The eMalahleni Local Municipality (eLM) in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, has a number of informal settlements because of the influx of people seeking employment in the municipal area. These informal settlements are exposed to a number of hazards, including underground fires, air and water pollution, sinkholes, abandoned mining areas and acid mining drainage. South Africa's National Development Plan (NDP) incorporates the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, which are intended to upgrade informal settlements on suitable land. The Department of Human Settlement recognised the gap in the policy because upgrading only included physical structures and did not include adaptive capacity for communities to create resilience to withstand disasters. The researcher used a case study research design for the inquiry intended to recommend adaptive capacity and reduce disaster risks in informal settlements in the eLM. Purposive sampling was used to select 25 participants from eLM, provincial government departments and informal settlements. The data were analysed using thematic analysis based on the study's conceptual framework. The research findings revealed that the government has not done much to involve vulnerable communities during the development of policies to reduce disaster risks within informal settlements. In particular, the failure of the government to promote and reinforce public participation in disaster risk reduction programmes leaves the vulnerable communities defenceless. CONTRIBUTION: This study strengthens the intergovernmental structures and public participation to reduce disaster risks in communities. This study discourages a silos mentality and encourages coordination between government departments to identify root causes by applying the pressure and release model for effective disaster risk reduction.

Abstract s The profound deficiencies that the country faces in water management policies are reflected in the physicochemical, microbiological and biological contamination of national rivers. The objective of this study was to propose a community water monitoring strategy to improve the management of the Jorco River located in the canton of Acosta. The quality of the water in the upper, middle and lower part of the micro-basin was monitored during the rainy season, using two physicochemical quality indices (ICA): the Dutch and the Calvo-TEC; as well as a biological one: the BMWP-CR. The quality indicators of turbidity, alkalinity, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, and fecal coliforms exceeded the permissibility limits in some samples; however, dissolved oxygen showed that there are good levels of oxygen for river recovery. Biochemical oxygen demand was low, indicating low organic load, and macroinvertebrates showed a degraded aquatic ecosystem. The Dutch ICA overestimated the quality of the water with respect to the ICA Calvo-TEC. The latter showed more realistic results because it uses more quality indicators, since it is based on environmental conditions and Costa Rican regulations. The ICA BMWP-CR revealed extreme contamination during the month of greatest rainfall. It was concluded that there is a problem of contamination in the river water whose main causes may be due to the lack of forest cover in the riparian zones, the expansion of coffee cultivation, the discharge of domestic wastewater and livestock activities. Therefore, an action plan was proposed to the municipal council and validated with them, to improve water quality with the participation of different actors in the area.

Resumen Las profundas deficiencias que enfrenta el país en políticas de gestión hídrica se reflejan en la contaminación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y biológica de los ríos nacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una estrategia de monitoreo hídrico comunitario para mejorar la gestión del río Jorco ubicado en el cantón de Acosta. Se monitoreó la calidad del agua en la parte alta, media y baja de la microcuenca durante la época lluviosa, utilizando dos índices de calidad (ICA) fisicoquímicos: el Holandés y el Calvo-TEC; así como uno biológico: el BMWP-CR. Los indicadores de calidad de turbiedad, alcalinidad, amoniaco, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitratos, y coliformes fecales superaron los límites de permisibilidad en algunos muestreos; sin embargo, el oxígeno disuelto mostró que existen buenos niveles de oxígeno para la recuperación del río. La demanda bioquímica de oxígeno fue baja, indicando una carga orgánica baja y los macroinvertebrados mostraron un ecosistema acuático degradado. El ICA Holandés sobrevaloró la calidad del agua con respecto al ICA Calvo-TEC. Este último mostró resultados más realistas debido a que utiliza más indicadores de calidad, ya que este parte de las condiciones ambientales y la normativa costarricense. Por su parte, el ICA BMWP-CR reveló una contaminación extrema durante el mes de mayor lluvia. Se concluyó que existe un problema de contaminación en el agua del río cuyas causas principales pueden ser por la falta de cobertura boscosa en las zonas riparias, la expansión del cultivo de café, el vertido de aguas residuales domésticas y las actividades ganaderas. Por lo tanto, se propuso al consejo municipal un plan de acción y validado con ellos, con el fin de mejorar la calidad del agua con participación de diferentes actores de la zona.

Resumen A partir de fuentes bibliográficas, de archivo e información de campo, este artículo presenta las experiencias de la Comisión del Río Grijalva (CRG) desde el desarrollo de sus funciones y su relación con las prioridades nacionales, como un legado histórico en términos de prácticas para la gestión del agua en las cuencas entre Chiapas y Tabasco. El artículo muestra el tránsito de la CRG desde su creación en 1951, hasta su desintegración en 1987, tiempo en el cual se fomentó la intervención de la cuenca en el sureste mexicano en el marco del Plan Integral del Sureste o de Desarrollo Regional. Su experiencia evidencia que la fuerte relación política de los proyectos en torno al agua ha tenido históricamente efectos para su realización, así como impactos sociales y ambientales que están presentes en la gestión de cuencas actuales. Pero también pone de manifiesto que dichas realidades presentes son producto de un concierto institucional de planes sectoriales, más que de una estructura burocrática uniforme, como en ocasiones se tiende a identificar a esta Comisión en la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

Abstract Based on bibliographic, archival, and field information sources, this article presents the experiences of the Grijalva River Commission (CRG) from the development of its functions and its relationship with national priorities as a historical legacy in terms of practices for water management in the basins between Chiapas and Tabasco. The article shows the transition of the CRG, from its creation in 1951, until its disintegration in 1987, time in which the intervention of the basin in the Mexican southeast was promoted within the framework of the Integral Plan of the Southeast or Regional Development. This experience shows that the political relationship of projects around water has historically had effects on their realization, as well as social and environmental impacts present in the management of current basins. Also that these present realities are the product of an institutional concert of sectoral plans rather than a uniform bureaucratic structure, as this Commission sometimes tends to be identified in the second half of the 20th century.

Resumen El área protegida denominada Parque Nacional Río Dulce se encuentra ubicada en el nororiente del caribe de Guatemala. Es administrada por el Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAP) y regido por un plan maestro. Sin embargo, afronta cada día retos, tales como a) el incremento de desarrollo inmobiliario debido a su belleza escénica, b) el incremento poblacional de las comunidades reconocidas dentro de las diversas zonas del parque y c) vertidos no regularizados de aguas residuales tipos ordinarias y especiales. Ante esta incipiente situación, se hace necesaria la evaluación de la calidad del agua de Río Dulce a través de métodos reconocidos internacionalmente; tal el caso del Índice de Calidad del Agua ICA-NSF, con la finalidad de interpretar los resultados de una manera holística y poder discutirlos en ámbitos académicos, no solo a nivel local, sino internacional. Para ello se georreferenciaron doce estaciones de muestreo en las desembocaduras de los principales tributarios a lo largo del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Posterior a las colectas de muestras de agua y análisis en laboratorio de los parámetros: coliformes fecales, potencial de hidrógeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, nitratos, fósforo total, temperatura, turbidez, sólidos totales disueltos y oxígeno disuelto, se estimó el ICA-NSF mediante la calculadora en línea del Centro de Investigación del Agua de los Estados Unidos de América. De manera general, considerando la calidad del agua de los afluentes, el ICA-NSF varió entre 71 y 90, lo que se cualifica como una calidad buena. Los parámetros críticos en la disminución del ICA-NSF en las diversas estaciones evaluadas fueron la presencia de coliformes fecales y los sólidos totales disueltos, lo que permite generar lineamientos para el manejo sustentable del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Se concluye que el agua del Río Dulce no es apta para el consumo humano de forma directa, necesitando de un proceso de potabilización.

Abstract The protected area called Río Dulce National Park is located in the northeastern Caribbean region of Guatemala. It is administered by the National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP) and governed by a master plan. However, it faces challenges every day, such as a) the increase in real estate development due to its scenic beauty, b) the population increase of the recognized communities within the various areas of the park, c) non-regularized discharges of ordinary and special wastewater. Given this incipient situation, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the water in Río Dulce through internationally recognized methods; such is the case of the ICA-NSF Water Quality Index, with the aim of interpreting the results in a holistic manner and being able to discuss them in academic settings, not only locally, but also internationally. For this, twelve sampling stations were georeferenced at the source of the main tributaries along the Río Dulce National Park. After the collection of water samples and laboratory analysis of the parameters: fecal coliforms, hydrogen potential, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total phosphorus, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen, the ICA-NSF was estimated using the online calculator from the Water Research Center of the United States of America. In general, considering the quality of the water of the tributaries, the ICA-NSF varied between 71 and 90, which qualifies as good quality. The critical parameters in the decrease of the ICA-NSF in the various stations evaluated were the presence of fecal coliforms and total dissolved solids, which allows the generation of guidelines for the sustainable management of the Río Dulce National Park. It is concluded that the water of the Río Dulce is not suitable for human consumption directly, requiring a purification process.

ABSTRACT The dam safety depends heavily on the organizational structure, the developer’s philosophy, and the involved actor’s technical responsibility. In this context, the present research aimed to: introduce the concept of Engineer of Record (EoR); discuss their influence on the continuous improvement of dam safety, propose a work plan for this professional applicable to water storage dams, and estimate the costs associated with their team. Since mining dams have experienced recent accidents, safety laws, and methodologies are more stringent for these structures. Therefore, based on this experience, a list of actions for the EoR was proposed, targeted explicitly at water storage dams, divided into two stages: the first to comply with the National Dam Safety Policy (NDSP); and the second focused on the continuous improvement of the safety of these structures. Additionally, a cost estimate was conducted, resulting in a value of $ 0.15 per m3 consumed for implementing an EoR team. structure developers developer s philosophy actors actor responsibility context (EoR) team accidents laws structures Therefore experience proposed stages NDSP (NDSP) Additionally conducted 015 0 15 0.1 m (EoR (NDSP 01 1 0.

RESUMO A segurança de uma barragem depende fortemente da estrutura organizacional, da filosofia do empreendedor e da responsabilidade técnica dos atores envolvidos. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos: apresentar o conceito de Engenheiro de Registro (EoR); discutir sua influência na melhoria contínua da segurança; propor um plano de trabalho para este profissional, aplicável às barragens de acúmulo de água e estimar os custos associados à sua equipe. Considerando que as barragens de mineração têm enfrentado acidentes recentes, as leis e metodologias de segurança são mais rigorosas para estas estruturas. Portanto, com base nesta experiência, propôs-se uma lista de ações para o EoR, especificamente voltada para barragens de acúmulo de água, dividida em duas etapas: a primeira, para atendimento da Política Nacional de Segurança de Barragens (NDSP); e a segunda, voltada à melhoria contínua da segurança dessas estruturas. Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma estimativa de custos, chegando ao valor de R$ 0,15 por m3 consumido para a implantação de uma equipe de EoR. organizacional envolvidos contexto objetivos EoR (EoR) profissional recentes estruturas Portanto experiência propôsse propôs se etapas primeira NDSP (NDSP) segunda Adicionalmente realizouse realizou R 015 0 15 0,1 m (EoR (NDSP 01 1 0,

ABSTRACT Tillage is an important management tool for tackling and promoting water conservation and improving crop yield. As one of the important nutrients in plant growth, K is involved in important processes such as osmoregulation, photosynthesis and metabolite transport, and plays a particularly critical role in improving crop yield and quality. In the long-term positioning platform of the tillage method, a 2-yr field experiment was conducted in 2019-2020 in maize (Zea mays L.) Three tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT), subsoil tillage (ST), and no-tillage (NT) and two planting densities 6×104 (D1) and 9×104 plants ha-1 (D2) were set up in the experiment. The results showed that yield and K translocation efficiency (KTE) were significantly higher in NT than in CT at D1 (by 4.7% and 12.2%) and D2 (by 14.0% and 13.9%), respectively. At maturity stage in 2019, population DM accumulation after silking (DMA) was significantly higher in NT (by 11.0% and 16.9%) than in CT at D1 and D2. Correlation analysis revealed that yield was significantly positive correlated with ears (r = 0.57***) and DMA (r = 0.64***). Potassium translocation and K harvest index were positively correlated with KTE. Under spring drought year, the long-term no-tillage had a significant yield increase, mainly through the increase in 1000-kernel weight. The increase in K efficiency was mainly through the influence of DM accumulation and distribution, and K accumulation in grain.

Resumen El manejo del territorio que surte de agua al sistema Chingaza, que abastece a Bogotá, es descifrado en este artículo, como un ensamblaje del gobierno de la alta montaña a partir del proyecto de adaptación al cambio climático INAP y el proyecto del Corredor de Conservación de Páramos (CPP) implementados en un sector del sistema Chingaza: la cuenca alta del río Blanco. El ensamblaje devela las distintas funciones que se asignan al agua y los roles estipulados a la población campesina, lo cual va constituyendo determinadas gubernamentalidades en el territorio. Así, a pesar de que los proyectos recientemente implementados hicieron un importante esfuerzo por desmarcarse de estas prácticas, persisten conocimientos, narrativas y prácticas, propias, inclusive, de otros tiempos y lugares, lo cual permite que los patrones fragmentadores y jerárquicos del ensamblaje sean perpetuados.

Resumo A gestão do território que abastece água aoo sSistema Chingaza, que abastece fornece a cidade de Bogotá, é decifrada, neste artigo, como uma assembleéia do governo das altas montanhas do projeto INAP de adaptação às mudanças climáticas e do projeto do Corredor Conservação de Paramos (CPP) implementada em um setor do Sistema Chingaza:, a bacia superior do rio Blanco. A assembleéia revela as diferentes funções que são atribuídas à água e os papéis estipulados para a população camponesa, que aos poucos constitui algumas governamentalidades no território. Assim, apesar de que os projetos recentemente implementados terem feito um importante esforço para se distanciar dessas práticas, persistem saberes, narrativas e práticas próprias, persistem, mesmo de outros tempos e outros lugares, permitindo que os padrões fragmentadores e hierárquicos de montagem se perpetuem.

Abstract The management of the territory that supplies water to the Chingaza System, which that supplies the city of Bogotá, is deciphered, in this article, as an assemblage of the government of the high mountains from the Integrated National Adaptation Plan -(INAP)- project and the Corredor de Conservación de Páramos Project (CPP) implemented in a sector of the Chingaza System, the upper basin of the Blanco River. The assemblage reveals the different functions that are assigned to water and the roles stipulated for the peasant population, which that gradually constitutes certain specific governmentalities in the territory. Thus, despite the fact that the recently implemented projects made an important effort to distance themselves from these practices, knowledge, narratives, and practices persist, even from other times and other places, allowing the fragmenting and hierarchical patterns of assemblage to be perpetuated.

Resumo O artigo analisa como os principais prestadores dos serviços de água e esgoto se financiam, usando informações das demonstrações financeiras de 2016 e 2019. A caracterização das diferentes fontes de recursos junto com a comparação de sua participação nas dívidas das empresas entre os períodos tem como objetivo explicitar como os prestadores têm se financiado e identificar estratégias, bem como apontar desafios para a alavancagem futura dos investimentos. As emissões de debêntures, que no período se elevaram significativamente, foram especificamente analisadas. Diante da necessidade de mais do que dobrar a média dos investimentos realizados de 2007 a 2019 para que seja possível universalizar os serviços no país até 2033, como prevê o Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico e o novo marco legal do saneamento, o artigo busca compreender qual o tipo de fonte de recurso é mais adequada a cada tipo de investimento dentro do setor, defendendo sua complementaridade na consecução dos investimentos para universalização. Por fim, aponta-se algumas perspectivas e desafios para a elevação dos investimentos com vistas à universalização.

Abstract Using information from the 2016 and 2019 financial statements, the article analyzes how the main providers of water and sewage services in Brazil finance themselves. The characterization of each of the different sources together with the comparison of their shares in the companies' debts aims to explain how providers have financed themselves, identifying strategies and pointing out challenges for the future leverage of investments. Specifically, the issuances of debentures, which rose significantly in the period, were analyzed. Faced with the need to more than double average investments made from 2007 to 2019 in order to universalize services in the country by 2033, as given in the National Basic Sanitation Plan and the new legal framework for sanitation, the article seeks to understand which type of funding source is most suitable for each type of investment within the sector, defending their complementarity in achieving universalization investments. Finally, some perspectives and challenges are pointed out for increasing investments with a view to universalization.

RESUMO A intensificação da agropecuária na Amazônia ameaça a manutenção da biodiversidade, interfere na ciclagem da água e nos estoques de carbono, alterando os ciclos biogeoquímicos em escala local e regional. Recentemente, na Amazônia, políticas públicas têm sido criadas para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável, tal como observado com o Plano Nacional de Produção e uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) em 2005, e o Programa de Produção Sustentável de Óleo de Palma (PPSOP) em 2010, facilitando a entrada de alguns municípios do nordeste paraense na cadeia produtiva da palma de óleo (dendê - Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é quantificar a cobertura vegetal e o uso da terra para avaliar a qualidade ambiental do município de Mãe do Rio no Pará, para os anos de 2008 e 2016. A metodologia inclui revisão bibliográfica, análise espacial/temporal da cobertura e uso da terra e o Índice de Transformação Antrópica (ITA). Os resultados demonstram que as principais mudanças ocorridas em 2008 e 2016 são: i. o desmatamento contínuo das florestas primárias, enquanto a floresta secundária aumenta em área; ii. a expansão gradual dos dendezeiros sobre as áreas de agropecuária; iii. o aumento da área de solo exposto indica uma alta rotatividade do uso e cobertura da terra; iv. em 2008 e 2016, os índices são 7,56 e 7,64 respectivamente, considerados “potencialmente insustentáveis”, devido à continua supressão de floresta primária, degradada e campinaranas, favorecendo a perda da biodiversidade na região, condição que justifica o apoio à política da dendeicultura.

ABSTRACT The intensification of agriculture in the Amazon threatens the maintenance of biodiversity, interferes with water cycling and carbon stocks, altering biogeochemical cycles on a local and regional scale. Recently, in the Amazon, public policies have been created to promote sustainable development, as observed with the National Plan for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) in 2005 and the Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program (PPSOP) in 2010, facilitating the entry of some municipalities in the northeast of Pará to the oil palm productive chain (oil palm - Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Thus, the objective is to quantify the vegetation cover and land use to assess the environmental quality of the municipality of Mãe do Rio in Pará for the years 2008 and 2016. The methodology includes bibliographic review, spatial/temporal analysis of the coverage and use of land, and the Anthropic Transformation Index (ITA). The results show that the main changes that occurred in 2008 and 2016 are: i. the continuous deforestation of primary forests, while the secondary forest increases in area; ii. the gradual expansion of oil palm over agricultural areas; iii. the increase in the area of exposed soil indicates a high turnover in land use and coverage; iv. in 2008 and 2016, the indexes are 7.56 and 7.64 respectively, considered “potentially unsustainable,” due to the continuous suppression of primary, degraded and campinaranas forests, favoring the loss of biodiversity in the region, a condition that justifies support for oil palm.

RESUMO No Brasil, os impactos socioambientais da crise hídrica são intensificados uma vez que a drenagem e o manejo das águas pluviais são marcados por ausências e limitações de políticas públicas. O saneamento básico é de titularidade municipal e, para o exercício desse direito e dever, é fundamental que os municípios estruturem a política municipal, sendo o planejamento seu principal instrumento. Nesse contexto, buscou-se neste artigo identificar e analisar o panorama da elaboração de Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e de Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana nos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais com população inferior a 50 mil habitantes e comparar esses resultados com as informações divulgadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento no ano de 2019. Realizaram-se buscas na internet e contatos com os municípios, por telefone, e foi possível identificar que, entre os 752 municípios de Minas Gerais de pequeno porte, 499 possuem Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, enquanto nenhum possui Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana. Ao comparar esses resultados com as informações divulgadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento, observou-se que 79 municípios prestaram informações inconsistentes relacionadas à existência de Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e 48 afirmaram possuir Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana. Conclui-se que muitos municípios mineiros ainda não possuem Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, e que o processo de coleta dos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento precisa ser aprimorado para que haja melhor qualidade dos dados divulgados. A ausência de instrumentos de planejamento que auxiliem a efetivação da política municipal é um importante problema a ser superado para o enfrentamento dos complexos desafios que envolvem a drenagem e o manejo das águas pluviais municipal.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the impacts of the water crisis are intensified since the Drainage and Rainwater Management are marked by absences and limitations of public policies. Basic sanitation is a municipal property and for the exercise of this right and duty, it is essential that the municipalities structure the municipal policy, with planning as their main instrument. In this context, this article aimed to identify and analyze the panorama of the elaboration of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and Master Plans for Urban Drainage in the municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais with a population of less than 50,000 inhabitants and to compare these results with the information released by the National Sanitation Information System, in 2019. Internet searches and contacts with the municipalities were carried out by telephone, so that it was possible to identify that among the 752 small-sized ones in Minas Gerais, 499 of them have Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans, while none of them have Master Plans for Urban Drainage. When comparing these results with the information released by the National Sanitation Information System, it was observed that 79 municipalities provided inconsistent information related to the existence of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and 48 municipalities claimed to have Master Plans for Urban Drainage. It is concluded that many municipalities in Minas Gerais do not yet have Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and that the process of collecting National Sanitation Information System data needs to be improved so that there is a better quality of the data released. The absence of planning instruments to assist the implementation of municipal policy is an important problem to be overcome in order to face the complex challenges involving municipal Stormwater Drainage and Management.

Resumo Tendo em vista que a universalização dos serviços de saneamento é uma das metas do Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (PLANSAB) e um dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS), esta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a cobertura do abastecimento e a qualidade da água distribuída no Brasil em 2019. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS) e do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua). Verificou-se que 82% da população foi atendida por serviços de água, sendo este percentual ainda menor considerando apenas a região Norte (58%) e Nordeste (74%). A maioria da população é atendida por Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água (SAA); entretanto, na região Norte, 6,6% da população é atendida por SAA e 7,2% por Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) sem tratamentos. Para o parâmetro Coliformes totais, 21,9% das amostras de SAC da região Norte estavam fora do padrão de potabilidade, enquanto para o residual de agente desinfetante, 40,6% de SAA da região Nordeste encontravam-se fora do padrão, sendo que deste total 19% das amostras apresentavam concentração do agente desinfetante acima de 5,0 mg/L e 81% das amostras apresentavam concentrações menores que 0,2 mg/L. Conclui-se que parte da população pode estar vulnerável aos riscos relacionados à qualidade da água.

Abstract Bearing in mind that universal access to sanitation services is one of the objectives of the Brazilian Plan for Basic Sanitation and one of the sustainable development goals (SDG), this research sought to evaluate the coverage of supply and of the quality of water distributed in Brazil in 2019. Data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) and Water Quality for Human Consumption Surveillance Information System (Sisagua) databases were evaluated. It was found that 82% of the population has access to Water Supply Systems (WSS), this percentage only being lower in the North (58%) and Northeast (74%) regions. Most of the population is served by WSS; however, in the North region, 6.6% of the population is served by WSS and 7.2% by Collective Alternative Solution (CAS) without treatment. For the Total Coliforms parameter, 21.9% of CAS samples from the North region were outside the potability standard, while for the residual disinfectant agent, 40.6% of WSS from the Northeast region was outside this standard (with 19% of the samples having a concentration of the disinfectant agent above 5.0 mg/L, and 81% of the samples presenting concentration lower than 0.2 mg/L. The conclusion drawn is that part of the population may be vulnerable to water quality-related risks.

Resumo Tendo em vista que a universalização dos serviços de saneamento é uma das metas do Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (PLANSAB) e um dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS), esta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a cobertura do abastecimento e a qualidade da água distribuída no Brasil em 2019. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS) e do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua). Verificou-se que 82% da população foi atendida por serviços de água, sendo este percentual ainda menor considerando apenas a região Norte (58%) e Nordeste (74%). A maioria da população é atendida por Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água (SAA); entretanto, na região Norte, 6,6% da população é atendida por SAA e 7,2% por Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) sem tratamentos. Para o parâmetro Coliformes totais, 21,9% das amostras de SAC da região Norte estavam fora do padrão de potabilidade, enquanto para o residual de agente desinfetante, 40,6% de SAA da região Nordeste encontravam-se fora do padrão, sendo que deste total 19% das amostras apresentavam concentração do agente desinfetante acima de 5,0 mg/L e 81% das amostras apresentavam concentrações menores que 0,2 mg/L. Conclui-se que parte da população pode estar vulnerável aos riscos relacionados à qualidade da água.

Abstract Bearing in mind that universal access to sanitation services is one of the objectives of the Brazilian Plan for Basic Sanitation and one of the sustainable development goals (SDG), this research sought to evaluate the coverage of supply and of the quality of water distributed in Brazil in 2019. Data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) and Water Quality for Human Consumption Surveillance Information System (Sisagua) databases were evaluated. It was found that 82% of the population has access to Water Supply Systems (WSS), this percentage only being lower in the North (58%) and Northeast (74%) regions. Most of the population is served by WSS; however, in the North region, 6.6% of the population is served by WSS and 7.2% by Collective Alternative Solution (CAS) without treatment. For the Total Coliforms parameter, 21.9% of CAS samples from the North region were outside the potability standard, while for the residual disinfectant agent, 40.6% of WSS from the Northeast region was outside this standard (with 19% of the samples having a concentration of the disinfectant agent above 5.0 mg/L, and 81% of the samples presenting concentration lower than 0.2 mg/L. The conclusion drawn is that part of the population may be vulnerable to water quality-related risks.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The city of Philadelphia in the United States of America was an important center for the development of the industrial revolution and capitalism in that country. In the 1820´s, it finally got an efficient first-class aqueduct that produced clean and cheap water. The Philadelphia waterworks inspired the construction of Fernando VII aqueduct in Havana and the foundries of the US city supplied the pipes and other elements used in the works. Objectives: To describe the process of construction of the waterworks of the city of Philadelphia in the early decades of the XIX century, to explain the influence of the second Philadelphia waterworks upon the construction of Fernando VII aqueduct in Havana through the changes of the original project made by Nicolas Campos, to characterize Fernando VII aqueduct. Methods: Bibliographical review and document review at the National Archive of the Republic of Cuba, observation and photography. Results: The achievement of Fernando VII aqueduct in Havana was to a great extent the result of the influence of the second waterworks of the city of Philadelphia and the economic perspective of the Watering Committee and the City Council of that city. The new aqueduct in Havana introduced plumbing in Cuba, allowing for the use of flowing water inside the buildings and improving the hygiene of the city. Even when the Albear waterworks was inaugurated in 1893, the plan of that engineer was to use most of the distribution system of Fernando VII aqueduct to distribute its water. Some of these ancient pipes are still in use in Havana.

RESUMEN Introducción: La ciudad de Filadelfia en los Estados Unidos de América fue un centro importante en el desarrollo de la revolución industrial y el capitalismo en ese país. En los años 20 del siglo XIX alcanzó a tener finalmente un acueducto eficiente de primera clase que la proveyó de agua barata y limpia. El sistema hidráulico de esta ciudad inspiró la construcción del acueducto Fernando VII en La Habana, comenzado a construir según un paradigma diferente. Las fundiciones de Filadelfia suplieron a La Habana con las tuberías de hierro y otras piezas metálicas necesarias para la obra. Objetivos: Describir el proceso de construcción de los sistemas hidráulicos de la ciudad de Filadelfia en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XIX, explicar la influencia del segundo sistema hidráulico de la ciudad de Filadelfia en la construcción del acueducto Fernando VII en La Habana a través de los cambios efectuados por Nicolás Campos al proyecto original, caracterizar el acueducto Fernando VII en La Habana. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica y consulta de documentos en el Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba, observación y fotografía. Resultados: El resultado obtenido en la construcción del acueducto Fernando VII fue en buena medida gracias a la influencia del segundo sistema hidráulico de la ciudad de Filadelfia y las perspectivas económicas del Comité para el agua y del Consejo de aquella ciudad. El acueducto significó la introducción de la plomería en Cuba, permitiendo el uso de agua corriente dentro de los edificios y mejorando la higiene en la ciudad. Aun cuando el acueducto de Albear fue inaugurado en 1893, este ingeniero planeó que el sistema de distribución del acueducto Fernando VII fuera empleado para distribuir el agua de su obra. Un número impreciso pero significativo de estas tuberías de hierro permanecen en uso en La Habana.

A South African inland fisheries policy will depend on a reliable long-term supply of social-ecological data covering freshwater fisheries at a broad geographic scale. Approaches to systematic planning of research and monitoring are demonstrated herein, based on a fishery-independent gillnet dataset covering 44 dams, and geographic information system maps of monthly and annual climate variables, human land use, and road access in a 5 km zone around 442 dams. Generalised linear mixed models were used to determine the covariates of gillnet catch per unit effort. Such covariates are required for a model-based process to select a subset of state-owned dams for a long-term fishery survey programme. The models indicated a monthly climate influence on catch per unit effort and climatic drivers of fish species distributions. However, unexplained variation is overwhelming and precludes a model-based survey design process. Non-hierarchical clustering of 442 dams was then done based on annual climate and human land use variables around dams. The resulting clusters of dams with shared climate and land use characteristics indicates the types of dams that should be selected for monitoring to represent the full range of climate and land use characteristics. Surrounding land use could indicate the socioeconomic characteristics of fisheries, for example, dams that may support subsistence-based communities that require increased research effort. Finally, although primary catchments could be useful for organising national-scale management, land use cover in the 5 km zone around dams varied widely within the respective primary catchments. Beyond these proposed approaches to plan research, this study also reveals various data deficiencies and recommends additional future studies on other possible methods for systematic research planning.

RESUMO O Plano de Segurança da Água (PSA) contempla, entre outras etapas, a identificação e o acompanhamento de eventos perigosos e pode garantir qualidade hídrica aos consumidores. A ruralidade abrange cerca de 15% da população brasileira e o acompanhamento técnico é insuficiente para atender às demandas locais. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo foi elaborar um modelo conceitual de PSA para monitoramento de riscos à contaminação da água na área rural, contemplando eventos desde a captação até a distribuição de água em comunidades rurais. A metodologia consistiu em caracterização de eventos perigosos, concepção do modelo computacional, consulta a especialistas e calibração e aplicação do modelo em propriedades rurais. Entre os resultados, tem-se um software elaborado em Python contendo 109 eventos direcionados ao abastecimento rural. O programa analisou a precariedade no entorno da captação de água e as condições de limpeza das propriedades estudadas. Os resultados indicaram que os riscos mais elevados, em sua maioria, são provenientes do uso de fossa negra, descarte irregular de resíduos sólidos, lançamento de esgoto doméstico a céu aberto e criação de animais nas proximidades da captação de água. Não há softwares disponíveis para mensuração de riscos ao abastecimento de água em áreas rurais e o modelo proposto pode ser utilizado para avaliação da salubridade rural no contexto nacional. Dessa forma, o software subsidia o monitoramento dos recursos hídricos e amplia a capacidade de gerenciamento no setor.

ABSTRACT The Water Safety Plan (WSP) includes, among other steps, the identification and monitoring of dangerous events can guarantee water quality to consumers. Rurality covers about 15% of the Brazilian population and technical support is insufficient to assist local demands. In this context, the main objective was to develop a conceptual WSP model for monitoring water contamination risks in the rural area, contemplating events from water catchment to water distribution in rural communities. The methodology consisted of the characterization of dangerous events, conception of the computational model, specialists consultation, and model calibration and application in rural properties. Among the results, there is a software elaborated in Python containing 109 events aimed at rural supply. The program analyzed the precariousness around the water catchment and the clean conditions of the studied properties. These results indicated the highest risks, for the most part, come from the use of cesspool, irregular disposal of solid waste, domestic sewage discharge, and animal beeding nearby water catchment. There is no software available to measure water supply risks in rural areas and the proposed model can be used for environmental health evaluatiation in the national context. In this way, the software can support water resource monitoring and expands the manageability in the sector.