Abstract Over the last four decades, Ecuador has experienced a series of social, economic, and political conflicts that have significantly affected the well-being of its population due to governmental decisions, natural disasters, and structural problems such as unemployment, poverty, and transnational crime. This research analyzes social conflicts in the public sector and the involvement of mediation in the branches of government. The approach applied was descriptive and qualitative to identify trends and emerging conflicts, as well as prospective research to understand the history of conflicts and the evolution of mediation. Finally, statistics on mediation in the public sector were analyzed to assess its effectiveness and scope. The results highlight the need to implement mediation as a state policy to effectively address conflicts and promote social cohesion. Although mediation has been used in the judicial sphere, its application in other branches of government and in society, in general, is limited. However, there is an increase in the use of mediation in the public sector, suggesting a growing recognition of its effectiveness in conflict resolution, promoting a culture of peace and peaceful coexistence.

Resumen Durante las últimas cuatro décadas, Ecuador ha experimentado una serie de conflictos sociales, económicos y políticos que han afectado significativamente el bienestar de su población, debido a decisiones gubernamentales, desastres naturales y problemas estructurales como el desempleo, la pobreza y la delincuencia transnacional. Esta investigación analizó los conflictos sociales en el ámbito público y la participación de la mediación en los poderes del Estado. El enfoque aplicado fue el descriptivo y cualitativo para identificar tendencias y conflictos emergentes, así como el estudio prospectivo para entender la historia de los conflictos y la evolución de la mediación. Finalmente, se analizaron estadísticas de mediación en el sector público para evaluar su efectividad y alcance. Los resultados evidenciaron la necesidad de implementar la mediación como una política estatal para abordar los conflictos de manera efectiva y promover la cohesión social. Aunque la mediación se ha utilizado en el ámbito judicial, su aplicación en otros poderes del Estado y en la sociedad en general es limitada. Sin embargo, se observa un aumento en el uso de la mediación en el sector público, lo que sugiere un reconocimiento creciente de su eficacia en la resolución de conflictos como cultura de paz y la convivencia pacífica.

In 1925, Raymond Arthur Dart published his description and interpretations of the 'Taung Child' in the journal Nature, including a description of the natural brain endocast associated with the face and mandible. Details preserved in the endocast of the Taung Child have opened critical questions and debates about how the human brain evolved, and how to identify and study evidence of brain changes from fossil hominin crania. In this paper, we review and synthesise methodological innovations (how do we study fossil hominin brains?) and critical conceptual shifts (how did the hominin brain evolve?) triggered by the discovery of the Taung Child. In particular, we detail the impact of the study of the well-preserved crania and natural endocasts from the southern African hominin-bearing sites on our understanding of brain evolution and the integration of newly developed analytical tools into research in palaeoneurology (e.g. imaging techniques, 3D modelling). Additionally, we examine how the use of digital replicas of fossil hominin endocasts and the need to study extant human brains to form a comparative platform might raise questions about research practices (e.g. study and exhibition of fossil and extant human brains) and management of such invaluable heritage resources (e.g. data sharing). We finally consider how our view of human brain evolution, and in particular the putative uniqueness of the hominin brain, has changed over the last century. SIGNIFICANCE: We review and synthesise methodological innovations and critical conceptual shifts triggered by the discovery and description of the brain endocast of the 'Taung Child' by R.A. Dart in 1925. In particular, we detail the impact of the study of the well-preserved southern African hominin crania and natural endocasts on our understanding of brain evolution and the integration of newly developed analytical tools into palaeoneurology. Then, we examine how the use of digital replicas and the need to study extant human brains might raise questions about research practices and management of such invaluable heritage resources.

This piece reflects on the importance of and focus on heads - especially the collecting of skulls and its impacts - in alpha taxonomy, biological anthropology, and Western science more broadly. We consider how the announcement and overall discovery story of the Taung Child revolutionised our understanding of hominin cranial evolution, but also fit within these skull-collecting objectives and contributed to the palaeoanthropological fixation on the skull. We contextualise this within the history of 'physical' anthropology in light of its initial goals in scientific racism, and consider how this process of skull collecting has become normalised in the discipline as a result of this history. As evidence for this, we quantify the possible effects of skull-collecting by collating available data on the number of skulls versus post-crania curated in a representative South African collection and compare the number of skulls versus post-cranial hominin fossils that form part of species hypodigms. We also explore how the ownership of skulls and ownership of narrative in the discipline have been intertwined throughout its history. Finally, we focus on how this early overemphasis on skulls, and especially brain size/intelligence, may have skewed our understanding of human evolution and contributed to ideas of human exceptionalism. SIGNIFICANCE: • The discipline of palaeoanthropology has a history of skull-focused research rooted in skull collecting and racist research. • Historial skeletal collections and holotypes of fossil hominins are skull-biased. • The Taung Child fossil postcranial remains were not included in the original study, which reflects this skull-centrism. • Palaeoanthropologists need to recognise biases in research choices and the context from which our field developed.

ABSTRACT Understanding tri-trophic interactions and the relationship among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies is fundamental to advancing theoretical and practical ecology. Parasitoidism is among those interactions where tri-trophic levels are usually developed, with hyperparasitism and kleptoparasitism as examples. This study explores the interaction between fig wasps of the genera Physothorax Mayr, 1885 and Sycophila Walker, 1871 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and the gall midge Ficiomyia brasiliensis Urso-Guimarães, 2024 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Through behavioral observations and larval dissections we document the “drill on drill” strategy where Sycophila females utilize oviposition holes drilled by Physothorax females on the fig surface to access the host gall midge immatures. This behavior suggests a sophisticated adaptation for reducing oviposition time and conserving energy. Additionally, Sycophila behavior aligns with kleptoparasitic and hyperparasitic strategies, indicating a complex evolutionary history and ecological interaction. Our findings provide insight into the intricate relationships among non-pollinating fig wasps and their hosts, contributing to the broader understanding of tri-trophic interactions in fig microcosm.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study analyzed tongue pressure in healthy older adults during maximum voluntary contraction in the anterior and posterior regions and verified whether it was associated with sex, age, and dental status. Methods This is a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study with a non-probabilistic sample of 128 active and healthy older adults of both sexes. The evaluation consisted of a medical history survey to collect personal data, cognitive screening, and assessment of dental status and tongue pressure, using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. The anterior and posterior tongue pressures at maximum contraction were the response variables, and age, sex, number of natural teeth, and conditions related to dentures were the explanatory variables. The significance level was set at 5% for data analysis. Results Males had greater anterior tongue pressure. The anterior and posterior tongue pressure measurements were significantly different between participants aged 60 to 69 years and those over 80 years. No significant differences were found regarding dental status and denture fitting. Conclusion Anterior and posterior tongue pressure values were higher in men and decreased after the age of 80. The conditions related to the number of teeth and denture use and fitting did not influence the tongue pressure levels.

RESUMO Objetivo O estudo analisou a pressão de língua em idosos saudáveis durante a contração voluntária máxima na porção anterior e posterior e verificou se houve associação com sexo, idade e condição dentária. Método Trata-se de estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo com amostra não probabilística, composta por 128 idosos ativos e saudáveis, de ambos os sexos. A avaliação foi composta por anamnese para coleta de dados pessoais, rastreio cognitivo, avaliação da condição dentária e avaliação da pressão da língua por meio do Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. As variáveis resposta foram a pressão de língua em contração máxima (anterior e posterior) e as variáveis explicativas foram idade, sexo, número de dentes naturais e condições referentes às próteses dentárias. Foram considerados o nível de significância de 5% para análise dos dados. Resultados Observou-se maior pressão anterior de língua no sexo masculino. Em relação à idade, a medida de pressão lingual tanto na região anterior quanto na posterior indicou diferença significativa entre os idosos de 60 a 69 anos comparados aos com mais de 80 anos. Quanto à condição dentária e à adaptação da prótese, não foram verificadas diferenças expressivas. Conclusão Os valores de pressão de língua nas porções anterior e posterior mostraram-se mais elevados em homens e diminuíram após os 80 anos. As condições relacionadas ao número de dentes, presença e adaptação das próteses não influenciaram os níveis de pressão lingual.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las consecuencias de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 son objetivos primarios de investigaciones debido al conocimiento insuficiente sobre los efectos de este virus, en especial en pacientes con inmunodeficiencias. Objetivo: Caracterizar el inmunofenotipo linfocitario en adultos cubanos convalecientes de COVID-19 con antecedentes de inmunodeficiencias. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en el Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, La Habana, Cuba, que incluyó 251 convalecientes de COVID-19; de ellos, 10 con antecedentes de inmunodeficiencias. Se cuantificaron las subpoblaciones de linfocitos B (CD19+), linfocitos T (CD3+CD4+, CD3+ CD8+) y células asesinas naturales (CD3-CD56+) mediante citometría de flujo. Se analizaron los valores porcentuales y el conteo absoluto mediante la prueba Z de comparación de proporciones y la prueba de Mann Whitney, con un nivel de significación de p< 0,05. Resultados: Predominó el antecedente de déficit de anticuerpos (90 %) como tipo de inmunodeficiencia. El número de células asesinas naturales, fue menor en los convalecientes con inmunodeficiencia respecto a los que no presentaron esta condición tanto en porcentaje (p=0,014) y como en el conteo absoluto (p= 0,034). Conclusiones: Los convalecientes cubanos de la COVID-19 con antecedentes de inmunodeficiencias presentaron alteraciones del inmunofenotipo linfocitario, condición que los predispone a desarrollar complicaciones relacionadas con el sistema inmune.

ABSTRACT Introduction: T he consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection have become primary objectives of global research, due to insufficient results on the effects of this infection over time, especially in patients with immunodeficiencies. Objective: To characterize the lymphocyte immunophenotype in Cuban patients convalescents from COVID-19 with a history of immunodeficiency. Methods: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Center for Medical Genetics, Havana, Cuba, which included 10 convalescents with a history of immunodeficiencies and 241 without a diagnosis of immunodeficiencies. The subpopulations of B lymphocyte (CD19+), T lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+, CD3+ CD8+) and natural killer cells (NK, CD3-CD56+) were quantified using flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter Gallios). Percentage values and absolute were analyzed using the Z test for comparing proportions and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. In all cases, p<0.05 was shown as the level of statistical significance. Results: 3.98% of the convalescents had a diagnosis of immunodeficiency with a predominance of antibody defects (90%). The percentage of natural killer cells (U=655.0; p=0.0145) and absolute count (U=729.0; p=0.0344) were lower in convalescents with immunodeficiency compared to those who did not have this condition. Conclusions: Cuban COVID-19 convalescents with a history of immunodeficiencies presented alterations in the lymphocyte immunophenotype, which predispose them to develop complications related to the immune system.

The history of the discovery, use, and development of dyes is closely linked to the history of humanity itself. Among the first records of human civilization are cave paintings made from, e.g., fruits, plants, minerals, and insects. Over the centuries, using different techniques, colors have been given to all types of materials and products, from clothing to food. The chemicals responsible for colors are dyes - a vast collection of molecules of the most varied compositions, but which have in common the absorption of light within the visible window of the electromagnetic spectrum. This article aims not only to review the properties of some classes of natural dyes, their origins, and their applications but also to describe the various computational chemistry methods involved in designing new bio-inspired molecules. discovery use itself eg e g e.g. fruits plants minerals insects centuries techniques products food compositions spectrum origins bioinspired bio inspired e.g

Resumo Desde pelo menos as últimas quatro décadas, as doenças infecciosas emergentes confrontam as bases teórico-metodológicas da Saúde Pública. Este artigo discute essas doenças a partir da gênese do vírus e da doença zika e do vetor. Parte-se dos pressupostos da epistemologia e história da ciência, conjuntamente com o referencial teórico da modernização reflexiva formulado por Ulrich Beck. O material analisado foram artigos científicos que produziram a “descoberta” do vírus e da doença zika e do vetor, bem como outros trabalhos científicos sobre o contexto sociocultural de produção desses artigos. Esses materiais foram analisados através do enfoque metodológico latouriano de construção dos fatos científicos. Os resultados evidenciam que o vírus e a doença zika e o vetor não são apenas fatos em si naturais, mas decorrem de uma produção social, humana, circunstanciada em Entebbe, Uganda, África, e datada, aproximadamente, do segundo quartel do século XX. Por meio de processos sociais que o vírus zika emergiu e se tornou um agente patogênico. Evidencia-se ainda que, sob pressupostos da reflexividade da modernidade, ao campo da saúde se impõe repensar as perspectivas epistemológicas frente às doenças infecciosas, considerando-as, radicalmente, como produto das relações entre sociedade e natureza, e, assim, permeadas por incertezas constitutivas.

Abstract Since at least the last four decades, emerging infectious diseases have confronted the theoretical, methodological bases of the Public Health. This article discusses these diseases based on the genesis of the zika virus and disease and the vector. The framework developed for this research is supported by epistemology and history of science combined with the theory of reflexive modernization formulated by Ulrich Beck. The empirical material analysed were scientific articles that produced the “discovery” of zika virus and disease and the vector, as well as scientific material of the sociocultural context in which these articles were produced. These materials were analyzed using the latourian methodological approach of scientific facts construction. The results show that zika virus and disease and the vector are not only natural facts, but they are social and human production, procedeed in Entebbe, Uganda, Africa, in the second quarter of the 20th century, approximately. It was through social processes that the zika virus emerged and became a pathogenic agent. It shows also that, under the assumptions of the reflexivity of modernity, the health field needs to rethink epistemological perspectives regarding infectious diseases, considering them radically as a product of the relations between society and nature, and, thus, permeated by constitutive uncertainties.

Deur die eeue heen moes instellings soos universiteite dikwels hervormings ondergaan as gevolg van beduidende veranderinge of onstabiliteit. Die einde van die 20ste eeu is gekenmerk deur 'n nuwe golf van hervorming, wat steeds voortduur. Hierdie hervormings is aangepor deur faktore soos die massifikasie van universiteite, oproepe tot dekolonialisering en tegno-logiese veranderinge in die 21ste eeu. Die vraag, Wat is 'n universiteit? of Wat behoort 'n universiteit te wees?, het as gevolg hiervan ontstaan. Verder het die hervormingstydperk aan-leiding gegee tot indringender geskiedkundige studies oor die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van universiteite. Om die totstandkoming van die eerste universiteite beter te verstaan, speel stigtings-dokumente en agtergrondinligting van die universiteit 'n belangrike rol. Wanneer die wese van die universiteit ondersoek word, is dit belangrik om die ontstaan van die Middeleeuse universiteit te bestudeer. Wat Middeleeuse universiteite uniek maak, is die ontwerp van 'n model wat wêreldwyd in gebruik geneem is. Teen dié agtergrond is die navorsingsvraag van hierdie artikel: Wat is die faktore wat tot die totstandkoming van die Middeleeuse universiteit as instelling bygedra het? Verskeie faktore, soos die gildestelsel, ekonomiese welvaart en intellektuele ontwikkeling in Europa gedurende die laat Middeleeue, erkenning van die universiteit deur owerhede en die stabilisering van die universiteit deur die formulering van reëls en statute oor hoe 'n universiteit moet funksioneer, is met behulp van navorsing geïdentifiseer. Hierdie faktore was ook aanwesig tydens die stigting van een van die eerste universiteite, en die effek daarvan op byvoorbeeld een van hierdie oudste universiteite, naamlik Bologna word ook in hierdie artikel bespreek. Faktore wat bygedra het tot die totstandkoming van die Middeleeuse universiteit is steeds van toepassing op moderne universiteite en behoort as minimum vereistes beskou te word.

Over the centuries, institutions such as universities have often undergone reforms as a result of significant societal changes or instability. It can be compared to a school system which, when it is functioning well, undergoes no substantial change, but when there is disorder, reform becomes inevitable. The university is an age-old institution that has undergone several reforms to adapt to changing times and challenges. The most prominent university reforms occurred in the late 1800s during the development of the German or Von Humboldt university model. These reforms coincided with a reassessment of the origins and essence of the university, as outlined in Rashdall's major work, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (1895), and Newman's The Idea of a University (1852). Towards the end of the twentieth century, a new wave of reform began, which continues to this day. These reforms were spurred on by factors such as the massification of universities, calls for decolonisation and significant technological changes of the 21st century. Questions such as What is a university? or What should a university be? arose as a result of these changes. This period of reform also gave rise to new historical studies on the origin and development of universities. A natural reaction for any institution drifting away from its core functions is to return to its origins. In this context, founding documents and background information regarding the establishment of an institution play a decisive role. In South Africa, with the significant increase in newly private established higher education institutions over the past decade, the question of the essence of the university is highly relevant. When examining the essence of a university, it is essential to consider Medieval universities. Although Medieval universities would not be considered universities in today's context, they were nevertheless indispensable for the scientific progress of that time. What made medieval universities unique was that they had designed a model that was used worldwide. Even ancient higher education institutions adopted the title of"university". Against this background, the research question of this article is: What are the factors that contributed to the establishment of the medieval university as an institution? A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine existing knowledge on the subject. This study included influential publications such as Rashdall's The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (1895), Haskins's The Rise of the Universities (1923), Cobban's The Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization (1975), Rüegg's A History of the University in Europe (2004) and Janin's The University in Medieval Life (2014). Relevant background information on the social, economic and cultural context of the Middle Ages as well as the role of ecclesiastical and secular authority structures and the promotion of higher education in a period ofsocial and intellectual change were studied. Primary sources, such as the statutes and founding documents of the first medieval universities, have been analysed to gain insight into their structure, functions and tasks. Several factors, such as the guild system, economic prosperity and intellectual development in Europe during the later Middle Ages, recognition of the university by authorities and the stabilisation of the university through the formulation of rules and statutes on how a university should function, leading to the foundation of the medieval university have been identified by means of this research. These factors were also present during the founding of the first universities, and their effect on, for example, the oldest university, namely Bologna, is also discussed in this article.The concept, universitas magistrorum et scholarium - a community of students and masters - arose as a result of the guild system and formed an integral part of the original universities. Although modern universities offer a wider spectrum of disciplines and perform various other functions, such as research and public service, it is still crucial that the core, namely the exchange of knowledge, is preserved despite administrative and research pressure on lecturers, as well as technological changes, although technology can also improve the relationship between lecturers and students. As already indicated, the economic boom and intellectual development in Europe during the Middle Ages contributed to the establishment of the first universities. Economic prosperity of a community is extremely important as it provides financial support for the establishment and maintenance of a university, as well as for many prospective students and lecturers. Such an economic base creates a favourable climate for encouraging interest in culture and the acquisition of knowledge, emphasising the need for higher education, such as universities. Recognition of the university as an institution by the pope and emperors gave universities the opportunity to expand and develop their individuality as an institution. University regulation continues to play a crucial role in the integrity of a particular institution, emphasising the necessity of participation in quality assurance practices by regulatory bodies as these are of significantl benefit to a university. Finally, the medieval university would not have developed into today's unique, influential institution without going through the stabilisation phase, which was characterised by the formulation of rules and statutes. This phase is equally important for the modern university in continuing high quality teaching. The same applies to factors that contributed to the establishment of the medieval university which should be considered as minimum requirements. In summary, factors that influenced the development of the medieval university remain fundamental to contemporary universities, which should be preserved despite continuous changes and challenges.

Resumo: Apresenta-se uma análise bibliométrica baseada em artigos de pesquisa publicados entre 2010 e 2022 para responder à pergunta: Como são organizados os conteúdos de ensino nas ciências naturais e quais são seus fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos? A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest e no motor de busca Google Scholar, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: sequências de ensino e aprendizagem, sequência de ensino, sequência de aprendizagem, proposta didática, proposta de ensino, estratégia didática, unidade didática, sequência didática, experiência de sala de aula, projeto de aula, sistema didático e ciências naturais (biologia, física, química, astronomia e geologia). Foram encontrados 85 artigos, para cuja análise foram estabelecidas três categorias: 1) características gerais dos artigos, 2) natureza das experiências propostas e 3) elementos mediadores na construção. Foi estabelecido que os sistemas de organização de conteúdo mais comumente implementados são "sequência de ensino e aprendizagem", "sequência didática" e "unidade didática", e foi observado que os docentes estão começando a considerar os contextos e as realidades dos alunos, tanto em termos de conteúdo quanto de estratégias. Também foram estabelecidos elementos importantes para os docentes na elaboração da organização do conteúdo: a história da ciência, as habilidades cognitivo-linguísticas, as novas tecnologias informáticas e a avaliação

Abstract: This paper presents a bibliometric analysis based on research studies published between 2010 and 2022 to address the question: How are the contents of natural sciences teaching organized, and what are their theoretical and methodological foundations? The search was conducted in the SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: teaching and learning sequences, teaching sequence, learning sequence, didactic proposal, teaching proposal, didactic strategy, didactic unit, didactic sequence, classroom experience, classroom project, didactic system, and natural sciences (biology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology). A total of 85 articles were found and analyzed according to three categories: 1) general characteristics of the articles, 2) the nature of the proposed experiences, and 3) mediating elements in the construction. The study established that the most commonly implemented content organization systems are "teaching and learning sequence," "didactic sequence," and "didactic unit." It was also observed that teachers are increasingly considering the contexts and realities of students in both content and strategies. Additionally, important elements were identified for teachers when designing content organization, including the history of sciences, cognitive-linguistic skills, new information technologies, and evaluation

Resumen: Se presenta un análisis bibliométrico realizado con base en trabajos de investigación publicados entre el año 2010 y 2022 para responder a la pregunta: ¿Cómo se organizan los contenidos objeto de enseñanza en las ciencias naturales y en qué se fundamentan teórica y metodológicamente? La búsqueda se hizo en las bases de datos SciELO, Dialnet, Scopus, ProQuest y el buscador Google Académico usando las siguientes palabras clave: secuencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje, secuencia de enseñanza, secuencia de aprendizaje, propuesta didáctica, propuesta de enseñanza, estrategia didáctica, unidad didáctica, secuencia didáctica, experiencia de aula, proyecto de aula, sistema didáctico y ciencias naturales (biología, física, química, astronomía y geología). Se encontraron 85 artículos para cuyo análisis se establecieron tres categorías: 1) características generales de los artículos, 2) naturaleza de las experiencias planteadas y 3) elementos mediadores en la construcción. Se estableció que los sistemas de organización de contenidos mayormente implementados son “secuencia de enseñanza y aprendizaje”, “secuencia didáctica” y “unidad didáctica” y se observó que los docentes comienzan a considerar los contextos y realidades del estudiantado, tanto en contenidos como en estrategias. También se establecieron elementos importantes para los docentes a la hora de diseñar una organización de contenidos: la historia de las ciencias, las habilidades cognitivo-lingüísticas, las nuevas tecnologías informáticas y la evaluación

Resumen Desde un punto de encuentro entre la Historia Ambiental y la Nueva Historia Cultural, se analizan las iniciativas, mayormente fracasadas, de incorporación del Darién al sistema colonial del siglo XVIII, pero a través de una nueva perspectiva de indagación que gira alrededor de los esquemas de observación, valoración y significación sobre el medio natural, así como de los modelos de intervención concomitantes, que desarrollaron los reformadores ilustrados. Asimismo, se explora cómo esta matriz de percepción se proyectó sobre los indígenas cunas para representarlos como "bárbaros" y "rebeldes" que obtenían su carácter moral, pautas culturales y capacidad de resistencia, de un entorno geográfico y biológico igualmente "salvaje" e indomeñable.

Abstract From a meeting point between Environmental History and New Cultural History, the initiatives, mostly unsuccessfully, to incorporate Darién into the colonial system of the 18th century are analyzed, but through a new perspective of inquiry that revolves around the schemes of observation, evaluation, and significance on the natural envi-ronment, as well as the concomitant intervention models developed by the enlightened reformers. Likewise, it explores how this matrix of perception was projected onto the Cuna indigenous people to represent them as "barbarians" and "rebels" who derived their moral character, cultural patterns and capacity for resistance, from a geographical and biological environment that was equally "wild" and untameable.

Résumé À partir d>un point de rencontre entre l>histoire environnementale et la nouvelle histoire culturelle, les initiatives visant à intégrer le Darién dans le système colonial du XVIIIe siècle, pour la plupart infructueux, sont analysées mais à travers une nouvelle perspective d'enquéte qui s'articule autour des schémas d'observation, d'évaluation et d'importance sur l'environnement naturel, ainsi que les modèles d'intervention concomitants développés par les réformateurs éclairés. De même, il explore comment cette matrice de perception a été projetée sur le peuple indigène Cuna pour les représenter comme des «barbares» et des «rebelles» qui ont obtenu leur caractère moral, leurs orientations culturelles et leur capacité de résistance, d'un environnement géographique et biologique également «sauvage» et indomptable.

Resumo A partir de um ponto de encontro entre a História Ambiental e a Nova História Cultural, analisam-se as iniciativas de incorporação de Darién no sistema colonial do século XVIII, principalmente sem sucesso, mas através de uma nova perspectiva de investigação que gira em torno os esquemas de observação, avaliação e significação do ambiente natural, bem como os modelos de intervenção concomitantes desenvueltos, pelos reformadores esclarecidos. Da mesma forma, explora como essa matriz de percepção foi projetada nos povos indígenas Cuna para representá-los como "bárbaros" e "rebeldes" que obtiveram seu caráter moral, diretrizes culturais e capacidade de resistência, a partir de um ambiente geográfico e biológico igualmente "selvagem" e indomável.

Resumen El presente artículo acude a los aportes teóricos y metodológicos de la historia ambiental y de la historia de los animales. Tiene como objetivo describir y analizar el mundo socioambiental en el que la República de Colombia fraguó su proceso de invención (1814-1819) en la región natural de los Llanos de la Nueva Granada (actual Colombia) y Venezuela. Para ello se estudiarán las relaciones establecidas entre humanos, medio ambiente y animales que les sirvieron a andinos y llaneros a posicionarse con más fuerza tanto en la conducción de las tropas patriotas como en la construcción de la República de Colombia. Las fuentes primarias consultadas fueron: memorias de los combatientes extranjeros en la guerra de Independencia, correspondencia de los militares realistas y correspondencia de militares patriotas. La principal conclusión es que el dominio de la monarquía católica en Nueva Granada y en Venezuela colapsó, en buena parte, gracias al uso más eficiente de los recursos del “reino animal” de la región de los Llanos y del Orinoco por parte de los independentistas. Los animales, tanto salvajes como domésticos, fueron protagonistas claves de este proceso.

Abstract This article is inspired by the theoretical and methodological contributions of environmental history and the history of animals. It aims to describe and analyze the socio-environmental world in which the Republic of Colombia forged its invention process (1814-1819) in the natural region of the Llanos of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia) and Venezuela. To do this, the relationships established between humans, the environment, and animals will be studied, natural to the native llaneros and quickly acquired by some Andean patriots, which served both groups to position themselves more strongly in the leadership of the patriotic troops and in the building of the Republic of Colombia. The primary sources consulted were memoirs of foreign combatants in the war of Independence, correspondence of royalist soldiers, and correspondence of patriotic soldiers. The main conclusion reached is that, to a large extent, the rule of the Catholic Monarchy in Nueva Granada and Venezuela collapsed thanks to a better use of resources and the “Animal Kingdom” of the Llanos and Orinoco by the independence fighters. Animals, both wild and domestic, were key protagonists in this process.

Resumo Este artigo lança mão das contribuições teóricas e metodológicas da história ambiental e da história dos animais. O objetivo é descrever e analisar o mundo socioambiental em que a República da Colômbia forjou seu processo de invenção (1814-1819) na região natural dos Llanos da Nueva Granada (atual Colômbia) e da Venezuela. Para tanto, serão estudadas as relações estabelecidas entre os humanos, o meio ambiente e os animais que ajudaram os andinos e os llaneros a se posicionarem mais fortemente tanto na liderança das tropas patrióticas quanto na construção da República da Colômbia. As fontes primárias consultadas foram memórias de combatentes estrangeiros na guerra da Independência, correspondência de soldados monarquistas e correspondência de soldados patrióticos. A principal conclusão é que a dominação da monarquia católica na Nueva Granada e na Venezuela entrou em colapso, em larga medida, graças ao uso mais eficiente dos recursos do “reino animal” da região dos Llanos e do Orinoco por parte dos independentistas. Os animais, tanto selvagens quanto domésticos, foram protagonistas essenciais nesse processo.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.

Resumen Introducción: La serpiente marina pelágica Hydrophis platurus tiene el rango de distribución más amplio de todas las serpientes y es la única serpiente marina de aguas tropicales del oeste de América. Dentro de la variación en el patrón de color de esta especie, los ejemplares completamente amarillos se consideraban muy raros u ocasionales. Sin embargo, los patrones amarillos dominan una población establecida en el interior del Golfo Dulce en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Objetivo: Monitoreamos y estudiamos la abundancia, patrones de actividad, morfometría y comportamiento alimentario del H. platurus amarillo dentro del Golfo Dulce. Métodos: Entre febrero 2009 y julio 2018, realizamos búsquedas mensuales de serpientes marinas desde una embarcación dentro del perímetro del Golfo Dulce. Resultados: Los adultos de la población de golfo son más pequeños que la población oceánica bicolor, con las hembras de cuerpos más grandes. Las serpientes del Golfo Dulce flotan y se mueven con las corrientes superficiales sin asociarse con líneas de deriva y escombros. Las serpientes se encuentran principalmente en aguas limpias y tranquilas con poca turbulencia. La dieta se compone de una amplia diversidad de peces pequeños, que capturan con un comportamiento depredador de acecho pasivo, flotando en la superficie. La presa es rápidamente capturada y tragada viva. Esta especie tiene una ausencia casi total de depredación, patrón que se extiende a esta población amarilla. Conclusiones: Las características del golfo y la dirección y fuerza de las corrientes superficiales en su entrada podrían restringir el tránsito de esta población amarilla hacia el exterior y el ingreso de las serpientes bicolores de la población oceánica. No consideramos prudente realizar cambios taxonómicos en esta población. La población amarilla es relativamente abundante dentro de la cuenca. Sin embargo, el alto tráfico turístico y otras actividades son factores de riesgo para su conservación. Políticas de protección deben crearse para preservar y proteger esta pequeña población de serpientes marinas amarillas, única dentro del rango de distribución de esta especie.

Abstract Introduction: The pelagic sea snake Hydrophis platurus has the broadest distributional range of all the snakes and is the only sea snake of tropical waters off the west coast of the Americas. Within the variation in the color pattern of this species, completely yellow specimens were considered very rare or occasional. However, a yellow pattern dominates a population established in the interior of the Golfo Dulce in the Southern Pacific of Costa Rica. Objective: We studied the abundance, activity patterns, morphometry, and feeding behavior of the yellow H. platurus within the Golfo Dulce. Methods: Between February 2009 and July 2018, we conducted surveys for sea snakes from a boat within the perimeter of the Golfo Dulce. Results: Adults from the gulf population are smaller than the bicolor oceanic population, with females having larger bodies. Sea snakes within the gulf float and move with surface currents without being linked to drift lines and debris. These snakes are mainly found in clean, calm waters with little turbulence. They feed on a wide diversity of small fish, which they capture using passive stalking predatory behaviors floating on the surface. Prey are quickly captured and swallowed alive. This species has an almost total absence of predation, a pattern that extends to this yellow population. Conclusions: The characteristics of the gulf and the direction and strength of the surface currents at its entrance might restrict the transit of this yellow population to the outside and the entry of the bicolored snakes of the oceanic population. We do not consider making taxonomic changes in this Golfo Dulce population prudent. This yellow population is relatively common within the basin. However, the high tourist traffic and other activities are risk factors for its conservation. Protection policies must be created to preserve and protect this small population of yellow sea snakes unique within this species’ distribution range.

Abstract In the face of global warming, environmental pollution, population growth, and the degradation of biodiversity and natural resources, sustainable farming practices have become crucial and should be explored and implemented. Aquaponics is an agricultural system that integrates aquaculture and hydroponics in the application of sustainable farming technologies. The nitrogen-rich biomass produced by aquatic life is used to feed crops, while the feeding process also acts as a natural filtering system that maintains the habitat of aquatic life. This article divides the development history of aquaponics into three stages: the origin stage (before the 1960s), the initial stage (1960s), and the development stage (after the 2010s). Five typical aquaponic models are compared and analyzed. This work suggests that the basic theory of the aquaponic system should be studied thoroughly, and the intelligent and industrial development trends of the system should be explored. These studies can provide sufficient evidence and concrete references for large-scale applications of aquaponics.

Resumen Ante el calentamiento global, la contaminación ambiental, el crecimiento demográfico y la degradación de la biodiversidad y los recursos naturales, las prácticas agrícolas sostenibles se han vuelto cruciales y deben ser exploradas y aplicadas. La acuaponía es un sistema agrícola que integra la acuicultura y la hidroponía para aplicar tecnologías agrícolas sostenibles. La biomasa rica en nitrógeno producida por la vida acuática se utiliza para alimentar los cultivos, mientras que el proceso de alimentación también actúa como un sistema de filtrado natural que mantiene el hábitat de la vida acuática. Este artículo divide la historia del desarrollo de la acuaponía en tres etapas: la etapa de origen (antes de la década de 1960), la etapa inicial (década de 1960-2010) y la etapa de desarrollo (después de la década de 2010). Se comparan y analizan cinco modelos típicos de acuaponía. Este documento sugiere que se estudie a fondo la teoría básica del sistema de acuaponía y se exploren las tendencias de desarrollo inteligente e industrial del sistema. Estos estudios pueden proporcionar pruebas suficientes y referencias concretas para las aplicaciones a gran escala de la acuaponía.