ABSTRACT Apeiba (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) is an important component of the Neotropical flora, but taxonomic knowledge of its species is limited, particularly within the Amazon region. This study aimed to provide an updated taxonomic treatment of Apeiba native to Brazil, with focus on Amazonian collections. Species of Apeiba are trees with large yellowish-white flowers with a very particular fruit, an indehiscent capsule, usually globose to slightly flattened, covered either by long and numerous bristles, or densely apiculate. We provide synoptic descriptions for each Amazonian Apeiba species from Brazil, and comments on relevant synonyms and designated lectotypes for three names. We also provide an identification key, a list of examined material and distribution data, including a list of new occurrence records for some Brazilian states. Illustrations and notes on taxonomy and nomenclature are also included when appropriate. Malvaceae, Malvaceae (Malvaceae Grewioideae flora limited region Brazil collections yellowishwhite yellowish white fruit capsule flattened bristles apiculate names key data states appropriate

RESUMO Apeiba (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) é um importante componente da flora Neotropical, mas o conhecimento taxonômico das suas espécies é limitado, particularmente na Amazônia. Este estudo teve como objetivo produzir um tratamento taxonômico atualizado das espécies de Apeiba nativas do Brasil, com um especial enfoque nas coleções amazônicas. As espécies de Apeiba são tipicamente árvores com flores amarelas ou alvas e um fruto bastante particular, uma cápsula deiscente, usualmente globosa a ligeiramente achatada, coberta por longas e numerosas cerdas, ou densamente apiculada. Apresentamos descrições sinópticas para cada uma das espécies de Apeiba da Amazônia brasileira, e comentários sobre sinonimizações relevantes e lectótipos designados para três nomes. Também fornecemos uma chave de identificação, uma lista de material examinado e dados de distribuição geográfica, incluindo uma lista de novos registros de ocorrência para alguns estados brasileiros. Ilustrações e notas sobre taxonomia e nomenclatura também são incluídas, quando apropriado. Malvaceae, Malvaceae (Malvaceae Grewioideae Neotropical limitado Brasil amazônicas particular deiscente achatada cerdas apiculada brasileira nomes identificação geográfica brasileiros incluídas apropriado

ABSTRACT Trees provide habitat and resources for resident and transient fauna on the cities. The choice of tree species for urban planting follows multifactorial criteria, but little consideration is given to the resources they provide. We aimed to identify functional groups of 154 native tree species indicated for urban afforestation in the municipality of São Paulo from the floral and fruiting resources made available to potential floral and fruiting visitors. We observed a proportional number of species with abiotic and biotic dispersal and a predominance of bee-pollinated tree species or fleshy fruits consumed by birds. We proposed eight functional groups characterized by sharing potential floral and frugivorous visitors that showed uneven richness. A choice focused on taxonomic identification and species size may promote high functional redundancy and impact the richness of plant-animal interactions and decrease the permeability of cities for fauna. criteria 15 beepollinated bee pollinated birds plantanimal plant animal 1

RESUMO Árvores fornecem habitat e recursos para a fauna residente e transiente nas cidades. A escolha de espécies arbóreas para plantio urbano segue critérios multifatoriais, mas pouco considera os recursos que elas disponibilizam para a fauna. Objetivamos identificar grupos funcionais de 154 espécies arbóreas nativas indicadas para plantio urbano do município de São Paulo a partir dos recursos florais e frutíferos disponibilizados para visitantes florais e frutíferos potenciais. Observamos um número proporcional de espécies com dispersão abiótica e biótica e um predomínio de espécies de arbóreas polinizadas por abelhas ou com frutos carnosos consumidos por aves. Propusemos oito grupos funcionais caracterizados pelo compartilhamento de visitantes florais e frugívoros potenciais que apresentaram uma riqueza desigual. Uma escolha focada na identificação taxonômica e porte das espécies pode promover uma alta redundância funcional e impactar a riqueza de interações planta-animal e diminuir a permeabilidade das cidades para fauna. multifatoriais 15 aves desigual plantaanimal planta animal 1

ABSTRACT The mangaba Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is more commercially viable than other native Cerrado fruit trees due to its nutritional properties and high production of fruit used in food products. Although thrips have been reported injuring mangaba, the identification of possible species of economic importance is not yet available. Thus, identifying species that may threaten mangaba plant health is a vital step in implementing management strategies. The aim of this present study was to survey thrips species during the reproductive stage of H. speciosa, determine the variety most susceptible to damage caused by these insects and to check whether the damage is economically important to this fruit tree. Thrips were collected from the ex-situ germplasm of the Agronomy School of the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiás state, Brazil. Twelve plants of three H. speciosa varieties (gardneri, cuyabensis and pubescens) were selected, from which 20 flowers and 20 fruits were assessed for the presence of thrips in September 2018 and 2019. A total of 1,306 thrips representing 13 species were collected from flowers. Of these, Frankliniella gemina was the most abundant. On the fruits, circular lesions were observed, initially as white spots that subsequently turned silver, possibly caused by Heliothrips longisensibilis. These injuries are superficial, rarely compromising large portions of the fruit, and do not cause economic damage. Therefore, thrips are not a primary threat to fruit production for fresh consumption or processing. Apocynaceae (Apocynaceae products available Thus strategies H tree exsitu ex situ state Brazil gardneri, gardneri (gardneri pubescens selected 2 201 2019 1306 1 306 1,30 abundant observed silver longisensibilis superficial Therefore processing 130 30 1,3 3 1,

Resumen Persea schiedeana Nees es un árbol frutal nativo de Mesoamérica, parcialmente endémico de México, se ubica a lo largo de la llanura del golfo de México. El objetivo fue evaluar los descriptores edafoclimáticos, morfológicos, químicos y comparar las diferencias entre las regiones de estudio que permita su revalorización. Las regiones de estudio fueron: Soconusco en Tuxtla chico, Chiapas, la Selva en Palenque, Chiapas; la Chontalpa en Comalcalco, Tabasco y la Sierra Nororiental en Teziutlán, Puebla. En julio de 2019, se seleccionaron al azar 5 árboles para la cosecha de 44 frutos de cada región, lo que dio un total de 1 76 frutos y 1 584 determinaciones. Se realizó un análisis de varianza para encontrar las diferencias entre regiones y una prueba de Tukey para la comparación de medias de los parámetros morfológicos y fisicoquímicos evaluados, mediante el software estadístico Minitab®. Los frutos de la región de la Selva en Palenque, Chiapas, presentaron mayor valor en peso (417.50±69.70 g), longitud (18.48±1.56 cm), pulpa (282.09±54.72%) y grasa (50.29±2.03%). La región del Soconusco, Chiapas alcanzó los porcentajes más altos de proteína en pulpa (2.79±0.54%), semilla (1.76±0.14%) y cáscara (2.64±0.19%). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de variación entre los materiales de Persea schiedeana Nees en las regiones estudiadas, permitiendo identificar aquellas con potencial agroindustrial, constituyendo una alternativa para diversificar la producción de Persea spp., en México.

Abstract Persea schiedeana Nees is a fruit tree native to Mesoamerica, partially endemic to Mexico, found along the plain of the Gulf of Mexico. The objective was to evaluate the edaphoclimatic, morphological and chemical descriptors and compare the differences between the study regions that allow their revaluation. The study regions were: Soconusco in Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, Selva in Palenque, Chiapas; Chontalpa in Comalcalco, Tabasco and Sierra Nororiental in Teziutlán, Puebla. In July 2019, 5 trees were randomly selected from each region for the harvest of 44 fruits, giving a total of 176 fruits and 1 584 determinations. An analysis of variance was performed to find the differences between regions and a Tukey test for the comparison of means of the morphological and physicochemical parameters evaluated, using the statistical software Minitab®. The fruits from the Selva region in Palenque, Chiapas, presented greater value in weight (417.50±69.70 g), length (18.48±1.56 cm), pulp (282.09±54.72%) and fat (50.29±2.03%). The Soconusco region, Chiapas reached the highest percentages of protein in pulp (2.79±0.54%), seed (1.76±0.14%) and peel (2.64±0.19%). The results obtained suggest the existence of variation between the materials of Persea schiedeana Nees in the regions studied, allowing the identification of those with agroindustrial potential, constituting an alternative to diversify the production of Persea spp., in Mexico.

ABSTRACT Ant communities can be evaluated in areas with different land uses in order to know the factors that affect species richness, diversity and composition. This study aimed to evaluate the myrmecofauna in cultivated areas and in a remnant of native forest. The myrmecofauna was collected in an agroforestry, an area cultivated with fruit trees (fruit growing), in a pasture and in the Legal Reserve of the Experimental Farm of the Una University Center, municipality of Bom Despacho, State of Minas Gerais. For the sampling of ants, 15 soil traps and the same number of tree traps were used in each area, all containing sardine and honey baits. A total of 45 ant species were collected, belonging to 16 genera. The greatest species richness occurred in the Legal Reserve (29), followed by agroforestry (23), pasture (19) and fruit growing (17). The species accumulation curves indicated that the total species richness was significantly higher in the Legal Reserve than in the other areas. The average species richness of ants collected on the soil was significantly higher in the Legal Reserve and agroforestry area (ANCOVA; F = 5.069; p < 0.01), but litter leaf did not significantly influence species richness (ANCOVA; F = 1.086; p = 0.30). There was no significant difference in the mean richness of ants on trees in the different areas evaluated (ANCOVA; F = 2.014; p = 0.12), not being influenced by height (ANCOVA; F = 0.626; p = 0.43) or trunk circumference (ANCOVA; F = 0.776; p = 0.38) of the trees. The Legal Reserve had the highest Shannon Diversity Index (2,999), followed by agroforestry (2,736), pasture (2,698) and fruit growing (2,349). There was an influence of the land use on the composition of ant species collected on soil and plants. The results show that environmental attributes linked to the heterogeneity of the environment, such as the number of plant species, provided differences in the richness, diversity and composition of ant fauna. The increased structural complexity of the environment can provide the presence of greater ant species richness and diversity. forest growing, , growing) Center Despacho Gerais 1 baits 4 genera 29, 29 (29) 23, 23 (23) 19 (19 17. 17 . (17) ANCOVA (ANCOVA 5.069 5069 5 069 0.01, 001 0.01 0 01 0.01) 1.086 1086 086 0.30. 030 0.30 30 0.30) 2.014 2014 2 014 0.12, 012 0.12 12 0.12) 0.626 0626 626 0.43 043 43 0.776 0776 776 0.38 038 38 2,999, 2999 2,999 999 (2,999) 2,736, 2736 2,736 736 (2,736) 2,698 2698 698 (2,698 2,349. 2349 2,349 349 (2,349) plants fauna (29 (23 (1 (17 5.06 506 06 00 0.0 1.08 108 08 03 0.3 3 2.01 201 0.1 0.62 062 62 0.4 04 0.77 077 77 299 2,99 99 (2,999 273 2,73 73 (2,736 2,69 269 69 (2,69 234 2,34 34 (2,349 (2 ( 5.0 50 0. 1.0 10 2.0 20 0.6 6 0.7 07 7 2,9 9 (2,99 27 2,7 (2,73 2,6 26 (2,6 2,3 (2,34 5. 1. 2. 2, (2,9 (2,7 (2, (2,3

RESUMO Comunidades de formigas podem ser avaliadas em áreas com diferentes usos do solo visando conhecer os fatores que afetam a riqueza, a diversidade e a composição de espécies. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de atributos ambientais sobre a mirmecofauna em áreas cultivadas, abordando também um remanescente de floresta nativa. A mirmecofauna foi coletada em uma agrofloresta, uma área cultivada com espécies frutíferas (fruticultura), em uma pastagem e na Reserva Legal da Fazendinha Experimental do Centro Universitário Una, município de Bom Despacho, estado de Minas Gerais. Para a amostragem das formigas, foram utilizadas em cada área 15 armadilhas de solo e o mesmo número de armadilhas arbóreas, todas contendo iscas de sardinha e mel. Foram coletadas 45 espécies de formigas, pertencentes a 16 gêneros. A maior riqueza de espécies ocorreu na Reserva Legal (29), seguida da agrofloresta (23), da pastagem (19) e da fruticultura (17). As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que a riqueza total de espécies foi significativamente maior na Reserva Legal que nas demais áreas. A riqueza média de espécies de formigas coletadas sobre o solo foi significativamente maior na área de Reserva Legal e agrofloresta (ANCOVA; F = 5,069; p < 0,01), mas a profundidade de serapilheira não influenciou significativamente a riqueza de espécies (ANCOVA; F = 1,086; p= 0,30). Não houve diferença significativa na riqueza média de formigas sobre árvores nas diferentes áreas avaliadas (ANCOVA; F = 2,014; p = 0,12), não sendo influenciada pela altura (ANCOVA; F = 0,626; p = 0,43) ou CAP (ANCOVA; F = 0,776; p = 0,38) das árvores. A Reserva Legal apresentou o maior Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (2,999), seguida da agrofloresta (2.736), pastagem (2.698) e fruticultura (2.349). Houve influência do tipo de uso do solo na composição de espécies de formigas coletadas sobre o solo e plantas. Os resultados evidenciam que atributos ambientais ligados a heterogeneidade do ambiente, como o número de espécies vegetais, proporcionaram diferenças na riqueza, diversidade e na composição da fauna de formigas. O aumento da complexidade estrutural do ambiente pode proporcionar a presença de maior riqueza e diversidade de espécies de formigas. cultivadas nativa fruticultura, , (fruticultura) Una Despacho Gerais 1 arbóreas mel 4 gêneros 29, 29 (29) 23, 23 (23) 19 (19 17. 17 . (17) ANCOVA (ANCOVA 5,069 5069 5 069 0,01, 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) 1,086 1086 086 0,30. 030 0,30 30 0,30) 2,014 2014 2 014 0,12, 012 0,12 12 0,12) 0,626 0626 626 0,43 043 43 0,776 0776 776 0,38 038 38 2,999, 2999 2,999 999 (2,999) 2.736, 2736 2.736 736 (2.736) 2.698 2698 698 (2.698 2.349. 2349 2.349 349 (2.349) plantas vegetais (fruticultura (29 (23 (1 (17 5,06 506 06 00 0,0 1,08 108 08 03 0,3 3 2,01 201 0,1 0,62 062 62 0,4 04 0,77 077 77 299 2,99 99 (2,999 273 2.73 73 (2.736 2.69 269 69 (2.69 234 2.34 34 (2.349 (2 ( 5,0 50 0, 1,0 10 2,0 20 0,6 6 0,7 07 7 2,9 9 (2,99 27 2.7 (2.73 2.6 26 (2.6 2.3 (2.34 5, 1, 2, (2,9 2. (2.7 (2. (2.3 (2,

Abstract The Loranthaceae Juss. family includes parasitic species that invade important trees such as fruit trees. In Saudi Arabia, Loranthaceae comprises four genera, which include six species that grow in the western, southwestern, and northern regions: Tapinanthus globifer (A.Rich.) Tiegh, Oncocalyx glabratus (Engl.) M. G. Gilbert, Loranthella deflersii (Tiegh.) S. Blanco & C. E. Wetze, Phragmanthera austroarabica A. G. Mill. & J. Nyberg, Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth.ex Oliv.) Tiegh. and Plicosepalus acaciae (Zucc.). The species present in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have not been the subject of enough studies. This work aims to screen and evaluate the taxonomic importance of the micromorphological traits of leaves and fruits in Loranthaceae species native to Saudi Arabia (SA) using scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this study, cluster dendrogram (CD), principal component analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the ability to discriminate Loranthaceae species using micromorphological characteristics. Most of the micromorphological characteristics of the leaf and fruit surfaces used reflected significant variation between the species of Loranthaceae. The type of stomata, trichome, lenticels, fine relief of the cell wall and wax form were the most taxonomically important characteristics. In addition, the cluster dendrogram of morphological characteristics showed species distribution within branches based on affiliation to subtribes Tapinanthinae and Emelianthinae. To the best of our knowledge, the fruit and leaves of the species under study have never been described using electron microscopy, and this study is considered the first of its kind. It also contributes to solving the classification problems of the family Loranthaceae in general and confirms the importance of the characteristics and methods used as tools for characterizing parasitic species that infect trees and helps to verify their identities. This will help to improve resistance efforts and put effective control plans in place. Juss genera western southwestern regions A.Rich. ARich A Rich (A.Rich. Tiegh Engl. Engl (Engl. M G Gilbert (Tiegh. S C E Wetze Mill J Nyberg Benth.ex Benthex Benth ex Oliv. Oliv Zucc.. Zucc Zucc. . (Zucc.) studies SA (SA SEM. SEM (SEM) CD, CD , (CD) PCA (PCA ANOVA (ANOVA stomata trichome lenticels addition Emelianthinae knowledge microscopy kind identities place A.Rich (A.Rich (Engl (Tiegh (Zucc. (SEM (CD (Zucc

Resumo A família Loranthaceae Juss. inclui espécies parasitas que invadem árvores importantes, como árvores frutíferas. Na Arábia Saudita, Loranthaceae compreende quatro gêneros que incluem seis espécies que crescem nas regiões oeste, sudoeste e norte: Tapinanthus globifer (A.Rich.) Tiegh, Oncocalyx glabratus (Engl.) M. G. Gilbert, Loranthella deflersii (Tiegh.) S. Blanco & CE Wetze, Phragmanthera austroarabica AG Mill. & J. Nyberg, Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth.ex Oliv.) Tiegh. e Plicosepalus acaciae (Zucc.). Em relação às espécies presentes no Reino da Arábia Saudita observamos a falta de estudos, assim este trabalho tem como objetivo rastrear e avaliar a importância taxonômica das características micromorfológicas de folhas e frutos de espécies de Loranthaceae nativas da Arábia Saudita (SA) utilizando microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Neste estudo, foram utilizados dendograma de cluster (CD), análise de componentes principais (PCA) e análise de variância (ANOVA) para avaliar a capacidade de discriminar espécies de Loranthaceae utilizando características micromorfológicas. A maioria das características micromorfológicas das superfícies foliares e frutíferas utilizadas refletiu variação significativa entre as espécies de Loranthaceae. O tipo de estômatos, tricomas, lenticelas, fino relevo da parede celular e forma cerosa foram as características taxonomicamente mais importantes encontradas. Além disso, o dendrograma de agrupamento de características morfológicas mostrou distribuição de espécies dentro de ramos com base na afiliação às subtribos Tapinanthinae e Emelianthinae. De acordo com nossos achados, os frutos e folhas das espécies em estudo nunca foram descritos por microscopia eletrônica, e este estudo é considerado o primeiro do gênero. O presente trabalho também contribui para resolver os problemas de classificação da família Loranthaceae em geral e confirma a importância das características e métodos utilizados como ferramentas para caracterizar espécies parasitas que infectam árvores e ajuda a verificar suas identidades. Portanto, ajudará a melhorar os esforços de resistência e a implementar planos de controlo eficazes. Juss oeste norte A.Rich. ARich Rich (A.Rich. Tiegh Engl. Engl (Engl. M G Gilbert (Tiegh. S Wetze Mill J Nyberg Benth.ex Benthex Benth ex Oliv. Oliv Zucc.. Zucc Zucc. . (Zucc.) estudos SA (SA MEV. MEV (MEV) CD, CD , (CD) PCA (PCA ANOVA (ANOVA estômatos tricomas lenticelas encontradas disso Emelianthinae achados eletrônica gênero identidades Portanto eficazes A.Rich (A.Rich (Engl (Tiegh (Zucc. (MEV (CD (Zucc

RESUMEN En Santiago del Estero, Argentina, existen aproximadamente 7 millones de ha de bosques nativos de las cuales muchas poseen individuos del género Prosopis. Además del uso maderero los algarrobos proveen servicios ecosistémicos (SE) de provisión de frutos para la elaboración de harinas con fines alimentarios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el valor económico expresado en pesos por mes de la disposición a pagar (DAP) por los servicios de provisión de frutos de los algarrobos. Se investigó en tres departamentos de la provincia de Santiago del Estero. Se aplicó el Método de Valoración Contingente (MVC) para obtener el Excedente del Consumidor (EC) a partir de la DAP mediante una encuesta a los propietarios pertenecientes a tres asociaciones de productores dedicados a esa actividad. Fueron realizadas 111 encuestas durante 2018 con preguntas referidas a usos y valor de los SE. Se analizaron los datos para obtener la función que representa la DAP y luego el EC. La función que mejor describe la distribución de los datos es una polinómica con un R2 de 0,96 de la que se obtuvo el área debajo de la curva. Los resultados muestran que el EC individual es de $3.093/mes/persona (US $92/mes/persona a US $1=$30). La muestra estuvo conformada con productores y recolectores de vainas de algarrobo. El EC de la muestra resulto en $343.369 anuales (US $11.445,63). En la zona hay 1.097 personas dedicadas a esa actividad quienes e conjunto genera un Excedente del Consumidor Total Anual de ECTA $3.393.470 mensuales (US $113.115,66 mensuales) que representa el valor económico ambiental de los servicios ecosistémicos de provisión de frutos con fines alimentarios.

ABSTRACT In Santiago del Estero, Argentina, there are approximately 7 million ha of native forests, many of which have individuals of the genus Prosopis. In addition to timber use, carob trees provide ecosystem services (ES) of provision of fruits for the production of flour for food purposes. The objective of this work was to estimate the economic value expressed in pesos per month of the willingness to pay (WTP) for the provision of carob fruit services. It was investigated in three departments of the province of Santiago del Estero. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was applied to obtain the Consumer Surplus (CS) from the WTP through a survey of the owners belonging to three associations of producers dedicated to this activity. One hundred eleven surveys were carried out during 2018 with questions referring to the uses and value of ES. The data were analyzed to obtain the function that represents the WTP and then the CS. The function that best describes the data distribution is a polynomial with an R2 of 0.96 from which the area under the curve was obtained. The results show that the individual EC is $3,093/month/person (US$92/month/person at US$1=$30). The sample consisted of producers and collectors of carob pods. The CS of the sample resulted in $343,369 per year (US $11,445.63). In the area, there are 1,097 people dedicated to this activity who together generate a Total Annual Consumer Surplus of ECTA $3,393,470 per month (US $113,115.66 per month) which represents the environmental economic value of the ecosystem services of provision of fruits for food purposes.

RESUMEN Se realizó una compilación de las plantas mencionadas en el libro sagrado de los mayas Popol Vuh, reconocido como marco de su cosmogonía que fue escrito en el área K’iche’ en Guatemala alrededor del año 1550. Se identificaron 32 especies diferentes, de 21 familias de plantas, todas nativas de Mesoamérica. El mayor número de especies fue en Fabaceae con cuatro especies, Moraceae y Solanaceae con tres especies cada una, además de Bromeliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae y Poaceae con dos especies cada una. Las cinco especies más importantes y frecuentemente nombradas son maíz (Zea mays), jícaro (Crescentia cujete), copal (Protium copal), caucho (Castilla elastica) y cacao (Theobroma cacao). Se identificaron 11 especies como madera de pito (Erythrina berteroana) y zibak (Cyperus canus), consideradas de importancia cosmogónica y plantas alimenticias que se integran en cinco grupos: frutales [zapote (Manilkara zapota), nance (Byrsonima crassifolia), jocote (Spondias mombin), anona (Annona reticulata), matasano (Casimiroa edulis)], granos y semillas [maíz, frijol (Phaseolus lunatus), cacao, pataxte (Theobroma bicolor)], hortalizas [zapallo (Cucurbita moschata), tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), chilacayote (Cucurbita ficifolia)], saborizantes [ají (Capsicum annuum)] y bebidas [maguey (Agave americana)]. Se domesticaron siete especies: maíz, zapallo, chilacayote, tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum), frijoles, tomate y cacao y otras con fines medicinales, combustible e instrumentos. La descripción de la creación del hombre afirma la estrecha relación de la cultura maya con la biodiversidad vegetal; además, se menciona la famosa milpa, un agroecosistema mesoamericano multiespecífico que fue practicado por sus dioses.

SUMMARY A compilation of the plants mentioned in the sacred book of the Mayans Popol Vuh, recognized as the framework of their cosmogony that was written in the K’iche’ area in Guatemala around the year 1550 was made. Thirty-two different species were identified, from 21 plant families, all native to Mesoamerica. The largest number of species was in Fabaceae with four species, Moraceae and Solanaceae with three species each, in addition to Bromeliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae and Poaceae with two species each. The five most important and frequently named species are maize (Zea mays), jícaro (Crescentia cujete), copal (Protium copal), rubber (Castilla elastica) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Eleven species were identified, such as pito wood (Erythrina berteroana) and zibak (Cyperus canus), considered of cosmogonic significance and food plants that are integrated into five groups: fruit trees [zapote (Manilkara zapota), nance (Byrsonima crassifolia), jocote (Spondias mombin), anona (Annona reticulata), matasano (Casimiroa edulis)], grains and seeds [maize, beans (Phaseolus lunatus), cocoa, pataxte (Theobroma bicolor)], vegetables [squash (Cucurbita moschata), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), chilacayote (Cucurbita ficifolia)], flavourings [chili (Capsicum annuum)], and beverages [maguey (Agave americana)]. Seven species were domesticated: maize, squash, chilacayote, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), beans, tomato and cocoa and others for medicinal purposes, fuel and instruments. The description of the creation of man asserts the close relationship of the Mayan culture with plant biodiversity; moreover, the famous milpa, a multi-species Mesoamerican agroecosystem is mentioned that was practiced by their gods.

ABSTRACT Among the less exploited Brazilian native fruit trees, the Spondias dulcis (cajá-manga) has many uses, being their fruits appreciated in fresh consumption and its pulp used in popsicles, ice-creams, and jellies production. However, there is a lack of research on this species, being necessary more studies. This work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical quality and the genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis fruits harvested in different accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments (accessions), ten replications with ten fruits per plot, totaling a sample of 600 fruits. The fruits were evaluated for pulp and peel color, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio, and vitamin C content. The fruits from accessions M4 and M5 presented physical and chemical characteristics higher than the other plants. The evaluated accessions presented genetic variability, being the methodology employed efficiently to indicate this variability, in which the accession M2 was the most divergent.

Resumo Uma das principais dificuldades na implantação dos sistemas agroflorestais está na escolha das espécies componentes. Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar a viabilidade de utilização de duas espécies amazônicas em sistema agroflorestal, quantificando a possível interferência da espécie dominante (mogno-brasileiro) sobre a espécie do dossel inferior (cupuaçuzeiro). O experimento foi conduzido por 14 anos, em uma propriedade comercial em Tomé-Açu, PA. Foram estabelecidos quatro níveis de espaçamento entre as árvores de cupuaçuzeiro e mogno: Nível 1 = 2,3 m; Nível 2 = 5,5 m; Nível 3 = 7,3 m; Nível 4 = 8,8 m. Avaliaram-se o desenvolvimento vegetativo inicial do cupuaçuzeiro, a produção durante 12 safras e a taxa de mortalidade. Para o mogno, mensurou-se o vigor das plantas e realizaram-se estimativas de produção de madeira. Ademais, estimaram-se alguns parâmetros morfométricos para verificar a adaptação do mogno ao ambiente de SAF e sua influência sobre o cupuaçuzeiro. Os resultados demonstraram que o cupuaçuzeiro teve um bom desenvolvimento vegetativo, mostrando não ter sido prejudicado pela competição com as árvores de mogno. A produção de frutos também não foi afetada pelo consórcio, assim como não houve diferenças nas taxas de mortalidade nos diferentes níveis de proximidade das espécies. O mogno teve crescimento vigoroso, beneficiado pelos tratos culturais dispensados, normalmente, em pomares de cupuaçuzeiro, como adubação anual e aporte hídrico. Pelas evidências obtidas, conclui-se que o SAF constituído por mogno-brasileiro e cupuaçuzeiro, nos espaçamentos aqui utilizados, oferece condições apropriadas ao desenvolvimento de ambas as espécies, e poderá ser uma alternativa aos sistemas de produção convencionais na Amazônia, bem como para incrementar a restauração de áreas antropizadas com espécies nativas.

Abstract One of the main difficulties in implementing agroforestry systems is the choice of component species. This research aimed to verify the feasibility of using two Amazonian species in an agroforestry system, quantifying the possible interference of the dominant species (Brazilian mahogany) on the lower canopy species (cupuassu tree). The experiment was conducted for 14 years, on a commercial property in Tomé-Açu, PA. Four levels of spacing between cupuassu tree and mahogany trees were established: Level 1 = 2.3 m; Level 2 = 5.5 m; Level 3 = 7.3 m; Level 4 = 8.8 m. The initial vegetative development of the cupuassu tree, the production during 12 harvests, and the mortality rate were evaluated. For mahogany, the vigor of the plants was measured and wood production estimates were made. In addition, some morphometric parameters were estimated to verify the adaptation of mahogany to the SAF environment and its influence on cupuaçuzeiro. The results showed that the cupuassu tree had a good vegetative development, showing that it was not harmed by the competition with the mahogany trees. Fruit production was also not affected by the consortium, just as there were no differences in mortality rates at different levels of species proximity. Mahogany grew vigorously, benefiting from the cultural treatments normally provided in cupuassu tree orchards, such as annual fertilization and water supply. Based on the evidence obtained, it can be concluded that the SAF made up of Brazilian mahogany and cupuassu tree, in the spaces used here, offers appropriate conditions for the development of both species, and could be an alternative to conventional production systems in the Amazon, as well as, to increase the restoration of anthropized areas with native species.

Resumo Constatou-se a necessidade de conhecer as espécies que foram selecionadas e classificadas da sociobiodiversidade com valor alimentício listadas na Portaria Interministerial n° 284/2018. Objetivou-se com esse estudo detectar as alterações em relação à portaria anteriormente publicada, bem como analisar a atual lista de espécies da sociobiodiversidade quanto ao número de espécies, origem, distribuição, ao risco de extinção e às partes da planta usadas. Para isso teve-se como ponto de partida as informações que constam na lista das espécies publicada pelas Portarias Interministerial n° 163/2016 e n° 284/2018 e consulta a documentos técnicos, bibliografias e ao Herbário Virtual da Flora e Funga do Brasil. Em relação à lista anterior, ocorreu a exclusão de seis espécies e um acréscimo de 25 espécies. A atual lista contém 101 espécies. Embora a maioria das espécies listadas são nativas, há também sete exóticas: uma cultivada e seis naturalizadas. A diversidade está bem representada nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros, principalmente no Cerrado, na Mata Atlântica e na Floresta Amazônica, entretanto cinco espécies se enquadraram em alguma das categorias de ameaçadas de extinção. Verificou-se que doze partes da planta utilizadas para consumo foram citadas para fins alimentícios, contudo houve um predomínio sobre os frutos.

Abstract It is necessary understanding the species selected and classified based on sociobiodiversity with food value listed in Interministerial Ordinance n. 284/2018. The aim of the study is to investigate changes in the previously published ordinance and to analyze the current list of sociobiodiversity species based on aspects such as number of species, origin, distribution, species endangerment and plant parts used for consumption. Information available in the list of species published through Interministerial Ordinances n. 163/2016 and n. 284/2018, in technical documents, bibliographies and in the Virtual Herbarium of Flora e Funga do Brasil, were used as the starting point for the present research. It was possible observing that the current list has excluded six species and added 25 species in comparison to the previous one. Thus, the current list comprises 101 species. Although most of the listed species are native to Brazil, seven of them are exotic: one is cultivated for dietary purposes and six are naturalized. Diversity is well represented in Brazilian phytogeographic domains, mainly in Cerrado, Atlantic Rainforest and Amazon Rainforest biomes; however, five species fall into one of the endangered categories. Twelve plant parts used for consumption were reported to be used for dietary purposes, with emphasis of fruit.

Abstract Interactions between plant and pollinators are associated with the origin and maintenance of species diversity, as well as ecosystem functioning. The potential of pollination as an ecosystem service is evidenced by its association with food production. Understanding pollination at the landscape scale is essential for characterizing the pollination service for several crops that depend on pollinators for fruit and seed set that make up the human diet. Our aim was to carry out a literature review of studies and projects funded by BIOTA/FAPESP to illustrate the main research approaches developed in the field of Pollination Biology, especially related to plant-pollinator interactions. Plant-pollinator interactions in the Atlantic forest were leveraged as a result of this long-term research program, during which several papers were published in international journals. Pollination by bees (melittophily) was the most representative pollination system studied. In addition to melittophily, other interactions were studied such as pollination by hawkmoths (sphingophily), by hummingbirds (ornithophily) and by bats (chiropterophily). The specific mutualistic relationships between fig trees and fig wasps were also subject of studies within the Program. At the beginning of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program, there were many gaps in basic information about pollination and breeding systems of Brazilian native plant species. Thus, the Program was fundamental to fuel research on the natural history of plants and pollinators from the Atlantic forest. Overall, the Program funded studies that investigated themes such as functional pollination ecology, pollinator effectiveness, plant population genetics, structure and dynamics of plant-pollinator interaction networks, as well as geographic distribution and macroevolution of pollination systems, as well as genetic and molecular studies of native plant populations focusing on pollen flow and genetic structure of populations. Additionally, studies on pollination in the context of landscape ecology had the aim of assessing the effects of forest fragmentation on the functioning of plant populations and their interactions with pollinators and the relationships between landscape structure and ecological processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem service. Therefore, the Program had a prominent role in producing basic data with great implications for understanding the ecology and promoting the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. diversity production diet BIOTAFAPESP BIOTA FAPESP Biology plantpollinator Plantpollinator Plant longterm long term program journals melittophily (melittophily sphingophily, sphingophily , (sphingophily) ornithophily (ornithophily chiropterophily. chiropterophily . (chiropterophily) Thus Overall effectiveness genetics networks Additionally processes biodiversity Therefore (sphingophily (chiropterophily

Resumo A interação planta-polinizador está associada à origem e manutenção da diversidade de espécies de plantas e ao funcionamento dos ecossistemas. O potencial da polinização como serviço ecossistêmico é destacado quando associado à produção de alimentos. Compreender esta interação na escala da paisagem é essencial para caracterizar o serviço de polinização para muitos cultivos que dependem dos polinizadores para a formação de frutos e sementes que integram a dieta humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos e projetos financiados pelo BIOTA/FAPESP para ilustrar as principais abordagens de pesquisa desenvolvidas no campo da Biologia da Polinização, especialmente relacionadas à interação planta-polinizador. As interações planta-polinizador na Mata Atlântica foram alavancadas como resultado desse programa de pesquisa de longo prazo, durante o qual vários artigos foram publicados em revistas internacionais. A polinização por abelhas (melitofilia) foi o sistema de polinização mais representativo estudado. Além da melitofilia, outras interações foram estudadas, como a polinização por mariposas (esfingofilia), por beija-flores (ornitofilia) e por morcegos (quiropterofilia). As relações mutualísticas específicas entre figueiras e vespas do figo também foram objeto de estudos no âmbito do Programa. No início do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP, havia muitas lacunas sobre informações básicas sobre polinização e sistemas de reprodução de espécies vegetais nativas brasileiras. Assim, o Programa foi fundamental para desenvolver pesquisas sobre a história natural de plantas e polinizadores da Mata Atlântica. No geral, o Programa financiou estudos que investigaram temas como ecologia funcional da polinização, eficácia de polinizadores, genética de populações de plantas, estrutura e dinâmica de redes de interação planta-polinizador, bem como distribuição geográfica e macroevolução dos sistemas de polinização, além de estudos genéticos e moleculares de populações de plantas nativas com foco no fluxo de pólen. Adicionalmente, estudos sobre polinização no contexto da ecologia da paisagem tiveram como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da fragmentação florestal no funcionamento das populações de plantas e suas interações com os polinizadores e as relações entre a estrutura da paisagem e os processos ecológicos, biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, o Programa teve um papel de destaque na produção de dados básicos com grandes implicações para o entendimento da ecologia e promoção da conservação das interações planta-polinizador. plantapolinizador planta polinizador ecossistemas alimentos humana BIOTAFAPESP BIOTA FAPESP Polinização plantapolinizador. polinizador. prazo internacionais melitofilia (melitofilia estudado estudadas esfingofilia, esfingofilia , (esfingofilia) beijaflores beija flores ornitofilia (ornitofilia quiropterofilia. quiropterofilia . (quiropterofilia) brasileiras Assim geral plantapolinizador, polinizador, pólen Adicionalmente ecológicos ecossistêmicos Portanto (esfingofilia (quiropterofilia

ABSTRACT Knowledge about the spatial distribution of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and tritrophic interactions (fruit-fruit fly parasitoid) contributes to the monitoring and maintenance of the numerical density at a level lower than economic damage. The purpose of this study was to identify the spatial distribution and associations of fruit flies with their parasitoids and host plants in the municipality of Bom Jesus-PI. The flies were obtained from fruit collection from July 2018 to May 2019. A total of 1,711 individuals were obtained, represented by six species: Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835), An. fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), An. alveata Stone, 1942, An. sororcula Zucchi, 1979, An. zenildae Zucchi, 1979 and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824). Anastrepha obliqua was the species with the widest distribution throughout the ecotone area. Ceratitis capitata is distributed only in the urban perimeter. A tritrophic relationship occurred between four species of parasitoids, Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958) or Opius sp. associated with An. obliqua in Spondias mombin or S. tuberosa fruits. Opius sp. has also been associated with An. alveata in Ximenia americana. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was obtained from C. capitata in Malpighia emarginata, in addition to An. obliqua in Averrhoa carambola. Therefore, fruit flies are associated with native fruit trees (S. tuberosa, S. mombin, S. purpurea, P. acutangulum, Inga laurina, X. americana) and exotic fruits (M. emarginata, A. carambola, P. guajava). Ceratitis capitata was recorded for the first time in the state of Piauí infesting I. laurina (Sw.) Willd. This is the first record of the parasitoid genus Spalangia. in An. obliqua in Piauí and in the semiarid region of Brazil.

SUMMARY: The Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) produces valuable timber and edible fruit in high demand. However, the development of the crop is scarce in Chile, where the production is usually harvested from native forests. In plantations, quality arboriculture practices are mainly aimed at increasing the value of timber, though their impact on fruiting is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the shape and size of trees in relation to fruit production, and fruit morphometry traits in relation to kernel yield in cultivated trees. A 21-year-old plantation was evaluated, established with plants from two origins in the Araucanía region, managed with quality arboriculture techniques. Dasometric variables, production and morphometry of fruits and kernel yield in relation to the in-shell seed were measured in 1,000 hazelnuts. Differences were found among origins for tree height though none for fruit morphometric variables. On average, 20 kg of seeds were harvested per tree, with a kernel yield of 35 %, varying among seeds from 12 to 74 %. The trees with the highest seed production had diameters over 18.2 cm and balanced shape (H / DBH ratio less than 0.413). The highest kernel yields were obtained in lightweight in-shell seeds (less than 1.33 g) and with lengths under 18.5 mm. Gevuina avellana in managed plantations far exceeds the seed production harvested in native forests, with higher kernel yield in smaller seeds.

RESUMEN: El avellano chileno (Gevuina avellana) produce madera y frutos comestibles, recolectándose la producción principalmente desde bosques nativos. Para determinar si el manejo mejora la productividad frutal, el presente trabajo evaluó la forma y tamaño de árboles, la producción de avellanas y su morfometría, y el rendimiento de semilla sin cáscara en una plantación de avellanos de 21 años provenientes de dos orígenes de la Araucanía, la cual es manejada con técnicas de arboricultura de calidad orientada a incrementar el valor de la madera. Se midieron variables dasométricas, producción y morfometría de frutos, y el rendimiento de pepa en relación al fruto con cáscara en 1.000 avellanas. Se encontraron diferencias entre orígenes para la altura de los árboles, pero no para la morfometría del fruto. Se obtuvieron en promedio 20 kg de fruto por árbol, con un rendimiento en semilla sin cáscara del 35 %, variando entre avellanas del 12 % al 74 %. Los árboles más productivos tenían diámetros sobre 18,2 cm y forma equilibrada (relación H / DAP menor a 0,413). Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron en frutos con cáscara de peso liviano (menores a 1,33 g) y con largos bajo 18,5 mm. El avellano chileno en plantaciones manejadas supera ampliamente la producción de avellanas recolectada en bosques, con rendimientos de semilla sin cáscara superiores en frutos de menor tamaño.

Abstract Studies on floristic diversity in Sinaloa, Mexico reflect about 3736 species of vascular plants, of which little is known about the native trees, their state of conservation and use, in addition to this, a high rate of deforestation has been registered in the state. Recognizing biodiversity, its ecological and cultural importance is of vital importance to propose sustainable use policies and reverse the environmental damage that its loss entails, therefore the objective of this work was to document the native tree species and their use in the agroforestry systems described in the literature and in a community. This study was based on bibliographic and field research; for the former, a list of native tree species was made, an in the latter, the knowledge about trees in a community was documented. Three sampling sites were selected in the municipal seat of Badiraguato Sinaloa, 60 interviews were applied and 51 family gardens were visited, the results of which were analyzed through cluster analysis.577 native trees were registered, four endemic to Sinaloa, the most diverse family and genera were the Fabaceae, Quercus, Pinus and Bursera. 260 species showed to have some form of use in the literature and in the study area, the milpa, the family garden, living fences and a silvopastoril systems were registered as agroforestry systems, the last one was named Pitayal, within the community 79 trees are recognized, 57 present in family gardens (4.15% of Sinaloa state native trees), with eleven forms of use among which the medicinal, a source of shade and food stand out. According to the cluster analysis, the orchards differ between those with introduced fruit trees and those with a higher frequency of native species which are located on the periphery and at the exit of the community. Home gardens are systems that allow the conservation of some species adapted to local conditions, both the species, the forms of management and their ecological implications must be studied in greater depth.

Resumen Los estudios sobre la diversidad florística en Sinaloa, México reflejan alrededor de 3,736 especies de plantas vasculares, de estas poco se sabe sobre los árboles nativos, su estado de conservación y aprovechamiento, aunado a lo anterior se ha registrado una alta tasa de deforestación para el Estado. Reconocer la biodiversidad, su importancia ecológica y cultural es de vital importancia para plantear políticas de aprovechamiento sustentable y revertir los daños ambientales que conlleva su pérdida, por lo anterior el objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar las especies de árboles nativos y su aprovechamiento en los sistemas agroforestales descritos en la literatura y en una comunidad, para ello, este estudio se fundamentó en la investigación bibliográfica y de campo, con el primero se realizó un listado con las especies de árboles nativos y en campo se documentó el conocimiento sobre los árboles en una comunidad. Se seleccionaron tres sitios de muestro en la cabecera municipal de Badiraguato, Sinaloa donde se aplicaron 60 entrevistas, se visitaron 51 huertos familiares. Los resultados se analizaron a través del análisis de conglomerados. Se registraron 577 árboles nativos, cuatro endémicos a Sinaloa, la familia más diversa fue la Fabaceae, mientras que los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Quercus, Pinus y Bursera, 260 especies mostraron tener alguna forma de aprovechamiento en la literatura y en la zona de estudio se registraron como sistemas agroforestales a la milpa, el huerto familiar, las cercas vivas y los sistemas silvopastoriles a esté último se le denominó Pitayal, en la comunidad se registraron 79 árboles, 54 de ellos presentes en los huertos familiares (el 5.4% de los árboles nativos del Estado), con once formas de aprovechamiento entre las que destacan la medicinal, fuente de sombra y alimenticia. De acuerdo con el análisis de conglomerados los huertos se diferencian entre sí en los que tiene árboles frutales introducidos y aquellos con mayor frecuencia de especies nativas los cuales son localizados en la periferia y a la salida de la comunidad. Los huertos familiares son sistemas que permiten conservar algunas especies adaptadas a las condiciones locales tanto las especies, las formas de manejo y sus implicaciones ecológicas deben ser estudiadas con mayor profundidad.