RESUMO O conteúdo de água no solo é um fator-chave na avaliação nas áreas agrícola e ecológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi explorar a combinação de informações multisatélites para abordar a questão da baixa precisão na recuperação do conteúdo de água do solo a partir de informações de banda única e fonte única, e estabelecer um modelo para estimativa do conteúdo de água do solo baseado no método multiespectral simulado. Foi realizado um experimento de determinação hiperespectral de amostras de solo (Latossolos) com valores variáveis de teor de água. A reflectância de oito sensores de satélite multiespectral foi remapeada com base nas funções de resposta espectral. Os índices de vegetação (VIs) foram estabelecidos combinando todas as bandas de sensores disponíveis. Os VIs significativos e a reflectância da banda foram extraídos pelos métodos de coeficiente de correlação e análise de importância de dados out-of-bag (OOB), e em seguida modelos lineares e não lineares foram estabelecidos para a estimativa do conteúdo de água no solo. Correlação significativa foi obtida entre refletância multiespectral simulada, VIs e teor de água no solo. Os modelos não lineares apresentaram melhor desempenho que o modelo linear. A combinação do modelo OOB e Random Forest (OOB-RF) obteve a maior acurácia de predição, com R2 calibração e R2 predição de 0,852 e 0,834, respectivamente. De forma geral, verificou-se que o método de modelagem OOB-RF baseado em sensoriamento remoto multiespectral foi viável para estimar o teor de água no solo.

ABSTRACT The soil water content is a key evaluation factor in the agricultural and ecological fields. The objective of this study was to explore the combination of multi-satellite information to address the issue of low accuracy in soil water content retrieval from single-band, single-source information and to establish a model for the estimation of the soil water content based on a simulated multi-spectral method. An experiment involving the hyperspectral determination of soil samples (Oxisols) with varying values of the water content was conducted. The reflectance of eight multi-spectral satellite sensors was resampled based on the spectral response functions. The vegetation indices (VIs) were established by pairing all available sensor bands. The significant VIs and band reflectance were extracted using the correlation coefficient and out-of-bag (OOB) data importance analysis methods, and then linear models and nonlinear models were established for soil water content estimation. A significant correlation was achieved between the simulated multi-spectral reflectance, VIs, and soil water content. The nonlinear models had a better performance than the linear model. The combined OOB and random forest (OOB-RF) model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with R2 calibration and R2 prediction values of 0.852 and 0.834, respectively. Overall, it was verified that the OOB-RF modeling method based on multi-spectral remote sensing was feasible for estimating the soil water content.

Abstract Using the multilevel and multi-stakeholder governance approach, this article investigates the effective promotion of sustainable development in the Northeast of Uruguay in the departments of Tacuarembó, Rivera and Cerro Largo. This development is approached from the perspective of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and waste management (WRM), through a case study that includes participant observation and interviews with key actors within the territory. Although the three departments share a territorial and human development backlog, what really differentiates them are the weaknesses and tensions to generate agreements and resolutions, as well as the different levels of multi-stakeholder articulation with regulations, plans, public policies and the respective instances. The conclusions warn that these internal dynamics affect the response capacity and decision making of the three departments with a view to IWRM and WRM.

Resumen Empleando el enfoque de la gobernanza multinivel y multiactoral, este artículo indaga por la efectiva promoción del desarrollo sostenible en el Noreste de Uruguay, específicamente en los departamentos de Tacuarembó, Rivera y Cerro Largo. Este desarrollo se aborda desde la gestión integrada de recursos hídricos (GIRH) y de residuos (GIR), mediante un estudio de caso que incluye observación participante y entrevistas a actores clave. Aunque los tres departamentos comparten un rezago territorial y de desarrollo humano, lo que realmente los diferencia son las debilidades y tensiones para generar acuerdos y resoluciones, así como los diferentes niveles de articulación multiactoral con la normativa, los planes, las políticas públicas y las instancias respectivas. Las conclusiones advierten que estas dinámicas internas afectan la capacidad de respuesta y la toma de decisiones de los tres departamentos en relación con la GIRH y la GIR.

RESUMEN Los manglares están expuestos a amenazas como el aumento del nivel del mar, la erosión costera, el aumento de la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos extremos, además de presiones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para el socioecosistema de manglar de Colombia. Se utilizaron 22 indicadores de amenaza, 8 de sensibilidad y 18 de capacidad adaptativa; mediante un análisis numérico multivariado se generaron los índices de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para los manglares del Pacífico y del Caribe de Colombia. Los manglares que presentaron mayor riesgo en el Caribe se ubicaron en los municipios de Manaure, Tubará y Puerto Escondido, mientras que en el Pacífico estas áreas de alto riesgo se ubicaron en la costa sur, en los municipios de Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro y La Tola, y en la costa norte de Bahía Solano. Los indicadores de amenaza que capturaron la mayor variabilidad del análisis fueron: el aumento del nivel del mar, el cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la oferta hídrica, el cambio en la cobertura de manglares por cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la temperatura y la precipitación debido a El Niño y La Niña, y la huella humana. Estos resultados son un insumo para la gestión climática de los manglares en Colombia y contribuirán al Programa Nacional de Manglares. Asimismo, podrán contribuir al Plan Nacional de Restauración de Manglares, la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Colombia (NDC), la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia E2050, y los Planes Territoriales de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de los departamentos y municipios.

ABSTRACT The mangroves are exposed to threats such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, in addition to socioeconomic pressures. This study aimed to carry out a vulnerability and risk climate analysis for the Colombian mangrove socioecosystem. 22 threat indicators, eight of sensitivity and 18 of adaptive capacity were used, and through multivariate numerical analysis, the vulnerability and climate risk indices for Colombian Pacific and Caribbean mangroves were generated. The mangroves that presented the highest risk in the Caribbean were located in the Manaure, Tubará and, Puerto Escondido municipalities, while in the Pacific these high-risk areas were located on the southern coast in the Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro, and La Tola municipalities, and in the northern coast in the Bahía Solano municipality. The threat indicators that captured the greatest variability in the analysis were: sea level rise, change in the coastline, change in water supply, change in mangrove coverage due to change in the coastline, change in temperature and precipitation due to El Niño and La Niña, and human footprint. These results are input for climate management of mangroves in Colombia and will contribute to the National Mangrove Program. Likewise, it can contribute to the National Mangrove Restoration Plan, the Nationally Determined Contribution of Colombia (NDC), the Long-Term Climate Strategy of Colombia E 2050, and the Territorial Plans for Climate Change Adaptation of the states and municipalities.

The eMalahleni Local Municipality (eLM) in Mpumalanga province, South Africa, has a number of informal settlements because of the influx of people seeking employment in the municipal area. These informal settlements are exposed to a number of hazards, including underground fires, air and water pollution, sinkholes, abandoned mining areas and acid mining drainage. South Africa's National Development Plan (NDP) incorporates the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, which are intended to upgrade informal settlements on suitable land. The Department of Human Settlement recognised the gap in the policy because upgrading only included physical structures and did not include adaptive capacity for communities to create resilience to withstand disasters. The researcher used a case study research design for the inquiry intended to recommend adaptive capacity and reduce disaster risks in informal settlements in the eLM. Purposive sampling was used to select 25 participants from eLM, provincial government departments and informal settlements. The data were analysed using thematic analysis based on the study's conceptual framework. The research findings revealed that the government has not done much to involve vulnerable communities during the development of policies to reduce disaster risks within informal settlements. In particular, the failure of the government to promote and reinforce public participation in disaster risk reduction programmes leaves the vulnerable communities defenceless. CONTRIBUTION: This study strengthens the intergovernmental structures and public participation to reduce disaster risks in communities. This study discourages a silos mentality and encourages coordination between government departments to identify root causes by applying the pressure and release model for effective disaster risk reduction.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear how climate shifts may interfere with the diversification of tightly associated species interactions. Obligate pollination mutualisms are ideal for investigating the underlying processes of niche evolution by environmental change OBJECTIVES: Niche evolution that corresponds with phenotype-by-environment interactions that include climate shifts is expected to affect the stability of partner associations of mutualisms. Here, we compare the evolution of fig syconium size and growth form strategies for coping with soil water stress during a range expansion by Ficus into arid environments. METHODS: Niche models of 31 Ficus taxa were used to define contemporary habitat requirements of each species, which are then incorporated into Bayesian mixed models to examine the response of each trait to the soil water variables, other environmental variables and phylogenetic dependencies. RESULTS: The results showed that phylogenetic constraints best explained sy-conium size variation, while environmental lability best characterised growth form variation. Two species adapted to arid environments that exhibited convergence in these traits had significantly different habitat requirements compared to forest and savanna species. CONCLUSION: The niche expansions by Ficus ilicina and Ficus cordata involved distinct historical processes. The findings suggest selection for traits that varied at different temporal scales limit the rate of niche expansions, and potentially destabilise mutualist partnerships and promote host shifts.

Resumen Las profundas deficiencias que enfrenta el país en políticas de gestión hídrica se reflejan en la contaminación fisicoquímica, microbiológica y biológica de los ríos nacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer una estrategia de monitoreo hídrico comunitario para mejorar la gestión del río Jorco ubicado en el cantón de Acosta. Se monitoreó la calidad del agua en la parte alta, media y baja de la microcuenca durante la época lluviosa, utilizando dos índices de calidad (ICA) fisicoquímicos: el Holandés y el Calvo-TEC; así como uno biológico: el BMWP-CR. Los indicadores de calidad de turbiedad, alcalinidad, amoniaco, nitrógeno amoniacal, nitratos, y coliformes fecales superaron los límites de permisibilidad en algunos muestreos; sin embargo, el oxígeno disuelto mostró que existen buenos niveles de oxígeno para la recuperación del río. La demanda bioquímica de oxígeno fue baja, indicando una carga orgánica baja y los macroinvertebrados mostraron un ecosistema acuático degradado. El ICA Holandés sobrevaloró la calidad del agua con respecto al ICA Calvo-TEC. Este último mostró resultados más realistas debido a que utiliza más indicadores de calidad, ya que este parte de las condiciones ambientales y la normativa costarricense. Por su parte, el ICA BMWP-CR reveló una contaminación extrema durante el mes de mayor lluvia. Se concluyó que existe un problema de contaminación en el agua del río cuyas causas principales pueden ser por la falta de cobertura boscosa en las zonas riparias, la expansión del cultivo de café, el vertido de aguas residuales domésticas y las actividades ganaderas. Por lo tanto, se propuso al consejo municipal un plan de acción y validado con ellos, con el fin de mejorar la calidad del agua con participación de diferentes actores de la zona.

Abstract s The profound deficiencies that the country faces in water management policies are reflected in the physicochemical, microbiological and biological contamination of national rivers. The objective of this study was to propose a community water monitoring strategy to improve the management of the Jorco River located in the canton of Acosta. The quality of the water in the upper, middle and lower part of the micro-basin was monitored during the rainy season, using two physicochemical quality indices (ICA): the Dutch and the Calvo-TEC; as well as a biological one: the BMWP-CR. The quality indicators of turbidity, alkalinity, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, and fecal coliforms exceeded the permissibility limits in some samples; however, dissolved oxygen showed that there are good levels of oxygen for river recovery. Biochemical oxygen demand was low, indicating low organic load, and macroinvertebrates showed a degraded aquatic ecosystem. The Dutch ICA overestimated the quality of the water with respect to the ICA Calvo-TEC. The latter showed more realistic results because it uses more quality indicators, since it is based on environmental conditions and Costa Rican regulations. The ICA BMWP-CR revealed extreme contamination during the month of greatest rainfall. It was concluded that there is a problem of contamination in the river water whose main causes may be due to the lack of forest cover in the riparian zones, the expansion of coffee cultivation, the discharge of domestic wastewater and livestock activities. Therefore, an action plan was proposed to the municipal council and validated with them, to improve water quality with the participation of different actors in the area.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the Italian legislation in the field of integrated river basin management, paying particular attention to its institutional aspects and planning tools, mainly to the river basin management plan. In Italy, the integrated river basin management took its first steps through Law 183, of 1989, on soil defense, which divided the national territory into multiple areas, each with a newly established basin authority. The subsequent series of different regulatory measures, among which also the European Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/CE), illustrates the strain, which occurs in this sector, between the general and the particular. This arises firstly in the territorial definition of the hydrographic basin and in the allocation of powers between different bodies operating in the identified area. The Italian experience suggests that the creation of excessively fragmented management units can generate hindrances in water governance, especially in the process of gathering and managing information on the availability and use of water resources at the national level. On the other hand, this paper aims at highlighting the need for legal tools that link basin plans with other measures, both of general and particular scope. In Italy, the Law 36/1994 and subsequent acts, in particular the Legislative Decree 152/2006, currently in force, have introduced relevant changes to the initial river basin management design, which have had an impact, among other things, on the coordination between the different planning tools and between the river basin plan and more specific administrative acts, especially concessions for the use of water resources.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se analiza la legislación italiana en materia de gestión integrada de cuencas, con particular atención en los aspectos institucionales y en los instrumentos de planificación adoptados, especialmente en el plan de cuenca, ahora denominado también plan de distrito. En Italia, la gestión integrada de cuencas dio sus primeros pasos por medio de la Ley 183, de 1989, sobre defensa del suelo, la cual dividió el territorio nacional en múltiples ámbitos, a cargo de las autoridades de cuenca. La sucesión de distintas intervenciones normativas, entre las cuales también la Directiva europea Marco del Agua (Directiva 2000/60/CE), permite ilustrar la tensión, que se da en este sector, entre lo general y lo particular, la cual se manifiesta, en primer lugar, en la definición territorial de la cuenca hidrográfica y en la repartición de funciones entre distintos órganos que operan en el ámbito definido. En este sentido, la experiencia italiana sugiere que la creación de unidades de gestión excesivamente fragmentadas puede generar dificultades en la gobernanza de las aguas, especialmente en la recolección de informaciones sobre la disponibilidad y los usos de los recursos a nivel nacional. Por otro lado, en este trabajo se destaca la exigencia de herramientas que permitan vincular la planificación a nivel de cuenca con otros actos, tanto de alcance general como particular. Para lograr este objetivo, en Italia, por medio de la Ley 36, de 1994, y de las medidas posteriores, en particular el Decreto Legislativo 152, de 2006, actualmente vigente, se realizaron cambios relevantes al diseño inicial, que han tenido un impacto, entre otras cosas, en la coordinación entre los distintos instrumentos de planificación y entre el plan de cuenca y los actos administrativos más puntuales, especialmente las concesiones para el uso de los recursos.

Resumen A partir de fuentes bibliográficas, de archivo e información de campo, este artículo presenta las experiencias de la Comisión del Río Grijalva (CRG) desde el desarrollo de sus funciones y su relación con las prioridades nacionales, como un legado histórico en términos de prácticas para la gestión del agua en las cuencas entre Chiapas y Tabasco. El artículo muestra el tránsito de la CRG desde su creación en 1951, hasta su desintegración en 1987, tiempo en el cual se fomentó la intervención de la cuenca en el sureste mexicano en el marco del Plan Integral del Sureste o de Desarrollo Regional. Su experiencia evidencia que la fuerte relación política de los proyectos en torno al agua ha tenido históricamente efectos para su realización, así como impactos sociales y ambientales que están presentes en la gestión de cuencas actuales. Pero también pone de manifiesto que dichas realidades presentes son producto de un concierto institucional de planes sectoriales, más que de una estructura burocrática uniforme, como en ocasiones se tiende a identificar a esta Comisión en la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

Abstract Based on bibliographic, archival, and field information sources, this article presents the experiences of the Grijalva River Commission (CRG) from the development of its functions and its relationship with national priorities as a historical legacy in terms of practices for water management in the basins between Chiapas and Tabasco. The article shows the transition of the CRG, from its creation in 1951, until its disintegration in 1987, time in which the intervention of the basin in the Mexican southeast was promoted within the framework of the Integral Plan of the Southeast or Regional Development. This experience shows that the political relationship of projects around water has historically had effects on their realization, as well as social and environmental impacts present in the management of current basins. Also that these present realities are the product of an institutional concert of sectoral plans rather than a uniform bureaucratic structure, as this Commission sometimes tends to be identified in the second half of the 20th century.

Abstract The protected area called Río Dulce National Park is located in the northeastern Caribbean region of Guatemala. It is administered by the National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP) and governed by a master plan. However, it faces challenges every day, such as a) the increase in real estate development due to its scenic beauty, b) the population increase of the recognized communities within the various areas of the park, c) non-regularized discharges of ordinary and special wastewater. Given this incipient situation, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the water in Río Dulce through internationally recognized methods; such is the case of the ICA-NSF Water Quality Index, with the aim of interpreting the results in a holistic manner and being able to discuss them in academic settings, not only locally, but also internationally. For this, twelve sampling stations were georeferenced at the source of the main tributaries along the Río Dulce National Park. After the collection of water samples and laboratory analysis of the parameters: fecal coliforms, hydrogen potential, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total phosphorus, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen, the ICA-NSF was estimated using the online calculator from the Water Research Center of the United States of America. In general, considering the quality of the water of the tributaries, the ICA-NSF varied between 71 and 90, which qualifies as good quality. The critical parameters in the decrease of the ICA-NSF in the various stations evaluated were the presence of fecal coliforms and total dissolved solids, which allows the generation of guidelines for the sustainable management of the Río Dulce National Park. It is concluded that the water of the Río Dulce is not suitable for human consumption directly, requiring a purification process.

Resumen El área protegida denominada Parque Nacional Río Dulce se encuentra ubicada en el nororiente del caribe de Guatemala. Es administrada por el Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAP) y regido por un plan maestro. Sin embargo, afronta cada día retos, tales como a) el incremento de desarrollo inmobiliario debido a su belleza escénica, b) el incremento poblacional de las comunidades reconocidas dentro de las diversas zonas del parque y c) vertidos no regularizados de aguas residuales tipos ordinarias y especiales. Ante esta incipiente situación, se hace necesaria la evaluación de la calidad del agua de Río Dulce a través de métodos reconocidos internacionalmente; tal el caso del Índice de Calidad del Agua ICA-NSF, con la finalidad de interpretar los resultados de una manera holística y poder discutirlos en ámbitos académicos, no solo a nivel local, sino internacional. Para ello se georreferenciaron doce estaciones de muestreo en las desembocaduras de los principales tributarios a lo largo del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Posterior a las colectas de muestras de agua y análisis en laboratorio de los parámetros: coliformes fecales, potencial de hidrógeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, nitratos, fósforo total, temperatura, turbidez, sólidos totales disueltos y oxígeno disuelto, se estimó el ICA-NSF mediante la calculadora en línea del Centro de Investigación del Agua de los Estados Unidos de América. De manera general, considerando la calidad del agua de los afluentes, el ICA-NSF varió entre 71 y 90, lo que se cualifica como una calidad buena. Los parámetros críticos en la disminución del ICA-NSF en las diversas estaciones evaluadas fueron la presencia de coliformes fecales y los sólidos totales disueltos, lo que permite generar lineamientos para el manejo sustentable del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Se concluye que el agua del Río Dulce no es apta para el consumo humano de forma directa, necesitando de un proceso de potabilización.

ABSTRACT The dam safety depends heavily on the organizational structure, the developer’s philosophy, and the involved actor’s technical responsibility. In this context, the present research aimed to: introduce the concept of Engineer of Record (EoR); discuss their influence on the continuous improvement of dam safety, propose a work plan for this professional applicable to water storage dams, and estimate the costs associated with their team. Since mining dams have experienced recent accidents, safety laws, and methodologies are more stringent for these structures. Therefore, based on this experience, a list of actions for the EoR was proposed, targeted explicitly at water storage dams, divided into two stages: the first to comply with the National Dam Safety Policy (NDSP); and the second focused on the continuous improvement of the safety of these structures. Additionally, a cost estimate was conducted, resulting in a value of $ 0.15 per m3 consumed for implementing an EoR team.

RESUMO A segurança de uma barragem depende fortemente da estrutura organizacional, da filosofia do empreendedor e da responsabilidade técnica dos atores envolvidos. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos: apresentar o conceito de Engenheiro de Registro (EoR); discutir sua influência na melhoria contínua da segurança; propor um plano de trabalho para este profissional, aplicável às barragens de acúmulo de água e estimar os custos associados à sua equipe. Considerando que as barragens de mineração têm enfrentado acidentes recentes, as leis e metodologias de segurança são mais rigorosas para estas estruturas. Portanto, com base nesta experiência, propôs-se uma lista de ações para o EoR, especificamente voltada para barragens de acúmulo de água, dividida em duas etapas: a primeira, para atendimento da Política Nacional de Segurança de Barragens (NDSP); e a segunda, voltada à melhoria contínua da segurança dessas estruturas. Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma estimativa de custos, chegando ao valor de R$ 0,15 por m3 consumido para a implantação de uma equipe de EoR.

Resumo O artigo analisa como os principais prestadores dos serviços de água e esgoto se financiam, usando informações das demonstrações financeiras de 2016 e 2019. A caracterização das diferentes fontes de recursos junto com a comparação de sua participação nas dívidas das empresas entre os períodos tem como objetivo explicitar como os prestadores têm se financiado e identificar estratégias, bem como apontar desafios para a alavancagem futura dos investimentos. As emissões de debêntures, que no período se elevaram significativamente, foram especificamente analisadas. Diante da necessidade de mais do que dobrar a média dos investimentos realizados de 2007 a 2019 para que seja possível universalizar os serviços no país até 2033, como prevê o Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico e o novo marco legal do saneamento, o artigo busca compreender qual o tipo de fonte de recurso é mais adequada a cada tipo de investimento dentro do setor, defendendo sua complementaridade na consecução dos investimentos para universalização. Por fim, aponta-se algumas perspectivas e desafios para a elevação dos investimentos com vistas à universalização.

Abstract Using information from the 2016 and 2019 financial statements, the article analyzes how the main providers of water and sewage services in Brazil finance themselves. The characterization of each of the different sources together with the comparison of their shares in the companies' debts aims to explain how providers have financed themselves, identifying strategies and pointing out challenges for the future leverage of investments. Specifically, the issuances of debentures, which rose significantly in the period, were analyzed. Faced with the need to more than double average investments made from 2007 to 2019 in order to universalize services in the country by 2033, as given in the National Basic Sanitation Plan and the new legal framework for sanitation, the article seeks to understand which type of funding source is most suitable for each type of investment within the sector, defending their complementarity in achieving universalization investments. Finally, some perspectives and challenges are pointed out for increasing investments with a view to universalization.

Resumen El manejo del territorio que surte de agua al sistema Chingaza, que abastece a Bogotá, es descifrado en este artículo, como un ensamblaje del gobierno de la alta montaña a partir del proyecto de adaptación al cambio climático INAP y el proyecto del Corredor de Conservación de Páramos (CPP) implementados en un sector del sistema Chingaza: la cuenca alta del río Blanco. El ensamblaje devela las distintas funciones que se asignan al agua y los roles estipulados a la población campesina, lo cual va constituyendo determinadas gubernamentalidades en el territorio. Así, a pesar de que los proyectos recientemente implementados hicieron un importante esfuerzo por desmarcarse de estas prácticas, persisten conocimientos, narrativas y prácticas, propias, inclusive, de otros tiempos y lugares, lo cual permite que los patrones fragmentadores y jerárquicos del ensamblaje sean perpetuados.

Abstract The management of the territory that supplies water to the Chingaza System, which that supplies the city of Bogotá, is deciphered, in this article, as an assemblage of the government of the high mountains from the Integrated National Adaptation Plan -(INAP)- project and the Corredor de Conservación de Páramos Project (CPP) implemented in a sector of the Chingaza System, the upper basin of the Blanco River. The assemblage reveals the different functions that are assigned to water and the roles stipulated for the peasant population, which that gradually constitutes certain specific governmentalities in the territory. Thus, despite the fact that the recently implemented projects made an important effort to distance themselves from these practices, knowledge, narratives, and practices persist, even from other times and other places, allowing the fragmenting and hierarchical patterns of assemblage to be perpetuated.

Resumo A gestão do território que abastece água aoo sSistema Chingaza, que abastece fornece a cidade de Bogotá, é decifrada, neste artigo, como uma assembleéia do governo das altas montanhas do projeto INAP de adaptação às mudanças climáticas e do projeto do Corredor Conservação de Paramos (CPP) implementada em um setor do Sistema Chingaza:, a bacia superior do rio Blanco. A assembleéia revela as diferentes funções que são atribuídas à água e os papéis estipulados para a população camponesa, que aos poucos constitui algumas governamentalidades no território. Assim, apesar de que os projetos recentemente implementados terem feito um importante esforço para se distanciar dessas práticas, persistem saberes, narrativas e práticas próprias, persistem, mesmo de outros tempos e outros lugares, permitindo que os padrões fragmentadores e hierárquicos de montagem se perpetuem.

ABSTRACT Tillage is an important management tool for tackling and promoting water conservation and improving crop yield. As one of the important nutrients in plant growth, K is involved in important processes such as osmoregulation, photosynthesis and metabolite transport, and plays a particularly critical role in improving crop yield and quality. In the long-term positioning platform of the tillage method, a 2-yr field experiment was conducted in 2019-2020 in maize (Zea mays L.) Three tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT), subsoil tillage (ST), and no-tillage (NT) and two planting densities 6×104 (D1) and 9×104 plants ha-1 (D2) were set up in the experiment. The results showed that yield and K translocation efficiency (KTE) were significantly higher in NT than in CT at D1 (by 4.7% and 12.2%) and D2 (by 14.0% and 13.9%), respectively. At maturity stage in 2019, population DM accumulation after silking (DMA) was significantly higher in NT (by 11.0% and 16.9%) than in CT at D1 and D2. Correlation analysis revealed that yield was significantly positive correlated with ears (r = 0.57***) and DMA (r = 0.64***). Potassium translocation and K harvest index were positively correlated with KTE. Under spring drought year, the long-term no-tillage had a significant yield increase, mainly through the increase in 1000-kernel weight. The increase in K efficiency was mainly through the influence of DM accumulation and distribution, and K accumulation in grain.

RESUMO A intensificação da agropecuária na Amazônia ameaça a manutenção da biodiversidade, interfere na ciclagem da água e nos estoques de carbono, alterando os ciclos biogeoquímicos em escala local e regional. Recentemente, na Amazônia, políticas públicas têm sido criadas para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável, tal como observado com o Plano Nacional de Produção e uso do Biodiesel (PNPB) em 2005, e o Programa de Produção Sustentável de Óleo de Palma (PPSOP) em 2010, facilitando a entrada de alguns municípios do nordeste paraense na cadeia produtiva da palma de óleo (dendê - Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é quantificar a cobertura vegetal e o uso da terra para avaliar a qualidade ambiental do município de Mãe do Rio no Pará, para os anos de 2008 e 2016. A metodologia inclui revisão bibliográfica, análise espacial/temporal da cobertura e uso da terra e o Índice de Transformação Antrópica (ITA). Os resultados demonstram que as principais mudanças ocorridas em 2008 e 2016 são: i. o desmatamento contínuo das florestas primárias, enquanto a floresta secundária aumenta em área; ii. a expansão gradual dos dendezeiros sobre as áreas de agropecuária; iii. o aumento da área de solo exposto indica uma alta rotatividade do uso e cobertura da terra; iv. em 2008 e 2016, os índices são 7,56 e 7,64 respectivamente, considerados “potencialmente insustentáveis”, devido à continua supressão de floresta primária, degradada e campinaranas, favorecendo a perda da biodiversidade na região, condição que justifica o apoio à política da dendeicultura.

ABSTRACT The intensification of agriculture in the Amazon threatens the maintenance of biodiversity, interferes with water cycling and carbon stocks, altering biogeochemical cycles on a local and regional scale. Recently, in the Amazon, public policies have been created to promote sustainable development, as observed with the National Plan for the Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) in 2005 and the Sustainable Palm Oil Production Program (PPSOP) in 2010, facilitating the entry of some municipalities in the northeast of Pará to the oil palm productive chain (oil palm - Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Thus, the objective is to quantify the vegetation cover and land use to assess the environmental quality of the municipality of Mãe do Rio in Pará for the years 2008 and 2016. The methodology includes bibliographic review, spatial/temporal analysis of the coverage and use of land, and the Anthropic Transformation Index (ITA). The results show that the main changes that occurred in 2008 and 2016 are: i. the continuous deforestation of primary forests, while the secondary forest increases in area; ii. the gradual expansion of oil palm over agricultural areas; iii. the increase in the area of exposed soil indicates a high turnover in land use and coverage; iv. in 2008 and 2016, the indexes are 7.56 and 7.64 respectively, considered “potentially unsustainable,” due to the continuous suppression of primary, degraded and campinaranas forests, favoring the loss of biodiversity in the region, a condition that justifies support for oil palm.

RESUMO No Brasil, os impactos socioambientais da crise hídrica são intensificados uma vez que a drenagem e o manejo das águas pluviais são marcados por ausências e limitações de políticas públicas. O saneamento básico é de titularidade municipal e, para o exercício desse direito e dever, é fundamental que os municípios estruturem a política municipal, sendo o planejamento seu principal instrumento. Nesse contexto, buscou-se neste artigo identificar e analisar o panorama da elaboração de Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e de Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana nos municípios do estado de Minas Gerais com população inferior a 50 mil habitantes e comparar esses resultados com as informações divulgadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento no ano de 2019. Realizaram-se buscas na internet e contatos com os municípios, por telefone, e foi possível identificar que, entre os 752 municípios de Minas Gerais de pequeno porte, 499 possuem Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, enquanto nenhum possui Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana. Ao comparar esses resultados com as informações divulgadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento, observou-se que 79 municípios prestaram informações inconsistentes relacionadas à existência de Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico e 48 afirmaram possuir Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana. Conclui-se que muitos municípios mineiros ainda não possuem Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico, e que o processo de coleta dos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento precisa ser aprimorado para que haja melhor qualidade dos dados divulgados. A ausência de instrumentos de planejamento que auxiliem a efetivação da política municipal é um importante problema a ser superado para o enfrentamento dos complexos desafios que envolvem a drenagem e o manejo das águas pluviais municipal.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the impacts of the water crisis are intensified since the Drainage and Rainwater Management are marked by absences and limitations of public policies. Basic sanitation is a municipal property and for the exercise of this right and duty, it is essential that the municipalities structure the municipal policy, with planning as their main instrument. In this context, this article aimed to identify and analyze the panorama of the elaboration of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and Master Plans for Urban Drainage in the municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais with a population of less than 50,000 inhabitants and to compare these results with the information released by the National Sanitation Information System, in 2019. Internet searches and contacts with the municipalities were carried out by telephone, so that it was possible to identify that among the 752 small-sized ones in Minas Gerais, 499 of them have Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans, while none of them have Master Plans for Urban Drainage. When comparing these results with the information released by the National Sanitation Information System, it was observed that 79 municipalities provided inconsistent information related to the existence of Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and 48 municipalities claimed to have Master Plans for Urban Drainage. It is concluded that many municipalities in Minas Gerais do not yet have Municipal Basic Sanitation Plans and that the process of collecting National Sanitation Information System data needs to be improved so that there is a better quality of the data released. The absence of planning instruments to assist the implementation of municipal policy is an important problem to be overcome in order to face the complex challenges involving municipal Stormwater Drainage and Management.