The history of the discovery, use, and development of dyes is closely linked to the history of humanity itself. Among the first records of human civilization are cave paintings made from, e.g., fruits, plants, minerals, and insects. Over the centuries, using different techniques, colors have been given to all types of materials and products, from clothing to food. The chemicals responsible for colors are dyes - a vast collection of molecules of the most varied compositions, but which have in common the absorption of light within the visible window of the electromagnetic spectrum. This article aims not only to review the properties of some classes of natural dyes, their origins, and their applications but also to describe the various computational chemistry methods involved in designing new bio-inspired molecules. discovery use itself eg e g e.g. fruits plants minerals insects centuries techniques products food compositions spectrum origins bioinspired bio inspired e.g

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

Resumo: Apresenta-se uma análise bibliométrica baseada em artigos de pesquisa publicados entre 2010 e 2022 para responder à pergunta: Como são organizados os conteúdos de ensino nas ciências naturais e quais são seus fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos? A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest e no motor de busca Google Scholar, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: sequências de ensino e aprendizagem, sequência de ensino, sequência de aprendizagem, proposta didática, proposta de ensino, estratégia didática, unidade didática, sequência didática, experiência de sala de aula, projeto de aula, sistema didático e ciências naturais (biologia, física, química, astronomia e geologia). Foram encontrados 85 artigos, para cuja análise foram estabelecidas três categorias: 1) características gerais dos artigos, 2) natureza das experiências propostas e 3) elementos mediadores na construção. Foi estabelecido que os sistemas de organização de conteúdo mais comumente implementados são "sequência de ensino e aprendizagem", "sequência didática" e "unidade didática", e foi observado que os docentes estão começando a considerar os contextos e as realidades dos alunos, tanto em termos de conteúdo quanto de estratégias. Também foram estabelecidos elementos importantes para os docentes na elaboração da organização do conteúdo: a história da ciência, as habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas, as novas tecnologias informáticas e a avaliação

Resumen: Se presenta un análisis bibliométrico realizado con base en trabajos de investigación publicados entre el año 2010 y 2022 para responder a la pregunta: ¿Cómo se organizan los contenidos objeto de enseñanza en las ciencias naturales y en qué se fundamentan teórica y metodológicamente? La búsqueda se hizo en las bases de datos SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest y el buscador Google Académico usando las siguientes palabras clave: secuencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje, secuencia de enseñanza, secuencia de aprendizaje, propuesta didáctica, propuesta de enseñanza, estrategia didáctica, unidad didáctica, secuencia didáctica, experiencia de aula, proyecto de aula, sistema didáctico y ciencias naturales (biología, física, química, astronomía y geología). Se encontraron 85 artículos para cuyo análisis se establecieron tres categorías: 1) características generales de los artículos, 2) naturaleza de las experiencias planteadas y 3) elementos mediadores en la construcción. Se estableció que los sistemas de organización de contenidos mayormente implementados son “secuencia de enseñanza y aprendizaje”, “secuencia didáctica” y “unidad didáctica” y se observó que los docentes comienzan a considerar los contextos y realidades del estudiantado, tanto en contenidos como en estrategias. También se establecieron elementos importantes para los docentes a la hora de diseñar una organización de contenidos: la historia de las ciencias, las habilidades cognitivo-lingüísticas, las nuevas tecnologías informáticas y la evaluación

Abstract: This paper presents a bibliometric analysis based on research studies published between 2010 and 2022 to address the question: How are the contents of natural sciences teaching organized, and what are their theoretical and methodological foundations? The search was conducted in the SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: teaching and learning sequences, teaching sequence, learning sequence, didactic proposal, teaching proposal, didactic strategy, didactic unit, didactic sequence, classroom experience, classroom project, didactic system, and natural sciences (biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology). A total of 85 articles were found and analyzed according to three categories: 1) general characteristics of the articles, 2) the nature of the proposed experiences, and 3) mediating elements in the construction. The study established that the most commonly implemented content organization systems are "teaching and learning sequence," "didactic sequence," and "didactic unit." It was also observed that teachers are increasingly considering the contexts and realities of students in both content and strategies. Additionally, important elements were identified for teachers when designing content organization, including the history of sciences, cognitive-linguistic skills, new information technologies, and evaluation

Both genital and non-genital treponematoses are overtly similar in pathogenesis, natural history and histologic features. In the head and neck, a relatively small percentage of untreated, infected patients may progress from latency to tertiary disease, with perforation or collapse of the palate and nasal septum. Due to the rarity of tertiary disease and the non-specific histomorphologic features, the disease may go undiagnosed, often with dire consequences. Clinicopathological correlation, a high index of suspicion and a judicious mix of histological and immunohistochemical stains may help the pathologist in arriving at the correct diagnosis. In this article, we report a unique case of nasal treponematosis in a young South African male, discussing the clinical findings, histological features and diagnostic methods of detection.

Abstract: The article explores the anthropological and philosophical causes of the current ecological crisis. It points out that a fundamental cause for current ecological crisis is the modern dualism that contrasts nature and history. Through various processes of modernity such as the consolidation of historicity together with the idea of progress, changes in the perception of time, the separation of space and time, the dissociation of natural history from total history, and the solipsistic dualism of Cartesianism, all contribute to constitute modernity as dissociation and “history” as the predominant epistemological matrix both for thinking about reality and for intervening in it. As a way of overcoming this overvaluation of history in recent decades, a new principle emerges, the “principle of care” for the Earth together with intragenerational and intergenerational responsibility as the only plausible ways to comprehensively address the serious ecological crisis affecting us. This new ethic of care is inseparable from strictly theological reasons that call for safeguarding the Earth as the dwelling place of the Logos.

Resumen: El artículo indaga en las causas antropológicas y filosóficas de la crisis ecológica actual. Postula que una causa fundamental es el dualismo moderno que contrapone naturaleza e historia. A través de diversos procesos de la modernidad como la consolidación de la historicidad junto a la idea de progreso, los cambios en la percepción del tiempo, la separación de espacio y tiempo, la disociación de la historia natural de la historia total, y el dualismo solipsista del cartesianismo, contribuyen en su conjunto a constituir la modernidad como desvinculación y a la “historia” como matriz epistemológica predominante tanto para pensar la realidad como para intervenir en ella. Como un modo de superar esa sobrevaloración de la historia en décadas recientes parece asomar un nuevo principio, el “principio del cuidado” de la Tierra unido a la responsabilidad intrageneracional e intergeneracional como únicos caminos plausibles para enfrentar integralmente la grave crisis ecológica que nos afecta. Esta nueva ética del cuidado es inseparable de razones estrictamente teológicas que convocan a salvaguardar la Tierra como morada del Logos.

Abstract: Within the framework of this “Domain in Care” Seminar we assume part of the research we carry out about the epistemic and theological controversies that arise from nineteenth-century scientific activity about nature, humanity and spirituality of the inhabitants of Land of Fire. To this day, the interpretations and ideas of Fitz Roy and Darwin about the Fuegian peoples have been understood in a quite controversial way and based on stereotypes about what was considered scientific and theological in the Western Christian world, and especially in debates. between creationists and evolutionists in the British debate. Indeed, in the positions of both men there are epistemological and theological issues that have not been sufficiently explained in each and every one of their nuances and that are still present in our time. In their respective points of view linked to the history of science of the 18th and 19th centuries there are assumptions and ideas that have prevailed about science and faith that, reinterpreted, would allow us to overcome the dichotomies linked to naturalism and humanism that show the advances of British science of the time and attempts to advance a global and homogeneous understanding of the set of processes of Life on the planet. Following the perspective of the history of science, we will highlight the main strengths of the assumptions of the controversy between experimental natural science and the Anglican Christianity of English society at the time, to show its interest for current debates on control and care.

Resumen: Hasta el día de hoy las interpretaciones e ideas de Fitz Roy y Darwin acerca de los pueblos fueguinos han sido entendidas de un modo bastante polémico y a partir de estereotipos acerca de lo que se ha considerado científico y teológico en el mundo cristiano occidental, y que se expresa especialmente en los debates entre creacionistas y evolucionista como se conoció luego en el debate británico. En efecto, en las posturas de estos hombres de ciencia se encuentran cuestiones epistemológicas y teológicas que no han sido suficientemente explicitadas en todos y cada uno de sus matices y que prosiguen aún presentes en nuestra época. En sus respectivos puntos de vista ligado a la historia de la ciencia del siglo XVIII y XIX hay supuestos e ideas que han prevalecido acerca de la ciencia y de la fe que reinterpretadas permitirían superar las dicotomías ligadas al naturalismo y humanismo que muestra los avances de la ciencia británica de la época e intenta avanzar en una comprensión global y homogénea del conjunto de procesos de la Vida en el planeta. Siguiendo la perspectiva de la historia de la ciencia destacaremos los principales puntos fuertes de los presupuestos de la polémica entre la ciencia natural experimental, y el cristianismo anglicano de la sociedad inglesa de la época, para mostrar su interés para los debates actuales sobre control y cuidado.

ABSTRACT The studies carried out demonstrate the potential and shortcomings in the development of capabilities in this sense. The work is part of the project Professional training for educational and sociocultural actors and agencies in regional and local historical studies for sustainable development in the central region of Cuba. The actions are carried out from an innovative, interdisciplinary and professional approach that allows the analysis of the natural, social and historical reality in relation to good practices of employment, conservation and protection of heritage resources for the enhancement. Links are produced between the results of regional and local historical studies with local development, based on the interrelation between university and society. It includes the development of social innovation products resulting from the theoretical, methodological, didactic and practical contributions on regional and local historical studies produced by the Department of History of the University of Cienfuegos that favor management in the sustainable development of localities and communities of the central region of Cuba.

RESUMEN Los estudios realizados demuestran las potencialidades y carencias en el desarrollo de capacidades en este sentido. El trabajo forma parte del proyecto Formación profesional a los actores y agencias educativas y socioculturales en estudios históricos regionales y locales para el desarrollo sostenible en la región central de Cuba. Las acciones se realizan desde un enfoque innovador, interdisciplinario y profesionalizadoque permite el análisis de la realidad natural, social e históricaen relación a las buenas prácticas de empleo, conservación y protección de los recursos patrimonialespara la puesta en valor. Se producen articulaciones entre los resultados de los estudios históricos regionales y locales con el desarrollo local, a partir de la interrelación entre universidad y sociedad. Se incluye la elaboración de productos de innovación social resultantes de los aportes teóricos, metodológicos, didácticos y prácticos sobre los estudios históricos regionales y locales producidos por el departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Cienfuegos que favorecen la gestión en el desarrollo sostenible de las localidades y comunidades de la región central de Cuba.

Abstract This paper develops a metatheoretical analysis of succession in the light of the physical and biological sciences to evaluate its predictive capacity in a specific case: the introduction of Eurasian plants to Patagonia. Succession theory is one of ecology’s most developed and consistent bodies of knowledge. With almost a century of development of statements that have strengthened its predictive power, it has not yet been a wholly accepted tool for understanding research problems in ecology and the environment. The richness of observations and empirical statements shapes both the robustness and the deficiency due to the low argumentative coherence between them. Succession does not escape the context of the epistemological debate of biological theories and evolution by natural selection, in particular, as complex and challenging to postulate in taxative or “elegant” statements as in physics and classical chemistry. Nevertheless, the history of succession from a “Piagetian” perspective keeps advances and setbacks that contrast satisfactorily with the observations and with other progress in theoretical fields of systems theory, probabilistic physics and without discounting the epistemological evolution of biological theories, which consolidate it with significant predictive power and field of development of ecology at different scales from populations to landscapes.

Resumen En este trabajo se desarrolla un análisis metateórico de la sucesión, a la luz de las ciencias físicas y biológicas, con el objeto de evaluar su capacidad predictiva en un caso concreto: la introducción de plantas euroasiáticas a la Patagonia. La teoría de la sucesión es uno de los cuerpos de conocimientos más desarrollados y consistentes del campo de la ecología. Con casi un siglo de desarrollo de enunciados que han robustecido su poder predictivo, no es aún una herramienta del todo aceptada para alcanzar la comprensión de los problemas de investigación en ecología y medio ambiente. La riqueza de observaciones y enunciados empíricos configuran tanto la robustez como la deficiencia por la escasa coherencia argumentativa entre ellos. La sucesión no escapa del contexto del debate epistemológico de las teorías biológicas y de la evolución por selección natural en particular, tan complejas como de difícil postulación para enunciados taxativos o “elegantes” como en la física y la química clásica. Pero la historia de la sucesión en perspectiva “piagetana” guarda avances y retrocesos que contrastan satisfactoriamente con las observaciones y con otros progresos en campos teóricos de la teoría de sistemas, la física probabilística, y, sin descontar la propia evolución epistemológica de las teorías biológicas, que la consolidan con gran poder predictivo y campo de desarrollo de la ecología, a distintas escalas desde poblaciones hasta paisajes.

Abstract Adopting the proposal of Lindholm y Ekblom (2019), in reference to the elements that constitute biocultural heritage, this research made a comprehensive analysis of each of these elements: ecosystem memory, landscape memories, and place-based memories, which are combined to generate the integrated landscape analysis. In this way, the man-nature relationship is deepened in several senses: the riverside inhabitants of Lake Chapala before it dries up, their interactions with their immediate natural environment, as well as some social tensions due to the presence of other human groups as landowners, settlers and businessmen who decide to appropriate the lake from a commercial, capitalist perspective, as well as romanticize and even discriminate against its original inhabitants due to conflicting visions in their relationship and interaction with Lake Chapala.

Resumen Adoptando la propuesta de Lindholm y Ekblom (2019), en referencia a los elementos que constituyen el patrimonio biocultural, esta investigación analiza de manera conjunta cada uno de éstos: la memoria de los ecosistemas, los recuerdos del paisaje y los recuerdos basados en el lugar, los cuales se combinan para generar el análisis del paisaje integrado. De esta manera, se profundiza en la relación ser humano-naturaleza en diversos sentidos: los habitantes ribereños de la laguna de Chapala antes de su desecación, sus interacciones con su medio natural inmediato, así como algunas tensiones sociales ante la presencia de otros grupos humanos como hacendados, colonos y empresarios, quienes deciden apropiarse del lago desde una perspectiva mercantil, capitalista, así como romantizar e incluso discriminar a sus habitantes originarios por visiones contrapuestas en su relación e interacción con el Lago de Chapala.

Abstract: The unplanned and fragmented urban development of cities has caused them to be responsible for most of the planet's unsustainable development. Urban sustainability emerges as a response to this imbalance. Throughout its history, Guayaquil has shown unplanned urban growth that has continuously degraded its natural resources, such as forests and estuaries. The present research aims to evaluate the level of sustainability resulting from such change at the neighborhood level in Guayaquil. The study analyzes urban indicators of six representative neighbourhoods of the city regarding socioeconomic and historical factors. Thus, indicators were analyzed with respect to form, diversity, mobility, and environmental quality. The methodology includes an analysis for selecting variables, a study of the neighbourhoods' morphology using geo-portal map and information gathering through field studies and data processing. The results allow inferring the variables' influence on the sustainability level of each analyzed neighbourhood and how density, diversity and environmental quality play a vital role in developing greater sustainability at the neighbourhood and city levels.

Resumen: El desarrollo urbano no planificado y fragmentado de las ciudades ha ocasionado que estas sean responsables de la mayor parte del desarrollo no sustentable del planeta. La sostenibilidad urbana surge como medida de respuesta ante esta descompensación. La ciudad de Guayaquil presenta a lo largo de su historia un crecimiento urbano no planificado que continuamente ha degradado sus recursos naturales, como bosques y esteros. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el nivel de sostenibilidad resultante de tal crecimiento a nivel barrial en Guayaquil. El estudio analiza indicadores urbanos de seis barrios representativos de la ciudad en cuanto a factores socioeconómicos e históricos. Se analizaron indicadores con respecto a la forma, diversidad, movilidad y calidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada recoge un análisis para la selección de variables, estudio de la morfología de los barrios realizada por medio de mapas de geo portales, relevamiento de información a través de estudio de campo y procesamiento de datos. Los resultados permiten inferir la influencia de las variables en el nivel de sostenibilidad de cada uno de los barrios analizados y como la densidad, la diversidad y calidad ambiental desempeñan un papel primordial en el desarrollo de una mayor sostenibilidad a nivel barrial y de ciudad.

Resumo A geografia humana desempenha um papel fundamental na adaptação das comunidades ao meio ambiente ao longo do tempo. Ela considera aspectos como a modificação do território, a organização social e as atividades econômicas como o turismo cultural que aborda a geografia, a história e a cultura, valorizando os conhecimentos e processos das comunidades. Portanto, o presente artigo propõe um projeto para criar um Ecomuseu da cultura Chorotega na comunidade de Matambú, localizada na Unidade de Planejamento Turístico Guanacaste Sul, na Costa Rica. A proposta surge como resposta a uma necessidade da comunidade indígena de se envolver no turismo para subsistir, com o objetivo de fomentar o ecoturismo, turismo cultural e criativo no Território Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) e contribuir para a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas da comunidade indígena, preservando e resgatando o senso de pertencimento do patrimônio cultural e natural por parte dos habitantes do território. Após alcançar o objetivo de criar o Ecomuseu “Los Chorotegas” na comunidade de Matambú, haverá uma melhoria na qualidade de vida. Simultaneamente, a comunidade será mais respeitada e reconhecida como a única etnia de origem Mesoamericana presente na Costa Rica.

Abstract Over time, human geography has played a fundamental role in communities’ processes of adaptation to their environment. This involves considerations spanning the modification of territories, social organization, and economic activities such as cultural tourism. This also involves understanding the geographic context of their history and culture to add value to communities’ knowledge and processes. Therefore, this article proposes the creation of a Chorotega Culture Eco-Museum in Matambú, a community located within the South Guanacaste Unit of Touristic Planning, Costa Rica. This proposal arises from the necessity of this indigenous community to be part of the tourism industry as a survival strategy. The objective is to promote ecotourism and cultural and creative tourism in the Matambú Chorotega Indigenous Territory (TICM). This initiative serves as a method to enhance the socio-economic conditions of the indigenous community while helping to preserve and rescue the sense of belonging to its cultural and natural heritage. By achieving the objective of creating “Los Chorotegas” Eco-Museum in the Matambú community, this territory and indigenous group will be respected and valued as the only remaining ethnicity of Mesoamerican origin within Costa Rica, and this recognition can improve their quality of life.

Resumen La geografía humana desempeña un papel fundamental en la adaptación de las comunidades al medio ambiente a lo largo del tiempo, considerando aspectos como la modificación del territorio, organización social, actividades económicas como el turismo cultural que aborda el contexto geográfico, historia y cultura poniendo en valor los saberes y procesos de las comunidades. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo plantea una propuesta para diseñar un Ecomuseo de la cultura Chorotega en la comunidad de Matambú ubicada en la Unidad de Planeamiento Turístico Guanacaste Sur en Costa Rica. La propuesta surge en respuesta a una necesidad de la comunidad indígena de involucrarse en el turismo para subsistir, con el objetivo de fomentar el ecoturismo, turismo cultural y creativo en el Territorio Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) y contribuir al mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la comunidad indígena, conservando y rescatando el sentido de pertenencia del patrimonio cultural y natural por parte de los habitantes del territorio. Cumplido el objetivo de crear el Ecomuseo “Los Chorotegas” en la comunidad de Matambú, mejorará la calidad de vida y a la vez serán más respetados, visibilizados como la única etnia de origen Mesoamericana presente en Costa Rica.

Levinas mainly deals with the notion of eschatology in the preface of Totalité et infini (1961). There it appears in the context of his agreement with an entire tradition of philosophers claiming that the very nature of being is one of violence and war, which becomes manifest in the pervasive waging of political battles and wars. He further contends that a conception of morality based on the "pure subjectivism of the I" is powerless to shield humankind against such violence. The alternative he offers to such an impotent morality is an ethics of alterity. Eschatology is Levinas's answer to how such an ethics of alterity would be capable of insulating humankind against calculative reason and the pressures of politics and war. To understand how eschatology succeeds in doing so and how Levinas fills in the notion, I argue that it should be understood within the context of his conceptualisation of time. Levinas offers novel analyses of the forms and the work of time. Time, in Levinas, is the very inner structure of an existent's movement of existing - I refer in this regard to the inherent chronological inconsistency of the human condition. In Levinas's ethical metaphysics this inherent chronological inconsistency is theorised as the other (autre) within the self, an affective infection that dates back to a past that has never been present - it hails from the diachronic time of the Other - and is opened to the future, "to the newness of the unknown". While this past is impossible to grasp, it nevertheless concerns me. I cannot remain unaffected in relation to it; it has left a trace. This alterity within the self becomes manifest as an inherent Desire for time, time that can only be given by the other person, which for Levinas is the Other (l'Autrui). This means that the singular time of my being is not yet time, does not yet have time, but the singular I bears an inherent Desire for time within. This Desire for time, then, emanates from the inherent chronological inconsistency which typifies the existent being "out of sync" with itself, a diastasis or a "standing apart from itself. To be sure, this Desire is not a need to be filled, but as Desire, it is essentially insatiable. This Desire conquers the ecstatic time of need and satisfaction and the inevitable return to the self, the collapse back upon oneself that follows when needs are satiated, and the return of the unbearable heaviness of being that it signals. The early Levinas (De l'évasion, 1935) was looking for an escape from this irremediable Being. Only four decades later in Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence (1974) will Levinas come to fully plot out "a new path out of being," a temporal path that he started to chart in Le temps et l' autre (1948), which forges a fundamental link between time and ethics. The time that the future brings is not merely the recurrence of the present instant or its continuation, but the possibility of another instant or a new beginning. How can an existent in the instant recommence otherwise? The coming of the future announces another original instant that cannot be approached but that comes; that cannot be assumed, since it appears as an epiphany. The existent is able to welcome the absolutely strangeness of the epiphany of the future because of the inherent susceptibility to fraternity and sociality, which is made possible by time. This, however, is not time that the existent has like a possession but a capacity to welcome time that springs from an existential chronological inconsistency - a being temporally out of joint. To further specify, this "capacity" is not a power that the individual instant is endowed with. Quite to the contrary, faced with the radical strangeness of the future, with the alterity of the face of the Other, the existent is reduced to a "radical passivity. " Passivity is the radix or root of ethical agency. The capacity that time gives, is the capacity for generosity, the power to be able to give of the riches accumulated. This is not to turn away from one's egotistical selfish life once and for all, but a being turned to be able to welcome the Other without being obliterated in the face of an absolute Mystery. The instant as an interruption announces the possibility of a new beginning, which is not the effacement of the past, but the pardon that purifies the past and the injustices committed. Pardon consists in a retroactive action that inverts the natural temporal order of things and implies the "reversibility of time". Now the past instant has not passed but can be lived again, differently. In Levinas we find a non-teleological conception of time. Truth, Levinas contends, requires both an infinite time and a completed time conceived as "messianic time". Messianic time, more precisely, may be conceived as the "extreme vigilance of the messianic consciousness", since it is only such vigilant consciousness that can protect us against the revenge of evil -which infinite time cannot do. This notion of "messianic consciousness" is encapsulated in Levinas's conceptualisation of eschatology, which is the infinity beyond totality or beyond history, without denying history. The eschatological is not realised at the end of time but rather in each instant in which our responsibility vis-a-vis the Other is realised. If this responsibility exempts us from the jurisdiction of history and the future, salvation is not to be found at the end of history but remains at each moment possible. When Levinas speaks of eschatology in Totalité et Infini he does not refer to a doctrine but to a vision: "the eschatological vision" that consummates moral experience. It is not a spiritual relationship; it leads to action. To see (envision) is already to act. This action is evoked in feeling responsible in the face of the future one hopes for others. The future one hopes for others - a better future - is the eschatological vision realised in the eruption of the present as a purified past.

In hierdie essay word die plek van eskatologie in Levinas se tydsbegrip krities onder die loep geneem. Daar word aangevoer dat Levinas se nadruklike aandrang in Totalité et infini (1961), naamlik dat eskatologie etiese verantwoordelikheid fasiliteer, nie onafhanklik van sy konsep-tualisering van tyd verstaan kan word nie. Eskatologie in Levinas is nie die leer van die laaste dinge nie, maar die verklaring wat Levinas bied vir hoe 'n etiek van alteriteit daartoe in staat is om die mensdom teen die geweld van berekende rede en die druk van politiek en oorlog te beskerm. Hoe eskatologie presies hierin slaag, word uiteengesit aan die hand van Levinas se oorspronklike analises van die vorms en werk van tyd.

Resumo Introdução: A paralisia supranuclear progressiva (PSP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, cuja prevalência é de 2-7 casos/100.000 indivíduos. No entanto, dado o desafio diagnóstico, prevê-se que estes dados estejam subestimados e que muitos doentes não cheguem a ser diagnosticados. Descrição do caso: Mulher de 69 anos, com hipertensão arterial e hipotiroidismo controlados, recorreu em dezembro/2018 a consulta aberta na sua USF por se sentir triste, com choro fácil e com falta de iniciativa associado a episódios de ansiedade. Pela presunção do diagnóstico de depressão iniciou sertralina. Em janeiro/2019, em consulta programada, o seu MF detetou um discurso pouco fluente e lentificação psicomotora, facto que a doente não reconhecia como um problema. Após exclusão de causas identificáveis e reversíveis que justificassem o quadro clínico decidiu-se fazer uma referenciação aos cuidados de saúde hospitalares de neurologia. Em março, em neurologia, foi identificada a presença de disartria e de reflexos osteotendinosos ligeiramente vivos, interpretados em provável contexto de uma doença neuromuscular, que foi posteriormente descartada pela eletromiografia, ressonância magnética cerebral e estudo analítico normais. Em junho, a doente acrescentava dificuldades executivas e de escrita e destacava-se a presença de apraxia e disfunção frontal, pelo que se colocou em hipótese a presença de uma doença neurodegenerativa, identificada como possível afasia progressiva primária por uma avaliação neuropsicológica. No entanto, em janeiro/2020 verificou-se um agravamento dos sintomas prévios, foi descrita a presença de quedas ocasionais não provocadas e identificou-se uma discreta limitação do olhar vertical superior que se associou finalmente ao diagnóstico definitivo de PSP. Atualmente a doente é seguida pelo seu MF no que respeita ao seu tratamento paliativo e apoio psicológico à doente e respetiva família. Comentário: O MF é responsável pela prestação de cuidados continuados longitudinalmente ao doente, assim como pela gestão da doença que se apresenta de forma indiferenciada numa fase precoce da sua história natural, características que colocam o MF numa posição privilegiada para diagnosticar, acompanhar, intervir e referenciar nas situações como a que é apresentada no presente caso clínico.

Abstract Introduction: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease, with a prevalence of 2-7 cases/100,000 individuals. However, these data are likely to be underestimated and many patients remain undiagnosed due to diagnostic challenges. Case description: In December 2018, a 69-year-old woman with hypertension and hypothyroidism went to an open consultation at her family health unit for being sad, tearful, and unwilling to start any activity associated with an anxiety crisis. As depression was suspected, it was decided to start her on sertraline. In January 2019, at a scheduled appointment, her family doctor (FD) noted a poorly fluent speech with psychomotor slowing, which the patient did not recognize as a problem. It was decided to make a referral to neurology after excluding identifiable and reversible causes that would justify the clinical picture. In March, at the neurology consultation, the presence of dysarthria and slightly hyperactive osteotendinous reflexes were noted and interpreted in the probable context of a neuromuscular disease, which was later ruled out by normal electromyogra-phy, brain magnetic resonance, and analytical study. In June, executive and writing difficulties were added and the presence of apraxia and frontal dysfunction was highlighted. Because of this, the presence of a neurodegenerative disease was hypothesized and a neuropsychological assessment identified a possible primary progressive aphasia. However, in January 2020, there was an exacerbation of previous symptoms and the presence of occasional unprovoked falls, and a slight limitation of the superior vertical gaze was noted, which was finally associated with the definitive diagnosis of PSP. The patient is currently being followed by her FD for palliative care and psychological support for the patient and her family. Comment: The FD is responsible for the longitudinal continuity of the patient's care, as well as for the management of the disease, which presents in an undifferentiated manner, at an early stage of its natural history, characteristics that place the FD in a privileged position to diagnose, monitor, intervene and refer in situations such as the one presented in this clinical case.

Abstract This article examines temporal constructions of indigeneity and nation in texts from the 19th-century Peruvian press. The results are discussed from a perspective of the history of knowledge and science, illustrating that the emerging sociological thought not only relied on the progressive conception of time from the natural sciences but also on the de-temporalization of indigenous 'Others' as a contrasting element.