A direct, high-throughput and accurate method, multi-molecular infrared spectroscopic (MMIR) data fusion, was established for the detection of trace of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, betamethasone and prednisone acetate in peptide powders based on near-infrared and mid-infrared fusion datasets. Tri step MMIR with progressively improved resolution captured key fingerprint features of hormones in the regions of 3430-3250, 2950-2850, 1750-1550 and 1335-1050 cm-1 which were exclusively selected as the datasets. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) model with the best performance used a mid-level fusion strategy and achieved excellent root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP, 1.101 mg kg-1) and residual prediction deviation (RPD, 9.890). Compared to those of single dataset models, the RMSEP was reduced by more than 82.03%. This method had remarkable practical significance for the direct and accurate quality evaluation of peptide powder products with favorable limit of detection (LOD) but without pretreatment and chemical agents, verifying the feasibility of multiple analytical instruments for rapid and comprehensive detection of powdered foods. highthroughput high throughput multimolecular multi molecular (MMIR estrone diethylstilbestrol nearinfrared near midinfrared mid datasets 34303250, 34303250 3430 3250, 3250 3430-3250 29502850, 29502850 2950 2850, 2850 2950-2850 17501550 1750 1550 1750-155 13351050 1335 1050 1335-105 cm1 cm 1 cm- BPNN (BPNN midlevel level RMSEP, (RMSEP 1101 101 1.10 kg1 kg kg-1 RPD, RPD (RPD 9.890. 9890 9.890 . 9 890 9.890) models 8203 82 03 82.03% LOD (LOD agents foods 3430325 343 325 3430-325 2950285 295 285 2950-285 1750155 175 155 1750-15 1335105 133 105 1335-10 110 10 1.1 kg- 989 9.89 89 820 8 0 82.03 343032 34 32 3430-32 295028 29 28 2950-28 175015 17 15 1750-1 133510 13 1335-1 11 1. 98 9.8 82.0 34303 3 3430-3 29502 2 2950-2 17501 1750- 13351 1335- 9. 82. 3430- 2950-

In order to extract hesperidin from Citrus aurantium L. through green and efficient ways, a novel method based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) assisted extraction has been developed. Compared to known alkali extraction and acid precipitation or organic solvent (ethanol, methanol) extraction, this new DES system of choline chloride/diethanolamine (DES-14) method exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for hesperidin. Under optimal conditions, the extraction yield of hesperidin reached 6.26 ± 0.05%. Further studies with infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and density functional theory showed the DES-14 was formed mainly through the interaction of H-bond and van der Waals forces. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory revealed the strong dissolving capacity, and the H-bond formation between DES-14 and hesperidin, as well as van der Waals forces all contributed to efficient extraction of hesperidin. The results provide a new strategy for efficient extraction and utilization of hesperidin in Citrus. L ways (DES developed ethanol, ethanol (ethanol methanol chloridediethanolamine chloride diethanolamine DES14 14 (DES-14 conditions 626 6 26 6.2 005 0 05 0.05% spectroscopy H resonance DES-1 Hbond bond addition capacity DES1 1 (DES-1 62 2 6. 00 0.05 DES- (DES- 0.0 0.

RESUMEN El estudio se orienta a la búsqueda de la mejora continua en la preparación de los estudiantes de Pedagogía de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros. Su objetivo es fundamentar la modificación curricular de las asignaturas de la etapa de admisión y su integración con las de los primeros semestres de la carrera como estrategia para el fortalecimiento de la proficiencia de los estudiantes en inglés. Como resultado se favorece una transición fluida desde la etapa de nivelación hacia las materias especializadas. La integración estratégica de habilidades lingüísticas, contenidos académicos y competencias profesionales es la base de esta propuesta.

ABSTRACT The study is oriented to the search for continuous improvement in the preparation of students of Pedagogy of National and Foreign Languages. Its objective is to support the curricular modification of the subjects of the admission stage and their integration with those of the first semesters of the career as a strategy to strengthen the students' proficiency in English. As a result, a smooth transition from the leveling stage to the specialized subjects is favored. The strategic integration of language skills, academic content and professional competencies is the basis of this proposal.

ABSTRACT The mangroves are exposed to threats such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, in addition to socioeconomic pressures. This study aimed to carry out a vulnerability and risk climate analysis for the Colombian mangrove socioecosystem. 22 threat indicators, eight of sensitivity and 18 of adaptive capacity were used, and through multivariate numerical analysis, the vulnerability and climate risk indices for Colombian Pacific and Caribbean mangroves were generated. The mangroves that presented the highest risk in the Caribbean were located in the Manaure, Tubará and, Puerto Escondido municipalities, while in the Pacific these high-risk areas were located on the southern coast in the Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro, and La Tola municipalities, and in the northern coast in the Bahía Solano municipality. The threat indicators that captured the greatest variability in the analysis were: sea level rise, change in the coastline, change in water supply, change in mangrove coverage due to change in the coastline, change in temperature and precipitation due to El Niño and La Niña, and human footprint. These results are input for climate management of mangroves in Colombia and will contribute to the National Mangrove Program. Likewise, it can contribute to the National Mangrove Restoration Plan, the Nationally Determined Contribution of Colombia (NDC), the Long-Term Climate Strategy of Colombia E 2050, and the Territorial Plans for Climate Change Adaptation of the states and municipalities.

RESUMEN Los manglares están expuestos a amenazas como el aumento del nivel del mar, la erosión costera, el aumento de la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos extremos, además de presiones socioeconómicas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para el socioecosistema de manglar de Colombia. Se utilizaron 22 indicadores de amenaza, 8 de sensibilidad y 18 de capacidad adaptativa; mediante un análisis numérico multivariado se generaron los índices de vulnerabilidad y riesgo climático para los manglares del Pacífico y del Caribe de Colombia. Los manglares que presentaron mayor riesgo en el Caribe se ubicaron en los municipios de Manaure, Tubará y Puerto Escondido, mientras que en el Pacífico estas áreas de alto riesgo se ubicaron en la costa sur, en los municipios de Olaya Herrera, Francisco Pizarro y La Tola, y en la costa norte de Bahía Solano. Los indicadores de amenaza que capturaron la mayor variabilidad del análisis fueron: el aumento del nivel del mar, el cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la oferta hídrica, el cambio en la cobertura de manglares por cambio en la línea de costa, el cambio en la temperatura y la precipitación debido a El Niño y La Niña, y la huella humana. Estos resultados son un insumo para la gestión climática de los manglares en Colombia y contribuirán al Programa Nacional de Manglares. Asimismo, podrán contribuir al Plan Nacional de Restauración de Manglares, la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Colombia (NDC), la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Colombia E2050, y los Planes Territoriales de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de los departamentos y municipios.

Resumen El Gobierno federal mexicano ha publicado durante la última década distintos instrumentos de planificación para promover el ordenamiento del territorio y desarrollo regional. Su elaboración, a cargo de varias instancias administrativas, revelaría una gestión fragmentada y desarticulada. Este artículo indaga si la Estrategia Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial (ENOT) 2020-2040, instrumento vigente en esta materia, logra restituirle al Estado mexicano la rectoría en la gobernanza territorial. Luego de una revisión de las herramientas normativas que constan en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, los hallazgos sugieren que la ENOT privilegia una gobernanza basada en proyectos prioritarios. El Tren Maya, el Programa de Desarrollo para el Istmo de Tehuantepec y el Programa Zona Libre de las Fronteras Norte y Sur son indicios de que otro modelo de gobernanza territorial ha surgido en México.

Abstract Over the last decade, the Mexican federal government has published several planning instruments promoting land-use planning and regional development. Various administrative agencies participate in developing these instruments, which suggest a fragmented and disarticulated management. This article examines whether the National Strategy for National Strategy for Spatial Planning (ENOT) 2020-2040, the current operating instrument, restores the steering role in territorial governance to the national State. After a review of the normative tools contained in the Official Journal of the Federation, the findings suggest that the ENOT favours governance based on essential projects. The Mayan Train, the Development Programme for the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the Free Zone Programme for the Northern and Southern Borders suggest that another model of territorial governance has emerged in Mexico.

Abstract The introduction of the HPV vaccine in Brazil was initially well received, achieving a high national coverage rate in the first half of 2014. Despite the efforts of the Ministry of Health, a significant decline in uptake was observed over the subsequent six months, with the causes still under investigation. Given the influence of the print media, this study aims to describe the discursive strategies used in the narratives conveyed by the print media in order to elucidate their role in shaping public debate during the introduction of the HPV vaccine between 2014 and 2018. The methodology adopted was qualitative, involving a discourse analysis of articles and texts published in the print media, as well as the statements from professional organisations featured in various journalistic reports. Additionally, a public action filed by the Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office against the HPV vaccine, which received substantial media coverage, was included as a source of analysis. The findings revealed the discursive strategies employed by both proponents and opponents of the vaccine. The public debate was predominantly centred around issues of effectiveness, safety, and economic costs, with each side offering its own interpretation of the existing scientific evidence. However, despite the wealth of data and scientific evidence available, the media debate did not explore the controversial and critical aspects of vaccination. The study concluded that the media struggled to distinguish between science and pseudoscience, converting scientific evidence into opinion. It missed the opportunity to contribute to clarifying the effectiveness and safety of the public health strategy.

Resumo A introdução da vacina contra o HPV no Brasil foi inicialmente bem recebida, registrando alta taxa de cobertura nacional durante o primeiro semestre de 2014. Apesar dos esforços do Ministério da Saúde, uma queda significativa em sua aceitação foi observada no semestre seguinte, cujos fatores ainda são objeto de investigação. Considerando a importância da mídia impressa, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as estratégias discursivas das narrativas veiculadas por ela, a fim de elucidar o seu papel no debate público durante a introdução da vacina contra o HPV, entre 2014 e 2018. A metodologia adotada consistiu em uma abordagem qualitativa, que incluiu a análise de discurso de matérias e textos publicados pela mídia impressa, bem como dos discursos de entidades de classe presentes em diversas reportagens jornalísticas. Além disso, considerou-se como fonte de análise uma ação pública impetrada pelo Ministério Público Federal contra a vacina do HPV, a qual recebeu ampla cobertura em diversos veículos de comunicação. Os resultados mostraram as estratégias discursivas de atores favoráveis e desfavoráveis à vacina. Conteúdos sobre a eficácia, a segurança e os custos econômicos dominaram o debate público, com cada lado trazendo a própria interpretação dos conhecimentos científicos acumulados. Porém, o debate da mídia não se aprofundou quanto aos aspectos controversos e críticos relativos à vacinação, mesmo diante da variedade de dados e evidências científicas disponíveis. Concluiu-se que a mídia não foi capaz de diferenciar ciência de pseudociência, transformou evidências científicas em opiniões e perdeu a chance de contribuir para a elucidação da eficácia e da segurança da estratégia de saúde pública.

RESUMEN La investigación se propuso establecer sistémicamente los principales impulsores (drivers) que pueden desarrollar la competitividad de las organizaciones de salud, concretamente para las aseguradoras en salud del régimen contributivo (EPS´s) en el contexto colombiano. El estudio fue interpretativo, cualitativo y descriptivo-exploratorio, estudiando documentos que mostraran los posibles impulsores de la competitividad, adaptándolos a la ‘industria’ de la salud, con un análisis específico. Se identificaron aquellos que, conjuntamente y dentro un comportamiento competitivo-organizacional, podrían ser sus factores diferenciales y competitivos en tres dimensiones o categorías (organizacional, estrategia y resultados) y atravesados por tres niveles de análisis (macro, meso y micro). Esto puede ser útil para aportar al desarrollo de la capacidad competitiva de las EPS nacionales, como plataforma de discusión para la política pública y una posible reforma respecto al sistema de salud y para estudiar la competitividad de este sector y sus organizaciones hacia el futuro.

RESUMO A pesquisa se propôs a estabelecer de forma sistêmica os principais fatores que podem desenvolver a competitividade das organizações de saúde, especificamente para as seguradoras de saúde do sistema contributivo (EPS's) no contexto colombiano. O estudo foi interpretativo, qualitativo e descritivo-exploratório, estudando documentos que mostram os possíveis fatores de competitividade, adaptando-os ao "setor" de saúde, com uma análise específica. Foram identificados aqueles que, em conjunto e dentro de um comportamento competitivo-organizacional, poderiam ser seus fatores diferenciadores e competitivos em três dimensões ou categorias (organizacional, estratégia e resultados) e percorridos por três níveis de análise (macro, meso e micro). Isso pode ser útil para contribuir para o desenvolvimento da capacidade competitiva das EPSs nacionais, como uma plataforma de discussão para políticas públicas e uma possível reforma relativas ao sistema de saúde e para estudar a competitividade do setor de saúde e de suas organizações em direção ao futuro.

ABSTRACT The research aimed to systematically identify the main drivers to enhance healthcare organizations' competitiveness, specifically for contributory regime (EPS) health insurers in the Colombian context. The study was interpretative, qualitative, and descriptive-exploratory studying documents that showed the possible drivers of competitiveness, and adapting them to the health 'industry', with a specific analysis. Those that, jointly and within a competitive-organizational behavior could be its differential and competitive factors in three dimensions or categories (organizational, strategy and results) and crossed by three levels of analysis (macro, meso, and micro) were identified. This can be useful in contributing to developing the competitive capacity of national Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), serving as a discussion platform for public policy and a possible reform regarding the health system, and studying the competitiveness of the health sector and its organizations in the future.

Research that directs the way stakeholders act and how they collaborate is essential when addressing complex environmental challenges in the field of sustainability science. For example, researchers attempting to manage Prosopis invasions through biological control in South Africa have historically faced challenges from stakeholders. In this study we illustrate the importance of stakeholder engagement and social learning by outlining the collaborative efforts of various stakeholders to promote effective, integrative and sustainable management of Prosopis invasions in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Through a community of practice approach, stakeholders worked together over the past half-decade in an attempt to develop a National Strategy for Prosopis management and improve its control. This strategy aimed not only to emphasise the need for integration of biomass use (aimed at offsetting the costs of mechanical clearing and necessary herbicide use) but also to underscore the significance of biocontrol alongside other management approaches. Stakeholders also identified that adequate farm-scale planning is necessary to provide a sense of purpose and assist in monitoring of progress. We worked alongside land managers and experts to develop such plans. The engagement of local champions played a crucial role in facilitating collaboration and learning among stakeholders, emphasising the significance of inclusive approaches in addressing complex sustainability challenges. In addition, we gained an understanding of how to develop the community of practice to enhance collaboration that ensures the implementation of plans to better manage Prosopis. Our findings underscore the necessity of meaningful stakeholder engagement and collaboration in effective invasive species management. By promoting understanding and involvement of diverse stakeholders, initiatives can have a greater impact in addressing broader sustainability issues. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight the fundamental role of stakeholder collaboration in addressing environmental challenges (e.g. biological invasions), promoting sustainability and fostering social learning. Collaboration facilitates exchange of knowledge, promotes social learning and allows stakeholders to make informed decisions when addressing sustainability issues. Collaborative approaches promote the effectiveness of a community of practice in managing Prosopis invasions in South Africa. Local champions played a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration, bridging communication gaps and promoting inclusive approaches. Sustained stakeholder engagement, transdisciplinary collaborations, effective biological control and market development for biomass products will be essential to improve the sustainable management Prosopis.

Abstract The reform of primary healthcare (PHC) in Portugal, initiated in 2007 with the creation of Family Health Units (FHU) and Health Center Groups (ACeS), marked a significant turning point in restructuring the National Health Service (NHS). However, implementing Local Health Units (LHU) in 2024 poses challenges and uncertainties that require a well-founded, evidence-based approach. An analysis of healthcare professionals’ expectations revealed concerns such as the limited autonomy of FHUs and the unequal distribution of investments between primary and secondary care, emphasizing the need for transparent, participatory dialogue in NHS reforms. The exclusion of healthcare professionals from LHU-related decision-making and the absence of bottom-up planning undermines the acceptance and efficacy of the model. Furthermore, threats to the clinical leadership of PHC, including legislation on the appointment of clinical directors and loss of autonomy, are critical issues that necessitate proactive measures to preserve the integrity and effectiveness of these units. Organizational challenges, such as the replication of hospital-centric management models that fail to address the specificities of PHC and a diminished leadership role in executing the Recovery and Resilience Plan, further jeopardize the organizational culture and performance of PHC. To secure the effectiveness and quality of PHC within LHU, it is crucial to implement strategies that engage professionals, bolster clinical leadership, and protect the autonomy of family health teams. The establishment of ACeS, I.P., offers a viable alternative by granting administrative independence and enhancing efficiency in PHC delivery. All these efforts must be driven by a unified commitment and collaborative strategy aimed at the ongoing improvement of the NHS and the well-being of the Portuguese population.

Resumo A reforma dos cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) em Portugal, iniciada em 2007 com a criação das Unidades de Saúde Familiar (USF) e dos Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (ACeS), representou um marco na reestruturação do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS). Contudo, a implementação das Unidades Locais de Saúde (ULS), em 2024, apresenta desafios e incertezas que requerem uma abordagem baseada em evidências. Uma análise das expectativas dos profissionais de saúde evidenciou preocupações como a limitação da autonomia das USF e a distribuição desigual de investimentos entre os cuidados primários e secundários, sublinhando a necessidade de um diálogo transparente no processo de reforma do SNS. A falta de envolvimento dos profissionais de saúde nas decisões sobre as ULS, sem uma abordagem bottom-up, compromete a aceitação e a eficácia do modelo. A representação adequada dos médicos de família nos pontos de decisão dos CSP é essencial para assegurar a concretização das suas competências de gestão. A legislação sobre a nomeação dos diretores clínicos nas ULS e a perda de autonomia dos CSP são desafios que exigem medidas proativas para salvaguardar a eficácia destas unidades. A tendência para replicar modelos de gestão hospitalar, sem considerar as especificidades dos CSP, e a perda de liderança no Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência (PRR) comprometem a cultura organizacional e o desempenho dos CSP. Para garantir a eficácia e a qualidade dos CSP nas ULS é essencial envolver os profissionais, fortalecer a direção clínica e proteger a integridade e autonomia das equipas de saúde familiar. A criação dos ACeS, I.P., surge como uma alternativa viável, conferindo autonomia administrativa e promovendo a eficiência dos CSP. Estas ações devem ser orientadas por uma abordagem participativa e um compromisso com a melhoria contínua do SNS e o bem-estar dos cidadãos portugueses.

The National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) introduced a new water law framework for South Africa. According to the NWA, all water uses must be authorised in terms of a water use licence, unless the water use constitutes a Schedule 1 water use, falls under a general authorisation, the need for a licence is dispensed with, or is recognised as an 'existing lawful water use' (ELU). This paper provides a critical analysis of the ELU concept within the context of South African water law. It explores the complexities and challenges associated with ELUs, including their validation, verification and registration, and also reviews recent case law that has helped to elucidate certain key aspects of ELUs. The paper underscores the necessity for more specific legislation to address these ambiguities and uncertainties. Additionally, it critically assesses the potential implications of the recently published National Water Resource Strategy III and the National Water Amendment Bill of 2023. This Bill proposes to abolish the right to declare an ELU, and to empower the relevant authority to impose conditions and/or obligations on ELUs as well as to curtail current ELU volumes.

Abstract: The aim of the article is to evaluate and understand the feelings and attitudes of Brazilian physicians regarding the implementation of palliative care in pediatric patients. Between July 2018 and December 2019, 236 questionnaires were sent to physicians on the National Academy of Palliative Care roster. The data collected through the planned questionnaires were analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ programs (Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). From the analysis performed by IRAMUTEQ, a dendrogram containing words with p<0.05 was obtained. Feelings of sadness, anguish, relief, regret and fulfillment were perceived as relevant. Attitudes such as understanding, communication, instructing, treating well, strategy, and multiprofessional conferences were also described. Thus, it was observed that these professionals experience different contradictory feelings and make use of different strategies so that they do not harm the treatment carried out, in addition to maintaining a good relationship with the patient’s family. In the present study, we demonstrate that there are intrinsic characteristics of pediatric palliative care that are a source of mixed feelings for medical professionals. In this context, challenges still exist and it is essential to conduct new studies that address this issue. Paying attention to these feelings promotes better management of palliative care in pediatrics.

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es evaluar y comprender los sentimientos y actitudes de los médicos brasileños en relación con la implementación de los cuidados paliativos en pacientes pediátricos. Entre julio de 2018 y diciembre de 2019, se enviaron 236 cuestionarios a los médicos de la lista de la Academia Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos. Los datos recogidos a través de los cuestionarios previstos se analizaron utilizando los programas IRAMUTEQ (Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). A partir del análisis realizado por el IRAMUTEQ, se obtuvo un dendrograma que contenía palabras con p<0,05. Sentimientos de tristeza, angustia, alivio, arrepentimiento y realización fueron percibidos como relevantes. También se describieron actitudes como comprensión, comunicación, instruir, tratar bien, estrategia y conferencias multiprofesionales. Así, se observó que estos profesionales experimentan diferentes sentimientos contradictorios y hacen uso de diferentes estrategias para que no perjudiquen el tratamiento realizado, además de mantener una buena relación con la familia del paciente. Demostramos que existen características intrínsecas de los cuidados paliativos pediátricos que son fuente de sentimientos encontrados para los profesionales médicos. En este contexto, aún existen desafíos y es esencial realizar nuevos estudios que aborden este tema. La atención a estos sentimientos promueve una mejor gestión de los cuidados paliativos en pediatría.

Resumo: O objetivo desse artigo é avaliar e compreender os sentimentos e atitudes de médicos brasileiros no que diz respeito à implementação de cuidados paliativas em pacientes pediátricos. Entre julho de 2018 e dezembro de 2019, foram enviados 236 questionários a médicos do rol da Academia Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos. Os dados coletados através dos questionários planejados foram analisados usando os programas IRAMUTEQ (Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). Da análise realizada pelo IRAMUTEQ, obteve-se um dendrograma contendo palavras com p<0.05. Sentimentos de tristeza, angústia, alívio, arrependimento e satisfação foram percebidos como relevantes. Atitudes como compreender, comunicar, educar, tratar bem, estratégia e conferências multiprofissionais também foram descritas. Assim, observou-se que esses profissionais experimentam sentimentos contraditórios diferentes e fazem uso de diferentes estratégias de forma a não prejudicar o tratamento realizado, além de manter uma boa relação com a família do paciente. No presente estudo, demonstramos que há características intrínsecas de cuidados paliativos pediátricos que são fonte de sentimentos contraditórios para profissionais médicos. Nesse contexto, ainda existem desafios e é essencial conduzir novos estudos que abordem essa questão. Prestar atenção a esses sentimentos promove melhor manejo de cuidados paliativos em pediatria.

BACKGROUND: Despite benefits, structured mentorship needs to be better recognised within health profession training institutions (HPI) in Southern Africa (SA). Given the need to transform faculties and retain skilled personnel, mentoring programmes can be used to address these needs and warrant further exploration OBJECTIVE: To explore mentorship models within HPI in SA METHODS: During the annual South African Health Educationalists Conference (SAAHE) in 2022, five academics from HPIs in the region conducted an interactive national workshop on mentorship in health professions education. Following a presentation on mentorship models, participants were allowed to share their perspectives on current mentorship practices, gaps and recommendations for enhancing mentorship. Key concepts and themes generated are reported RESULTS: Three key approaches to mentorship models were identified during the workshop. These were 'top-down', 'ad-hoc' and 'supportive' approaches. Mentorship models were largely self-initiated and followed a traditional dyadic style with little innovation. Mandatory 'top-down', over-regulated programmes compared with 'grassroots' approaches were the two extremes reflected on the spectrum of models. While the benefits of mentorship were recognised, institution-wide implementation is lacking, reflecting varied or no widescale adoption. Mentorship could serve as a focused, formal strategy to ensure the demographic transformation of HPIs. Recommendations were made to measure the effectiveness of mentorship programmes against academic promotion criteria and research outputs CONCLUSION: While mentorship is positively viewed as a means to ensure improved equity and outputs, practical implementation is lacking. Mentorship programmes require further exploration of models and processes to facilitate successful implementation

Abstract The role of wine during the Rosas government in the Argentine Confederation (1829-1852) is examined, within the framework of tense foreign relations, particularly due to the Anglo-French blockade and civil wars, which severely affected the traditional Argentine wine culture. It threatened its disappearance, as occurred in other former Latin American enopoles such as Peru and Mexico. It is detected that the need to export their wines was one of the motives for France’s imperialist policy in the La Plata basin. Likewise, wine was important for Rosas as part of his oenodiplomacy strategy. It is discovered that this strategy contributed to Rosas' successful foreign policy concerning the Great Powers of Europe while at the same time serving to keep the wine culture alive in Argentina and generate the conditions for the subsequent takeoff of the national wine industry. In a way, Rosas’ strategy preserved the wine culture in Argentina, avoiding what happened in other great Latin American wineries such as Mexico and Peru, a tradition that has remained alive to the present day.

Resumen Se examina el papel del vino la época de Rosas como líder político de la Confederación Argentina (1829-1852), en el marco de las tensas relaciones exteriores, particularmente por el bloqueo anglofrancés y las guerras civiles que afectaron severamente la tradicional cultura del vino argentina y amenazaba su desaparición, tal como ocurrió en otros antiguos enopolos latinoamericanos como Perú y México. Se detecta que la necesidad de exportar sus vinos fue uno de los móviles de la política imperialista de Francia en la cuenca del Plata. Asimismo, el vino fue importante para Rosas como parte de su estrategia de enodiplomacia. Se descubre que esta estrategia contribuyó a la exitosa política exterior de Rosas respecto a las Grandes Potencias de Europa, a la vez que sirvió para mantener viva la cultura del vino en Argentina y generar las condiciones para el posterior despegue de la industria vitivinícola nacional. En cierto modo, la estrategia de Rosas preservó la cultura del vino en Argentina, evitando lo que ocurrió en otros grandes enopolos hispanoamericanos como México y Perú, tradición que se ha mantenido viva hasta la actualidad.

Resumo Examina-se o papel do vinho durante o governo Rosas na Confederação Argentina (1829-1852), no quadro de relações externas tensas, nomeadamente devido ao bloqueio anglo-francês e às guerras civis que afectaram gravemente a tradicional cultura vitivinícola argentina e ameaçou seu desaparecimento, como ocorreu em outros antigos enópolos latino-americanos, como Perú e México. Detecta-se que a necessidade de exportar seus vinhos foi um dos motivos da política imperialista da França na bacia do Prata. Da mesma forma, o vinho foi importante para Rosas como parte da sua estratégia de enodiplomacia. Descobre-se que esta estratégia contribuiu para o sucesso da política externa de Rosas em relação às Grandes Potências da Europa, ao mesmo tempo que serviu para manter viva a cultura do vinho na Argentina e gerar as condições para o posterior arranque da indústria vitivinícola nacional. De certa forma, a estratégia de Rosas preservou a cultura do vinho na Argentina, evitando o que aconteceu em outras grandes vinícolas latino-americanas, como México e Perú, tradição que permanece viva até os dias atuais.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los componentes de la innovación organizacional en pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vino embotellado, a fin de permitir el fortalecimiento de estrategias de internacionalización en mercados globales en relación a los principales países de referencia internacional del sector, y con ello robustecer la competitividad en mercados cosmopolitas con tradición vitivinícola. En términos operativos se acoge a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamiento de la base de datos de pymes vitivinícolas, diseño del instrumento (cuestionario) y aplicación del instrumento a empresas en un trabajo de campo, continuando con una etapa de procesamiento, análisis y sistematización de la información recogida mediante herramientas de ofimática -principalmente el programa estadístico SPSS 21- y, finalmente, una etapa de entrega de resultados a cada una de las empresas componentes del estudio. Como principales resultados es posible señalar que las pymes vitivinícolas ganan legitimidad a través de la innovación organizacional como estrategia corporativa para contar con las oportunidades de permanencia en los mercados nacionales e internacionales, que se traduce de manera práctica en la aplicación de un nuevo modelo de internacionalización.

Abstract This investigation aims to determine the components of the organizational innovation in Chilean bottled wine SMEs, to strengthen the internationalization strategy in global markets, concerning the leading countries with international recognition. These results should help enhance competitiveness in cosmopolitan markets with wine tradition. In operational terms, it includes five stages: data collection from wine SMEs, instrument design (questionnaire), application of this instrument in companies through personalized field work, processing, analysis, and systematization of the collected data through office automation instruments-mainly the SPSS statistical program for a validation-and delivery of these results to each of the participant companies. As one of the primary outcomes, wine SMEs are gaining legitimacy through organization innovation as a corporate strategy to have opportunities to stay in national and international markets.

Resumo O objetivo desta investigação é determinar os componentes da inovação organizacional em pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vinho em garrafa, para permitir o fortalecimento de estratégias de internacionalização em mercados globais em relação aos principais paises de referência internacional do setor, e com isso robustecer a competitividade em mercados cosmopolitas com tradição vitivinícola. Em termos operativos acolhe-se a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamento da base de dados de PMEs vitivinícolas, desenho do instrumento (questionário) e aplicação do instrumento a empresas num trabalho de campo, continuando com uma etapa de processamento, análise e sistematização da informação recolhida mediante ferramientas de ofimática -principalmente o programa estadístico SPSS 21- e, finalmente, uma etapa de entrega de resultados a cada uma das empresas componentes do estudo. Como principais resultados é possível apontar que as PMEs vitivinícolas ganham legitimidade através da inovação organizacional como estratégia corporativa para contar com as oportunidades de permanência nos mercados nacionais e internacionais, o que se traduz na práctica na aplicação de um novo modelo de internacionalização.

Resumo Este artigo baseado em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tem por objeto de estudo a análise crítica da reestruturação modernizante do Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social (INSS), autarquia federal que operacionaliza a política previdenciária e cuja modernização, a partir de 2017, impactou o acesso aos direitos previdenciários da população atendida. A análise, numa perspectiva de totalidade, tem como categorias: o conceito de tecnologia na sociedade, a constituição estrutural do Estado brasileiro e sua modernização, o INSS-Digital e o impacto das mudanças tecnológicas para a população atendida. Contextualizado a partir da década de 1990, quando se iniciam as contrarreformas neoliberais, é particularizado no período de 2016 a 2019, no acirramento das contrarreformas e ajustes de austeridades, orientados pelo ultraneoliberalismo. Deduz-se que o INSS-Digital, em substituição ao atendimento presencial, tem restringido o acesso aos direitos previdenciários e assistenciais da população, que com baixo nível de renda e escolaridade não dispõe de recursos para aquisição dos equipamentos tecnológicos e compreensão da linguagem informatizada, constatado pelos altos índices de indeferimentos dos pedidos de benefícios e a judicialização dos processos. Conclui-se que o INSS-Digital, ao concretizar-se no estreitamento ao acesso dos direitos previdenciários e assistenciais, configura-se como estratégia “competente” na redução da política previdenciária, materializada em suas contrarreformas. Espera-se contribuir para reflexão crítica dos direitos sociais brasileiros e instrumentalizar os movimentos sociais e sindicais na luta e resistência em prol de uma previdência pública, igualitária e universal.

Abstract This article, based on bibliographical and documentary research, has as its object of study the critical analysis of the modernizing restructuring of the National Social Security Institute (INSS, for its Spanish acronym), a federal agency that operates social security policy and whose modernization, as of 2017, impacted the access to social security rights of the population it serves. The analysis, from a totality perspective, has the following categories: the concept of technology in society, the structural constitution of the Brazilian State and its modernization, the INSS-Digital, and the impact of technological changes on the population served. The analysis is contextualized from the 1990s, when neoliberal counter-reforms began, and is particularized to the period between 2016 and 2019, during which time there was an intensification of counter-reforms and austerity adjustments, guided by ultra-neoliberalism. It is deduced that the INSS-Digital, replacing face-to-face service, has restricted access to social security rights for the population, which, with a low level of income and education, does not have the resources to acquire technological equipment and understand computerized language, as confirmed by senior rates of rejection of benefit requests and the judicialization of processes. It can be concluded that the INSS-Digital, when implemented in the narrowing of access to social security rights, is configured as a "competent" strategy in the reduction of social security policy, as evidenced by its counter-reforms. It is expected to contribute to critical reflection on Brazilian social security rights and to equip social and trade union movements in the struggle and resistance in favor of a public, egalitarian, and universal pension.

Resumen: Este artículo, basado en una investigación bibliográfica y documental, tiene como objeto de estudio el análisis crítico de la reestructuración modernizadora del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Social (INSS), agencia federal que opera la política de seguridad social y cuya modernización, a partir de 2017, impactó el acceso a los derechos de seguridad social de la población atendida. El análisis, desde una perspectiva de totalidad, tiene las siguientes categorías: el concepto de tecnología en la sociedad, la constitución estructural del Estado brasileño y su modernización, el INSS-Digital y el impacto de los cambios tecnológicos en la población atendida. Contextualizado a partir de los años 1990, cuando comenzaron las contrarreformas neoliberales, se particulariza en el período desde 2016 hasta 2019, en la intensificación de las contrarreformas y de los ajustes de austeridad, guiados por el ultraneoliberalismo. Se deduce que el INSS-Digital, en sustitución del servicio presencial, ha restringido el acceso a los derechos de seguridad social de la población, que, con un bajo nivel de ingresos y educación, no cuenta con recursos para adquirir equipos tecnológicos y comprender lenguaje informatizado, como lo confirman los altos índices de rechazo de solicitudes de beneficios y de judicialización de procesos. Se concluye que el INSS-Digital, cuando se implementa en la reducción del acceso a los derechos de seguridad social, se configura como una estrategia “competente” en la reducción de la política de seguridad social, materializada en sus contrarreformas. Se espera que contribuya a la reflexión crítica sobre los derechos de seguridad social brasileños y prepare a los movimientos sociales y sindicales en la lucha y la resistencia a favor de una pensión pública, igualitaria y universal.