ABSTRACT Understanding tri-trophic interactions and the relationship among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies is fundamental to advancing theoretical and practical ecology. Parasitoidism is among those interactions where tri-trophic levels are usually developed, with hyperparasitism and kleptoparasitism as examples. This study explores the interaction between fig wasps of the genera Physothorax Mayr, 1885 and Sycophila Walker, 1871 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and the gall midge Ficiomyia brasiliensis Urso-Guimarães, 2024 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Through behavioral observations and larval dissections we document the “drill on drill” strategy where Sycophila females utilize oviposition holes drilled by Physothorax females on the fig surface to access the host gall midge immatures. This behavior suggests a sophisticated adaptation for reducing oviposition time and conserving energy. Additionally, Sycophila behavior aligns with kleptoparasitic and hyperparasitic strategies, indicating a complex evolutionary history and ecological interaction. Our findings provide insight into the intricate relationships among non-pollinating fig wasps and their hosts, contributing to the broader understanding of tri-trophic interactions in fig microcosm.

ABSTRACT: Buckwheat is known for its aptitude as green manure, as it increases soil’s physical and chemical properties at the same time it has none or very few fertilization requirements besides a fast canopy closure and has no ravagers or natural enemies documented in Brazil. This crop has the potential to fill an empty period known as the “Autumn gap” in Southern Brazil, which is characterized by the low or no forage offer at all, justified by the fact its forage has the same quality as that of a grass forage, besides, its grains, highly nutritious, can also be consumed by humans, ruminants, or non-ruminants. This review aims to provide relevant information about recent buckwheat research to make it a viable alternative for the Autumn gap.

RESUMO: O trigo mourisco é conhecido por sua aptidão como adubo verde, melhorando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo ao mesmo tempo que possui nenhuma ou baixíssimas requisições de fertilização, além de rápido fechamento de dossel e de não possuir pragas nem outros inimigos naturais documentados no Brasil. Essa cultura tem o potencial de cultivo para preencher o período de tempo conhecido como “vazio outonal” no Sul do Brasil, período caracterizado pela baixa ou nenhuma oferta de forragem. O valor nutritivo é bom, além de seus grãos, altamente nutritivos, também poderem ser consumidos por humanos, ruminantes e não-ruminantes. Essa revisão visa fornecer informações relevantes da pesquisa sobre o trigo mourisco nos últimos anos objetivando o incentivo a viabilização dessa cultura como alternativa no vazio outonal no sul do Brasil.

Resumen Debido al uso irracional de productos químicos para el control de plagas en los cultivos intensivos, se han disminuido de manera alarmante la diversidad de comunidades de organismos benéficos, tal es el caso de los ácaros depredadores del orden Mesostigmata. Estos arácnidos han tomado relevancia agrícola debido a que, la mayoría de sus miembros presentan hábitos alimentarios zoofágicos y regulan de manera natural poblaciones perjudiciales de insectos, nematodos y otros ácaros que habitan las plantas. De manera regular, desde hace más de 40 años se introducen los ácaros depredadores para los trabajos de biocontrol y se estima que más de 60% de los programas utilizan estos organismos; sin embargo, los productos comerciales disponibles están limitados a unas pocas especies, las cuales varían en efectividad según las condiciones del cultivo, disponibilidad de presas y competencia de nichos con otros organismos también depredadores, además, su producción está resguardada bajo secreto empresarial en la mayoría de los casos. Con esto, se abre la oportunidad para explorar especies nativas o incluso ya comercializadas, con el fin de evaluar su capacidad depredadora a nivel de investigación o como herramientas habituales para la regulación de plagas, un primer reto para este fin es la propagación y los métodos de cultivo. Los métodos para cultivar ácaros se pueden dividir en dos: mantenimiento sobre plantas y en confinamiento, aunque cada técnica se ha desarrollado para una especie en particular o un fin determinado, el conocer su diseño básico, promete acercarnos a una nueva línea de estudio para su introducción y reintroducción en los sistemas agrícolas.

Abstract Due to the irrational use of chemicals for pest control in intensive crops, the diversity of communities of beneficial organisms, such as the predatory mites of the order Mesostigmata, has been alarmingly diminished,. These arachnids have taken on agricultural relevance because most of their members have zoophagic feeding habits and naturally regulate harmful populations of insects, nematodes and other mites that inhabit plants. For more than 40 years, predatory mites have been introduced regularly for biocontrol work and it is estimated that more than 60% of programs use these organisms; however, the commercial products available are limited to a few species, which vary in effectiveness according to the conditions of the crop, availability of prey and competition for niches with other predatory organisms; in addition, their production is protected under trade secrecy in most cases. With this, the opportunity opens up to explore native or even already commercialized species in order to evaluate their predatory capacity at the research level or as usual tools for pest regulation; a first challenge for this purpose is propagation and culture methods. The methods for mite culture can be divided into two: maintenance on plants and in confinement; although each technique has been developed for a particular species or a certain purpose, knowing their basic design promises to bring us closer to a new line of study for their introduction and reintroduction into agricultural systems.

Resumo Apoiar estratégias sustentáveis para o fomento da biodiversidade funcional nos sistemas agroflorestais é uma prioridade para o incremento da proteção biológica de conservação contra os inimigos das culturas e espécies florestais existentes. Para o controlo biológico de conservação, é importante a implementação de práticas de gestão que mantenham e contribuam para potenciar a reprodução, sobrevivência e eficiência, tanto dos polinizadores quanto da entomofauna benéfica que regula a população dos inimigos das culturas. As espécies de plantas adequadas para fomentar o aumento dos níveis populacionais destes inimigos naturais e dos polinizadores, garantindo as suas necessidades alimentares (por exemplo, pólen, néctar, melada) e abrigo (hospedeiros alternativos), são fundamentais. Neste contexto, relativamente a insetos polinizadores e, em particular à abelha doméstica, Apis mellifera iberiensis, pretende-se, com este trabalho, contribuir para um melhor conhecimento sobre a flora associada e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuir para incrementar o valor da abelha doméstica nos Serviços dos Ecossistemas.

Abstract Supporting sustainable strategies to promote functional biodiversity in agroforestry systems is a priority for increasing biological conservation protection against enemies of existing crops and forest species. For the Conservation biological control, it is important to implement management practices that maintain and contribute to enhancing the reproduction, survival and efficiency of both pollinators and beneficial entomofauna that regulate the population of crop enemies. Plant species suitable for promoting increased population levels of these natural enemies and pollinators, ensuring their food needs (e.g. pollen, nectar, honeydew) and shelter (alternative hosts), are fundamental. In this context, regarding pollinating insects and, in particular, the domestic bee, Apis mellifera iberiensis, this work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the flora that meet these requirements, and at the same time, contribute to increasing the value of the domestic bee for the Ecosystem Services.

Resumen La pérdida generalizada de biodiversidad en los paisajes y ecosistemas agrarios es una preocupación a nivel global. Esta pérdida se relaciona con la intensificación de las prácticas agrícolas, el uso inadecuado de agroquímicos y la fragmentación de hábitats naturales. Todo esto afecta la diversidad vegetal y tiene un impacto en el funcionamiento del ecosistema, limitando los servicios ecosistémicos. Promover una mayor diversidad funcional en los márgenes de nuestros cultivos es una meta alcanzable mediante el manejo de los recursos que nos ofrece la flora arvense. En particular, las especies de la familia Brassicaceae Burnett (en adelante, crucíferas), desempeñan un papel fundamental en los agrosistemas al atraer enemigos naturales de plagas y proporcionar néctar y polen a los polinizadores. El objetivo de este estudio era detectar y estimar los recursos florales ofrecidos por las crucíferas en presencia de otras especies arvenses. Para ello, se diseñó un experimento en la finca “La Poveda” (CSIC, Madrid) en 2023, en el que se llevaron a cabo hasta 4 vuelos con un dron sobre los márgenes florales donde se encontraban tres crucíferas de interés: Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Eruca vesicaria y Moricandia arvensis. Estas especies representan algunos de los rasgos funcionales clave de las crucíferas que suelen estar presentes en nuestros agrosistemas. La detección de estas especies se realizó mediante el análisis de imágenes capturadas por el dron y la implementación de arquitecturas de redes neuronales convolucionales. En este trabajo, presentamos los primeros resultados de los modelos que estamos desarrollando.

Abstract The widespread loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and ecosystems is a global concern. This loss is related to the intensification of agricultural practices, the inappropriate use of agrochemicals and the fragmentation of natural habitats. All of this affects plant diversity and has an impact on the functioning of the ecosystem, limiting ecosystem services. Promoting greater functional diversity in the margins of our crops is an achievable goal through the management of the resources offered by the weed flora. In particular, species of the Brassicaceae Burnett family (hereinafter referred to as cruciferous), play a fundamental role in agrosystems by attracting natural enemies of pests and providing nectar and pollen to pollinators. The objective of this study was to detect and estimate the floral resources offered by cruciferous plants in the presence of other weed species. To this end, an experiment was designed at the “La Poveda” farm (CSIC, Madrid) in 2023, in which up to 4 flights were carried out with a drone over the floral margins where three cruciferous plants of interest were found: Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Eruca vesicaria and Moricandia arvensis. These species represent some of the key functional traits of crucifers that are often present in our agrosystems. The detection of these species was carried out through the analysis of images captured by the drone and the implementation of convolutional neural network architectures. In this work, we present the first results of the models we are developing.

Abstract In Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), many species build shelters during their ontogeny which may be serve as a scape strategy to reduce attacks from natural enemies and dislodgment from the host plant. This paper provides bioecological information regarding host plant, natural parasitism, and distribution of Cynea (Cynea) diluta (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) collected near remnants of the Atlantic Forest "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco" (CEPE), Northeast Region of Brazil. Larvae and pupae, the later showing signs of parasitism, were collected from a garden at the Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, State of Alagoas, Brazil. They were brought to the laboratory to record emergences and possible parasitoids. Data from distribution were obtained from labels of hesperiid deposited from the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, State of Paraná. The host plant was identified as Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae). From the 13 larvae and two pupae collected in the environment, 20 specimens of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) emerged from the pupae. This is the first report of parasitism on pupae of Cynea (C.) diluta.

Resumen En Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), muchas especies construyen refugios durante su ontogenia que pueden servir como estrategia de escape para reducir los ataques de enemigos naturales y el desprendimiento de la planta huésped. Este artículo proporciona información bioecológica sobre la planta huésped, el parasitismo natural y la distribución de Cynea (Cynea) diluta (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) recolectada cerca de remanentes del Bosque Atlántico "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco" (CEPE), región noreste de Brasil. Las larvas y pupas; estas últimas mostrando signos de parasitismo se recolectaron de un jardín de la Universidad Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Estas fueron llevadas al laboratorio para registrar emergencias y posibles parasitoides. Los datos de distribución se obtuvieron de etiquetas de hespéridos depositados en la Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, Estado de Paraná. La planta huésped fue identificada como Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberáceas). De las 13 larvas y dos pupas recolectadas en el ambiente, se identificaron 20 ejemplares de Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) que emergieron de las pupas. Este es el primer registro de parasitismo en pupas de Cynea (C.) diluta.

ABSTRACT Plants undergoing insect infestation release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) into their environment, which are then used by natural enemies for their benefit. The pest Aleurothrixus floccosus, which affects citrus orchards in northern Chile, specifically at Pica Oasis, poses a year-round threat. Recently, the introduction of the exotic ladybird Clitostethus arcuatus has been noted as a predator of A. floccosus. This study delved into how HIPVs emitted from tangelo (Citrus reticulata × C. ×paradisi Macfad.) and lime (C. ×aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) infested-shoots impact the behavioral responses of C. arcuatus. The volatile compounds were collected using the headspace technique, revealing notable qualitative changes after herbivory. In two-choice bioassays, the HIPVs elicited an attractive response in C. arcuatus compared to A. floccosus. At concentrations of 10 and 100 µg mL-1, the predators displayed a distinct preference for methyl salicylate (MeSA). These findings underscore that C. arcuatus exploits the HIPVs emitted from citrus infested-shoots, fostering tritrophic interactions. Exploring the impact of whitefly attacks on other fruit trees, emerges as a significant avenue for future investigation.

Resumen Se evaluó la fluctuación poblacional de Aphis gossypii, Chloridea virescens, Anthonomus vestitus, Dysdercus peruvianus y Pectinophora gossypiella, y de sus enemigos naturales durante la campaña agrícola 2013-2014 del cultivo de algodón Tangüis en La Molina (Lima) mediante tres técnicas de muestreo (evaluación directa de la planta, caída por sacudida de la planta y trampas de caída). A. gossypii fue la plaga más abundante, siendo más importante en la etapa de desarrollo vegetativo, seguido por D. peruvianus y P. gossypiella, ambas con mayor importancia en el periodo de fructificación. Los insectos depredadores y arañas fueron hallados durante todo el periodo del cultivo, siendo los más frecuentes, en el caso de los insectos depredadores, Hippodamia convergens, Hyalochloria denticornis y Rhinacloa forticornis, y en las arañas Misumenops sp. morfo 1, Zelotes laetus y Theridion volubile. El parasitoidismo fue bajo o escaso en la mayoría de las plagas, resaltando Lysiphlebus testaceipes como parasitoide de A. gossypii por su abundancia al inicio en el desarrollo vegetativo del algodonero.

Abstract Population fluctuations of Aphis gossypii, Chloridea virescens, Anthonomus vestitus, Dysdercus peruvianus and Pectinophora gossypiella, besides their natural enemies were studied during the entire phenological period of a Tangüis cotton crop at La Molina (Lima), using three sampling techniques: direct plant evaluation, plant shake falls and pitfall traps. A. gossypii was the most abundant pest, being more important in the vegetative development, followed by D. peruvianus and P. gossypiella, both with greater importance in the fructification stage. Predatory insects and spiders were recorded during the whole crop period, where the most frequent were, in predatory insects Hippodamia convergens, Hyalochloria denticornis and Rhinacloa forticornis, and in spiders Misumenops sp. morpho 1, Zelotes laetus and Theridion volubile. Parasitoidism was low or scarce in most of the pests, highlighting Lysiphlebus testaceipes as A. gossypii parasitoid due to its abundance in the vegetative development of the cotton field.

Native to South America, Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple; Solanaceae) is naturalised in several countries globally. The plant is a major invader in the southern USA, but has minor weed status in South Africa. We investigated whether S. viarum has escaped natural enemy pressure or has recruited insect herbivores from the local Solanum flora, which are exerting some level of biotic resistance. Insect species richness and abundance and the resulting levels of herbivory were compared between plants from sympatric populations of S. viarum and the native Solanum dasyphyllum Schumacher and Thonning in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Foliage, floral material, and fruits were collected across seasons from 20 plants of each species and assessed in the laboratory. Despite no significant differences between the two species in the size of the sampled plants, S. viarum displayed significantly lower insect herbivore diversity and abundance and suffered significantly lower levels of damage to its photosynthetic and reproductive tissues. Five of the 11 specialist herbivore species recorded on S. dasyphyllum were associated with S. viarum, but in substantially lower numbers and in fewer samples. The flowerbud-galling moth Scrobipalpa sp. (Gelechiidae), which prevents fruiting in S. dasyphyllum, was absent on S. viarum and indicative of the negligible floral damage on S. viarum. Although the fruit of S. viarum were occasionally utilised by specialist herbivores, seed damage was similarly negligible. Due to its release from specialist natural enemies and with no evidence of biotic resistance, S. viarum may increase in weed status in South Africa.

RESUMO Populações de percevejos Piezodorus guildinii e Dichelops furcatus são naturalmente reguladas por predadores e parasitoides de ovos. No entanto, esses inimigos naturais podem ser afetados pela aplicação de inseticidas não seletivos comumente utilizados no controle químico dos percevejos. Objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade de dinotefurano em predadores e parasitoides de ovos associados a populações de P. guildinii e D. furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em condições de campo. Predadores e parasitoides de ovos foram registrados semanalmente de V2 a R7, em parcelas de soja tratadas e não tratadas com dinotefurano. Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) estava presente em 100 % das massas de ovos parasitados em ambas as espécies de percevejos e tratamentos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na proporção de parasitismo e na razão sexual entre os tratamentos para nenhuma das espécies. A proporção de emergência da massa de ovos mostrou diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para P. guildinii, mas não para D. furcatus. A aplicação de dinotefurano não afetou a presença de predadores generalistas como Araneae, Syrphidae e Chrysopidae. Dinotefurano pode ser considerado seletivo para esses predadores, mas não para P. guildinii. entanto Objetivouse Objetivou se P D Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pentatomidae campo V R7 R Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae 10 Araneae Chrysopidae 1

ABSTRACT Piezodorus guildinii and Dichelops furcatus stink bug populations are naturally regulated by predators and egg parasitoids. However, these natural enemies can be affected by the application of non-selective insecticides commonly employed for stink bug chemical control. This study aimed to evaluate the dinotefuran toxicity on predators and egg parasitoids associated with P. guildinii and D. furcatus (Hemimpera: Pentatomidae) populations under field conditions. Predators and egg parasitoids were recorded weekly from V2 to R7, in dinotefuran-treated and untreated soybean plots. Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was present on 100 % of the egg masses parasitized on both stink bugs species and treatments. No significant differences were found in parasitism proportion and sex ratio between treatments for either species. The egg mass emergence proportion showed significant differences among the treatments for P. guildinii, but not for D. furcatus. The dinotefuran application did not affect the presence of generalist predators as Araneae, Syrphidae and Chrysopidae. Dinotefuran can be considered selective for these predators, but not for P. guildinii. However nonselective non control P D Hemimpera (Hemimpera Pentatomidae conditions V R7 R dinotefurantreated treated plots Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Scelionidae 10 Araneae Chrysopidae 1

Resumo Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) é a principal praga da oliveira (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) no Brasil e seu manejo é dificil, pois há poucos produtos recomendados para seu controle. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a flutuação populacional de P. forficifera e avaliar os parasitoides de ovos e lagartas associados à praga em três olivais conduzidos sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O estudo foi realizado entre outubro e maio, nas safras de 2017/18 e 2018/19, em pomares de oliveira de diferentes cultivares nos municípios de Pelotas e Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera variou em função da safra agrícola, dos meses amostrados e dos pomares (locais) avaliados. A maior infestação alcançou cerca de 60% das brotações em alguns meses, dependendo do pomar avaliado. Durante o período de infestação da praga, foi observada a ocorrência do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) juntamente com três parasitoides larvais pertencentes aos gêneros Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911 e Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 é registrado pela primeira vez em associação a um hospedeiro e sua distribuição no país é estendida para a região Sul do Brasil. Devido à escassez de informações sobre o manejo da praga, a ocorrência natural de inimigos naturais nos cultivos agrícolas é de suma importância para auxiliar no manejo da P. forficifera a campo. A dinâmica populacional de P. forficifera é influenciada também, pela comunidade de parasitoides, formada por no mínimo quatro espécies de himenópteros parasitoides. Assim, estratégias direcionadas para o manejo da P. forficifera devem ser bem elaboradas para manter e aumentar o controle biológico natural a campo. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae dificil P maio 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/19 agrícola locais (locais avaliados 60 avaliado Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 191 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 campo também Assim 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/1 6 20 2018/ 2

Abstract Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil and its management has been difficult, as there are few products recommended for its control. This study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of P. forficifera and the entomofauna of parasitoid eggs and larvae in three olive orchards under different cultivation systems, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The study was carried out from October to May, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests, in olive orchards of different cultivars in the municipalities of Pelotas and Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Population dynamics of P. forficifera varied according to the agricultural season, the months sampled, and the orchards (sites) evaluated. The highest infestation reached around 60% of the shoots in some months, depending on the orchard evaluated. During the pest infestation period, the occurrence of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma foersteri Takahashi, 2021 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was observed along with three larval parasitoids belonging to the genera Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911, Hymenochaonia Dalla Torre, 1898 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Temelucha Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Temelucha hilux Gauld, 2000 is recorded for the first time in association with a host, and its distribution in the country is extended to the southern region, from Brazil. Due to the scarcity of information on pest management, the natural occurrence of natural enemies in crops is of paramount importance in helping to manage P. forficifera in the field. The population dynamics of P. forficifera is also influenced by the parasitoid community, made up of at least four species of parasitic Hymenoptera. Therefore, strategies aimed at managing P. forficifera must be well developed in order to maintain and increase natural biological control in the field. Munroe 195 Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Crambidae Olea L L. Oleaceae difficult P systems May 201718 2017 18 2017/1 201819 2018 19 2018/1 harvests season sampled sites (sites evaluated 60 period Takahashi 202 Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae Viereck 1911 Torre 189 Braconidae Förster 186 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumonidae . Ichneumonidae) Gauld 200 host region field community Therefore 20171 201 1 2017/ 20181 2018/ 6 20 191 2

Resumo As pragas sugadoras perfurantes do pimentão causam perdas significativas em sua produção. Considerando os efeitos indesejáveis dos pesticidas sintéticos, foram realizados estudos de campo para avaliar o impacto de novos pesticidas contra pragas de insetos sugadores perfurantes do pimentão, bem como os seus efeitos sobre alguns predadores e a produção de pimentão durante as épocas 2021 e 2022. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que todos os pesticidas testados suprimiram efetivamente as populações de insetos sugadores após 1,7,14 e 21 dias de tratamento ao longo de duas pulverizações durante duas temporadas. O Imidaclopride mostrou-se superior a todos os outros tratamentos quando registrou-se redução média (%) (98,91 e 97,27%) & (94,8 e 95,19%), (86,23 e 76,64%) & (80,92 e 88,55%) e (77,68 e 78,44%) & (90,70 e 68,57%) em mosca branca, pulgões e tripes, respectivamente, nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após a temporada de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Quanto ao efeito colateral dos inseticidas testados sobre os inimigos naturais, o Dimetoato induziu a maior diminuição (60,85 e 69,33%) & (54,02 e 63,41%), (65,52 e 64,74%) & (59,23 e 58,38%) e (64,24 e 59,48%) & (61,66 e 60,8%) em Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii e Coccinella spp. nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após as temporadas de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Pelo contrário, Spintoram induziu o menor efeito em Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii e Coccinella spp., registrando porcentagem de diminuição (25,41 e 19,84%) e (15,02 e 12,50%), (11,94 e 11,24%) & (16,99 e 18,02%) e (18,73 e 15,07%) e (18,35 e 18,38%) nas primeira e segunda pulverizações após as temporadas de 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Com relação ao efeito dos inseticidas testados na produção de pimenta, todos os inseticidas testados aumentaram a produção de frutos de pimenta verde em comparação com o controle. O Imidaclopride alcançou os maiores rendimentos de frutos ao longo de duas temporadas (6,43 e 6,52 toneladas/alimentado) com aumento percentual no rendimento de 34,53 e 36,04% em relação ao controle após duas temporadas 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. sintéticos 202 2022 1714 1 7 14 1,7,1 2 mostrouse mostrou se registrouse registrou % (% 98,91 9891 98 91 (98,9 97,27% 9727 97 27 94,8 948 94 8 (94, 95,19%, 9519 95,19% , 95 19 95,19%) 86,23 8623 86 23 (86,2 76,64% 7664 76 64 80,92 8092 80 92 (80,9 88,55% 8855 88 55 77,68 7768 77 68 (77,6 78,44% 7844 78 44 90,70 9070 90 70 (90,7 68,57% 6857 57 branca tripes respectivamente naturais 60,85 6085 60 85 (60,8 69,33% 6933 69 33 54,02 5402 54 02 (54,0 63,41%, 6341 63,41% 63 41 63,41%) 65,52 6552 65 52 (65,5 64,74% 6474 74 59,23 5923 59 (59,2 58,38% 5838 58 38 64,24 6424 24 (64,2 59,48% 5948 48 61,66 6166 61 66 (61,6 60,8% 608 carnea spp contrário 25,41 2541 25 (25,4 19,84% 1984 84 15,02 1502 15 (15,0 12,50%, 1250 12,50% 12 50 12,50%) 11,94 1194 11 (11,9 11,24% 1124 16,99 1699 16 99 (16,9 18,02% 1802 18 18,73 1873 73 (18,7 15,07% 1507 07 18,35 1835 35 (18,3 18,38% 1838 6,43 643 6 43 (6,4 652 6,5 toneladas/alimentado toneladasalimentado toneladas alimentado 3453 34 53 34,5 3604 36 04 36,04 20 171 1,7, ( 98,9 989 9 (98, 97,27 972 94, (94 951 95,19 86,2 862 (86, 76,64 766 80,9 809 (80, 88,55 885 5 77,6 776 (77, 78,44 784 4 90,7 907 (90, 68,57 685 60,8 (60, 69,33 693 3 54,0 540 0 (54, 634 63,41 65,5 655 (65, 64,74 647 59,2 592 (59, 58,38 583 64,2 642 (64, 59,48 594 61,6 616 (61, 25,4 254 (25, 19,84 198 15,0 150 (15, 125 12,50 11,9 119 (11, 11,24 112 16,9 169 (16, 18,02 180 18,7 187 (18, 15,07 18,3 183 18,38 6,4 (6, 6, 345 34, 360 36,0 17 1,7 98, (98 97,2 (9 95,1 86, (86 76,6 80, (80 88,5 77, (77 78,4 90, (90 68,5 60, (60 69,3 54, (54 63,4 65, (65 64,7 59, (59 58,3 64, (64 59,4 61, (61 25, (25 19,8 15, (15 12,5 11, (11 11,2 16, (16 18,0 18, (18 (6 36, 1, 97, 95, (8 76, 88, (7 78, 68, 69, (5 63, 58, (2 19, (1 12,

Abstract Piercing sucking pests attacking sweet pepper plants cause significant losses to its yield. Considering the undesirable effects of synthetic pesticides, field studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of new pesticides against piercing sucking insect pests of sweet pepper, as well as, their effects on some predators and pepper yield along two seasons of 2021-2022. The obtained results indicated that all tested pesticides effectively suppressed the sucking insect populations (aphids, white fly, thrips) 1,7,14 and 21 days after treatment along two sprays during two seasons. Imidacloprid proved to be the superior one over all other treatments where it recorded mean reduction% (98.91 and 97.27%) & (94.8 and 95.19%), (86.23 and 76.64%) & (80.92 and 88.55%) and (77.68 and 78.44%) & (90.70 and 68.57%) in white fly, aphids and thrips, respectively at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. As for side effects of tested insecticides on natural enemies, Dimethoate induced the highest decrease (60.85 and 69.33%) & (54.02 and 63.41%), (65.52 and 64.74%) & (59.23 and 58.38%) and (64.24 and 59.48%) & (61.66 and 60.8%) on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp at 1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. On contrary, Spintoram induced the lowest effects on Chrysoperla carnea, Paederus alfierii and Coccinella spp, recording decrease percent (25.41 and 19.84%) & (15.02 and 12.50%), (11.94 and 11.24%) (16.99 and 18.02%) and (18.73 and15.07%) & (18.35 and18.38%) at1st and 2nd sprays at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. With respect to the effect of tested insecticides on pepper yield, all tested insecticides increased the yield of green pepper fruits compared with control. Imidacloprid achieved the highest fruit yields along two seasons 6.43 and 6.52 (ton / fed.4200 m2) with increase percent 34.53 and 36.04% in yield over control at 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. 20212022. 20212022 2022. 2021-2022 aphids, (aphids fly thrips 1714 1 7 14 1,7,1 2 reduction 98.91 9891 98 91 (98.9 97.27% 9727 97 27 94.8 948 94 8 (94. 95.19%, 9519 95.19% , 95 19 95.19%) 86.23 8623 86 23 (86.2 76.64% 7664 76 64 80.92 8092 80 92 (80.9 88.55% 8855 88 55 77.68 7768 77 68 (77.6 78.44% 7844 78 44 90.70 9070 90 70 (90.7 68.57% 6857 57 st nd 202 enemies 60.85 6085 60 85 (60.8 69.33% 6933 69 33 54.02 5402 54 02 (54.0 63.41%, 6341 63.41% 63 41 63.41%) 65.52 6552 65 52 (65.5 64.74% 6474 74 59.23 5923 59 (59.2 58.38% 5838 58 38 64.24 6424 24 (64.2 59.48% 5948 48 61.66 6166 61 66 (61.6 60.8% 608 carnea contrary 25.41 2541 25 (25.4 19.84% 1984 84 15.02 1502 15 (15.0 12.50%, 1250 12.50% 12 50 12.50%) 11.94 1194 11 (11.9 11.24% 1124 16.99 1699 16 99 (16.9 18.02% 1802 18 18.73 1873 73 (18.7 and15.07% and1507 and15 07 18.35 1835 35 (18.3 and18.38% and1838 and18 atst 643 6 43 6.4 652 6.5 ton fed4200 fed 4200 fed.420 m2 m 3453 34 53 34.5 3604 36 04 36.04 2021202 2021-202 171 1,7, 98.9 989 9 (98. 97.27 972 94. (94 951 95.19 86.2 862 (86. 76.64 766 80.9 809 (80. 88.55 885 5 77.6 776 (77. 78.44 784 4 90.7 907 (90. 68.57 685 20 60.8 (60. 69.33 693 3 54.0 540 0 (54. 634 63.41 65.5 655 (65. 64.74 647 59.2 592 (59. 58.38 583 64.2 642 (64. 59.48 594 61.6 616 (61. 25.4 254 (25. 19.84 198 15.0 150 (15. 125 12.50 11.9 119 (11. 11.24 112 16.9 169 (16. 18.02 180 18.7 187 (18. and15.07 and150 and1 18.3 183 and18.38 and183 6. fed420 420 fed.42 345 34. 360 36.0 202120 2021-20 17 1,7 98. (98 97.2 (9 95.1 86. (86 76.6 80. (80 88.5 77. (77 78.4 90. (90 68.5 60. (60 69.3 54. (54 63.4 65. (65 64.7 59. (59 58.3 64. (64 59.4 61. (61 25. (25 19.8 15. (15 12.5 11. (11 11.2 16. (16 18.0 18. (18 and15.0 and18.3 fed42 42 fed.4 36. 20212 2021-2 1, 97. ( 95. (8 76. 88. (7 78. 68. (6 69. (5 63. 58. (2 19. (1 12. and15. and18. fed4 fed. 2021-

Abstract This research aimed to predict the seasonal incidence of whitefly, B. tabaci (Asia II 5) with its management by new plant systemic insecticides and their influence on natural enemies on potato crop. Results concluded that the whitefly population was slightly higher in 2020-21 than in 2019-20 and temperature (minimum and maximum), relative humidity (minimum), evaporation, and sunshine hours were key factors in determining the B. tabaci population buildup with reasonable accuracy (R2=0.82). Sequential spray of Diafenthiuron and Thiamethoxam (1.61 adults/3 compound leaves) was noticed to be the most effective treatment with the highest cost-benefit ratio (1:2.55), whereas two sequential sprays of Pymetrozine (3.17 adults/3 compound leaves) was found to be the least effective with the lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.61). All of the insecticides sequential spray examined were found to be either harmless or slightly detrimental to natural enemies (spiders and coccinellids). The current study concluded that B. tabaci population growth and seasonal incidence were greatly influenced by weather factors and this information validates the monitoring for early decision-making prior to developing insect pest management strategies against B. tabaci. Sequential spray of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam were shown reliable both from bio-efficacy and economic point of view in managing B. tabaci infestations in potato crop and can be incorporated into the IPM module. B Asia 5 202021 2020 21 2020-2 201920 2019 20 2019-2 minimum maximum, maximum , maximum) minimum, (minimum) evaporation R2=0.82. R2082 R R2=0.82 . R2 0 82 (R2=0.82) 1.61 161 1 61 (1.6 adults3 adults 3 adults/ leaves costbenefit cost benefit 12.55, 1255 2.55 2 55 (1:2.55) 3.17 317 17 (3.1 11.61. 1161 (1:1.61) spiders coccinellids. coccinellids coccinellids) decisionmaking decision making bioefficacy bio efficacy module 20202 202 2020- 20192 201 2019- R208 R2=0.8 8 (R2=0.82 1.6 16 6 (1. 12 12.55 125 255 2.5 (1:2.55 3.1 31 (3. 11 11.61 116 (1:1.61 R20 R2=0. (R2=0.8 1. (1 12.5 25 2. (1:2.5 3. (3 11.6 (1:1.6 R2=0 (R2=0. ( 12. (1:2. 11. (1:1. R2= (R2=0 (1:2 (1:1 (R2= (1: (R2 (R

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi reconhecer a acarofauna associada a pomares de macieira no sul do Brasil e apresentar uma chave dicotômica das espécies amostradas e daquelas já relatadas em macieiras no sul do Brasil. Os estudos foram realizados na safra 2020/2021 em sete pomares de macieiras das cultivares Eva, Fuji e Gala localizados nos municípios de Muitos Capões, Antônio Prado (RS) e São Joaquim (SC). Os pomares foram divididos em quadrantes e a amostragem foi realizada mensalmente. Em cada pomar foram amostradas 40 plantas, sendo três folhas de cada planta coletadas nas regiões apical, mediana e basal de um ramo mediano. Além disso, mensalmente foram amostradas cinco espécies de vegetação espontânea por pomar. Foram encontrados 8.425 ácaros, com maior abundância em Antônio Prado (50%), seguido por Muitos Capões (35,5%) e São Joaquim (14,5%). Os exemplares encontrados pertencem a 29 famílias, 64 gêneros e 99 espécies, além de ácaros da ordem Oribatida. A maior abundância foi encontrada em vegetação espontânea (59 espécies), sendo 19 exclusivas de macieiras e 21 espécies comuns a macieiras e vegetação espontânea. Phytoseiidae foi a família que apresentou maior riqueza, com 16 espécies, das quais sete eram comuns em macieiras e vegetação espontânea. A espécie mais abundante foi Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Eriophyidae) (39,5%), seguida por Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) (14,6%), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae) (9,4%) e Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Phytoseiidae) (7,4%). Esses resultados sugerem que a acarofauna presente em pomares de macieira em diferentes paisagens e manejos são distintas, com maior diversidade de ácaros fitoseídeos presentes em áreas orgânicas. Portanto, para manter uma maior diversidade de ácaros predadores nesses pomares, o manejo orgânico parece ser o mais adequado. Além disso, a elevada diversidade de ácaros encontrada na vegetação espontânea demonstra a importância da manutenção destas plantas em pomares que servem como refúgios e reservatórios, favorecendo a permanência de inimigos naturais nestes ambientes. 20202021 2020 2021 2020/202 Eva RS (RS SC. SC . (SC) 4 apical mediano disso 8425 8 425 8.42 50%, 50 50% , (50%) 35,5% 355 35 5 (35,5% 14,5%. 145 14,5% 14 (14,5%) 2 famílias 6 9 Oribatida 59 (5 espécies) 1 riqueza Eriophyidae (Eriophyidae 39,5%, 395 39,5% 39 (39,5%) Koch (Koch Tetranychidae (Tetranychidae 14,6%, 146 14,6% (14,6%) Banks (Banks Tarsonemidae (Tarsonemidae 9,4% 94 (9,4% McGregor (McGregor (Phytoseiidae 7,4%. 74 7,4% 7 (7,4%) distintas orgânicas Portanto adequado reservatórios ambientes 2020202 202 2020/20 (SC 842 42 8.4 (50% 35,5 3 (35,5 14,5 (14,5% ( 39,5 (39,5% 14,6 (14,6% 9,4 (9,4 7,4 (7,4% 202020 20 2020/2 84 8. (50 35, (35, 14, (14,5 39, (39,5 (14,6 9, (9, 7, (7,4 20202 2020/ (35 (14, (39, (9 (7, (3 (14 (39 (7 (1

Abstract The aim of this study was to recognize the mite fauna associated with apple orchards in southern Brazil and present a dichotomous key of the species sampled and those already reported in apple trees in southern Brazil. The studies were carried out in the 2020/2021 harvest in seven apple orchards of the Eva, Fuji and Gala cultivars located in the municipalities of Muitos Capões, Antônio Prado (Rio Grande do Sul state) and São Joaquim (Santa Catarina state). The orchards were divided into quadrants and sampling was carried out monthly. In each orchard, 40 plants were sampled, with three leaves of each plant collected in apical, median and basal regions of a median branch. In addition, monthly five species of spontaneous plants per orchard were sampled. A total of 8,425 mites were found, with the greatest abundance in Antônio Prado (50%), followed by Muitos Capões (35.5%) and São Joaquim (14.5%). The specimens found belong to 29 families, 64 genera and 99 species, in addition to mites of the order Oribatida. The greatest diversity was found in spontaneous vegetation (59 species), being 19 exclusives to apple trees and 21 species common to apple trees and spontaneous vegetation. Phytoseiidae was the family that presented the greatest richness, with 16 species, of which seven were common in apple trees and spontaneous plants. The most abundant species was Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Eriophyidae) (39.5%), followed by Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) (14.6%), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae) (9.4%) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Phytoseiidae) (7.4%). These results suggest that the mite fauna present in apple orchards in different landscapes and management are distinct, with a greater diversity of phytoseiid mites present in organic areas. Therefore, to maintain a greater diversity of predatory mites in these orchards, organic management seems to be the most appropriate. Furthermore, the high acarine diversity found in spontaneous vegetation demonstrates the importance of maintaining these plants in orchards that serve as refuges and reservoirs, favoring the permanence of natural enemies in these environments. 20202021 2020 2021 2020/202 Eva Rio state Santa state. . 4 apical branch 8425 8 425 8,42 50%, 50 50% , (50%) 35.5% 355 35 5 (35.5% 14.5%. 145 14.5% 14 (14.5%) 2 families 6 9 Oribatida 59 (5 species) 1 richness Eriophyidae (Eriophyidae 39.5%, 395 39.5% 39 (39.5%) Koch (Koch Tetranychidae (Tetranychidae 14.6%, 146 14.6% (14.6%) Banks (Banks Tarsonemidae (Tarsonemidae 9.4% 94 (9.4% McGregor (McGregor (Phytoseiidae 7.4%. 74 7.4% 7 (7.4%) distinct areas Therefore appropriate Furthermore reservoirs environments 2020202 202 2020/20 842 42 8,4 (50% 35.5 3 (35.5 14.5 (14.5% ( 39.5 (39.5% 14.6 (14.6% 9.4 (9.4 7.4 (7.4% 202020 20 2020/2 84 8, (50 35. (35. 14. (14.5 39. (39.5 (14.6 9. (9. 7. (7.4 20202 2020/ (35 (14. (39. (9 (7. (3 (14 (39 (7 (1

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é muito utilizada no paisagismo, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, sua madeira na produção de carvão e o extrato da casca ou das folhas tem uso medicinal. Apesar de sua importância, a fauna de artrópodes associada a esta planta e suas relações interespecíficas ainda carecem de estudos mais aprofundados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os artrópodes, seus índices ecológicos e a distribuição nas faces foliares de mudas de T. argentea. O número de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Cephalocoema sp.), polinizadores (ex.: Tetragonisca angustula), e inimigos naturais (ex.: Oxyopidae), e seus índices ecológicos (ex.: riqueza de espécies), foram maiores nas faces adaxiais das folhas das mudas de T. argentea. Foi observada uma distribuição agregada de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Aphis spiraecola), polinizadores (ex.: Trigona spinipes) e inimigos naturais (ex.: Camponotus sp.) em mudas de T. argentea. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de inimigos naturais correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com as de insetos fitófagos e polinizadores. Os predadores e as formigas cuidadoras seguiram as suas presas e os insetos sugadores, respectivamente. As formigas cuidadoras protegeram os insetos sugadores contra os predadores e reduziram os insetos mastigadores. O elevado número de Cephalocoema sp. em mudas de T. argentea é um problema, pois esse inseto pode se alimentar de folhas dessa planta, mas sua preferência pela face adaxial da folha favorece seu controle. O comportamento de agregação de artrópodes em mudas de T. argentea favorece o controle de potenciais pragas dessa planta. Parece haver competição entre as formigas cuidadoras por espaço e recursos alimentares nas mudas de T. argentea. Brasil paisagismo degradadas medicinal importância aprofundados T ex. ex (ex. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) espécies, espécies) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes abundância correlacionaramse, correlacionaramse correlacionaram se, correlacionaram-se positivamente respectivamente mastigadores problema (ex

Abstract Terminalia argentea tree, native to Brazil, is widely used in landscaping, recovering degraded areas, its wood, coal production, and the bark or leaf extracts has medicinal use. Despite of its importance, the arthropod fauna associated to this plant and its interspecific relationships still needs further studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the arthropods, their ecological indices and the distribution in the leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. The numbers of phytophagous insects (e.g., Cephalocoema sp.), pollinators (e.g., Tetragonisca angustula), and natural enemies (e.g., Oxyopidae), and their ecological indices (e.g., species richness), were higher on the adaxial leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. Aggregated distribution of phytophagous insects (e.g., Aphis spiraecola), pollinators (e.g., Trigona spinipes), and natural enemies (e.g., Camponotus sp.) on T. argentea saplings was observed. Abundance, diversity, and species richness of natural enemies correlated, positively, with those of phytophagous and pollinators insects. Predators and tending ants followed their prey and sucking insects, respectively. Tending ants protected sucking insects against predators, and reduced chewing insects. The high number of Cephalocoema sp. on T. argentea saplings is a problem, because this insect can feed on leaves of this plant, but its preference for the adaxial leaf face favors its control. The aggregation behavior of arthropods on T. argentea saplings favors the control of potential pests of this plant. There seems to be competition between tending ants for space and food resources on T. argentea saplings. tree Brazil landscaping areas wood production use importance studies T e.g., eg e g (e.g. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) richness, richness) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes, spinipes spinipes) observed Abundance diversity correlated positively respectively predators problem e.g. (e.g e.g