Abstract Monkey mortality in Costa Rica is due, in most cases, to anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fragmentation, lack of tree connectivity, and tourism development in most coastal areas. The latter factor has caused the death of at least 450 monkeys per year due to electrocution, as a result of the increase in electrical wiring that has arisen in the different regions with urban development. Faced with this threat, proposals have been developed to avoid the danger, such as the construction of appropriate passage infrastructure for monkeys, the placement of insulated wiring, and the protection of electrical transformers. Using the morphometric measurements of the four species of monkeys native to Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii, and Cebus imitator), a model of safe and functional aerial passages or bridges for them was designed, the foundations of which are discussed in this article.

Resumen La mortalidad de los monos en Costa Rica se debe, en la mayoría de los casos, a factores antropogénicos, como la deforestación, la fragmentación de los bosques, la falta de conectividad arbórea y el desarrollo turístico en la mayoría de las zonas costeras. Este último factor ha provocado la muerte de al menos 450 monos por año debido a la electrocución, a raíz del aumento del cableado eléctrico que ha surgido en las diferentes regiones con desarrollo urbanístico. Ante esta amenaza se han elaborado propuestas para evitar el peligro, como la construcción de infraestructura de paso apropiada para los monos, la colocación de cableado aislado y la protección de los transformadores eléctricos. Utilizando las medidas morfométricas de las cuatro especies de monos nativas de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii y Cebus imitator), se diseñó un modelo de pasos aéreos o puentes seguros y funcionales para ellos, cuyos fundamentos se discuten en el presente artículo.

This study aimed to isolate, purify and characterize secondary metabolites present in Amburana acreana leaves, native to the state of Rondônia, using classical chromatographic methods and 1D, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. From the hydroethanolic leaves extract of A. acreana, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, coumarin, campesterol 3-β-D-glucoside and amburoside B, all known compounds, were identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and chemical characterization of secondary metabolites in A. acreana. In addition, in vitro assays indicated that amburoside B does not have inhibitory potential on the growth of gram-negative bacteria. The presence of these compounds suggests that, thus far, amburosides (A and B) could be chemotaxonomic markers of the genus Amburana. isolate Rondônia 1D D spectroscopy A phydroxybenzoic p hydroxybenzoic acid coumarin 3βDglucoside βDglucoside 3 β glucoside identified knowledge addition gramnegative gram negative bacteria far

Brazilian Savanna biodiversity is abundant in native fruits with nutritional and sensory properties with potential technological applications. However, the information available regarding the proprieties of Brazilian native fruits is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of Brosimum gaudichaudii fruits (BGF) using metabolomics approaches, besides its physicochemical and nutritional proprieties. BGF exhibited protein content at least two times higher than other native fruits. Fifty-five metabolites were identified by the metabolomics approaches, mainly fatty acids (n = 22), carbohydrates (n = 13), organic acids (n = 6), and polyphenols (n = 5). The most abundant constituents were D-fructose (42.97%) for sugars, L-asparagine (6.47%) for amino acids, succinic acid (44.11%) for organic acids, and linolenic acid (3.04%) for fatty acids. Highlighted phytochemicals included chlorogenic acid, α-amyrin, and γ-tocopherol. Additionally, this study revealed that BGF is a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber and an excellent source of vitamin A. Future studies providing nutritional information and suggesting consumption methods and potential industrial applications are essential to familiarize consumers with these foods. Additionally, clarifying the appropriate planting and harvesting seasons can revive traditional practices, especially for native fruits like BGF. However limited (BGF approaches Fiftyfive Fifty five n 22, 22 , 22) 13, 13 13) 6, 6 6) 5. 5 . 5) Dfructose D fructose 42.97% 4297 42 97 (42.97% sugars Lasparagine L asparagine 6.47% 647 47 (6.47% 44.11% 4411 44 11 (44.11% 3.04% 304 3 04 (3.04% αamyrin, αamyrin α amyrin, amyrin α-amyrin γtocopherol. γtocopherol γ tocopherol. tocopherol γ-tocopherol Additionally A foods practices 2 1 42.97 429 4 9 (42.97 6.47 64 (6.47 44.11 441 (44.11 3.04 30 0 (3.04 42.9 (42.9 6.4 (6.4 44.1 (44.1 3.0 (3.0 42. (42. 6. (6. 44. (44. 3. (3. (42 (6 (44 (3 (4 (

Abstract The use of wood is often indicated as a decarbonization strategy for the construction sector. However, the CO 2 footprint of native wood, that is, the emissions during wood harvesting, transportation, and processing, depends on the type of forest management practiced. This study quantifies the CO 2 footprint of native rough sawn lumber from forests with three types of harvesting: sustainable management, conventional management, and conventional selective extraction (deforestation). CO 2 emissions were analyzed from harvesting to the end of wood processing based on data from the literature and the Construction Environmental Performance Information System. The CO 2 footprint of rough sawn lumber varies between 25 and 19,860 kCO 2 /m 3 , with the lowest values for wood from sustainable management and the highest for conventional selective extraction. In addition, managed wood stores temporarily in its cell structure ~353kgC/m 3 . Native wood from sustainable harvesting can contribute to decarbonizing buildings, whereas wood from conventional harvesting and deforestation are relevant sources of CO 2 emissions, considering the wood life cycle. sector However transportation practiced deforestation. (deforestation) System 19860 19 860 19,86 m addition 353kgCm kgCm 353kgC kgC buildings cycle (deforestation 1986 1 86 19,8 198 8 19,

Resmo O uso da madeira é frequentemente apontado como uma estratégia de descarbonização para a construção. Entretanto, a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa, ou seja, que são as emissões decorrentes da sua exploração florestal, transporte e beneficiamento, depende do tipo de manejo florestal. Este estudo quantifica a pegada de CO2 da madeira nativa serrada bruta, proveniente de três tipos de exploração florestal: manejo sustentável, manejo convencional e extração seletiva convencional (desmatamento). Analisaram-se as emissões de CO2 da exploração florestal até o término do beneficiamento da madeira, com dados da literatura e do Sistema de Informação do Desempenho Ambiental da Construção. A pegada de CO2 da madeira serrada bruta varia entre 25 e 19.860 kgCO2/m3, com os menores valores para a madeira de manejo sustentável e os maiores para a madeira de extração seletiva convencional. Além disso, a madeira manejada estoca temporariamente, em sua estrutura celular, ~353 kgC/m3. Madeiras nativas de manejo florestal sustentável podem contribuir com a descarbonização dos edifícios, enquanto as madeiras de manejo convencional e, sobretudo, de desmatamentosão fontes expressivas de CO2 dentro do seu ciclo de vida. construção Entretanto CO seja desmatamento. desmatamento . (desmatamento) Analisaramse Analisaram se Construção 2 19860 19 860 19.86 kgCO2m3 kgCOm kgCO2 m3 kgCO m kgCO2/m3 disso temporariamente celular 353 ~35 kgCm3 kgCm kgC kgC/m3 edifícios sobretudo vida (desmatamento 1986 1 86 19.8 kgCO2m kgCO2/m 35 ~3 kgC/m 198 8 19. 3 ~

Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

Abstract This research aims to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect. More specifically, we intend to verify the morphosyntactic realizations of universal perfect (UP), resultative perfect (ResP) and experiential perfect (ExP) associated to the past and to the indicative mood in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). For this purpose, five hours of spontaneous speech were analyzed and a gap-filling task was applied to 62 native speakers of BP. The results evidenced that UP is conveyed by the imperfective past and the auxiliary verb “estar” (‘to be’) in the imperfective past + gerund; ResP is conveyed by past perfect (with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past, past perfect simple and “acabar” (‘to finish’) in the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verb “ter” (‘to have’) + ‘de’ (‘of’) + infinitive; and ExP is conveyed by the past perfect compound with the auxiliary verbs “ter” (‘to have’) and “haver” (‘there to be’), simple past and past perfect simple. We discussed that the results corroborate Rodrigues and Martins’s (2019) proposal that there are three perfect phrases in the syntactic tree: Universal Perfect Phrase (UPerfP) to UP, Resultative Perfect Phrase (ResPerfP) to ResP, and Experiential Perfect Phrase (ExPerfP) to ExP.

Resumo Objetiva-se, nesta pesquisa, investigar a representação sintática do aspecto perfect. Mais especificamente, pretende-se verificar as realizações morfossintáticas de perfect universal (PU), resultativo (PRes) e experiencial (PEx) associados ao tempo passado e ao modo indicativo no português brasileiro (PB). Para tanto, foram analisadas cinco horas de fala espontânea e foi aplicado um teste de preenchimento de lacunas a 62 falantes nativos do PB. Os resultados evidenciam que o PU é veiculado por meio de pretérito imperfeito e “estar” no pretérito imperfeito + gerúndio; o PRes é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito, pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples e “acabar” no pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto com auxiliar “ter” + preposição “de” + infinitivo; e o PEx é veiculado por meio de pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto (com auxiliares “ter” e “haver”), pretérito perfeito e pretérito mais-que-perfeito simples. Os resultados corroboram a proposta de Rodrigues e Martins (2019) de que há três sintagmas de perfect na árvore sintática: o Sintagma de Perfect Universal (UPerfP) para o PU, o Sintagma de Perfect Resultativo (ResPerfP) para o PRes e o Sintagma de Perfect Experiencial (ExPerfP) para o PEx.

Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

El régimen colonial portugués utilizó libros de texto y otros medios educativos para difundir sus ideologías de supremacía blanca. Esto se hizo con el fin de subyugar mejor a los colonizados en sus provincias africanas, las llamadas "provincias de ultramar". Este artículo intenta establecer que la mayoría del extracto social nativo en el África colonial lusófona, particularmente en Angola y Guinea Bissau, estaba arraigado en estereotipos sistemáticos durante el Estado Novo [Nuevo Estado] (1933-1974). Esto se logró mediante el uso de libros de texto en el Estado Novo [Nuevo Estado] para inculcar valores y la cultura de la sumisión en los niños indígenas desde una edad escolar temprana. Esperamos con el análisis de dos libros de texto de escuela primaria exponer las ideologías coloniales y advertir sobre las consecuencias negativas del sesgo eurocéntrico y afrocéntrico que se encuentra en los libros de texto escolares actuales, especialmente contra grupos minoritarios como los blancos y los mestizos en el contexto de la agenda poscolonial. El estudio emplea el Enfoque Discursivo-Histórico (DHA) para analizar los datos.

O regime colonial português utilizou livros escolares e outros meios educativos para divulgar as suas ideologias de supremacia branca. Isto foi promulgado para melhor subjugar os colonizados nas suas chamadas “províncias ultramarinas” africanas. Este artigo tenta estabelecer que a maior parte do extrato social nativo dos países Lusófonos em África particularmente Angola e Guine Bissau, no período colonial, estavam enraizados em estereótipos sistemáticos. Isto foi conseguido através da utilização de livros didáticos no Estado Novo para inculcar valores e a cultura de subserviência às crianças indígenas desde a mais tenra idade escolar. Esperamos com a análise de dois manuais escolares do ensino primário expôr as ideologias coloniais. Pretendemos também alertar sobre as consequências negativas do eurocentricentrismo e afrocentrismo encontrado nos livros e manuais escolares atuais o que é discrimina, especialmente, grupos minoritários como brancos e mestiços no contexto da agenda pós-colonial. O estudo emprega a Abordagem Histórico-Discursiva (DHA, sigla em inglês) para analisar os dados.

The Portuguese colonial regime used textbooks and other educational means to disseminate its ideologies of white supremacy. This was enacted in order to better subjugate the colonized in their African, so called 'overseas provinces'. This paper attempts to establish that the majority of the social native extract in the Africa colonial Lusophone particularly in Angola and Guinea Bissau was entrenched in systematic stereotyping during Estado Novo [New State] (1933-1974). This was achieved through using textbooks to inculcate values and the culture of subservience in indigenous children from an early school-going age. We hope with the analysis of two primary school textbooks to expose the colonial ideologies and to warn about the negative consequences of Eurocentric and Afrocentric bias found in current school textbooks especially against minority groups like whites and coloureds in the context of the post-colonial agenda. The study employs the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to analyse data.

RESUMO Introdução: A biópsia renal (BR) percutânea é fundamental para diagnóstico e manejo de diversas patologias renais. Dados nacionais sobre BR nativa em pacientes pediátricos são escassos. Nosso objetivo foi revisar características demográficas, clínicas e padrões histopatológicos em crianças submetidas a BR percutânea nativa ao longo de 24 anos. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos a BR percutâneas nativas em unidade de nefrologia pediátrica entre 1998 e 2021, comparando três períodos: período 1 (1998–2005), período 2 (2006–2013), período 3 (2014–2021). Resultados: Constatamos que foram realizadas 228 BR, 78 (34,2%) no período 1, 91 (39,9%) no período 2, 59 (25,9%) no período 3. A idade mediana na BR foi 11 (7–14) anos. As principais indicações para BR foram síndrome nefrótica (SN) (42,9%), hematúria e/ou proteinúria não nefrótica (35,5%), lesão renal aguda (13,2%). Glomerulopatias primárias foram mais frequentes (67,1%), principalmente doença de lesão mínima (DLM) (25,4%), nefropatia por IgA (12,7%), glomerulonefrite mesangioproliferativa (GN) (8,8%). Das glomerulopatias secundárias, nefrite lúpica (NL) foi a mais prevalente (11,8%). No grupo 1, hematúria e/ou a proteinúria não nefrótica foram os principais motivos para BR, ao contrário da SN nos grupos 2 e 3 (p < 0,01). A NL apresentou tendência crescente (período 1–3: 2,6%–5,3%) e a glomeruloesclerose segmentar focal (GESF) apresentou leve tendência decrescente (período 1–3: 3,1%–1,8%), sem significância estatística. Conclusões: A principal indicação para BR foi SN, que aumentou ao longo do tempo, justificando o achado de DLM como principal diagnóstico histológico. A NL apresentou aumento na incidência ao longo do tempo, enquanto os casos de GESF não aumentaram. Introdução (BR renais escassos demográficas anos Métodos 199 2021 períodos 1998–2005, 19982005 1998–2005 , 2005 (1998–2005) 2006–2013, 20062013 2006–2013 2006 2013 (2006–2013) 2014–2021. 20142021 2014–2021 . 2014 (2014–2021) Resultados 22 7 34,2% 342 34 (34,2% 9 39,9% 399 39 (39,9% 5 25,9% 259 25 (25,9% 7–14 714 14 (7–14 (SN 42,9%, 429 42,9% 42 (42,9%) eou ou 35,5%, 355 35,5% 35 (35,5%) 13,2%. 132 13,2% 13 (13,2%) 67,1%, 671 67,1% 67 (67,1%) (DLM 25,4%, 254 25,4% 4 (25,4%) 12,7%, 127 12,7% 12 (12,7%) GN (GN 8,8%. 88 8,8% 8 (8,8%) secundárias (NL 11,8%. 118 11,8% (11,8%) p 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) 1–3 2,6%–5,3% 2653 6 (GESF 3,1%–1,8%, 3118 3,1%–1,8% 3,1%–1,8%) estatística Conclusões tempo histológico aumentaram 19 202 1998200 1998–200 200 (1998–2005 2006201 2006–201 201 (2006–2013 2014202 2014–202 (2014–2021 34,2 (34,2 39,9 (39,9 25,9 (25,9 7–1 71 (7–1 42,9 (42,9% 35,5 (35,5% 13,2 (13,2% 67,1 (67,1% 25,4 (25,4% 12,7 (12,7% 8,8 (8,8% 11,8 (11,8% 00 0,0 1– 2,6%–5,3 265 311 3,1%–1,8 20 199820 1998–20 (1998–200 200620 2006–20 (2006–201 201420 2014–20 (2014–202 34, (34, 39, (39, 25, (25, 7– (7– 42, (42,9 35, (35,5 13, (13,2 67, (67,1 (25,4 12, (12,7 8, (8,8 11, (11,8 0, 2,6%–5, 26 31 3,1%–1, 19982 1998–2 (1998–20 20062 2006–2 (2006–20 20142 2014–2 (2014–20 (34 (39 (25 (7 (42, (35, (13, (67, (12, (8, (11, 2,6%–5 3,1%–1 1998– (1998–2 2006– (2006–2 2014– (2014–2 (3 (2 ( (42 (35 (13 (67 (12 (8 (11 2,6%– 3,1%– (1998– (2006– (2014– (4 (1 (6 2,6% 3,1% (1998 (2006 (2014 2,6 3,1 (199 (200 (201 3, (19 (20

Introduction: Percutaneous kidney biopsy (KB) is crucial to the diagnosis and management of several renal pathologies. National data on native KB in pediatric patients are scarce. We aimed to review the demographic and clinical characteristics and histopathological patterns in children who underwent native percutaneous KB over 24 years. Methods: Retrospective observational study of patients undergoing native percutaneous KB in a pediatric nephrology unit between 1998 and 2021, comparing 3 periods: period 1 (1998–2005), period 2 (2006–2013), and period 3 (2014–2021). Results: We found that 228 KB were performed, 78 (34.2%) in period 1, 91 (39.9%) in period 2, and 59 (25.9%) in period 3. The median age at KB was 11 (7–14) years. The main indications for KB were nephrotic syndrome (NS) (42.9%), hematuria and/or non-nephrotic proteinuria (35.5%), and acute kidney injury (13.2%). Primary glomerulopathies were more frequent (67.1%), particularly minimal change disease (MCD) (25.4%), IgA nephropathy (12.7%), and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) (8.8%). Of the secondary glomerulopathies, lupus nephritis (LN) was the most prevalent (11.8%). In group 1, hematuria and/or non-nephrotic proteinuria were the main reasons for KB, as opposed to NS in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.01). LN showed an increasing trend (period 1–3: 2.6%–5.3%) and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) showed a slight decreasing trend (period 1–3: 3.1%–1.8%), without statistical significance. Conclusions: The main indication for KB was NS, which increased over time, justifying the finding of MCD as main histological diagnosis. LN showed an increase in incidence over time, while FSGS cases did not increase. Introduction (KB pathologies scarce years Methods 199 2021 periods 1998–2005, 19982005 1998–2005 , 2005 (1998–2005) 2006–2013, 20062013 2006–2013 2006 2013 (2006–2013) 2014–2021. 20142021 2014–2021 . 2014 (2014–2021) Results 22 performed 7 34.2% 342 34 (34.2% 9 39.9% 399 39 (39.9% 5 25.9% 259 25 (25.9% 7–14 714 14 (7–14 (NS 42.9%, 429 42.9% 42 (42.9%) andor or nonnephrotic non 35.5%, 355 35.5% 35 (35.5%) 13.2%. 132 13.2% 13 (13.2%) 67.1%, 671 67.1% 67 (67.1%) (MCD 25.4%, 254 25.4% 4 (25.4%) 12.7%, 127 12.7% 12 (12.7%) GN (GN 8.8%. 88 8.8% 8 (8.8%) (LN 11.8%. 118 11.8% (11.8%) p 0.01. 001 0.01 0 01 0.01) 1–3 2.6%–5.3% 2653 6 (FSGS 3.1%–1.8%, 3118 3.1%–1.8% 3.1%–1.8%) significance Conclusions time 19 202 1998200 1998–200 200 (1998–2005 2006201 2006–201 201 (2006–2013 2014202 2014–202 (2014–2021 34.2 (34.2 39.9 (39.9 25.9 (25.9 7–1 71 (7–1 42.9 (42.9% 35.5 (35.5% 13.2 (13.2% 67.1 (67.1% 25.4 (25.4% 12.7 (12.7% 8.8 (8.8% 11.8 (11.8% 00 0.0 1– 2.6%–5.3 265 311 3.1%–1.8 20 199820 1998–20 (1998–200 200620 2006–20 (2006–201 201420 2014–20 (2014–202 34. (34. 39. (39. 25. (25. 7– (7– 42. (42.9 35. (35.5 13. (13.2 67. (67.1 (25.4 12. (12.7 8. (8.8 11. (11.8 0. 2.6%–5. 26 31 3.1%–1. 19982 1998–2 (1998–20 20062 2006–2 (2006–20 20142 2014–2 (2014–20 (34 (39 (25 (7 (42. (35. (13. (67. (12. (8. (11. 2.6%–5 3.1%–1 1998– (1998–2 2006– (2006–2 2014– (2014–2 (3 (2 ( (42 (35 (13 (67 (12 (8 (11 2.6%– 3.1%– (1998– (2006– (2014– (4 (1 (6 2.6% 3.1% (1998 (2006 (2014 2.6 3.1 (199 (200 (201 2. (19 (20

Abstract Background: Bursera is a genus native to tropical America and groups around 114 species. Western Mexico is its main center of diversification, and the south of the Baja California Peninsula is an important center of endemism for the genus. Questions: How many species of Bursera are there in the Baja California Peninsula? Where are they distributed? Which is their status of conservation? Studied species: The species of Bursera of the Baja California Peninsula. Study site and dates: The Baja California Peninsula, Mexico; from 2021 to 2022. Methods: A database was generated from electronic repositories, herbaria, field collections and specialized literature. Species richness was calculated by political division, biogeographic province, ecoregion, and a 40 × 40 km grid. Species distribution models were built, and the conservation status was estimated for each taxon using the IUCN B2 criterion. Results: In the Baja California Peninsula 11 species of Bursera were documented, of which seven are endemic. Species richness was concentrated in the Cape Tropical Shrubland at elevations between 0 and 500 m. Five species were classified in some risk category. Conclusions: The present work expands knowledge about the distribution and conservation status of Bursera in the Baja California Peninsula.

Resumen Antecedentes: Bursera es un género nativo de América tropical y agrupa 114 especies. El occidente de México es su principal centro de diversificación y el sur de la Península de Baja California es un centro de endemismo importante para el género. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas especies de Bursera hay en la Península de Baja California? ¿Dónde se distribuyen? ¿Cuáles son sus estados de conservación? Especies de estudio: Bursera Jacq. ex L. Sitio y años de estudio: La Península de Baja California, México; de 2021 a 2022. Métodos: Se generó una base de datos a partir repositorios electrónicos, herbarios, colectas en campo y literatura especializada. Se calculó la riqueza por división política, provincia biogeográfica, ecorregión y una cuadrícula de 40 × 40 km. Se construyeron modelos de distribución de especies y se estimó el estado de conservación para cada taxón utilizando el criterio B2 de la IUCN que se basa en el área de distribución. Resultados: Se documentaron 11 especies de Bursera en la Península de Baja California, de las cuales siete son endémicas de la misma. La riqueza de especies se concentró en los Matorrales Tropicales del Cabo a elevaciones entre los 0 y los 500 m. Cinco especies se clasificaron en alguna categoría de riesgo según los criterios de la IUCN. Conclusiones: El presente trabajo amplía el conocimiento sobre la distribución y estado de conservación del género Bursera en la Península de Baja California.

Abstract Background: Traditional agroforestry systems (AFS) can maintain native plant diversity through different peasant practices. Questions: How much AFS maintain the composition, diversity and abundance of perennial plants? What variations are there among different types of vegetation? Studied species: Perennial plant species occurring in AFS associated with columnar cacti forests, temperate forests, thorn forests, rosetophyllous forests and tropical deciduous forests. Study site and dates: 13 communities of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, in Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico. Revision of works and own data published between 2010 and 2020. Methods: We evaluated the floristic composition, diversity conservation capacity and abundance of individuals by means of a redundancy analysis, the estimation of effective numbers of species and generalized linear models in 30 AFS and 30 samples of the wild vegetation from which they derive. Results: The AFS analyzed can maintain 68 % of the species richness and 34 % of the individuals of perennial plants present in the surrounding wild vegetation. The AFS and wild vegetation are similar in terms of species composition and diversity, although in the case of the thorn forest there is a clear reduction in the number of species and a change in the composition. The abundance of individuals is notoriously lower in the AFS. Conclusions: The AFS are an alternative capable of safeguarding a significant part of the native plant diversity of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. The fair valuation and promotion of agroecological peasant management through AFS should be considered in the policies of biodiversity conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agroforestales tradicionales (SAF) son capaces de mantener la diversidad vegetal nativa mediante diferentes prácticas campesinas. Preguntas: ¿En qué medida los SAF mantienen la composición, diversidad y abundancia de plantas perennes? ¿Qué variaciones hay entre distintos tipos de vegetación? Especies de estudio: Plantas perennes presentes en SAF asociados a bosques de cactáceas columnares, bosques templados, bosques espinosos, matorrales rosetófilos y selvas bajas caducifolias. Sitio y años de estudio: 13 comunidades del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, en Oaxaca y Puebla, México. Revisión de trabajos y datos propios publicados entre 2010 y 2020. Métodos: Evaluamos la composición florística, capacidad de conservación de diversidad y abundancia de individuos mediante un análisis de redundancia, la estimación de números efectivos de especies y modelos lineales generalizados en 30 SAF y 30 muestreos de la vegetación silvestre de la que derivan. Resultados: Los SAF analizados son capaces de mantener 68 % de la riqueza de especies y 34 % de los individuos de plantas perennes presentes en la vegetación silvestre circundante. Los SAF y la vegetación silvestre son semejantes en términos de composición y diversidad de especies, aunque en el caso del bosque espinoso hay una clara reducción del número de especies y un cambio en la composición. La abundancia de individuos es notoriamente menor en los SAF. Conclusiones: Los SAF son una alternativa capaz de resguardar una parte significativa de la diversidad vegetal nativa. La justa valoración y la promoción del manejo campesino agroecológico mediante SAF debe ser considerado en las políticas de conservación.

Abstract Background: Plant species used for reforestation purposes are idoneous if native, and also if they are present in regeneration sources. High germination percentages under different light conditions and a broad phenological pattern enhance adaptability to environmental heterogeneity. Preference for species responsive to mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended. Questions: Is Solanum pubigerum a widespread species in temperate forests of central Mexico?, under which light conditions germination will be the highest?, how abundant is it in natural regeneration sources?, does inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi benefit its germination and growth? Studied species / data description / Mathematical model: Solanum pubigerum/distribution in central Mexico forests, germination and viability percentages, reproductive phenology, growth dependence on AM fungi/ Kruskal-Wallis test, synchrony, Spearman correlations, ANOVA. Study site and dates: Abies religiosa forest, Mexico City. August 2019 - July 2020. Methods: Seeds of S. pubigerum were exposed to different light qualities, their viability was monitored for two years. Its presence in natural regeneration sources was registered. Reproductive phenology was recorded, and seedlings were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to assess their growth. Results: Highest seed germination occurred under white light conditions, with sustained viability after two years. The species was found in the seed bank across seasons, less abundantly in seed rain during the dry season. It exhibited extensive flowering and fruiting patterns. Mycorrhiza inoculation significantly boosted seed germination and growth. Conclusions: Solanum pubigerum is suitable for reforestation in central Mexico forests due to its high germination percentages and mycorrhizal responsiveness.

Resumen Antecedentes: En la reforestación se recomiendan plantas nativas y en fuentes de la regeneración natural. Altos porcentajes de germinación bajo diferentes condiciones de luz y patrones fenológicos amplios incrementan la adaptación en ambientes heterogéneos. Se sugieren especies que tengan una dependencia a la inoculación con hongos micorrizógenos. Preguntas: ¿Solanum pubigerum está ampliamente distribuida en bosques templados del centro de México?, ¿en qué condiciones lumínicas germina?, ¿está en fuentes de la regeneración natural?, ¿la micorriza beneficia su germinación/crecimiento? Especie de estudio / descripción de los datos /Modelo matemático: Solanum pubigerum/distribución en bosques del centro de México, porcentajes de germinación y viabilidad, fenología reproductiva, dependencia micorrícica/Kruskal-Wallis, sincronía, correlaciones de Spearman, ANdeVA. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Bosque de Abies religiosa, Ciudad de México. Agosto 2019 - julio 2020. Métodos: Las semillas de S. pubigerum fueron expuestas a diferentes calidades de luz, su viabilidad fue monitoreada por dos años, así como su presencia en la regeneración natural. Se registró su fenología reproductiva, se inocularon plántulas con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares para evaluar su crecimiento. Resultados: La mayor germinación ocurrió en luz blanca, la viabilidad se mantuvo en altos porcentajes después de dos años. S. pubigerum está en el banco de semillas en ambas épocas, fue menos abundante en la lluvia de semillas en la época seca, con un patrón de floración-fructificación amplio. La inoculación micorrícica incrementó su germinación y crecimiento. Conclusiones: Solanum pubigerum se recomienda para reforestar bosques del centro de México por sus germinación y respuesta a la micorrización.

Abstract Background: Traditional agricultural systems in Mesoamerica are adaptations of ancient farmers to the complex and varied environments. Tezcalera represents one of them. Questions: How is the environmental context under which the tezcalera develop? Which management practices are followed in tezcalera? How do these management practices affect weeds' richness, composition, and abundance? How do these management practices contribute to the resilience of the agricultural system, the tropical dry forests, and to the maintenance of subsistence resources? Studied species: Weeds growing in tezcaleras with different management. Study site and dates: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021. Methods: Twenty-four collaborators were interviewed about the environmental, technological, and cultural aspects of tezcalera. We recorded weeds' richness, composition, and abundance in seven plots with different management histories. Results: Tezcaleras originate from the slash-burn process and follow different paths: tlacolol-milsol-shallow plot, potrero, and recently, Agave crop. We recorded 161 morphospecies from 45 botanical families; 95 % were native to tropical dry forests. Twenty-five species are endemic to the Balsas region, and thirty-four are at risk. Richness and abundance varied between tezcaleras, where tlacolol plots exhibited the highest values. Plant composition was similar; 65 % had intangible or tangible values. Conclusions: Tezcalera is a biocultural unit and a resilient agroecosystem. Traditional practices remain and positively impact the richness and composition of native weeds. The uncontrolled use of herbicides and the introduction of Agave crop are displacing traditional crops and modifying traditional practices, risking local agrobiodiversity.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales en Mesoamérica son adaptaciones ancestrales a los diversos y complejos ambientes. La tezcalera representa uno de ellos. Preguntas: ¿En qué contexto ambiental se desarrolla la tezcalera? ¿Cuáles son las prácticas de manejo que se llevan a cabo en la tezcalera?¿Cómo afectan a la riqueza, composición y abundancia de las arvenses? ¿Cómo influyen en la resiliencia del sistema agrícola, de los bosques tropicales secos y al mantenimiento de los recursos para la subsitencia? Especies de estudio: Arvenses en tezcaleras con diferente manejo. Sitio y años de estudio: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021 Métodos: Entrevistas sobre prácticas de manejo de la tezcalera. Registro de la riqueza, composición y abundancia de malezas en parcelas con diferente historia de manejo. Resultados: Las tezcaleras se originan de la roza-tumba-quema y siguen diferentes rutas: el tlacolol-milsol-regeneración o potrero, y recientemente, cultivo de Agave. Registramos 161 morfoespecies y 45 familias botánicas; 95 % nativas de la selva baja caducifolia. Veinticinco son endémicas de la región del Balsas y 34 están en alguna categoría de riesgo. La riqueza y abundancia de las arvenses varió entre tezcaleras. La composición florística fue similar; 65 % tuvieron valor tangible o intangible. Conclusiones: La tezcalera es una unidad biocultural y un agroecosistema resiliente. Las prácticas tradicionales favorecen la riqueza y composición de las especies nativas. Los herbicidas y la introducción del cultivo de Agave desplazan a los cultivos tradicionales, poniendo en riesgo la agrobiodiversidad local.

Abstract Endophytic fungi are plant symbiont microorganisms, diverse and abundant in tropical regions, with great potential as biocontrol agents of agricultural fungal diseases. The objective of the present work was to evaluate in vitro antifunfal activity of endophytic fungi associated with creole cultivars of Cucumis sativus and Lagenaria siceraria from Yucatán. The endophytic strains were isolated and identified from different organs, to be subjected to dual confrontations and antibiotic tests. Twenty species with antifungal effects against Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum truncatum and Fusarium equiseti were identified, obtaining inhibition ranges of 17.72-100%, 16.51-91.55% and 4.64-91.89%, respectively. Aspergillus flavus, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Trichoderma longibrachiatum exhibited the highest percentages of inhibition against the three phytopathogens. Likewise, these three species of endophytes demonstrated an antibiotic effect in their extracts, mainly inhibiting the growth of F. equiseti by up to 46.46%. The L. pseudotheobromae strain has characteristics that give it potential as an antifungal agent, so its applications and growth conditions should continue to be explored. This work represents a first effort to understand the diversity of endophytic fungi in native crops in the region.

Resumen Los hongos endófitos son microorganismos simbiontes de plantas, diversos y abundantes en regiones tropicales, con gran potencial como agentes biocontroladores de enfermedades fúngicas agrícolas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de los hongos endófitos asociados con cultivares criollos de Cucumis sativus y Lagenaria siceraria de Yucatán. Las cepas endófitas fueron aisladas e identificadas de diferentes órganos de las plantas, para posteriormente ser sometidas a enfrentamientos duales y pruebas de antibiosis. Se identificaron 20 especies de hongos endófitos con efectos antifúngicos contra Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum truncatum y Fusarium equiseti, obteniendo rangos de inhibición de 17.72-100%, 16.51-91.55% y 4.64-91.89%, respectivamente. Aspergillus flavus, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae y Trichoderma longibrachiatum exhibieron los mayores porcentajes de inhibición contra los tres fitopatógenos. Así mismo, estas tres especies de endófitos demostraron un efecto antibiótico en sus extractos, al inhibir principalmente el crecimiento de F. equiseti hasta en un 46.46%. La cepa de L. pseudotheobromae tiene características que le confieren un potencial como agente antifúngico, por lo que se deberán seguir explorando sus aplicaciones y condiciones de crecimiento. Este trabajo representa un primer esfuerzo por conocer la diversidad de hogos endófitos en los cultivos criollos de la región.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a implementação da Lei Florestal na província de Formosa que, ao contrário de outras províncias, concedeu à maioria das suas florestas nativas a categoria de proteção mais baixa da lei. Utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa, este trabalho reconstrói o processo de desenho e sanção do ordenamento de florestas nativas na província de Formosa e busca identificar quais fatores explicam seu desenho. Existe uma literatura consolidada que nos permite compreender a diversidade das respostas provinciais à política nacional de proteção das florestas nativas. No artigo discutimos esta literatura e propomos uma hipótese que reformula o peso relativo das variáveis em jogo para o caso estudado e eventualmente para outros casos provinciais. O trabalho permite mostrar que o desenho do ordenamento de florestas nativas na província de Formosa é melhor explicado como resultado do confronto e negociação do governo provincial com as autoridades ambientais nacionais em torno da política nacional do que pela incidência de coalizões de atores sociais e estatais confrontando-se entre si. O resultado deste processo de ordenamento florestal permitiu ao governo provincial combinar uma política de desenvolvimento produtivista com as exigências da política ambiental nacional.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la implementación de la Ley de Bosques en la provincia de Formosa que, en contraste con otras provincias, otorgó a la mayoría de sus bosques nativos la categoría de protección más baja de la ley. Haciendo uso de una metodología cualitativa, el presente trabajo reconstruye el proceso de diseño y sanción del ordenamiento de bosques nativos en la provincia de Formosa y busca identificar qué factores explican su diseño. Existe una literatura consolidada que permite entender la diversidad de respuestas provinciales a la política nacional de protección de los bosques nativos. En el artículo discutimos esa literatura y planteamos una hipótesis que reformula el peso relativo de las variables en juego para el caso estudiado y eventualmente para otros casos provinciales. El trabajo permite mostrar que el diseño del ordenamiento de bosques nativos en la provincia de Formosa se explica mejor como resultado de la confrontación y negociación del gobierno provincial con las autoridades ambientales nacionales en torno a la política nacional que por la incidencia de coaliciones de actores sociales y estatales confrontadas entre sí. El resultado de este proceso de ordenamiento de bosques le permitió al gobierno provincial conjugar una política de desarrollo productivista con los requerimientos de la política ambiental nacional.

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the implementation of the Forest Law in the province of Formosa, which, in contrast with other provinces, granted most of its native forests the lowest category of protection under the law. Using a qualitative methodology, this paper reconstructs the design and sanctioning process of native forest regulation in the province of Formosa and seeks to identify the factors that explain its design. There is a consolidated literature that allows us to understand the diversity of provincial responses to the national policy for the protection of native forests. In this paper we discuss this literature and propose a hypothesis that reformulates the relative weight of the variables at stake for the case studied and eventually for other provincial cases. The paper shows that the design of native forest management in the province of Formosa can be better explained as a result of the confrontation and negotiation of the provincial government with the national environmental authorities around the national policy, than by the incidence of coalitions of social and state actors confronting each other. The result of this forest management process allowed the provincial government to combine a production-oriented development policy with the requirements of the national environmental policy.