupava a maioria dos cargos de direção (60%), seguida pela Bioquímica (14%) e Bachareladoem Genética (4%). Conclui-se que, ao longo da história da Faculdade, em cada 10 cargos de liderança, 3,2 foram ocupados pelo género feminino, sendo este valor superior nos últimos 25 anos. Porém, nenhumamulherocupou o cargo de Reitora nos 65 anos de vida da instituição.

Abstract We aimed to learn the distribution according to gender, age, teaching seniority and scholarship degrees of teachers who fulfilled leadership positions in the Faculty of Natural, Chemical and Exact Sciences, since its creation. Of a total of 117 positions, 68% corresponded to men and 32% to women. Academic Deans, with a total of 24, had no women; Academic Vice-Deans, had 2.5 times more men than women (m/f); Academic Division, 1.6 times more m/f; Extension Division, 3.3 times more m/f; Research Division, 1.8 times more m/f; Graduate School Division, total 1, 1 woman; School of Nursing, 2.5 times more m/f. Between the period 1957-1997, we observed 11 women out of 60 total positions (18%); and, in the period between 1998-2022, we observed 26 women out of 56 total positions (46%). The current age at accepting the position was: women 48 years (42-54) and men 43 years (36-51.5) (p=0.055). Teaching seniority (in years): women, 23 (13.5-29) and men, 16 (10-23) (p=0.017). The distribution among Schools showed that: The School of Chemical Engineering held the majority of leadership positions (60%), followed by the Biochemistry Program (14%) and the Genetics Program (4%). We concluded that, throughout the history of the School, every 10 leadership positions, 3.2 were held by a woman, and that increased in the last 25 years. However, no woman held the position of Dean in the 65 years of the Institution's life.

RESUMEN La ornamentación arquitectónica de las iglesias del pueblo de Juli en Chucuito (siglos XVII y XVIII), que incluye elementos naturales locales, contó con la comitencia de la orden de la Compañía de Jesús, cuyas concepciones doctrinales se vincularon con el probabilismo. Dicha doctrina consiste en una filosofía moral que incidió en los principios de flexibilidad para la introducción del cristianismo y donde la naturaleza jugó un rol articulador clave. El presente artículo analiza los principios probabilistas junto con el interés de la orden en el mundo natural y su implicancia en el mundo andino. Se considera que la presencia de elementos naturales en portadas de acceso a espacios religiosos cristianos, en un contexto donde la naturaleza poseía un estatuto ontológico común a los seres humanos, necesitó de un margen de flexibilidad que concuerda con las concepciones doctrinales jesuíticas.

ABSTRACT The architectural ornamentation of the churches of the Juli´s town in Chucuito (17th and 18th centuries), which includes local natural elements, was commissioned by the order of the Company of Jesus, whose doctrinal conceptions were linked to probabilism, a moral philosophy that influenced the principles of flexibility for the introduction of Christianity and where nature played a key articulating role. We will analyze probabilistic principles along with the order’s interest in the natural world and its implication in the Andean world. We consider that the presence of natural elements on access portals to Christian religious spaces, in a context where nature had an ontological status common to human beings, required a margin of flexibility that agrees with Jesuit doctrinal conceptions.

Abstract Introduction: The high prevalence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) and its strong association with suicide make the condition a natural target for intervention to prevent harmful consequences for adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of DSH and to characterize DSH patterns and associated risk factors in a sample of adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by applying a questionnaire based on the “Lifestyle and Coping Questionnaire” adapted to the Portuguese language. Adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years attending the outpatient clinic of a secondary-care hospital were invited to participate. Data were analyzed by descriptive, bivariate, and regression analysis using SPSS v.25 software. Results: A total of 159 eligible responses were obtained from adolescents with a mean age of 15 years. Of the 25.8% who reported having engaged in DSH, the majority (61%) did so more than once, and the same percentage did not seek help. A statistically significant association was found between DSH and befriending less easily, having a history of bullying, and seeking online information on how to self-harm. A significantly higher risk of self-harm was found among adolescents who had experienced a variety of negative life events (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.47, confidence interval [CI] 1.231-1.1763; p<0.01), whereas having no health problems (aOR 0.356, CI 0.13-0.969; p=0.04) and not using drugs (aOR 0.087, CI 0.012-0.633; p=0.016) were protective factors. Conclusions: DSH is a common but often overshadowed problem in adolescents. The findings of this study highlight the need for careful assessment of adolescents with better screening for DSH and associated risk factors.

Resumo Introdução: A elevada prevalência de comportamentos autolesivos (CAL) e a sua forte associação ao suicídio tornam estes comportamentos um alvo natural de intervenção, de forma a prevenir consequências nefastas nos adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e caracterizar os padrões de CAL e potenciais fatores de risco associados numa amostra de adolescentes. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal através da aplicação de um questionário baseado no “Lifestyle and Coping Questionnaire”. Foram convidados a participar adolescentes dos 12 aos 17 anos de idade que recorreram a um hospital de nível II. Os dados foram analisados através de análise descritiva, bivariada e de regressão utilizando o software SPSS v.25. Resultados: Foram incluídos 159 questionários de jovens com uma média de 15 anos de idade. Entre os adolescentes, 25,8% afirmaram já ter realizado CAL, sendo que a maioria (61%) fê-lo mais do que uma vez e a mesma percentagem não procurou ajuda. Foi encontrada uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a apresentação de CAL e dificuldade em fazer amigos, história de bullying e realização de pesquisa online sobre formas de autolesão. Foi detetado um aumento significativo do risco de CAL nos adolescentes que tinham passado por múltiplos eventos de vida negativos (odds ratio ajustado [ORa] 1,47, intervalo de confiança [IC] 1,231-1,1763; p<0,01), enquanto a ausência de problemas de saúde (ORa 0,356, IC 0,13-0,969; p=0,04) e a não utilização de drogas (ORa 0,087, IC 0,012-0,633; p=0,016) foram identificados como fatores protetores. Conclusão: Os CAL são um problema de saúde pública e, na maior parte das vezes, não são evidentes. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de uma abordagem holística dos adolescentes, de forma a identificar precocemente CAL e fatores de risco associados.

Abstract Since the late 19th century, persistent efforts to modernize Argentinas mountainous areas of western Córdoba have propelled the consolidation of a tourist economic circuit. This study undertakes a historical-ecological reconstruction of this circuit's emergence and initial phases of in the upper basins of the rivers and streams of the Traslasierra Valley. The aim is to understand the socio-productive transformation in that distinctive social-natural system. This involves analyzing conflicts among economic agents, traditional forms of socialreproduction, andnewaccumulation modalities, with a specialemphasis on the Statesregulatoryrole. Tourism's transformation has generated new water use conflicts, challenging the separation between the "social" and the "natural." The diachronic analysis, based on primary sources, reveals the bidirectional interaction between the system's hydrological dynamics and tourism development. The emergence of new localities and the deepening of their telecoupling with distant social-ecological systems underscore the complexity of regional evolution. This approach provides perspectives to understand complex systems historically, informs environmental governance policies, and highlights the urgency of addressing contemporary challenges for the sustainability of tourism in Traslasierra.

Resumen Desde finales del siglo XIX, los persistentes esfuerzos por modernizar las zonas montañosas del oeste de Córdoba, Argentina, impulsaron la consolidación de un circuito económico turístico. Este estudio lleva a cabo una reconstrucción histórico-ecológica de la emergencia y las fases iniciales de dicho circuito, en las cuencas altas de los ríos y arroyos del Valle de Traslasierra. El objetivo es comprender la transformación socioproductiva en aquel sistema social-natural distintivo, analizando conflictos entre agentes económicos, formas tradicionales de reproducción social y nuevas modalidades de acumulación, con especial énfasis en el papel regulador del Estado. La transformación desencadenada por el turismo generó nuevos conflictos en torno al uso del agua, cuya explicación desafía la separación entre lo "social" y lo "natural". El análisis diacrónico, basado en fuentes primarias, revela la interacción bidireccional entre las dinámicas hidrológicas de aquel y el desarrollo turístico. La emergencia de nuevas localidades y la profundización de su teleacoplamiento con sistemas social-ecológicos distantes subrayan la complejidad de la evolución regional. Este enfoque proporciona perspectivas para entender sistemas complejos de forma histórica, informa políticas de gobernanza ambiental y destaca la urgencia de abordar los desafíos contemporáneos para la sostenibilidad del turismo en Traslasierra.

Introduction: The thyroid gland has its embryological origin from the base of the tongue, where it descends to the neck. This migratory process can stop early or continue beyond, giving rise to differents cases of ectopic thyroid. The thyroglossal cyst is the most frequent embryological alteration in the neck, and it can develop cancer as a rare complication. Clinical case: A 21 year old patient with a cervical volume increase is diagnosed a thyroglossal cyst. Biopsy identifies papilary cancer in the cyst. It is decided to complete de thyroidectomy, and agenesis of the gland is observed. Due to incomplete biochemical response, a scintigram is performed, wich identifies a retrolingual nodule that is resected. Discussion: The resection of the thyroglossus cyst should be performed according to the description of Sistrunk to avoid recurrence. The natural history of cancer in the thyroglossal cyst is much less known and could have a worst prognosis than usual thyroid cancer. Some groups advocate for the need to complete a thyroidectomy and eventually perform cervical dissections as part of its management. Conclusion: The cancer on a thyroglossal cyst is a rare pathology. There are diferents management approaches that are discussed in the literature. However, an individualized analysis of patients in multidisciplinary expert committees it still the suggested aproach.

Resumen Introducción: La glándula tiroides tiene su origen embriológico en la base de la lengua, desde donde desciende al cuello. Este proceso migratorio puede detenerse o continuar más allá, dando diferentes cuadros de tiroides ectópica. El quiste tirogloso es la alteración embriológica más frecuente en el cuello, pudiendo desarrollar cáncer como una complicación rara. Caso clínico: Paciente de 21 años con aumento de volumen cervical, se diagnostica quiste tirogloso, la biopsia identifica cáncer papilar en el quiste. Se decide completar tiroidectomía, se objetiva agenesia de glándula. Ante respuesta bioquímica incompleta se realiza cintigrama que identifica nódulo retrolingual, el cual es resecado. Discusión: La resección del quiste tirogloso se debe realizar según la descripción de Sistrunk para evitar recidivas. La historia natural del cáncer en quiste tirogloso es bastante menos conocida y podría tener un peor pronóstico que el cáncer tiroideo habitual. Existen grupos que defienden la necesidad de completar tiroidectomía y, eventualmente, realizar disecciones cervicales como parte de su manejo. Conclusión: El cáncer de quiste tirogloso es una patología infrecuente, Existen diferentes lineas de manejo que se discuten en la literatura. Aún el análisis individualizado de los pacientes en comités multidisciplinario de expertos es la conducta sugerida.

Abstract The forests of the Yucatán Peninsula have been periodically subjected to various natural and anthropogenic disturbance factors, among these are the occurrence of hurricanes and logging, the latter with a history of more than 300 years. The use of remote sensing has been widely employed for forest cover management and other land uses. Satellite information allows the calculation of several indexes that are useful for purposes of forest management, one of the most widely used is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is associated with the fraction of solar radiation absorbed by plants. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of the NDVI changes in a region under forest harvesting in the state of Quintana Roo and determine their possible causes during the 1985-2022 period. A time series of NDVI values was generated from Landsat sensor images for the years 1985, 1993, 2000, 2010 and 2022. Differences in NDVI values were wide and appear to follow the recurrence of hurricanes in the region. Logging did not explain the upward and downward patterns in NVDI values, nor did these patterns coincide with the changes in vegetation, as they do not change the land cover characteristics. These results provide partial evidence that significant changes in vegetation characteristics occur only after major and extensive disturbances such as hurricanes.

Resumen Las selvas de la Península de Yucatán han estado sujetas periódicamente a diferentes factores de perturbación natural y antropogénica, entre ellos la ocurrencia de huracanes y el aprovechamiento maderable, este último con una historia de más de 300 años. El uso de sensores remotos se ha empleado ampliamente para la gestión de coberturas forestales y otros usos del suelo. La información satelital permite el cálculo de diversos índices útiles para la administración forestal, uno de los más usados es el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) que se asocia a la fracción de la radiación solar absorbida por las plantas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la dinámica espacio-temporal de los cambios en el NDVI en una región con aprovechamiento maderable en el estado de Quintana Roo y determinar sus posibles causas durante el periodo 1985-2022. Se generó una serie de tiempo de valores de NDVI en imágenes de los sensores Landsat para los años 1985, 1993, 2000, 2010 y 2022. Las diferencias en los valores del NDVI fueron amplias y parecen seguir la recurrencia de huracanes en la región. La tala forestal no explicó los patrones al alza y a la baja en los valores del NVDI, ni coincidieron con las modificaciones en la vegetación, ya que no cambian las características de la cobertura del suelo. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia parcial de que cambios significativos en las características de la vegetación solo ocurren después de perturbaciones importantes y extensas como los huracanes.

Abstract Background: This was a 30-year retrospective cohort study that approximates closely to the natural history of cardiac tumors diagnosed in the fetus, since there was no case of pregnancy interruption Objective: To assess morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period and at long term in fetuses diagnosed with cardiac tumor. Our secondary objective was to assess the evaluating factors of perinatal and postnatal results. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study with 74 pregnant women with an echocardiographic diagnosis of fetal cardiac tumor at two referral centers between May 1991 and November 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed, and data were expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, median and interquartile range. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the association of echocardiographic characteristics and clinical manifestations with perinatal and postnatal results. Global survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the curves were compared by the log-rank test. The time of follow-up, calculated in months, corresponded to the time elapsed from hospital discharge to current status (survived/ censoring or death). The level of significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). Results: Rhabdomyoma is the most common type of cardiac tumor (85%), with a high morbidity (79.3%) and overall mortality of 17.4%. The presence of fetal hydrops was a predictor of death. Conclusion: The presence of fetal hydrops had an impact on mortality, and hence is an important factor in counselling and determining the prognosis. Most deaths occurred before hospital discharge. Background 30year year 30 fetus Objective results Methods 7 199 2021 performed n (n % (% frequencies range Fishers Fisher s KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier logrank log rank followup, followup follow up, up follow-up months survived/ survived (survived death . death) 5 p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) Results 85%, 85 85% , (85%) 79.3% 793 79 3 (79.3% 174 17 4 17.4% Conclusion prognosis 19 202 ( p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 8 (85% 79.3 (79.3 1 17.4 20 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (85 79. (79. 17. 2 p<0 (p<0. (8 (79 p< (p<0 (7 (p< (p

Resumo Fundamento: Seguimento de coorte retrospectiva de 30 anos que se aproxima da história natural dos tumores cardíacos diagnosticados no feto uma vez que nenhum caso foi submetido à interrupção da gestação. Objetivo: Avaliar a morbidade e mortalidade perinatal e em longo prazo em fetos com diagnóstico de tumor cardíaco. Como objetivo secundário avaliar os fatores que influenciaram os resultados perinatais e pós-natais. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva envolvendo 74 gestantes com diagnóstico ecocardiográfico fetal de tumor cardíaco acompanhadas em dois serviços de referência no período de maio de 1991 a novembro de 2021. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados por meio de frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%), mediana e intervalos interquartis. Para avaliar a associação entre as características ecocardiográficas e as manifestações clínicas com os resultados perinatais e pós-natais, foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher. O cálculo da sobrevida global foi realizado pelo método de Kaplan-Meier e a comparação de curvas pelo teste de log-rank. O tempo de seguimento, calculado em meses, foi definido a partir da data de alta do hospital à data do status atual (vivo/censura ou óbito). O nível de significância considerado foi de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: o rabdomioma é o tipo mais frequente (85%) de tumor cardíaco; apresenta alta morbidade (79,3%) e mortalidade geral de 17,4%; a presença de hidropisia fetal preditiva de óbito. Conclusão: A presença de hidropisia fetal teve impacto na mortalidade, sendo fator importante para aconselhamento e estabelecimento de prognóstico. A maioria dos óbitos ocorrem antes da alta hospitalar. Fundamento 3 gestação Objetivo pósnatais. pósnatais pós natais. natais pós-natais Método 7 199 2021 n (n %, % , (%) interquartis pósnatais, natais, Fisher KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier logrank. logrank log rank. rank log-rank seguimento meses vivo/censura vivocensura vivo censura óbito . óbito) 5 p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 0 05 (p<0,05) Resultados 85% 85 (85% 79,3% 793 79 (79,3% 17,4% 174 17 4 Conclusão prognóstico hospitalar 19 202 (% p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 8 (85 79,3 (79,3 17,4 1 20 ( p0 p<0, (p<0,0 (8 79, (79, 17, 2 p<0 (p<0, (79 p< (p<0 (7 (p< (p

Resumo Anfisbênas são répteis fossoriais caracterizadas por apresentarem corpo cilíndrico e alongado coberto por escamas dispostas exclusivamente em anéis e todas são ápodas, com exceção das três espécies do gênero Bipes. Sua dieta consiste em uma variedade de invertebrados e pequenos vertebrados. Por viverem no subsolo, muitos aspectos de sua história natural são difíceis de observar. A maioria dos estudos sobre alimentação em anfisbenas concentra-se na dieta e na ecologia alimentar, enquanto as informações sobre o comportamento alimentar se baseiam em observações preliminares. O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o comportamento de captura de alimentos exibido por Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824, fora da galeria, em cativeiro. Para o experimento foi utilizada uma isca não viva, ração úmida de gato, que foi oferecida e posicionada próxima a uma das aberturas da galeria, na superfície do solo. Um total de três animais foi analisadopor meio de observações visuais e registros de câmeras de telefones celulares posicionadas em um ponto fixo, captando imagens de suas vistas dorsal e lateral. Foram detectados dois tipos principais de comportamento: captura de recursos alimentares e mecanismo de defesa. As estratégias utilizadas para capturar o recurso alimentar foram semelhantes às observadas em outras espécies fossoriais. Embora o movimento de “marcha-à-ré” tenha sido observado e descrito, o registramos sendo usado como uma estratégia de fuga. Esses resultados contribuem para enriquecer o conhecimento sobre diferentes aspectos da história natural dos Amphisbaenia.

Abstract Amphisbaenians are fossorial reptiles that have a cylindrical and elongated body covered with scales arranged in rings, and are all apodal, except for the three species of the genus Bipes. The amphisbaenian diet consists of a variety of invertebrates and small vertebrates. As these animals live underground, many aspects of their natural history are difficult to study. Most feeding studies of amphisbaenians have focused on the composition of the diet and feeding ecology, and the data available on feeding behavior are based on precursory observations. The present study describes the food capture behavior of Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824 in captivity. In this experiment we used non-live bait (moist cat food), which was placed near a burrow opening, on the surface of the substrate. Three animals were monitored visually and filmed using cellphone cameras deployed at fixed points, to capture images from the dorsal and lateral perspectives of the study subjects. Two principal types of behavior were observed: the capture of food and defense mechanisms. The strategies used to capture the food were similar to those observed in other fossorial species. Although the backward movement has already been observed and described, we were able to record this movement being used as an escape strategy. These findings enrich our knowledge on different aspects of the natural history of the amphisbaenians.

ABSTRACT History Education as an emerging epistemological field bases History Learning on the dialogue with the Epistemology of History articulating theory with research and educational practices. In this sense, History Learning is thought in an intercultural dialogue where public history, disciplinary history and history science in different cultural spaces intersect. Historical Learning has to take into account the different points of departure, different perspectives, of those involved in the learning process when trying to understand historically cultures different from "their own". We propose a look at how Portuguese history students and teachers think the multiperspective, natural and legitimate in history, in the context of "difficult histories" which require an intercultural analysis and understanding of reality. The debate about how this challenge is thought and operationalized can enhance an Intercultural Historical Learning in an inclusive logic based on equity and mutual respect of human dignity.

RESUMO A Educação Histórica como campo epistemológico emergente assenta a Aprendizagem Histórica no diálogo com a Epistemologia da História articulando a teoria com a investigação e as práticas educativas. Neste sentido, a Aprendizagem Histórica é pensada num diálogo intercultural em que se entrecruzam a história pública, a história disciplinar e a história ciência em diversos espaços culturais. A Aprendizagem Histórica tem de atender aos diversos pontos de partida dos intervenientes do processo de aprendizagem, à multiperspetividade de compreender o mundo, quando tentam compreender historicamente culturas distintas da “sua”. Propõe-se um olhar acerca de como estudantes e professores de História portugueses pensam a multiperspetiva, natural e legítima em História, no âmbito de “histórias difíceis” que obrigam a uma análise e compreensão intercultural da realidade. O debate acerca de como este desafio é pensado e operacionalizado pode ser potenciador de uma Aprendizagem Histórica Intercultural numa lógica inclusiva assente na equidade e no respeito mútuo da dignidade humana.

Resumen La Educación Histórica como campo epistemológico emergente fundamenta el Aprendizaje Histórico en el diálogo con la Epistemología de la Historia, proceso en el que se articula la teoría con la investigación y las prácticas educativas. En este sentido, el Aprendizaje Histórico se piensa como un diálogo intercultural en el que la historia pública, la historia disciplinar y la historia científica se entrelazan en diferentes espacios culturales. El Aprendizaje Histórico debe tener en cuenta los diferentes puntos de partida de quienes participan en el proceso de aprendizaje, la naturaleza multiperspectiva de la comprensión del mundo, cuando intentan comprender históricamente culturas diferentes a las “propias”. Se propone una mirada en torno a cómo los estudiantes y profesores de Historia portugueses piensan sobre la multiperspectiva natural y legítima en la Historia, en el ámbito de las “historias difíciles” que precisan de un análisis intercultural y una comprensión de la realidad. El debate sobre cómo se piensa y operacionaliza este desafío puede mejorar el aprendizaje histórico intercultural en una lógica inclusiva basada en la equidad y el respeto mutuo por la dignidad humana.