BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

Levinas mainly deals with the notion of eschatology in the preface of Totalité et infini (1961). There it appears in the context of his agreement with an entire tradition of philosophers claiming that the very nature of being is one of violence and war, which becomes manifest in the pervasive waging of political battles and wars. He further contends that a conception of morality based on the "pure subjectivism of the I" is powerless to shield humankind against such violence. The alternative he offers to such an impotent morality is an ethics of alterity. Eschatology is Levinas's answer to how such an ethics of alterity would be capable of insulating humankind against calculative reason and the pressures of politics and war. To understand how eschatology succeeds in doing so and how Levinas fills in the notion, I argue that it should be understood within the context of his conceptualisation of time. Levinas offers novel analyses of the forms and the work of time. Time, in Levinas, is the very inner structure of an existent's movement of existing - I refer in this regard to the inherent chronological inconsistency of the human condition. In Levinas's ethical metaphysics this inherent chronological inconsistency is theorised as the other (autre) within the self, an affective infection that dates back to a past that has never been present - it hails from the diachronic time of the Other - and is opened to the future, "to the newness of the unknown". While this past is impossible to grasp, it nevertheless concerns me. I cannot remain unaffected in relation to it; it has left a trace. This alterity within the self becomes manifest as an inherent Desire for time, time that can only be given by the other person, which for Levinas is the Other (l'Autrui). This means that the singular time of my being is not yet time, does not yet have time, but the singular I bears an inherent Desire for time within. This Desire for time, then, emanates from the inherent chronological inconsistency which typifies the existent being "out of sync" with itself, a diastasis or a "standing apart from itself. To be sure, this Desire is not a need to be filled, but as Desire, it is essentially insatiable. This Desire conquers the ecstatic time of need and satisfaction and the inevitable return to the self, the collapse back upon oneself that follows when needs are satiated, and the return of the unbearable heaviness of being that it signals. The early Levinas (De l'évasion, 1935) was looking for an escape from this irremediable Being. Only four decades later in Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (1974) will Levinas come to fully plot out "a new path out of being," a temporal path that he started to chart in Le temps et l' autre (1948), which forges a fundamental link between time and ethics. The time that the future brings is not merely the recurrence of the present instant or its continuation, but the possibility of another instant or a new beginning. How can an existent in the instant recommence otherwise? The coming of the future announces another original instant that cannot be approached but that comes; that cannot be assumed, since it appears as an epiphany. The existent is able to welcome the absolutely strangeness of the epiphany of the future because of the inherent susceptibility to fraternity and sociality, which is made possible by time. This, however, is not time that the existent has like a possession but a capacity to welcome time that springs from an existential chronological inconsistency - a being temporally out of joint. To further specify, this "capacity" is not a power that the individual instant is endowed with. Quite to the contrary, faced with the radical strangeness of the future, with the alterity of the face of the Other, the existent is reduced to a "radical passivity. " Passivity is the radix or root of ethical agency. The capacity that time gives, is the capacity for generosity, the power to be able to give of the riches accumulated. This is not to turn away from one's egotistical selfish life once and for all, but a being turned to be able to welcome the Other without being obliterated in the face of an absolute Mystery. The instant as an interruption announces the possibility of a new beginning, which is not the effacement of the past, but the pardon that purifies the past and the injustices committed. Pardon consists in a retroactive action that inverts the natural temporal order of things and implies the "reversibility of time". Now the past instant has not passed but can be lived again, differently. In Levinas we find a non-teleological conception of time. Truth, Levinas contends, requires both an infinite time and a completed time conceived as "messianic time". Messianic time, more precisely, may be conceived as the "extreme vigilance of the messianic consciousness", since it is only such vigilant consciousness that can protect us against the revenge of evil -which infinite time cannot do. This notion of "messianic consciousness" is encapsulated in Levinas's conceptualisation of eschatology, which is the infinity beyond totality or beyond history, without denying history. The eschatological is not realised at the end of time but rather in each instant in which our responsibility vis-a-vis the Other is realised. If this responsibility exempts us from the jurisdiction of history and the future, salvation is not to be found at the end of history but remains at each moment possible. When Levinas speaks of eschatology in Totalité et Infini he does not refer to a doctrine but to a vision: "the eschatological vision" that consummates moral experience. It is not a spiritual relationship; it leads to action. To see (envision) is already to act. This action is evoked in feeling responsible in the face of the future one hopes for others. The future one hopes for others - a better future - is the eschatological vision realised in the eruption of the present as a purified past.

In hierdie essay word die plek van eskatologie in Levinas se tydsbegrip krities onder die loep geneem. Daar word aangevoer dat Levinas se nadruklike aandrang in Totalité et infini (1961), naamlik dat eskatologie etiese verantwoordelikheid fasiliteer, nie onafhanklik van sy konsep-tualisering van tyd verstaan kan word nie. Eskatologie in Levinas is nie die leer van die laaste dinge nie, maar die verklaring wat Levinas bied vir hoe 'n etiek van alteriteit daartoe in staat is om die mensdom teen die geweld van berekende rede en die druk van politiek en oorlog te beskerm. Hoe eskatologie presies hierin slaag, word uiteengesit aan die hand van Levinas se oorspronklike analises van die vorms en werk van tyd.

ABSTRACT The institutional analysis promoted by F. A. Hayek seeks to understand how human action and coordination among individuals occur in an environment where the knowledge held by each person is incomplete and not fully transmittable. In such an environment, the institutional framework plays an important role in conditioning, at least partially, the behavior of members within a spontaneously emerging social order. In light of this, the objective of this article is to present Hayek’s evolutionary institutional approach by organizing the discussion proposed by the Austrian economist on the subject. To do so, it will discuss Hayek’s distinction between critical rationalism and constructivist rationalism. It will also address Hayek’s explanation of institutional change and delve into his evolutionary approach to the social sciences, as opposed to the natural sciences. F A transmittable conditioning partially order Hayeks s subject so sciences

RESUMO A análise institucional promovida por F. A. Hayek busca compreender de que maneira se dá a ação humana e a coordenação entre os diversos indivíduos em um ambiente em que o conhecimento detido por cada pessoa é incompleto e não totalmente passível de ser transmitido. Nesse tipo de ambiente, o aparato institucional possui um importante papel ao condicionar, ao menos parcialmente, o comportamento dos membros de uma ordem social, ordem que surge de maneira espontânea. Diante disso, o objetivo do artigo é apresentar a abordagem institucional evolucionária de Hayek, organizando a discussão proposta pelo austríaco sobre o tema. Para isso, discutirá a distinção proposta por Hayek entre o racionalismo crítico e o racionalismo construtivista. Tratará também da forma pela qual Hayek explica a mudança institucional. Ademais, detalhará sua abordagem evolucionária para as ciências sociais (em oposição às ciências naturais). F transmitido condicionar parcialmente social espontânea disso tema isso construtivista Ademais naturais. naturais . naturais)

Resumo: Os principais objetivos do estudo são ampliar o conhecimento sobre o conceito de dignidade humana, como um valor social, analisar os fundamentos históricos, religiosos e filosóficos do desenvolvimento desse conceito na Europa e na Ucrânia, e caracterizar esse conceito no sistema de valores jurídicos. O artigo utiliza os seguintes métodos científicos: abordagens funcionais e dialéticas, análise lógica, síntese, análise comparativa, análise da literatura científica e generalização. O texto examina o problema da proteção da dignidade human,a como um valor natural e inalienável, a fonte dos direitos e liberdades humanas e civis, nas constituições dos Estados do mundo, nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais e na legislação criminal de alguns países. O principal resultado aponta os problemas teóricos e práticos da implementação do direito à dignidade humana, justificando a dignidade humana, nas Constituições e nas decisões dos tribunais constitucionais de alguns países. O estudo foi realizado com base nas leis e regulamentações dos seguintes países: Ucrânia, República Federal da Alemanha, República da Hungria e República da Polônia. Resumo humana social históricos Ucrânia jurídicos científicos dialéticas lógica síntese comparativa generalização human inalienável civis mundo países Alemanha Polônia

Abstract: The main goals of the study are to expand knowledge about the concept of human dignity as a social value, analyse the historical, religious and philosophical foundations of the development of this concept in Europe and Ukraine, and characterize this concept in the system of legal values. The paper uses the following scientific methods: functional and dialectical approaches, logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature and generalization. The paper examines the problem of protecting human dignity as a natural and inalienable value, the source of human and civil rights and freedoms in the world’s states’ constitutions, decisions of constitutional courts and some countries’ criminal legislation. The main result is theoretical and practical problems of implementing the right to human dignity, and justifying human dignity in the constitutions and decisions of some countries’ constitutional courts. The study was conducted on the following countries’ basis of laws and regulations: Ukraine, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Hungary and the Republic of Poland. Abstract value historical Ukraine values methods approaches synthesis generalization worlds world s states countries legislation regulations Germany Poland

Abstract: Since May 2020, we have been conducting a comprehensive study to understand the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our focus has been on following families, systematically collecting respiratory tract swabs and blood samples, monitoring symptoms, and gathering data on vaccine status. This paper aims to describe the household cohort across five epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2, providing an overview of the collected data and a description of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological characteristics and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our cohort includes 691 participants from 189 households. During the five epidemic waves, we detected 606 infections. The incidence density of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 4 (Delta) to 56 (B.1.1.33) per 1,000 person-week, with a peak in wave B.1.1.33 in all age groups. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG anti spike protein) varied from 37%, in the pre-VoC period, to 99%, in the Omicron period, progressively increasing after each wave in a similar manner regardless of age. As we have monitored the cohort continuously since the beginning of the pandemic, we were able to collect data across different scenarios according to the predominant lineage in circulation. Via active monitoring of families, we were able to carry out an epidemiological surveillance on SARS-CoV-2, including its variants, persistence of symptoms, and changes in immunity over time in the population, contributing to knowledge of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Resumen: Desde mayo de 2020 se realiza un estudio exhaustivo con el fin de estimar el curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se aplica un seguimiento a las familias en el cual se recolectan sistemáticamente muestras de sangre y de las vías respiratorias, se controlan los síntomas y se recogen datos sobre el estado de vacunación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir la cohorte de hogares durante cinco olas epidémicas de SARS-CoV-2, y proporcionar una visión general de los datos recopilados y una descripción de las características epidemiológicas, clínicas e inmunológicas, y de la incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. La cohorte incluyó a 691 participantes de 189 hogares. A lo largo de las cinco olas epidémicas, se detectaron 606 infecciones. La densidad de incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 varió de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) por cada 1.000 personas por semana, y fue más alta en la ola B.1.1.33 en todos los grupos de edad. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG antipico) varió del 37% en el período anti-VOC al 99% en el período Ómicron y aumentó ola tras ola de manera similar, independientemente de la edad de los participantes. El monitoreo continuo de la cohorte desde el comienzo de la pandemia permitió recopilar datos en diferentes escenarios según la cepa predominante en circulación. A partir del monitoreo activo de las familias, se realizó una vigilancia epidemiológica del SARS-CoV-2, sus variantes, la persistencia de los síntomas y los cambios en la inmunidad de la población a lo largo del tiempo, contribuyendo al conocimiento del curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Resumo: Desde maio de 2020, temos conduzido um estudo abrangente para entender a história natural da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Nosso foco tem sido acompanhar as famílias das quais coletamos sistematicamente amostras de sangue e do trato respiratório, monitoramos os sintomas e reunimos dados sobre o status de vacinação. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a coorte de domicílios ao longo de cinco ondas epidêmicas de SARS-CoV-2, fornecendo uma visão geral dos dados coletados e uma descrição das características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imunológicas e da incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Nossa coorte inclui 691 participantes de 189 domicílios. Ao longo das cinco ondas epidêmicas, detectamos 606 infecções. A densidade de incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 variou de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) a cada 1.000 pessoas por semana e foi mais alta na onda B.1.1.33 em todas as faixas etárias. A soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG anti-spike) variou de 37% no período pré-VoC a 99% no período Omicron e aumentou onda após onda de maneira semelhante, independentemente da idade dos participantes. Como monitoramos a coorte continuamente desde o início da pandemia, pudemos coletar dados em diferentes cenários, de acordo com a cepa predominante em circulação. Por meio do monitoramento ativo das famílias, conseguimos conduzir uma vigilância epidemiológica do SARS-CoV-2, de suas variantes, da persistência dos sintomas e das mudanças na imunidade da população ao longo do tempo, contribuindo para o conhecimento da história natural da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract: Since May 2020, we have been conducting a comprehensive study to understand the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Our focus has been on following families, systematically collecting respiratory tract swabs and blood samples, monitoring symptoms, and gathering data on vaccine status. This paper aims to describe the household cohort across five epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2, providing an overview of the collected data and a description of the epidemiological, clinical, and immunological characteristics and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our cohort includes 691 participants from 189 households. During the five epidemic waves, we detected 606 infections. The incidence density of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 4 (Delta) to 56 (B.1.1.33) per 1,000 person-week, with a peak in wave B.1.1.33 in all age groups. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG anti spike protein) varied from 37%, in the pre-VoC period, to 99%, in the Omicron period, progressively increasing after each wave in a similar manner regardless of age. As we have monitored the cohort continuously since the beginning of the pandemic, we were able to collect data across different scenarios according to the predominant lineage in circulation. Via active monitoring of families, we were able to carry out an epidemiological surveillance on SARS-CoV-2, including its variants, persistence of symptoms, and changes in immunity over time in the population, contributing to knowledge of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Abstract 2020 SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Janeiro Brazil families samples symptoms status SARSCoV2, 2, clinical 69 18 households 60 infections Delta (Delta 5 B1133 B 1 33 (B.1.1.33 1000 000 1,00 personweek, personweek person week, week person-week B.1.1.3 groups IgG protein 37 37% preVoC pre VoC period 99 99% pandemic circulation variants population 202 SARS-CoV 6 B113 3 (B.1.1.3 100 00 1,0 B.1.1. 9 20 B11 (B.1.1. 10 0 1, B.1.1 B1 (B.1.1 B.1. (B.1. B.1 (B.1 B. (B. (B

Resumo: Desde maio de 2020, temos conduzido um estudo abrangente para entender a história natural da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Nosso foco tem sido acompanhar as famílias das quais coletamos sistematicamente amostras de sangue e do trato respiratório, monitoramos os sintomas e reunimos dados sobre o status de vacinação. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a coorte de domicílios ao longo de cinco ondas epidêmicas de SARS-CoV-2, fornecendo uma visão geral dos dados coletados e uma descrição das características epidemiológicas, clínicas e imunológicas e da incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Nossa coorte inclui 691 participantes de 189 domicílios. Ao longo das cinco ondas epidêmicas, detectamos 606 infecções. A densidade de incidência da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 variou de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) a cada 1.000 pessoas por semana e foi mais alta na onda B.1.1.33 em todas as faixas etárias. A soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG anti-spike) variou de 37% no período pré-VoC a 99% no período Omicron e aumentou onda após onda de maneira semelhante, independentemente da idade dos participantes. Como monitoramos a coorte continuamente desde o início da pandemia, pudemos coletar dados em diferentes cenários, de acordo com a cepa predominante em circulação. Por meio do monitoramento ativo das famílias, conseguimos conduzir uma vigilância epidemiológica do SARS-CoV-2, de suas variantes, da persistência dos sintomas e das mudanças na imunidade da população ao longo do tempo, contribuindo para o conhecimento da história natural da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Resumo 2020 SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Janeiro Brasil respiratório vacinação SARSCoV2, 2, epidemiológicas SARSCoV2. 2. 69 18 60 infecções Delta (Delta 5 B1133 B 1 33 (B.1.1.33 1000 000 1.00 B.1.1.3 etárias proteína antispike anti spike anti-spike 37 préVoC pré VoC 99 semelhante pandemia cenários circulação variantes tempo 202 SARS-CoV 6 B113 3 (B.1.1.3 100 00 1.0 B.1.1. 9 20 B11 (B.1.1. 10 0 1. B.1.1 B1 (B.1.1 B.1. (B.1. B.1 (B.1 B. (B. (B

Resumen: Desde mayo de 2020 se realiza un estudio exhaustivo con el fin de estimar el curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se aplica un seguimiento a las familias en el cual se recolectan sistemáticamente muestras de sangre y de las vías respiratorias, se controlan los síntomas y se recogen datos sobre el estado de vacunación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir la cohorte de hogares durante cinco olas epidémicas de SARS-CoV-2, y proporcionar una visión general de los datos recopilados y una descripción de las características epidemiológicas, clínicas e inmunológicas, y de la incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. La cohorte incluyó a 691 participantes de 189 hogares. A lo largo de las cinco olas epidémicas, se detectaron 606 infecciones. La densidad de incidencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 varió de 4 (Delta) a 56 (B.1.1.33) por cada 1.000 personas por semana, y fue más alta en la ola B.1.1.33 en todos los grupos de edad. La seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 (proteína IgG antipico) varió del 37% en el período anti-VOC al 99% en el período Ómicron y aumentó ola tras ola de manera similar, independientemente de la edad de los participantes. El monitoreo continuo de la cohorte desde el comienzo de la pandemia permitió recopilar datos en diferentes escenarios según la cepa predominante en circulación. A partir del monitoreo activo de las familias, se realizó una vigilancia epidemiológica del SARS-CoV-2, sus variantes, la persistencia de los síntomas y los cambios en la inmunidad de la población a lo largo del tiempo, contribuyendo al conocimiento del curso natural de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Resumen 202 SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Janeiro Brasil respiratorias vacunación SARSCoV2, 2, epidemiológicas inmunológicas SARSCoV2. 2. 69 18 60 infecciones Delta (Delta 5 B1133 B 1 33 (B.1.1.33 1000 000 1.00 semana B.1.1.3 proteína antipico 37 antiVOC anti VOC 99 similar circulación variantes tiempo 20 SARS-CoV 6 B113 3 (B.1.1.3 100 00 1.0 B.1.1. 9 B11 (B.1.1. 10 0 1. B.1.1 B1 (B.1.1 B.1. (B.1. B.1 (B.1 B. (B. (B

Language represents an individual's identity in many respects. It is a natural ability of any average person that they use to express thoughts and ideas, investigate their traditions and experiences, and better their community and the laws that govern it. The ability to choose the official language was acknowledged in the Bill of Rights, and the Constitution acknowledges that indigenous languages are a commodity which has not been fully used. By studying the difficulties of intellectualising indigenous languages in modern South Africa, this research aims to promote the usage and enhance the prestige of indigenous languages. The challenge in basic education in South Africa is that South African indigenous languages are not prioritised. Moreover, there appears to be a disconnection between language policy and implementation. CONTRIBUTION: A document analysis was undertaken to review literature on the possibility of intellectualising South African indigenous languages by considering various theories and methods of terminology development, including interborrowing within South African indigenous languages and adaptation of some English and Afrikaans words as already entrenched languages in education.

BACKGROUND: Freedom of movement, which is dependent on community mobility, is a key contributor to good quality of life and important in the establishment of a person's community identity OBJECTIVE: To describe the community mobility experiences of wheelchair users who lived in a socio-economically challenged setting METHOD: The study setting was Paarl, a peri-urban area of the Western Cape province of South Africa. This article reports findings from phase 1 (a reflection on past community mobility and minibus taxi use experiences) of cycle 1 of a co-operative inquiry. Nine adult wheelchair users, eight caregivers, six minibus taxi drivers, and four community stakeholders participated. Data were collected during a focus group discussion and analysed using inductive thematic analysis RESULTS: Four themes, 'Knowledge, attitudes, and actions', 'Natural, manmade and mechanical environmental barriers', 'Health and safety concerns' and 'Poor community participation and quality of life' were identified. The themes showed how difficult an everyday activity like moving around in the community were for wheelchair users, and how that limited their community involvement CONCLUSIONS: Wheelchair users living in a low-income peri-urban area struggled to participate in community activities meaningful to them because various barriers hampered community wheelchair mobility and minibus taxi use CONTRIBUTION: The findings regarding community mobility struggles and specifically minibus taxi access guided specific recommendations and the further phases and cycles of the co-operative inquiry. The purpose of the co-operative inquiry was to allow co-researchers to find their voice and develop solutions to minibus taxi access for wheelchair users

RESUMEN Los medicamentos son bienes especiales que cubren necesidades de salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, la industria farmacéutica modificó su estrategia de investigación y desarrollo, y migró su interés desde la exploración de fármacos destinados a enfermedades crónicas padecidas por gran parte de la población hacia la búsqueda de medicamentos para pocas personas que tienen enfermedades raras. Esta falta de masividad en los consumidores se traduce en una oferta selectiva de pocos productos dirigidos a ciertas patologías que tienen un precio muy elevado, lo cual hace difícil tanto el acceso de los pacientes como el brindar cobertura desde los financiadores de la salud. En este artículo se recorre la temática de los medicamentos de alto precio y se incorpora al debate el contexto sanitario, cultural, jurídico, político y económico que la rodea. Se hace hincapié en las diferencias existentes entre los distintos fármacos en términos de eficacia para cambiar el curso natural de las enfermedades para los cuales son indicados, en la construcción del precio al cual estos medicamentos se venden en el mercado, en las consecuencias que tiene ese precio para los financiadores de la salud, y en la relación costo-oportunidad de tener que pagar por ellos en desmedro de otros recursos considerados esenciales. Por último, se reflexiona sobre los derechos legítimos de cada individuo a reclamar el acceso a medicamentos de alto precio por considerarlos fundamentales para recuperar su salud, y de cómo garantizar esa cobertura puede afectar los derechos colectivos de la población, y se aportan ejemplos concretos que ilustran esta situación.

ABSTRACT Medicines are special goods that cover the health needs of the population. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has changed its research and development strategy, shifting its focus from the exploration of medicines for chronic diseases affecting a large part of the population to the search for drugs for rare diseases that affect a small number of people. This lack of a mass consumer base is reflected in a selective offer of a few very high-cost products aimed at certain diseases, which hinders both patient access and financial coverage. This article reviews the issue of high-cost medicines, including its cultural, legal, political, economic, and health aspects. It emphasizes the differences between various medicines in terms of their efficacy in changing the natural course of diseases, their market price, the consequences of their cost for healthcare funders, and the cost-opportunity ratio of having to pay for them at the expense of other essential resources. Finally, the article reflects on the legitimate rights of each individual to claim access to high-cost medicines when they are considered essential to recover a person’s health, and on how guaranteeing such coverage can affect the collective rights of the population. Concrete examples that illustrate this situation are provided.

RESUMO Medicamentos são bens especiais que atendem às necessidades de saúde da população. Nas últimas décadas, a indústria farmacêutica mudou sua estratégia de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, deixando de explorar medicamentos para doenças crônicas que afetam grande parte da população e passando a buscar medicamentos para poucas pessoas com doenças raras. Esse número limitado de consumidores se reflete em uma oferta seletiva de poucos produtos de preço elevado para determinadas doenças, dificultando o acesso dos pacientes e a obtenção de cobertura dos agentes financiadores da saúde. Neste artigo, analisa-se a questão dos medicamentos de alto custo e incorpora-se ao debate o contexto sanitário, cultural, jurídico, político e econômico. São enfatizados os seguintes aspectos: diferenças entre os diferentes medicamentos em termos da eficácia em mudar o curso natural das doenças para as quais são indicados; determinação do preço pelo qual esses medicamentos são vendidos no mercado; consequências desse preço para os agentes financiadores da saúde; e a relação custo-oportunidade de ter de pagar por esses medicamentos em detrimento de outros recursos considerados essenciais. Por fim, reflete-se sobre os direitos legítimos de cada indivíduo de reivindicar acesso a medicamentos de alto custo, por considerá-los essenciais para recuperar a própria saúde, e como a garantia dessa cobertura pode afetar os direitos coletivos da população; também são fornecidos exemplos concretos que ilustram essa situação.

Resumen: Los complejos industriales que manejan productos peligrosos con características inflamables, han sido causa de grandes desgracias al generar explosiones repentinas, ya sea por fallas mecánicas o por negligencia humana. El Complejo Gasífero de Monteverde (CGM), ubicado en la provincia de Santa Elena en Ecuador, representa un riesgo potencial al albergar cerca de 105.000 m3 de gases precursores como Propano (PPN), Butano (BTN) y GLP como producto terminado.Por este motivo, se ha realizado un análisis de la amenaza potencial a la que la población se encuentra expuesta en caso de la explosión de uno de los tanques con los diferentes productos que contienen, para esto se consideró a las comunas mas cercanas al CGM que son Monteverde y Jambelí. Se utilizaron herramientas como el método Probit propuesto por TNO (The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research), y el software ALOHA de la EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA), cuyas combinaciones permitieron estimar el radio de influencia, los cuales se dividieron en zonas según al grado de impacto en la comunidad. Los resultados demostraron que la comunidad de Monteverde, pese a encontrarse a más de 1 km del CGM, se encuentra dentro de la zona roja o de alta influencia que corresponde a 2000 metros, para los tanques de propano y butano. En ésta área, una persona podría tener quemaduras fatales de tercer grado. Los cálculos se han realizado en condiciones ideales, por lo que se recomienda revisar las atenuaciones generadas por elevaciones naturales del terreno o la dirección del viento en estudios posteriores.

Abstract: The industrial complexes that handle dangerous products with flammable characteristics have been the cause of great misfortunes when sudden explosions are generated, either due to mechanical failures or human negligence. The Monteverde Gas Complex (MGC), located in the province of Santa Elena in Ecuador, represents a potential risk by housing close to 105,000 m3 of precursor gases such as Propane (PPN), Butane (BTN), and LPG finished product. Therefore, an analysis of the potential threat to which the population is exposed in case of the explosion of one of the tanks with the different products they contain has been carried out, considering the closest communes to the MGC, which are Monteverde and Jambelí. Tools such as the Probit method proposed by TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research), and the ALOHA software of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA) were used, whose combinations allowed estimating the radius of influence, which were divided into zones according to the degree of impact on the community. The results demonstrated that the community of Monteverde, despite being more than 1 km away from the CGM, is within the red zone or high influence radius that corresponds to 2000 meters for propane and butane tanks. Whitin this area, a person could have fatal third-degree burns. The calculations have been performed under ideal conditions, so it is recommended to review the attenuations generated by natural elevations of the terrain or the direction of the wind in further studies.

Abstract: The European Court of Human Rights may resolve claims filed by natural persons, groups of individuals or non-governmental organizations accusing the violation of human rights protected in the European Convention and its protocols. In Albert et al v. Hungary, the complainants argued that the state disturbed their right to property by applying stringent regulations to the banks in which they participated as shareholders. This case is about the degree of legitimacy that a person has to sue before the Strasbourg Court the affectation of their right to property, specifically when the national authorities act over a company. In addition, the judgement leads to reflect on the arguments to respond a substantive study, such as proportionality test, the national margin of appreciation and the regional consensus in the regulation of a right.

Resumen: El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos es competente para resolver las demandas presentadas por personas físicas, grupos de particulares u organizaciones no gubernamentales que acusen la violación de los derechos humanos previstos en el respectivo Convenio Europeo y sus protocolos. En el caso Albert y otros contra Hungría, los quejosos adujeron que el Estado violó su derecho a la propiedad tras aplicar rigurosas regulaciones a los bancos de los que eran accionistas. Este asunto obliga a cuestionar cuál es el grado de legitimación que posee una persona física para demandar ante dicho Tribunal la afectación de su derecho a la propiedad, específicamente cuando las autoridades nacionales actúan sobre una empresa, y no directamente sobre la esfera jurídica de un ser humano. Esta sentencia también invita a reflexionar acerca de los argumentos que pudieron esgrimirse para responder al fondo del asunto, como la proporcionalidad, el margen nacional de apreciación y el consenso regional en la regulación de un derecho.

Abstract The general objective of this investigation has been to collect information that revealed the altruistic work carried out by Dionisio Rodríguez, a man who lived in Guadalajara, Jalisco; Mexico, around the middle of the 19th century. An exemplary man known for his charitable works for the underprivileged, recognized in the temporary context in which he lived, but over the years his work was forgotten. Today valued as a printer and propagator of letters, however, added to this, he was a person who did charitable work in the city, leaving a mark on those who knew him. The information obtained has allowed us to show that Rodríguez helped hundreds through the School of Arts and Crafts, and other local charitable work. When he died, Guadalajara was paralyzed, about fifteen thousand people attended his wake, when in those years the city had around eighty thousand, his valuation was such that the next day, May 2, 1877, he was named meritorious from the state of Jalisco.

Resumen El objetivo general de esta investigación ha sido recopilar información que revelara la labor altruista que realizó Dionisio Rodríguez, un jalisciense que vivió en Guadalajara, Jalisco (México), hacia mediados del siglo XIX. Un hombre ejemplar conocido por sus obras benéficas en pro de los desvalidos, reconocido en el contexto temporal en que vivió, aunque olvidado a través de los años. Hoy en día es valorado como impresor y propagador de las letras, pero también fue una persona que hizo obra benéfica en la ciudad, por lo que dejó huella en quienes lo conocieron. La información recabada ha permitido mostrar que Rodríguez ayudó a cientos de personas a través de la Escuela de Artes y Oficios, y otras labores de beneficiencia local. Cuando murió, Guadalajara se paralizó. A su velorio acudieron cerca de quince mil personas, cuando en aquellos años la ciudad contaba con alrededor de ochenta mil. Era tal su valoración, que al día siguiente (2 de mayo de 1877) se le nombró benemérito del estado de Jalisco.

Resumo O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi coletar informações que revelem o trabalho altruísta realizado por Dionisio Rodríguez, natural de Jalisco que viveu em Guadalajara, Jalisco (México), por volta de meados do século XIX. Homem exemplar, conhecido pelas suas obras de caridade em prol dos desamparados, reconhecido no contexto temporal em que viveu, embora esquecido ao longo dos anos. Hoje é valorizado como impressor e propagador de cartas, mas também foi uma pessoa que fez obras de caridade na cidade, por isso deixou sua marca em quem o conheceu. As informações coletadas mostraram que Rodríguez ajudou centenas de pessoas por meio da Escola de Artes e Ofícios e de outras obras de caridade locais. Quando ele morreu, Guadalajara ficou paralisada. Cerca de quinze mil pessoas compareceram ao seu velório, quando naqueles anos a cidade contava com cerca de oitenta mil. Sua apreciação foi tanta que no dia seguinte (2 de maio de 1877) foi nomeado benemérito do estado de Jalisco.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar que el tipo de ética derivada del sistema de justicia lockeano es más teleológico que deontológico, como tienden a sugerir autores como Nozick y Simmons. Sostengo que el individuo no puede considerarse como un fin en sí mismo, sino quizás como un medio para cumplir algún otro propósito ulterior, a saber, cumplir con la voluntad divina. La principal conceptualización de Locke sobre antropología derivó de los trabajos de Acosta. La forma en que Acosta estudió a los amerindios y lo que sostiene sobre este pueblo fue más que importante para el interés de Locke. Así, es importante el estudio sobre Locke y sus principales tesis sobre teología y propiedad estudiadas, al menos, las principales tesis de Acosta sobre los amerindios. Locke utiliza la argumentación de Acosta sobre la caracterización de la barbarie entre los amerindios en el pasaje 102 del Segundo Tratado. Esto no es fortuito, pero responde a una pregunta importante: “¿cuál es la situación natural de los amerindios?”. Para responder a esto, Locke basó su tesis en el pensamiento y la investigación de Acosta. Por eso, hay una relación necesaria entre los pensamientos de Locke, las tesis sobre los amerindios y las de Acosta. La relación entre antropología y teología en las obras de Acosta fundamenta el sistema lockeano no sólo en lo que respecta a la teología sino también a la propiedad. De esta manera, el proyecto lockeano de conquista se sustenta, también, en la tesis de Acosta sobre América y los amerindios. La persona (un concepto principal en Locke) es el sujeto que puede realizar una propiedad, y sólo podría ser posible si el sujeto no es un bárbaro. El proyecto de teología que Dios escribe en el corazón del sujeto obliga necesariamente al sujeto a realizar una propiedad si conoce, por la cultura en la que sostiene su propia vida, las formas adecuadas en que podría realizarla. En las formas de cultura amerindias no es posible que sus pueblos ejerzan propiedad alguna, ni sean soberanos. Los cristianos que vivieron en Europa sí.

Abstract The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the type of ethics derived from the Lockean system of justice is teleological rather than deontological, as authors like Nozick and Simmons tend to suggest. I argue that the individual cannot be considered as an end in itself, but perhaps as a means to fulfill some other ulterior purpose, namely, to comply with divine will. The main Locke´s conceptualization on antropologhy derived from Acosta´s works. The form in which Acosta studied Amerindians people and what he maintain about this people was more than important to Locke interest. Thus, is important to the study about Locke and his main thesis on theology and property studied, at least, the main thesis of Acosta on Amerindians. Locke use Acosta argumentation about the characterization of barbarianism on Amerindians in the passage 102 of the Second Treatise. This is not fortuitous, but answer an important question: “what is the amerindian´s natural situation?”. To answer this, Locke ground his thesis on Acosta´s thoughts and research. Because of that, there is a necessary relation between Locke thoughts, thesis on Amerindians and the Acosta ones. The relation between anthropology and theology in Acosta works ground the lockean system not only about the theology but also the property one. In this way, the lockean conquest project grounds, also, on the Acosta´s thesis about America and Amerindians. The person (a main concept in Locke) is the subject who can perform property, and it only could be possible is the subject is not a barbarian. The theology project that God writes in the hearts of the subject necessarily obligates the subject to perform property is he knows, by the culture in which he sustains his own life, the proper ways in which he could perform it. In the Amerindian ways of culture neither does not be possible that their people perform property at all, nor be sovereigns. The Christian ones who lived in Europe does.

In the first three articles of this series, convincing arguments were put forward as to why contemporary natural scientific observations can best be explained if they are interpreted within a paradigm of an all-powerful Creator. In line with this observation, a growing number of eminent scholars fundamentally differ from the materialistic position that metaphysical theories deal with concepts that are not empirically observable and testable. Instead, these scholars postulate that metaphysical theories can indeed be used to make predictions about the natural world and that they are therefore falsifiable. A few examples include the fact that a theistic cosmology expects that the universe had a moment of beginning, which presupposes that a transcendent Creator must already have accurately established the physical conditions for all empirical observations, before the moment of creation. Empirical observations of the universe confirm this theory, as described in the first article of this series. More examples of the predictive value of a metaphysical theory, are the origin of information contained in DNA, as described in article 2, as well as in empirical data on the origin of humans (see article 3). The reference to metaphysical theories as pseudo-science has therefore been repudiated by recent empirical evidence and a growing number of authoritative researchers, do recognise the fact that a "God hypothesis" would appear to be scientifically accountable. Yet, there remains great opposition among mainstream natural scientists to any hint of metaphysical explanations for contemporary observations. Materialist scientists accuse religious scientists of approaching the Enlightenment and Modernism in reverse - of wanting to take science back to the dark ages, where the church dictated to science what may be believed. However, it is ironic that the "God of the gaps"- argument is replaced by normative materialism with a "science of the gaps"- argument, where it is argued that sooner or later science will provide humanity with a "theory of everything". To decide in advance that a certain explanation for empirical evidence may not be considered, is unacceptable in natural science. Yet mainstream science takes exactly this position regarding cosmology and the origin of life. In this article, the issue of normative materialism is scrutinised. What is the deepest origin of the reluctance of many researchers, to put forward a metaphysical explanation for scientifically observed data? Even the mere consideration of such a hypothesis is rejected. Why don't people even consider the possibility that a Creator played (and still plays) a role in the universe? The main conclusion, based on an exposé of the scientific method, various ways of scientific reasoning and biblical evidence regarding creation and the origin of sin, is that the answer lies in mankind's sinful, self-willed nature. If a scientist, based on irrefutable evidence, admits that God exists and that His works are visible in creation, as well as that empirical observations can be reconciled with biblical descriptions of the cosmos, he/she must then also admit that the Bible represents the truth. The necessary consequence of such an admittance is that such a person must then live in submissive obedience to God. This giving up of the "own self" is, however, directly against the nature of sinful man - every person has the need to be master of his/her own salvation and to answer only to himself/herself; something that is embodied in the Postmodernist Zeitgeist in which we find ourselves. To rule out (and even formally forbid) one of the possible explanations for empirical observations in advance, only because it differs from a researcher's worldview, does not make that researcher a better scientist. On the contrary - normative materialism and the accompanying grasping at straws by formulating new, fantastic, and difficult-to-test theories as alternatives to the existence of God, simply represent poor, invalid scientific practice. Even though natural science overwhelmingly testifies to the presence and involvement of God in creation, there are still numerous questions that cannot be answered by natural scientists, or by theologians. Natural scientists should, however, consider all possible explanations for empirical data with an equal measure of respect and attention in order to practise science with integrity.

Daar is oortuigende argumente waarom kontemporêre natuurwetenskaplike waarnemings die beste verklaar kan word as dit binne 'n paradigma van 'n almagtige Skepper geïnterpreteer word. Tog is daar wêreldwyd by die hoofstroomnatuurwetenskaplikes groot teenkanting daarteen. In hierdie artikel word die vraagstuk van normatiewe materialisme onder die loep geneem. 'n Analise van natuurwetenskaplike denkprosesse, sowel as wat die Bybel oor hierdie onderwerp sê, lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die oorsprong van normatiewe materialisme in die mens se eiewillige aard geleë is. Om by voorbaat een van die moontlike verklarings vir empiriese waarnemings uit te sluit slegs omdat dit van 'n navorser se wereldbeeld verskil, verteenwoordig swak, ongeldige wetenskapsbeoefening. Ten spyte van die feit dat die natuur-wetenskap oorweldigend getuig van die teenwoordigheid en betrokkenheid van God, is daar steeds talle vraagstukke wat steeds nie deur óf natuurwetenskaplikes óf teoloë beantwoord kan word nie. Natuurwetenskaplikes wat strewe na integriteit in hul wetenskapsbeoefening, behoort alle moontlike verklarings vir empiriese data met 'n gelyke mate van respek en aandag te oorweeg in hul soeke na die waarheid.

Resumen: En este artículo se presenta un análisis de la asociación de pictogramas con un lenguaje de comunicación de mínima expresión. Este análisis tiene la finalidad de determinar si es posible construir un conjunto de datos que permita realizar expresiones en lenguaje natural basados en conceptos para su uso en sistemas aumentativos y alternativos de comunicación. Para llevar a cabo esta actividad, es necesario verificar el grado de vinculación entre el conjunto de pictogramas que expresan conceptos y el lenguaje de expresión mínima elegido, en este caso, Toki Pona. Se determina el grado de vinculación utilizando cuestionarios sobre una población objetivo, lo que permite validar si efectivamente existe una asociación directa entre el vocabulario y la gramática de Toki Pona, con respecto a los conceptos de los pictogramas. Este análisis abre la oportunidad de usar el recurso como un mecanismo de expresión cuando se emplean ciertos tipos de tecnologías, tales como los dispositivos de lectura electroencefalográfica (EEG), que podrían utilizarse para deducir si una persona está pensando en un determinado concepto.

Abstract: This article presents an analysis of the association of pictograms with a minimal expression communication language. This analysis has the purpose of determining if it is possible to build a data set that allows expressions in natural language based on concepts for use in augmentative and alternative communication systems. To carry out this activity, it is necessary to verify the degree of link between the set of pictograms that express concepts and the chosen minimal expression language, in this case, Toki Pona. The degree of linkage is determined using questionnaires on a target population, which makes it possible to validate whether there is indeed a direct association between the vocabulary and the grammar of Toki Pona, with respect to the concepts of the pictograms. This analysis opens up the opportunity to use the resource as an expression mechanism when using certain types of technologies, such as electroencephalographic (EEG) reading devices, which could be used to infer whether a person is thinking about a certain concept.