BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

Levinas mainly deals with the notion of eschatology in the preface of Totalité et infini (1961). There it appears in the context of his agreement with an entire tradition of philosophers claiming that the very nature of being is one of violence and war, which becomes manifest in the pervasive waging of political battles and wars. He further contends that a conception of morality based on the "pure subjectivism of the I" is powerless to shield humankind against such violence. The alternative he offers to such an impotent morality is an ethics of alterity. Eschatology is Levinas's answer to how such an ethics of alterity would be capable of insulating humankind against calculative reason and the pressures of politics and war. To understand how eschatology succeeds in doing so and how Levinas fills in the notion, I argue that it should be understood within the context of his conceptualisation of time. Levinas offers novel analyses of the forms and the work of time. Time, in Levinas, is the very inner structure of an existent's movement of existing - I refer in this regard to the inherent chronological inconsistency of the human condition. In Levinas's ethical metaphysics this inherent chronological inconsistency is theorised as the other (autre) within the self, an affective infection that dates back to a past that has never been present - it hails from the diachronic time of the Other - and is opened to the future, "to the newness of the unknown". While this past is impossible to grasp, it nevertheless concerns me. I cannot remain unaffected in relation to it; it has left a trace. This alterity within the self becomes manifest as an inherent Desire for time, time that can only be given by the other person, which for Levinas is the Other (l'Autrui). This means that the singular time of my being is not yet time, does not yet have time, but the singular I bears an inherent Desire for time within. This Desire for time, then, emanates from the inherent chronological inconsistency which typifies the existent being "out of sync" with itself, a diastasis or a "standing apart from itself. To be sure, this Desire is not a need to be filled, but as Desire, it is essentially insatiable. This Desire conquers the ecstatic time of need and satisfaction and the inevitable return to the self, the collapse back upon oneself that follows when needs are satiated, and the return of the unbearable heaviness of being that it signals. The early Levinas (De l'évasion, 1935) was looking for an escape from this irremediable Being. Only four decades later in Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (1974) will Levinas come to fully plot out "a new path out of being," a temporal path that he started to chart in Le temps et l' autre (1948), which forges a fundamental link between time and ethics. The time that the future brings is not merely the recurrence of the present instant or its continuation, but the possibility of another instant or a new beginning. How can an existent in the instant recommence otherwise? The coming of the future announces another original instant that cannot be approached but that comes; that cannot be assumed, since it appears as an epiphany. The existent is able to welcome the absolutely strangeness of the epiphany of the future because of the inherent susceptibility to fraternity and sociality, which is made possible by time. This, however, is not time that the existent has like a possession but a capacity to welcome time that springs from an existential chronological inconsistency - a being temporally out of joint. To further specify, this "capacity" is not a power that the individual instant is endowed with. Quite to the contrary, faced with the radical strangeness of the future, with the alterity of the face of the Other, the existent is reduced to a "radical passivity. " Passivity is the radix or root of ethical agency. The capacity that time gives, is the capacity for generosity, the power to be able to give of the riches accumulated. This is not to turn away from one's egotistical selfish life once and for all, but a being turned to be able to welcome the Other without being obliterated in the face of an absolute Mystery. The instant as an interruption announces the possibility of a new beginning, which is not the effacement of the past, but the pardon that purifies the past and the injustices committed. Pardon consists in a retroactive action that inverts the natural temporal order of things and implies the "reversibility of time". Now the past instant has not passed but can be lived again, differently. In Levinas we find a non-teleological conception of time. Truth, Levinas contends, requires both an infinite time and a completed time conceived as "messianic time". Messianic time, more precisely, may be conceived as the "extreme vigilance of the messianic consciousness", since it is only such vigilant consciousness that can protect us against the revenge of evil -which infinite time cannot do. This notion of "messianic consciousness" is encapsulated in Levinas's conceptualisation of eschatology, which is the infinity beyond totality or beyond history, without denying history. The eschatological is not realised at the end of time but rather in each instant in which our responsibility vis-a-vis the Other is realised. If this responsibility exempts us from the jurisdiction of history and the future, salvation is not to be found at the end of history but remains at each moment possible. When Levinas speaks of eschatology in Totalité et Infini he does not refer to a doctrine but to a vision: "the eschatological vision" that consummates moral experience. It is not a spiritual relationship; it leads to action. To see (envision) is already to act. This action is evoked in feeling responsible in the face of the future one hopes for others. The future one hopes for others - a better future - is the eschatological vision realised in the eruption of the present as a purified past.

In hierdie essay word die plek van eskatologie in Levinas se tydsbegrip krities onder die loep geneem. Daar word aangevoer dat Levinas se nadruklike aandrang in Totalité et infini (1961), naamlik dat eskatologie etiese verantwoordelikheid fasiliteer, nie onafhanklik van sy konsep-tualisering van tyd verstaan kan word nie. Eskatologie in Levinas is nie die leer van die laaste dinge nie, maar die verklaring wat Levinas bied vir hoe 'n etiek van alteriteit daartoe in staat is om die mensdom teen die geweld van berekende rede en die druk van politiek en oorlog te beskerm. Hoe eskatologie presies hierin slaag, word uiteengesit aan die hand van Levinas se oorspronklike analises van die vorms en werk van tyd.

Resumo Introdução: O aborto espontâneo é muito comum e o seu impacto nas famílias, na sociedade e nos serviços de saúde é comprovado, mas subestimado. Este relato de caso pretende realçar a importância do acompanhamento após um aborto espontâneo, no luto, nos sintomas psicológicos associados à perda gestacional e na orientação holística do casal. Descrição do caso: Mulher de 37 anos, natural do Nepal, engravida espontaneamente após múltiplas tentativas sem sucesso. Sofre um aborto espontâneo às 10 semanas de gestação e é avaliada pela sua equipa de família, manifestando sentimentos de tristeza, solidão, ansiedade e medo, e desorientação face aos cuidados necessários. O acompanhamento centrou-se no esclarecimento de dúvidas e mitos, no reconhecimento dos sentimentos do casal, na exploração das formas de expressão do luto na cultura de origem, nos ensinos para estimular mudanças de comportamentos e na capacitação para o planeamento de uma nova gravidez. Comentário: Não existem intervenções farmacológicas eficazes para prevenir o aborto espontâneo; contudo, é uma oportunidade para intervir na adoção de hábitos de vida mais saudáveis. Apesar de frequentes, as consequências psicológicas e a psicopatologia associadas ao aborto espontâneo são muitas vezes esquecidas. A experiência do luto é individual e não se baseia necessariamente na idade gestacional, no nível socioeconómico ou educacional, ou no número de perdas ou de filhos vivos. Lidar com este caso exige à medicina geral e familiar avaliar a gestão do luto e o bem-estar físico e mental, despistando psicopatologia e acompanhando o planeamento de uma gravidez futura, atuando em cuidados transculturais e na dimensão social e familiar de cada um.

Abstract Introduction: Miscarriages are common and their impact on families, societies, and health services are proven, but yet underestimated. This case report intends to highlight the importance of follow-up after a miscarriage, especially concerning grief, psychological symptoms associated with pregnancy loss, and the holistic approach to the couple. Case report: A 37-year-old woman from Nepal becomes pregnant spontaneously after multiple unsuccessful attempts. She suffers a miscarriage at 10 weeks of gestation and she is seen by her family doctor and nurse. She expresses feelings of sadness, loneliness, anxiety and fear, and confusion regarding the follow-up care. The process of care focused on clarifying doubts and myths, recognizing the couple's feelings, exploring ways of expressing grief in their culture, encouraging changes in behavior, and helping to plan a new pregnancy. Discussion: There are no effective pharmacological interventions to prevent miscarriage, despite being an opportunity to promote the adoption of healthier lifestyle habits. Although frequent, the psychological consequences and psychopathology associated with miscarriage are often overlooked. The experience of bereavement is individual and it is not necessarily related to gestational age, socioeconomic or educational background, or the number of losses or living children. Dealing with a case of miscarriage requires family physicians to assess grief management and physical and mental well-being, screening for psychopathology and following the planning of a future pregnancy, acting on cross-cultural care and social and family dimensions of each person.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of the repayment plan introduced in the article 267 paragraph 3 of the Act No. 20.720 by the bankruptcy amendment, in the context of the bankruptcy liquidation agreement, with respect to the relief interest of the bankrupt natural person. For this purpose, part1. dogmatically delimits the institution of the period of good conduct, contrasting its restrictive characteristics of the debtor's interest with those of a rehabilitation period, which takes into account the debtor's interest in relief. Part 2. describes the institution created by the reform and analyzes the reasons for its establishment. Part 3. critically analyzes the institution and its effects, identifying some problems that negatively affect the debtor's interest in relief. This makes it possible to clarify its legal nature as a period of good conduct. In Part 4, interpretative and lege ferenda proposals are made for the implementation of a debtor rehabilitation period that balances the interest of creditor satisfaction and the interest of debtor relief.

Resumen: El trabajo analiza los efectos que, respecto del interés de alivio del deudor persona natural concursada, presenta el plan de reembolso incorporado en el artículo 267 inciso 3 de la Ley N° 20.720 por la reforma concursal, en el contexto del acuerdo de ejecución. Para ello, en la parte 1, se delimita dogmáticamente la institución del periodo de buena conducta, contrastando sus características restrictivas del interés del deudor con las de un periodo de rehabilitación, que toma en consideración el interés de alivio del deudor. En la parte 2, se describe la institución incorporada por la reforma, y se analizan los fundamentos que justifican su establecimiento. En la parte 3, se analiza críticamente la institución y sus efectos, identificándose algunos problemas que inciden negativamente en el interés de alivio del deudor; lo que permite clarificar su naturaleza jurídica de periodo de buena conducta. En la parte 4, se plantean propuestas interpretativas y de lege ferenda para la implementación de un periodo de rehabilitación del deudor, que equilibra el interés de satisfacción de los acreedores y el interés de alivio del deudor.

Resumo: Os principais objetivos do estudo são ampliar o conhecimento sobre o conceito de dignidade humana, como um valor social, analisar os fundamentos históricos, religiosos e filosóficos do desenvolvimento desse conceito na Europa e na Ucrânia, e caracterizar esse conceito no sistema de valores jurídicos. O artigo utiliza os seguintes métodos científicos: abordagens funcionais e dialéticas, análise lógica, síntese, análise comparativa, análise da literatura científica e generalização. O texto examina o problema da proteção da dignidade human,a como um valor natural e inalienável, a fonte dos direitos e liberdades humanas e civis, nas constituições dos Estados do mundo, nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais e na legislação criminal de alguns países. O principal resultado aponta os problemas teóricos e práticos da implementação do direito à dignidade humana, justificando a dignidade humana, nas Constituições e nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais de alguns países. O estudo foi realizado com base nas leis e regulamentações dos seguintes países: Ucrânia, República Federal da Alemanha, República da Hungria e República da Polônia. Resumo humana social históricos Ucrânia jurídicos científicos dialéticas lógica síntese comparativa generalização human inalienável civis mundo países Alemanha Polônia

Abstract: The main goals of the study are to expand knowledge about the concept of human dignity as a social value, analyse the historical, religious and philosophical foundations of the development of this concept in Europe and Ukraine, and characterize this concept in the system of legal values. The paper uses the following scientific methods: functional and dialectical approaches, logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature and generalization. The paper examines the problem of protecting human dignity as a natural and inalienable value, the source of human and civil rights and freedoms in the world’s states’ constitutions, decisions of constitutional courts and some countries’ criminal legislation. The main result is theoretical and practical problems of implementing the right to human dignity, and justifying human dignity in the constitutions and decisions of some countries’ constitutional courts. The study was conducted on the following countries’ basis of laws and regulations: Ukraine, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Poland. Abstract value historical Ukraine values methods approaches synthesis generalization worlds world s states countries legislation regulations Germany Poland

Abstract Background In daily life, people often follow others’ gaze direction to infer their attention and mental state. This phenomenon is known as gaze following. Objective This study aimed to explore whether gaze following in different age groups is influenced by celebrity identity. Methods We recruited 70 participants, including 35 older adults and 35 young adults. The experimental materials consisted of three faces with different identity information (a political leader, a movie star, and an ordinary person). Each face had left and right gaze conditions. Targets and cues were presented with both longer and shorter stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) conditions. Results Both older adults and young adults exhibited similar gaze following behaviors. Importantly, the celebrity effect on gaze following was observed in both groups, with stronger effects induced by the leader’s and star’s gazes compared to the ordinary person’s gaze. Older adults showed a larger facilitation effect under the longer SOA condition compared to the shorter SOA, while no such SOA-related facilitation effect was found for young adults. Conclusion These findings suggest that older adults can integrate social information from others’ faces (celebrity identity) into the process of gaze following as effectively as young adults. life others state 7 participants 3 leader star person. person . person) conditions (SOA behaviors Importantly leaders s stars persons SOArelated related

RESUMEN Los medicamentos son bienes especiales que cubren necesidades de salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, la industria farmacéutica modificó su estrategia de investigación y desarrollo, y migró su interés desde la exploración de fármacos destinados a enfermedades crónicas padecidas por gran parte de la población hacia la búsqueda de medicamentos para pocas personas que tienen enfermedades raras. Esta falta de masividad en los consumidores se traduce en una oferta selectiva de pocos productos dirigidos a ciertas patologías que tienen un precio muy elevado, lo cual hace difícil tanto el acceso de los pacientes como el brindar cobertura desde los financiadores de la salud. En este artículo se recorre la temática de los medicamentos de alto precio y se incorpora al debate el contexto sanitario, cultural, jurídico, político y económico que la rodea. Se hace hincapié en las diferencias existentes entre los distintos fármacos en términos de eficacia para cambiar el curso natural de las enfermedades para los cuales son indicados, en la construcción del precio al cual estos medicamentos se venden en el mercado, en las consecuencias que tiene ese precio para los financiadores de la salud, y en la relación costo-oportunidad de tener que pagar por ellos en desmedro de otros recursos considerados esenciales. Por último, se reflexiona sobre los derechos legítimos de cada individuo a reclamar el acceso a medicamentos de alto precio por considerarlos fundamentales para recuperar su salud, y de cómo garantizar esa cobertura puede afectar los derechos colectivos de la población, y se aportan ejemplos concretos que ilustran esta situación.

ABSTRACT Medicines are special goods that cover the health needs of the population. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has changed its research and development strategy, shifting its focus from the exploration of medicines for chronic diseases affecting a large part of the population to the search for drugs for rare diseases that affect a small number of people. This lack of a mass consumer base is reflected in a selective offer of a few very high-cost products aimed at certain diseases, which hinders both patient access and financial coverage. This article reviews the issue of high-cost medicines, including its cultural, legal, political, economic, and health aspects. It emphasizes the differences between various medicines in terms of their efficacy in changing the natural course of diseases, their market price, the consequences of their cost for healthcare funders, and the cost-opportunity ratio of having to pay for them at the expense of other essential resources. Finally, the article reflects on the legitimate rights of each individual to claim access to high-cost medicines when they are considered essential to recover a person’s health, and on how guaranteeing such coverage can affect the collective rights of the population. Concrete examples that illustrate this situation are provided.

RESUMO Medicamentos são bens especiais que atendem às necessidades de saúde da população. Nas últimas décadas, a indústria farmacêutica mudou sua estratégia de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, deixando de explorar medicamentos para doenças crônicas que afetam grande parte da população e passando a buscar medicamentos para poucas pessoas com doenças raras. Esse número limitado de consumidores se reflete em uma oferta seletiva de poucos produtos de preço elevado para determinadas doenças, dificultando o acesso dos pacientes e a obtenção de cobertura dos agentes financiadores da saúde. Neste artigo, analisa-se a questão dos medicamentos de alto custo e incorpora-se ao debate o contexto sanitário, cultural, jurídico, político e econômico. São enfatizados os seguintes aspectos: diferenças entre os diferentes medicamentos em termos da eficácia em mudar o curso natural das doenças para as quais são indicados; determinação do preço pelo qual esses medicamentos são vendidos no mercado; consequências desse preço para os agentes financiadores da saúde; e a relação custo-oportunidade de ter de pagar por esses medicamentos em detrimento de outros recursos considerados essenciais. Por fim, reflete-se sobre os direitos legítimos de cada indivíduo de reivindicar acesso a medicamentos de alto custo, por considerá-los essenciais para recuperar a própria saúde, e como a garantia dessa cobertura pode afetar os direitos coletivos da população; também são fornecidos exemplos concretos que ilustram essa situação.

Abstract: Since May 2020, we have been conducting a comprehensive study to understand the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our focus has been on following families, systematically collecting respiratory tract swabs and blood samples, monitoring symptoms, and gathering data on vaccine status. This paper aims to describe the household cohort across five epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2, providing an overview of the collected data and a description of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological characteristics and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our cohort includes 691 participants from 189 households. During the five epidemic waves, we detected 606 infections. The incidence density of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 4 (Delta) to 56 (B.1.1.33) per 1,000 person-week, with a peak in wave B.1.1.33 in all age groups. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG anti spike protein) varied from 37%, in the pre-VoC period, to 99%, in the Omicron period, progressively increasing after each wave in a similar manner regardless of age. As we have monitored the cohort continuously since the beginning of the pandemic, we were able to collect data across different scenarios according to the predominant lineage in circulation. Via active monitoring of families, we were able to carry out an epidemiological surveillance on SARS-CoV-2, including its variants, persistence of symptoms, and changes in immunity over time in the population, contributing to knowledge of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Resumen: Desde mayo de 2020 se realiza un estudio exhaustivo con el fin de estimar el curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se aplica un seguimiento a las familias en el cual se recolectan sistemáticamente muestras de sangre y de las vías respiratorias, se controlan los síntomas y se recogen datos sobre el estado de vacunación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir la cohorte de hogares durante cinco olas epidémicas de SARS-CoV-2, y proporcionar una visión general de los datos recopilados y una descripción de las características epidemiológicas, clínicas e inmunológicas, y de la incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. La cohorte incluyó a 691 participantes de 189 hogares. A lo largo de las cinco olas epidémicas, se detectaron 606 infecciones. La densidad de incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 varió de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) por cada 1.000 personas por semana, y fue más alta en la ola B.1.1.33 en todos los grupos de edad. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG antipico) varió del 37% en el período anti-VOC al 99% en el período Ómicron y aumentó ola tras ola de manera similar, independientemente de la edad de los participantes. El monitoreo continuo de la cohorte desde el comienzo de la pandemia permitió recopilar datos en diferentes escenarios según la cepa predominante en circulación. A partir del monitoreo activo de las familias, se realizó una vigilancia epidemiológica del SARS-CoV-2, sus variantes, la persistencia de los síntomas y los cambios en la inmunidad de la población a lo largo del tiempo, contribuyendo al conocimiento del curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Resumo: Desde maio de 2020, temos conduzido um estudo abrangente para entender a história natural da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Nosso foco tem sido acompanhar as famílias das quais coletamos sistematicamente amostras de sangue e do trato respiratório, monitoramos os sintomas e reunimos dados sobre o status de vacinação. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a coorte de domicílios ao longo de cinco ondas epidêmicas de SARS-CoV-2, fornecendo uma visão geral dos dados coletados e uma descrição das características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imunológicas e da incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Nossa coorte inclui 691 participantes de 189 domicílios. Ao longo das cinco ondas epidêmicas, detectamos 606 infecções. A densidade de incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 variou de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) a cada 1.000 pessoas por semana e foi mais alta na onda B.1.1.33 em todas as faixas etárias. A soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG anti-spike) variou de 37% no período pré-VoC a 99% no período Omicron e aumentou onda após onda de maneira semelhante, independentemente da idade dos participantes. Como monitoramos a coorte continuamente desde o início da pandemia, pudemos coletar dados em diferentes cenários, de acordo com a cepa predominante em circulação. Por meio do monitoramento ativo das famílias, conseguimos conduzir uma vigilância epidemiológica do SARS-CoV-2, de suas variantes, da persistência dos sintomas e das mudanças na imunidade da população ao longo do tempo, contribuindo para o conhecimento da história natural da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract: Since May 2020, we have been conducting a comprehensive study to understand the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our focus has been on following families, systematically collecting respiratory tract swabs and blood samples, monitoring symptoms, and gathering data on vaccine status. This paper aims to describe the household cohort across five epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2, providing an overview of the collected data and a description of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological characteristics and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our cohort includes 691 participants from 189 households. During the five epidemic waves, we detected 606 infections. The incidence density of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 4 (Delta) to 56 (B.1.1.33) per 1,000 person-week, with a peak in wave B.1.1.33 in all age groups. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG anti spike protein) varied from 37%, in the pre-VoC period, to 99%, in the Omicron period, progressively increasing after each wave in a similar manner regardless of age. As we have monitored the cohort continuously since the beginning of the pandemic, we were able to collect data across different scenarios according to the predominant lineage in circulation. Via active monitoring of families, we were able to carry out an epidemiological surveillance on SARS-CoV-2, including its variants, persistence of symptoms, and changes in immunity over time in the population, contributing to knowledge of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Abstract 2020 SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Janeiro Brazil families samples symptoms status SARSCoV2, 2, clinical 69 18 households 60 infections Delta (Delta 5 B1133 B 1 33 (B.1.1.33 1000 000 1,00 personweek, personweek person week, week person-week B.1.1.3 groups IgG protein 37 37% preVoC pre VoC period 99 99% pandemic circulation variants population 202 SARS-CoV 6 B113 3 (B.1.1.3 100 00 1,0 B.1.1. 9 20 B11 (B.1.1. 10 0 1, B.1.1 B1 (B.1.1 B.1. (B.1. B.1 (B.1 B. (B. (B

Resumo: Desde maio de 2020, temos conduzido um estudo abrangente para entender a história natural da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Nosso foco tem sido acompanhar as famílias das quais coletamos sistematicamente amostras de sangue e do trato respiratório, monitoramos os sintomas e reunimos dados sobre o status de vacinação. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a coorte de domicílios ao longo de cinco ondas epidêmicas de SARS-CoV-2, fornecendo uma visão geral dos dados coletados e uma descrição das características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imunológicas e da incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Nossa coorte inclui 691 participantes de 189 domicílios. Ao longo das cinco ondas epidêmicas, detectamos 606 infecções. A densidade de incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 variou de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) a cada 1.000 pessoas por semana e foi mais alta na onda B.1.1.33 em todas as faixas etárias. A soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG anti-spike) variou de 37% no período pré-VoC a 99% no período Omicron e aumentou onda após onda de maneira semelhante, independentemente da idade dos participantes. Como monitoramos a coorte continuamente desde o início da pandemia, pudemos coletar dados em diferentes cenários, de acordo com a cepa predominante em circulação. Por meio do monitoramento ativo das famílias, conseguimos conduzir uma vigilância epidemiológica do SARS-CoV-2, de suas variantes, da persistência dos sintomas e das mudanças na imunidade da população ao longo do tempo, contribuindo para o conhecimento da história natural da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Resumo 2020 SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Janeiro Brasil respiratório vacinação SARSCoV2, 2, epidemiológicas SARSCoV2. 2. 69 18 60 infecções Delta (Delta 5 B1133 B 1 33 (B.1.1.33 1000 000 1.00 B.1.1.3 etárias proteína antispike anti spike anti-spike 37 préVoC pré VoC 99 semelhante pandemia cenários circulação variantes tempo 202 SARS-CoV 6 B113 3 (B.1.1.3 100 00 1.0 B.1.1. 9 20 B11 (B.1.1. 10 0 1. B.1.1 B1 (B.1.1 B.1. (B.1. B.1 (B.1 B. (B. (B

Resumen: Desde mayo de 2020 se realiza un estudio exhaustivo con el fin de estimar el curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se aplica un seguimiento a las familias en el cual se recolectan sistemáticamente muestras de sangre y de las vías respiratorias, se controlan los síntomas y se recogen datos sobre el estado de vacunación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir la cohorte de hogares durante cinco olas epidémicas de SARS-CoV-2, y proporcionar una visión general de los datos recopilados y una descripción de las características epidemiológicas, clínicas e inmunológicas, y de la incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. La cohorte incluyó a 691 participantes de 189 hogares. A lo largo de las cinco olas epidémicas, se detectaron 606 infecciones. La densidad de incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 varió de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) por cada 1.000 personas por semana, y fue más alta en la ola B.1.1.33 en todos los grupos de edad. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG antipico) varió del 37% en el período anti-VOC al 99% en el período Ómicron y aumentó ola tras ola de manera similar, independientemente de la edad de los participantes. El monitoreo continuo de la cohorte desde el comienzo de la pandemia permitió recopilar datos en diferentes escenarios según la cepa predominante en circulación. A partir del monitoreo activo de las familias, se realizó una vigilancia epidemiológica del SARS-CoV-2, sus variantes, la persistencia de los síntomas y los cambios en la inmunidad de la población a lo largo del tiempo, contribuyendo al conocimiento del curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Resumen 202 SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Janeiro Brasil respiratorias vacunación SARSCoV2, 2, epidemiológicas inmunológicas SARSCoV2. 2. 69 18 60 infecciones Delta (Delta 5 B1133 B 1 33 (B.1.1.33 1000 000 1.00 semana B.1.1.3 proteína antipico 37 antiVOC anti VOC 99 similar circulación variantes tiempo 20 SARS-CoV 6 B113 3 (B.1.1.3 100 00 1.0 B.1.1. 9 B11 (B.1.1. 10 0 1. B.1.1 B1 (B.1.1 B.1. (B.1. B.1 (B.1 B. (B. (B

ABSTRACT The institutional analysis promoted by F. A. Hayek seeks to understand how human action and coordination among individuals occur in an environment where the knowledge held by each person is incomplete and not fully transmittable. In such an environment, the institutional framework plays an important role in conditioning, at least partially, the behavior of members within a spontaneously emerging social order. In light of this, the objective of this article is to present Hayek’s evolutionary institutional approach by organizing the discussion proposed by the Austrian economist on the subject. To do so, it will discuss Hayek’s distinction between critical rationalism and constructivist rationalism. It will also address Hayek’s explanation of institutional change and delve into his evolutionary approach to the social sciences, as opposed to the natural sciences. F A transmittable conditioning partially order Hayeks s subject so sciences

RESUMO A análise institucional promovida por F. A. Hayek busca compreender de que maneira se dá a ação humana e a coordenação entre os diversos indivíduos em um ambiente em que o conhecimento detido por cada pessoa é incompleto e não totalmente passível de ser transmitido. Nesse tipo de ambiente, o aparato institucional possui um importante papel ao condicionar, ao menos parcialmente, o comportamento dos membros de uma ordem social, ordem que surge de maneira espontânea. Diante disso, o objetivo do artigo é apresentar a abordagem institucional evolucionária de Hayek, organizando a discussão proposta pelo austríaco sobre o tema. Para isso, discutirá a distinção proposta por Hayek entre o racionalismo crítico e o racionalismo construtivista. Tratará também da forma pela qual Hayek explica a mudança institucional. Ademais, detalhará sua abordagem evolucionária para as ciências sociais (em oposição às ciências naturais). F transmitido condicionar parcialmente social espontânea disso tema isso construtivista Ademais naturais. naturais . naturais)

Language represents an individual's identity in many respects. It is a natural ability of any average person that they use to express thoughts and ideas, investigate their traditions and experiences, and better their community and the laws that govern it. The ability to choose the official language was acknowledged in the Bill of Rights, and the Constitution acknowledges that indigenous languages are a commodity which has not been fully used. By studying the difficulties of intellectualising indigenous languages in modern South Africa, this research aims to promote the usage and enhance the prestige of indigenous languages. The challenge in basic education in South Africa is that South African indigenous languages are not prioritised. Moreover, there appears to be a disconnection between language policy and implementation. CONTRIBUTION: A document analysis was undertaken to review literature on the possibility of intellectualising South African indigenous languages by considering various theories and methods of terminology development, including interborrowing within South African indigenous languages and adaptation of some English and Afrikaans words as already entrenched languages in education.

BACKGROUND: Freedom of movement, which is dependent on community mobility, is a key contributor to good quality of life and important in the establishment of a person's community identity OBJECTIVE: To describe the community mobility experiences of wheelchair users who lived in a socio-economically challenged setting METHOD: The study setting was Paarl, a peri-urban area of the Western Cape province of South Africa. This article reports findings from phase 1 (a reflection on past community mobility and minibus taxi use experiences) of cycle 1 of a co-operative inquiry. Nine adult wheelchair users, eight caregivers, six minibus taxi drivers, and four community stakeholders participated. Data were collected during a focus group discussion and analysed using inductive thematic analysis RESULTS: Four themes, 'Knowledge, attitudes, and actions', 'Natural, manmade and mechanical environmental barriers', 'Health and safety concerns' and 'Poor community participation and quality of life' were identified. The themes showed how difficult an everyday activity like moving around in the community were for wheelchair users, and how that limited their community involvement CONCLUSIONS: Wheelchair users living in a low-income peri-urban area struggled to participate in community activities meaningful to them because various barriers hampered community wheelchair mobility and minibus taxi use CONTRIBUTION: The findings regarding community mobility struggles and specifically minibus taxi access guided specific recommendations and the further phases and cycles of the co-operative inquiry. The purpose of the co-operative inquiry was to allow co-researchers to find their voice and develop solutions to minibus taxi access for wheelchair users

Abstract: The unknown story of the excavation of a series of pre-Columbian tombs in the oasis of Pica, in northern Chile, is the main thread of this paper to discuss the massive archaeological looting in this valley of the Atacama Desert. The person responsible was the Governor of Tarapacá at the time, Recaredo Amengual, who, in 1921, donated the collection to the American Museum of Natural History in New York, USA, by means of several international commercial and shipping firms. Although the collection and its objects have been in this museum for more than a century, they have been completely ignored until now. By examining the archives associated with the collection, we can reveal the complexity of this story, which ultimately serves as an example to unveil other cases similar to that of Pica where collections are deposited in other museums and institutions around the world, and which is today the best material manifestation of Atacama’s spoliation and diaspora.

Resumen: La desconocida historia de la excavación de una serie de tumbas precolombinas en el oasis de Pica, al norte de Chile, es el hilo conductor en este artículo para discutir el masivo saqueo arqueológico en este valle del Desierto de Atacama. El responsable fue el intendente de Tarapacá de esos años, Recaredo Amengual, quien en 1921 donó la colección al American Museum of Natural History de Nueva York, en Estados Unidos, por intermedio de firmas comerciales y de transporte internacional. Aunque la colección y sus objetos llevan más de un siglo en este museo, seguían hasta ahora por completo ignorados. A través del examen de los archivos asociados a la colección se devela la trama de esta compleja historia, la que finalmente sirve de ejemplo para develar otros casos similares de Pica, depositados en diferentes museos e instituciones alrededor del mundo, hoy la mejor manifestación material del expolio y la diáspora de Atacama.

Resumen: Los complejos industriales que manejan productos peligrosos con características inflamables, han sido causa de grandes desgracias al generar explosiones repentinas, ya sea por fallas mecánicas o por negligencia humana. El Complejo Gasífero de Monteverde (CGM), ubicado en la provincia de Santa Elena en Ecuador, representa un riesgo potencial al albergar cerca de 105.000 m3 de gases precursores como Propano (PPN), Butano (BTN) y GLP como producto terminado.Por este motivo, se ha realizado un análisis de la amenaza potencial a la que la población se encuentra expuesta en caso de la explosión de uno de los tanques con los diferentes productos que contienen, para esto se consideró a las comunas mas cercanas al CGM que son Monteverde y Jambelí. Se utilizaron herramientas como el método Probit propuesto por TNO (The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research), y el software ALOHA de la EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA), cuyas combinaciones permitieron estimar el radio de influencia, los cuales se dividieron en zonas según al grado de impacto en la comunidad. Los resultados demostraron que la comunidad de Monteverde, pese a encontrarse a más de 1 km del CGM, se encuentra dentro de la zona roja o de alta influencia que corresponde a 2000 metros, para los tanques de propano y butano. En ésta área, una persona podría tener quemaduras fatales de tercer grado. Los cálculos se han realizado en condiciones ideales, por lo que se recomienda revisar las atenuaciones generadas por elevaciones naturales del terreno o la dirección del viento en estudios posteriores.

Abstract: The industrial complexes that handle dangerous products with flammable characteristics have been the cause of great misfortunes when sudden explosions are generated, either due to mechanical failures or human negligence. The Monteverde Gas Complex (MGC), located in the province of Santa Elena in Ecuador, represents a potential risk by housing close to 105,000 m3 of precursor gases such as Propane (PPN), Butane (BTN), and LPG finished product. Therefore, an analysis of the potential threat to which the population is exposed in case of the explosion of one of the tanks with the different products they contain has been carried out, considering the closest communes to the MGC, which are Monteverde and Jambelí. Tools such as the Probit method proposed by TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research), and the ALOHA software of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA) were used, whose combinations allowed estimating the radius of influence, which were divided into zones according to the degree of impact on the community. The results demonstrated that the community of Monteverde, despite being more than 1 km away from the CGM, is within the red zone or high influence radius that corresponds to 2000 meters for propane and butane tanks. Whitin this area, a person could have fatal third-degree burns. The calculations have been performed under ideal conditions, so it is recommended to review the attenuations generated by natural elevations of the terrain or the direction of the wind in further studies.

Abstract The general objective of this investigation has been to collect information that revealed the altruistic work carried out by Dionisio Rodríguez, a man who lived in Guadalajara, Jalisco; Mexico, around the middle of the 19th century. An exemplary man known for his charitable works for the underprivileged, recognized in the temporary context in which he lived, but over the years his work was forgotten. Today valued as a printer and propagator of letters, however, added to this, he was a person who did charitable work in the city, leaving a mark on those who knew him. The information obtained has allowed us to show that Rodríguez helped hundreds through the School of Arts and Crafts, and other local charitable work. When he died, Guadalajara was paralyzed, about fifteen thousand people attended his wake, when in those years the city had around eighty thousand, his valuation was such that the next day, May 2, 1877, he was named meritorious from the state of Jalisco.

Resumen El objetivo general de esta investigación ha sido recopilar información que revelara la labor altruista que realizó Dionisio Rodríguez, un jalisciense que vivió en Guadalajara, Jalisco (México), hacia mediados del siglo XIX. Un hombre ejemplar conocido por sus obras benéficas en pro de los desvalidos, reconocido en el contexto temporal en que vivió, aunque olvidado a través de los años. Hoy en día es valorado como impresor y propagador de las letras, pero también fue una persona que hizo obra benéfica en la ciudad, por lo que dejó huella en quienes lo conocieron. La información recabada ha permitido mostrar que Rodríguez ayudó a cientos de personas a través de la Escuela de Artes y Oficios, y otras labores de beneficiencia local. Cuando murió, Guadalajara se paralizó. A su velorio acudieron cerca de quince mil personas, cuando en aquellos años la ciudad contaba con alrededor de ochenta mil. Era tal su valoración, que al día siguiente (2 de mayo de 1877) se le nombró benemérito del estado de Jalisco.

Resumo O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi coletar informações que revelem o trabalho altruísta realizado por Dionisio Rodríguez, natural de Jalisco que viveu em Guadalajara, Jalisco (México), por volta de meados do século XIX. Homem exemplar, conhecido pelas suas obras de caridade em prol dos desamparados, reconhecido no contexto temporal em que viveu, embora esquecido ao longo dos anos. Hoje é valorizado como impressor e propagador de cartas, mas também foi uma pessoa que fez obras de caridade na cidade, por isso deixou sua marca em quem o conheceu. As informações coletadas mostraram que Rodríguez ajudou centenas de pessoas por meio da Escola de Artes e Ofícios e de outras obras de caridade locais. Quando ele morreu, Guadalajara ficou paralisada. Cerca de quinze mil pessoas compareceram ao seu velório, quando naqueles anos a cidade contava com cerca de oitenta mil. Sua apreciação foi tanta que no dia seguinte (2 de maio de 1877) foi nomeado benemérito do estado de Jalisco.