The decomposition of a body, and the associated gaseous and liquid discharges emanating from it, attract gravid female blow flies which lay their eggs in or on the body. After the eggs have hatched, the emerging larvae start feeding on the body. As decomposition progresses, the blow fly larvae often migrate away, typically in a random manner in search of favourable conditions for pupation. In this paper, we report on a rarely described phenomenon of unidirectional mass migration of blow fly larvae and postulate on the factors which may drive this process. A decomposition trial utilising a 60-kg pig carcass, deployed in the summer months in Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted in 2022. On the fifth day of the trial, simultaneous unidirectional mass dispersal of blow fly larvae was observed. The larvae moved downhill in a southeasterly direction, following the flow of decomposition fluids oozing out from the pig carcass. The 'larval migration stream' had a length of approximately 1.5 m with a width of 40 cm, tapering to 17 cm at the terminal point. The larval migration stream consisted of the larvae of Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of post-feeding blow fly larvae in each geographical region. This is crucial as the minimum post-mortem interval can be miscalculated if older immature insects dispersing from the corpse are not considered and collected during crime scene investigations. SIGNIFICANCE: • Understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of blow fly larvae from decomposing vertebrate remains in each geographical region is important in time-since-death estimations when using entomological evidence. • In the summer season of the Western Cape Province, Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga are among the blow fly species of forensic importance as they deposit their eggs on vertebrate remains. • When a decomposing body is found within the Table Mountain region, we suggest that crime scene investigators should examine the downhill area of the scene for larval/pupal entomological evidence that can assist in time and season of death estimations.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the ecology considering distribution, abundance, population structure, and fecundity of the marine diplostraceans Penilia avirostris and Pseudevadne tergestina in the Veracruz Reef System National Park, southwest Gulf of Mexico. Surface samples were collected with a 300 μm mesh plankton net at 26 sampling sites in June, August, October (2011), May (2012) and June (2013). Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ. The temperature range was 26.53 ± 0.41 and 29.29 ± 0.27°C, salinity between 33.43 ± 0.49 and 35.91 ± 0.09, and dissolved oxygen between 2.92 ± 0.08 and 6.56 ± 0.08 mg L-1. P. avirostris and P. tergestina presented the highest density, with 2200 ind 100 m-3 in June and 5980 ind 100 m-3 in October, respectively. Four stages were determined in P. avirostris. In P. tergestina, there were five instars, with males in August and October. The size of parthenogenic females of P. avirostris was 773.4 ± 20.08 μm. In P. tergestina, it was 637.6 ± 49.28 μm. The number of embryos in P. avirostris was 2 to 7, and in P. tergestina, 2 to 8 embryos. The correlations between body length and the number of embryos in both species were statistically significant under the potential model (r > 0.68 for both species, P < 0.001). The transects with the highest abundance were the northern and the southern zones because they are far from the influence of the Jamapa River. The density of these crustaceans is related to optimal temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen values. The low proportions obtained from gamogenic individuals of P. avirostris and P. tergestina suggest that in tropical and subtropical regions, gamogenesis is not crucial for the life cycle of these organisms.

Abstract Orchidaceae is one of the most numerous families in the world contributing to tropical forests diversity. In this study, we assessed two permanent sampling plots (PSP), in which five 20 x 20 m subplots were chosen: the four corner plots and one in the center; two 10 x 200 m linear transects (one at each study site) were also monitored. The total sampling area was 0,4 ha per PSP, to assess the presence of orchids and their preference for particular tree species as phorophytes. Data from host tree and orchids found were gathered as orchid density per hectare, IVI based on relative frequency and abundance; specific abundance according to phorophyte, bark type, bark thickness and the associativity degree of the species with the specific host plant were all quantified using RStudio software version 4.1.1. The species Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides and Semialarium mexicanum were found as phorophytes with the presence of the following orchid species; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans and Stilifolium ascendens. The species Sacoila lanceolata was found growing on the forest floor, in the phenological flowering stage. Phorophytes with longitudinally fissured bark, greater thickness and little exfoliation, were those with the highest affinity for orchids, which managed to establish in the upper canopy part.

Resumen La familia Orchidaceae es una de las más numerosas en el mundo contribuyendo a la diversidad de los bosques tropicales. En el presente trabajo se realizaron estudios en dos parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM), en las cuales se escogieron cinco subparcelas de 20 x 20 m: las cuatro de las esquinas y una al centro; también se monitorearon dos transectos lineales de 10 x 200 m (uno en cada sitio de estudio), para un total de muestreo de 0,4 ha por PPM, con el objetivo de conocer la presencia de orquídeas y su preferencia por algunas especies arbóreas en particular como forófitos. Se registraron los datos del árbol hospedero y de las orquídeas encontradas. Utilizando el software RStudio versión 4.1.1, se cuantifico la densidad de orquídeas por hectárea, el IVI con base en la frecuencia y abundancia relativas; la abundancia específica según el forófito, tipo de corteza, espesor de corteza y el grado de asociatividad de las especies con la planta hospedera específica. Se encontró como forófitos las especies Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides y Semialarium mexicanum con la presencia de las siguientes especies de orquídeas; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans y Stilifolium ascendens. La especie Sacoila lanceolata fue encontrada creciendo en el piso del bosque, en estado fenológico de floración. Los forófitos con corteza fisurada longitudinalmente, de mayor grosor y poca exfoliación, fueron las de mayor afinidad por parte de las orquídeas, donde se lograron establecer en la parte superior de dosel.

Resumen El Pico de Orizaba es un área natural protegida en la que destacan bosques de Pinus hartwegii sometidos a presiones naturales y antrópicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los parámetros dasométricos de ocho rodales con cuatro exposiciones (N, S, E y O) y dos altitudes (3 700 y 3 900 m). Se ubicaron áreas con cobertura representativa y se establecieron tres sitios de dimensiones fijas de 1 000 m2 por cada combinación de exposición-altitud. La obtención de información se complementó con imágenes de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT). Se obtuvo mayor densidad de arbolado (593 árboles ha-1) en la combinación E-3 700 y la mínima en la zona O-3 900 (113 árboles ha-1). Los extremos de área basal mínima (11.9 m2 ha-1) y máxima (35.2 m2 ha-1) correspondieron a las combinaciones S-3 900 y E-3 700, respectivamente. El área basal y volumen disminuyeron con la altitud. La estructura horizontal mostró mayor número de individuos en categorías diamétricas bajas (10-40 cm) y la estructura vertical en las de 25 a 30 m de altura. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis evidenció diferencias significativas entre las ocho combinaciones para las variables diámetro (DN), altura total (AT) y volumen (VOL), cuya reducción más notable fue sobre la exposición sur al incrementar la altitud de 3 700 a 3 900 m, lo que indica que la combinación S-3 900 es menos favorable para el crecimiento del arbolado. Las combinaciones exposición-altitud con parámetros dasométricos superiores y más potencial de crecimiento fueron N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700 y O-3 900.

Abstract Pico de Orizaba is a natural protected area with Pinus hartwegii forests subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to compare the mensuation parameters of eight stands with four exposures (N, S, E, and W) at two different altitudes (3 700 and 3 900 m). Areas with representative coverage were located and three sites of fixed dimensions of 1 000 m2 were established for each exposure-altitude combination. The collected information was complemented with images from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The highest tree density (593 trees ha-1) was obtained in the E-3 700 combination, and the lowest, in the W-3 900 area (113 trees ha-1). The extremes of minimum (11.9 m2 ha-1) and maximum (35.2 m2 ha-1) basimetric area corresponded to combinations S-3 900 and E-3 700, respectively. The basimetric area and volume decreased with the altitude. The horizontal structure showed a greater number of individuals in low diameter categories (10-40 cm), and the vertical structure in the 25 to 30 m height categories. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences between the eight combinations for the diameter (DN), total height (TA) and volume (VOL) variables. The most notable reduction was on the southern exposure, as the altitude increased from 3 700 to 3 900 m, indicating that the S-3 900 combination is less favorable for tree growth. The exposure-elevation combinations with superior mensuration parameters and more growth potential were N-3 700, E-3 700, S-3 700, and W-3 900.

Abstract (Introduction): In Latin America, the sensitive tropical biodiversity found outside of protected wilderness areas is under threat. In Costa Rica, the payment for environmental services (PSA) represents a mechanism to protect forests on private farms, but it lacks specific indicators on the state of biodiversity and forest conservation. (Objective): To analyze the use of acoustic monitoring for ecosystem assessment at 11 sites in the Osa Peninsula, nine on private farms, and two sites within Corcovado National Park. (Methods): Soundscapes were recorded from May 25 to June 1, 2021, using acoustic recorders. It was analyzed the behavior of six acoustic indices at each sampling site and applied an automated detection analysis of vocalizations of two representative bird species of the area. (Results): It was found that the most fragmented sites presented higher activity, energy, and acoustic diversity, possibly due to edge effects and ecotones present, as well as a high forest component in the surrounding matrix. Automated vocalization detection indicated that the species Hylopezus perspicillatus turned out to be more sensitive to differences in the landscape than Trogon bairdii. (Conclusions): The use of acoustic indices, although it associates features of the degree of conservation, was not a differentiating element of the quality of the ecosystem in the evaluated farms. The monitoring of species through the detection of their vocalizations was promising. A careful and rigorous sampling design, with more sampling points per site, is recommended to achieve accurate measurements and avoid bias in the analysis.

Resumen (Introducción): En Latinoamérica, la sensible biodiversidad tropical que se encuentra fuera de las áreas silvestres protegidas está bajo amenaza. En Costa Rica, el pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) representa un mecanismo para proteger bosques en fincas privadas, pero carece de indicadores específicos sobre el estado de la biodiversidad y de conservación de los bosques. (Objetivo): Analizar el uso del monitoreo acústico para la evaluación de ecosistemas en 11 sitios en la Península de Osa: 9 en fincas privadas y 2 sitios dentro del Parque Nacional Corcovado. (Metodología): Se grabaron paisajes sonoros del 25 de mayo al 01 de junio del 2021, utilizando grabadoras acústicas. Se estudia el comportamiento de 6 índices acústicos en cada sitio de muestreo y se aplicó un análisis de detección automatizada de vocalizaciones de 2 especies de aves representativas de la zona. (Resultados): Se encuentra que los sitios más fragmentados presentaron mayor actividad, energía y diversidad acústica, posiblemente por efectos de borde y ecotonos presentes, así como un alto componente de bosque en la matriz circundante. La detección automatizada de vocalizaciones indicó que la especie Hylopezus perspicillatus resultó ser más sensible a las diferencias en el paisaje que Trogon bairdii. (Conclusiones): El uso de índices acústicos, aunque asocia rasgos del grado de conservación del bosque, no resultó un elemento diferenciador de la calidad del ecosistema en las fincas evaluadas, pero el monitoreo de especies mediante la detección de sus vocalizaciones sí resultó promisorio. Es recomendable un diseño de muestreo metódico y riguroso, con más puntos de muestreo por sitio, para lograr mediciones precisas y evitar sesgos en el análisis.

Abstract Introduction: The biological collections represent the foundation for the knowledge and management of the biodiversity of a region. However, regional collections focused on echinoderms are scarce in Mexico, particularly in the Central Mexican Pacific (CMP). The biological collection of the Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) belongs to the Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias of the Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico and it aims to serve as a reference for the region’s marine biodiversity. Objective: To state the richness of echinoderms in the LEMITAX collection. Methods: The organisms deposited at the LEMITAX have been collected by SCUBA, free-diving, and bottom trawls with biological dredges in different areas of the Mexican Pacific. The specimens are wet-preserved (70 % ethanol; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea) or dried (Asteroidea and Echinoidea). Results: The specimens are from the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima, including two natural protected areas (NPAs), the Isabel Island National Park and the sanctuary of the Islands and Islets of Bahía de Chamela. The collection has 20 761 specimens of echinoderms distributed in 75 species (10 asteroids, 17 ophiuroids, 17 echinoids, and 31 holothuroids). The best-represented state is Jalisco (64 species), followed by Nayarit (31), Colima (20), and Sinaloa (11). Concerning the NPAs, Chamela is the best represented (60), followed by Isabel Island (22). Thirty-four new records are added; the largest contribution is for Chamela, with 14 new records, followed by the state of Jalisco (seven), Nayarit (four), Colima (three), and Isabel Island (three). For the CMP, the presence of Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, is reported for the first time, updating the echinoderm richness to 197 species. The bathymetric distribution range of Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri, and Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae is extended, as well as the geographic range of Cucumaria crax. Conclusions: The biological collections deposited in the universities contribute substantially to the knowledge of biodiversity, as reflected in the LEMITAX collection, whose revision resulted in the updating of the echinoderm richness in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Las colecciones biológicas representan los cimientos para el conocimiento y manejo de la biodiversidad de una región. No obstante, en México, y en particular en el Pacífico central mexicano (PCM), las colecciones regionales enfocadas en equinodermos, son escasas. La colección biológica del Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Microbiología y Taxonomía (LEMITAX) pertenece al Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México y sirve como referencia de la biodiversidad marina de la región. Objetivo: Dar a conocer la riqueza de equinodermos resguardada en la colección del LEMITAX. Métodos: Los organismos depositados en LEMITAX se han recolectado mediante buceo libre, SCUBA, y arrastres de fondo con dragas biológicas en diversas áreas del Pacífico mexicano. Los especímenes están preservados en húmedo (alcohol al 70 %; Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea y Ophiuroidea) o en seco (Asteroidea y Echinoidea). Resultados: Los especímenes provienen de los estados de Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco y Colima, incluyendo dos áreas naturales protegidas, el Parque Nacional Isla Isabel y el Santuario de las islas e islotes de Bahía de Chamela. La colección dispone de 20 761 ejemplares de equinodermos distribuidos en 75 especies (10 asteroideos, 17 ofiuroideos, 17 equinoideos y 31 holoturoideos). El estado mejor representado es Jalisco (64 especies) seguido de Nayarit (31), Colima (20) y Sinaloa (11). Bahía de Chamela es la mejor representada (60), seguido de Isla Isabel (22). Se aportan 34 registros nuevos, la mayor contribución es para Bahía de Chamela con 14 registros nuevos, seguido del estado de Jalisco (siete), Nayarit (cuatro), Colima (tres) e Isla Isabel (tres). Para el PCM, se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Astropecten ornatissimus, Luidia phragma, Cucumaria crax y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, lo que actualiza su riqueza de equinodermos a 197 especies. Se amplía el intervalo de distribución batimétrica de Ophiactis simplex, Ophiocomella alexandri y Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae, así como el intervalo de distribución geográfica de Cucumaria crax. Conclusiones: Las colecciones biológicas de las universidades contribuyen de manera sustancial al conocimiento de la biodiversidad, como se refleja en la colección LEMITAX, cuya revisión resultó en la actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos de la región.

Abstract Introduction: The coral reefs of Isla del Coco National Park are some of the most pristine ecosystems on Earth. The sea urchin Diadema mexicanum (Diadematoida: Diadematidae) is a common inhabitant with a pivotal role in the ecology of this unique ecosystem. Objective: In this study, we identified the predominant predators of D. mexicanum and estimated the predatory consumption rates. We also determined predation rates at different sea urchin sizes and at sites with contrasting refuge availability. Methods: We use field video recording observations and tethering experiments. Results: The balistid Sufflamen verres and the labrid Bodianus diplotaenia were identified as predators of small and medium size D. mexicanum; the labrids Thalassoma grammaticum and B. diplotaenia (juvenile) and the tetraodontid Arothron meleagris were attempted predators; and Canthigaster punctatissima and Holacanthus passer were scavengers. Larger sea urchins (> 30 mm) were also preyed upon during the tethering experiments. Furthermore, a clear effect of the site on survival of the different sea urchins’ sizes was noted. No difference in the sea urchin predator biomass was found among sites, which highlights the importance of site complexity on survival. At high and medium complexity sites, large individuals had better survival, while at the low complexity site, there was almost no differences in survival rates among the three size classes. Our results also show that a high abundance of these predatory fishes, above 0.04 ind m-2, guarantees a low sea urchin density. Below this threshold, a higher variability in sea urchin density is observed Despite not being registered with the video recordings, lobsters were observed once preying upon a large sea urchin individual. Conclusions: This study identifies a keystone fish guild with high predation rate for Diadema in the National Park, which suggests that protective actions have positively benefited predatory fish and lobster populations.

Resumen Introducción: Los arrecifes de coral del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco son uno de los ecosistemas más prístinos de la Tierra. El erizo de mar Diadema mexicanum (Diadematoida: Diadematidae) es un habitante común con un papel ecológico esencial en este ecosistema único. Objetivo: En este estudio, identificamos los depredadores predominantes de D. mexicanum y estimamos las tasas de consumos predatorias. También determinamos las tasas predatorias de diferentes tamaños de erizo de mar en sitios con disponibilidad de refugio contrastante. Métodos: Utilizamos grabaciones de video de campo y experimentos de marcaje. Resultados: El pez ballesta Sufflamen verres y el lábrido Bodianus diplotaenia fueron identificados como depredadores de tamaños pequeños y medianos de D. Mexicanum; los lábridos Thalassoma grammaticum y B. diplotaenia (juvenil) y el tetraodóntido Arothron meleagris fueron intento de depredadores; y Canthigaster punctatissima y Holacanthus passer fueron carroñeros. Los erizos de mar de gran tamaño (> 30 mm) también fueron depredados durante el experimento de marcaje. Además, se encontró un efecto claro del sitio en la supervivencia de los diferentes tamaños de erizo de mar. No se encontraron diferencias en la biomasa de los depredadores del erizo de mar entre sitios, lo que señala la importancia de la complejidad del sitio en la supervivencia. En sitios con complejidad estructural alta y media, los individuos grandes tuvieron mejor supervivencia, mientras que en sitios de complejidad baja apenas hubo diferencias en las tasas de supervivencia entre los tres tamaños. Nuestros resultados también muestran que una alta abundancia de peces depredadores, por encima de 0.04 ind m-2, asegura bajas densidades de erizos de mar. A pesar de no ser registrado durante las grabaciones de video, se observó en una ocasión a una langosta depredando sobre un erizo de gran tamaño. Conclusiones: Este estudio identifica el grupo de peces clave con grandes tasas de depredación sobre Diadema en el Parque Nacional, lo que sugiere que las medidas de protección han beneficiado positivamente las poblaciones de peces depredadores y langostas.

Abstract In Argentina, from the beginning of the 21st century onwards, it has been detected that the conservation policies deployed by the National Parks Administration have been characterized by creating numerous protected areas and extending existing ones. During these years two concurrent processes also took place. One of them, related to the adoption and consolidation of neo-extractivism as a productive model whose modalities plundered the ecosystem functions of ecoregions throughout the entire national territory. The remainder was associated with the commitments assumed by the country before the Convention on Biological Diversity through the Aichi Goals. Therefore, it is hypothesized that both processes conditioned the conservation policies of said organism during the period 2000-2022. It is concluded that these policies were reactive and compensatory when seeking to protect the relics of the ecoregions not eradicated by neo-extractivism. At the same time, they tried to comply with the international commitments assumed.

Resumen En Argentina, desde comienzos del siglo XXI, se ha detectado que las políticas de conservación desplegadas por la Administración de Parques Nacionales se han caracterizado por crear numerosas áreas protegidas y extender otras ya existentes. Durante estos años también tuvieron lugar dos procesos concurrentes. Uno de ellos, relacionado con la adopción y consolidación del neoextractivismo como modelo productivo, cuyas modalidades expoliaron las funciones ecosistémicas de las ecorregiones a lo largo de todo el territorio nacional. El restante, se asoció a los compromisos asumidos por el país ante el Convenio de la Diversidad Biológica mediante las Metas de Aichi. Por consiguiente, se plantea como hipótesis que ambos procesos condicionaron las políticas de conservación de dicho organismo durante el período 2000-2022. Se concluye que estas políticas resultaron reactivas y compensatorias al buscar proteger los relictos de las ecorregiones no erradicados por el neoextractivismo. A la vez, trataron de cumplir con los compromisos internacionales asumidos.

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) frequently coexist, resulting in adverse outcomes. However, controversies remain regarding the efficacy of catheter ablation (CA) in AF patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Objectives The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of CA versus medical therapy (MT) in AF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45%. Methods We searched the literature for studies that compared CA to MT in AF patients with LVEF ≤45%. A meta-analysis of 7 clinical trials was performed, including 1163 patients with AF and HF. Subgroup analysis was performed based on baseline LVEF. All tests were 2-sided; only the p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We found that CA was associated with lower all-cause mortality (risk ratio: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.72; p<0.01) and greater improvements in LVEF (mean difference: 4.80%, 95% CI: 2.29% to 7.31%; p<0.01) compared to MT. Patients in the CA group had a lower risk of HF hospitalization and AF recurrence and a significantly better quality of life than those in the MT group. The results of subgroup analysis indicated that patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction improved LVEF after AF ablation (mean difference: 6.53%, 95% CI: 6.18% to 6.88%; p<0.01) compared to patients with more severe disease (mean difference: 2.02%, 95% CI: 0.87% to 3.16%; p<0.01). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrated that CA was associated with significant improvements in outcomes of AF patients with LVEF ≤45%. Additionally, AF patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction could benefit more from CA. (AF (HF coexist However (CA metaanalysis meta (MT (LVEF 45 ≤45% 116 2sided sided 2 2-sided pvalue p value 005 0 05 <0.0 allcause all cause ratio 052 52 0.52 95 CI 037 37 0.3 0.72 072 72 p<0.01 p001 01 mean difference 480 4 80 4.80% 229 29 2.29 7.31% 731 31 653 6 53 6.53% 618 18 6.18 6.88% 688 88 202 02 2.02% 087 87 0.87 3.16% 316 3 16 p<0.01. . Additionally ≤45 11 00 <0. 5 0.5 9 03 0. 0.7 07 p<0.0 p00 48 8 4.80 22 2.2 7.31 73 65 6.53 61 1 6.1 6.88 68 20 2.02 08 0.8 3.16 ≤4 <0 p<0. p0 4.8 2. 7.3 6.5 6. 6.8 2.0 3.1 ≤ < p<0 4. 7. 3. p<

Resumo Fundamento A fibrilação atrial (FA) e a insuficiência cardíaca (IC) coexistem frequentemente, resultando em desfechos adversos. No entanto, permanecem controvérsias quanto à eficácia da ablação por cateter (AC) em pacientes com FA com disfunção ventricular esquerda grave. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma metanálise de ensaios prospectivos randomizados e controlados para avaliar a eficácia da AC versus terapia médica (TM) em pacientes com FA com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) ≤45%. Métodos Procuramos na literatura estudos que comparassem AC com TM em pacientes com FA com FEVE ≤45%. Foi realizada uma metanálise de 7 ensaios clínicos, incluindo 1.163 pacientes com FA e IC. A análise de subgrupo foi realizada com base na FEVE basal. Todos os testes foram bilaterais; apenas o valor p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Descobrimos que a AC estava associada a menor mortalidade por todas as causas (taxa de risco: 0,52, IC 95%: 0,37 a 0,72; p<0,01) e maiores melhorias na FEVE (diferença média: 4,80%, IC 95%: 2,29% a 7,31%; p<0,01) em comparação com TM. Os pacientes do grupo AC apresentaram menor risco de hospitalização por IC e recorrência de FA e qualidade de vida significativamente melhor do que aqueles do grupo TM. Os resultados da análise de subgrupo indicaram que pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda mais leve melhoraram a FEVE após a ablação de FA (diferença média: 6,53%, IC 95%: 6,18% a 6,88%; p<0,01) em comparação com pacientes com doença mais grave (diferença média : 2,02%, IC 95%: 0,87% a 3,16%; p<0,01). Conclusões Nossa metanálise demonstrou que a AC foi associada a melhorias significativas nos resultados de pacientes com FA com FEVE ≤45%. Além disso, pacientes com FA com disfunção ventricular esquerda mais leve poderiam se beneficiar mais com a AC. (FA (IC frequentemente adversos entanto (AC (TM (FEVE 45 ≤45% clínicos 1163 1 163 1.16 basal bilaterais 005 0 05 <0,0 significativo taxa 052 52 0,52 95% 95 037 37 0,3 0,72 072 72 p<0,01 p001 01 diferença 480 4 80 4,80% 229 2 29 2,29 7,31% 731 31 653 6 53 6,53% 618 18 6,18 6,88% 688 88 202 02 2,02% 087 87 0,87 3,16% 316 3 16 p<0,01. . disso ≤45 116 1.1 00 <0, 5 0,5 9 03 0, 0,7 07 p<0,0 p00 48 8 4,80 22 2,2 7,31 73 65 6,53 61 6,1 6,88 68 20 2,02 08 0,8 3,16 ≤4 11 1. <0 p<0, p0 4,8 2, 7,3 6,5 6, 6,8 2,0 3,1 ≤ < p<0 4, 7, 3, p<

Resumo A raposa-vermelha (Vulpes vulpes) é um carnívoro de médio porte que ocorre em diferentes regiões do Paquistão, porém ainda carece de dados científicos sobre sua ecologia e distribuição. O presente estudo investigou o status filogenético e a dieta da raposa-vermelha (V.v. griffithii) que ocorre no Parque Nacional de Ayubia, Paquistão. Por meio de armadilhas fotográficas e análises moleculares, confirmamos a ocorrência de raposa-vermelha na área de estudo. Com base no citocromo B mitocondrial (304 bp) e amostragem limitada, quase todas as raposas-vermelhas do Parque Nacional de Ayubia e áreas circundantes do Himalaia se enquadram na linhagem materna holártica, enquanto as raposas-vermelhas encontradas nas planícies do Paquistão fazem parte da linhagem materna basal paleártica. Usando 32 fezes, descobrimos que a dieta da raposa-vermelha compreende 80% de espécies de presas de origem animal (selvagens e domésticas) e 19% de matéria vegetal. As espécies de presas de animais selvagens incluíram a lebre-do-cabo (Lepus capensis) e o esquilo-voador (Pteromyini sp.), que constituíram 17% e 15% da dieta, respectivamente. As raposas-vermelhas consumiam raramente ratos domésticos (Mus musculus), algas do Himalaia (Paguma larvata) e ovelhas (Ovis aries), cada um compreendendo cerca de 6% a 9% da dieta da raposa-vermelha. A espécie de raposa também se alimentava de burros domésticos de forma oportunista. Com base em nossa amostragem, nosso estudo sugere que a raposa-vermelha (V.v. griffithii) que ocorre no Parque Nacional de Ayubia e nas cordilheiras menores do Himalaia pertence à linhagem materna holártica. O estudo também destaca o consumo de sementes de plantas por raposas-vermelhas, indicando que pode desempenhar um papel ecológico importante na dispersão de sementes no Parque Nacional de Ayubia.

Abstract The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a medium-sized carnivore that occurs in different regions of Pakistan, however, still lacks scientific data on its ecology and distribution. The current study investigated the phylogenetic status and diet of the red fox (V.v. griffithii) occurring in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. Through camera trapping and molecular analysis, we confirmed the occurrence of red fox in the study area. Based on mitochondrial cytochrome B (304 bp) and limited sampling, nearly all red foxes of Ayubia National Park and surrounding Himalayan ranges fall within Holarctic maternal lineage, whereas red foxes found in plains of Pakistan are part of the basal Palearctic maternal lineage. Using 32 scats, we found that red fox diet comprises of 80% animal-based prey species (both wild and domestic) and 19% plant matter. The wild animal prey species included Cape hare (Lepus capensis) and flying squirrel (Pteromyini sp.), which constituted 17% and 15% of diet, respectively. Red foxes infrequently consumed House mouse (Mus musculus), Himalayan Palm civet (Paguma larvata) and sheep (Ovis aries), each comprising around 6% to 9% of red fox diet. The fox species also scavenged on domestic donkey opportunistically. Based on our sampling, our study suggests that the red fox (V.v. griffithii) that occurs in Ayubia National Park and across the lesser Himalayan ranges belongs to Holarctic maternal lineage. The study also highlights consumption of plant seeds by red foxes, indicating it may play an important ecological role in seed dispersal in Ayubia National Park.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the early regeneration stage in previously deforested and cattle-occupied areas of high montane mixed forest in São Joaquim National Park, in the "Planalto Sul Catarinense" region. The study was conducted in two areas in the early successional stage, which had already been inventoried in 2014 and 2018. In each area, 20 plots of 10 x 10 m were established in transects of 20 x 100 m. In 2022, the sites were inventoried again, with all living (? 1 m in height and < 5 cm DBH - diameter at breast height), recruited (? 1 m in height), dead, and outgrowth (? 5 cm DBH) individuals recorded and identified (recruited). The effective richness (Number of Hill) and dynamic rates were determined for the inventory periods (2014-2018-2022). The results show that succession occurs in the areas as species richness increases and dynamic turnover decreases. We conclude that succession occurs with great spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Populations can be grouped according to their dynamic patterns (fast-slow) and ability to become established in the areas (winners-losers). cattleoccupied cattle occupied Park Planalto Catarinense region 201 2018 area 2 2022 again ( height, , height) dead recruited. . (recruited) Number Hill 201420182022. 201420182022 (2014-2018-2022) decreases heterogeneity fastslow fast slow (fast-slow winnerslosers. winnerslosers winners losers (winners-losers) 202 (recruited 20142018202 (2014-2018-2022 (winners-losers 2014201820 (2014-2018-202 201420182 (2014-2018-20 20142018 (2014-2018-2 2014201 (2014-2018- 201420 (2014-2018 20142 (2014-201 (2014-20 (2014-2 (2014- (2014 (201 (20 (2

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estágio inicial de regeneração em áreas anteriormente desmatadas e ocupadas por gado, na Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana, no Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, Planalto Catarinense. Realizou-se o estudo em duas áreas em estágio sucessional inicial, que foram previamente inventariadas nos anos de 2014 e 2018. A amostragem em cada área foi por meio de 20 parcelas por área, de 10 x 10 m, distribuídas em transecções de 20 x 100 m. Em 2022, as áreas foram novamente inventariadas, sendo todos os indivíduos com altura ? 1 m e DAP < 5 cm medidos (altura) e, no caso de recrutas, identificados, quantificando-se, também, indivíduos mortos e que se tornaram adultos (? 5 cm). Foram obtidas a riqueza efetiva (Número de Hill) e taxas de dinâmica para os períodos de inventário (2014-2018-2022). Os resultados evidenciaram o avanço da sucessão nas áreas, em virtude do aumento da diversidade de espécies, assim como a redução da rotatividade da dinâmica. Conclui-se que o avanço da trajetória sucessional ocorre de forma a apresentar elevada heterogeneidade espaço-temporal. Quanto às populações existentes, puderam ser agrupadas em função de seus padrões de dinâmica (rápida-lenta) e capacidade de estabelecimento nas áreas (vencedoras-perdedoras). gado AltoMontana, AltoMontana Alto Montana, Montana Alto-Montana Joaquim Catarinense Realizouse Realizou 201 2018 2 2022 (altura recrutas identificados quantificandose, quantificandose quantificando se, quantificando-se também ( cm. . cm) Número Hill 201420182022. 201420182022 (2014-2018-2022) espécies Concluise Conclui espaçotemporal. espaçotemporal espaço temporal. temporal espaço-temporal existentes rápidalenta rápida lenta (rápida-lenta vencedorasperdedoras. vencedorasperdedoras vencedoras perdedoras (vencedoras-perdedoras) 202 20142018202 (2014-2018-2022 (vencedoras-perdedoras 2014201820 (2014-2018-202 201420182 (2014-2018-20 20142018 (2014-2018-2 2014201 (2014-2018- 201420 (2014-2018 20142 (2014-201 (2014-20 (2014-2 (2014- (2014 (201 (20 (2

Abstract The Atlantic Forest has one of the richest floras in the world and floristic surveys are essential to understand its biodiversity and promote its conservation. This study aims to contribute to the floristic understanding of Anacardiaceae in the Iguaçu National Park (Brazil) and the Iguazú National Park (Argentina). Monthly samplings were performed from 03/2019 to 02/2020 and sporadic samplings from 11/2020 to 01/2021 in the main trails from both parks, as well as herbarium review and surveys on virtual platforms. Two native species: Lithraea molleoides and Schinus terebinthifolia, and two exotic cultivated species: Mangifera indica and Spondias purpurea were found in the Iguaçu National Park and only one native species, Schinus terebinthifolia, in the Iguazú National Park. Identification key, descriptions, photographs with diagnostic characters of the taxa, taxonomic comments, geographical distribution, phenology, common names, uses and observations are provided. conservation Brazil (Brazil Argentina. Argentina . (Argentina) 032019 03 2019 03/201 022020 02 2020 02/202 112020 11 11/202 012021 01 2021 01/202 parks platforms species terebinthifolia key descriptions taxa comments distribution phenology names provided (Argentina 03201 0 201 03/20 02202 202 02/20 11202 1 11/20 01202 01/20 0320 20 03/2 0220 02/2 1120 11/2 0120 01/2 032 2 03/ 022 02/ 112 11/ 012 01/

Resumen El Bosque Atlántico tiene una de las floras más ricas del mundo, siendo los relevamientos florísticos imprescindibles para el conocimiento de su biodiversidad y conservación. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento florístico de Anacardiaceae del Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (Brasil) y del Parque Nacional de Iguazú (Argentina). Se realizaron colectas mensuales desde 03/2019 a 02/2020 y esporádicas de 11/2020 a 01/2021, en los principales senderos de ambos parques, visitas a herbarios y consultas en las plataformas virtuales. Se encontraron dos especies nativas: Lithraea molleoides y Schinus terebinthifolia, y dos especies exóticas cultivadas: Mangifera indica y Spondias purpurea en el Parque Nacional do Iguaçu y solamente una especie nativa, Schinus terebinthifolia, en el Parque Nacional Iguazú. Se presenta una clave de identificación de las especies, descripciones, fotografías con caracteres diagnósticos, comentarios taxonómicos, distribución geográfica, fenología, nombres comunes, usos y observaciones. mundo conservación Brasil (Brasil Argentina. Argentina . (Argentina) 032019 03 2019 03/201 022020 02 2020 02/202 112020 11 11/202 012021 01 2021 01/2021 parques virtuales nativas terebinthifolia cultivadas nativa descripciones diagnósticos taxonómicos geográfica fenología comunes observaciones (Argentina 03201 0 201 03/20 02202 202 02/20 11202 1 11/20 01202 01/202 0320 20 03/2 0220 02/2 1120 11/2 0120 01/20 032 2 03/ 022 02/ 112 11/ 012 01/2 01/

Resumo O crescimento da população humana é um risco solene para a biodiversidade em nível global. A pressão antrópica maciça e a invasão nos habitats naturais iniciaram o conflito homem-vida selvagem nas áreas rurais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conflito entre humanos e animais selvagens no Parque Nacional Musk Deer (MDNP) de 2013 a 2018. Os resultados revelaram uma estimativa de 241.784 cabeças de gado nômades e 5.589 residenciais pastando em diferentes áreas do MDNP durante a temporada de verão. Um total de 126 cabeças foi depredado por carnívoros durante o período de estudo. A maioria (n = 39) das cabeças de gado foi morta em maio (n = 29). A depredação do gado resultou em perdas econômicas no valor de 3,115 milhões de PKRs (US$ 25.744) para a comunidade de pastores, enquanto os agricultores receberam 1,629 milhões de PKRs (US$ 13.466) perdas devido à invasão de plantações. A maioria (64%) dos entrevistados acredita que o conflito entre humanos e animais selvagens aumentou devido à escassez de alimentos ou presas nos habitats naturais dos carnívoros. A maioria (92%) dos entrevistados não gostou da presença de predadores no MDNP. Esquemas de compensação de perdas podem transformar essa atitude negativa em positiva e aumentar a tolerância com a presença de carnívoros em suas proximidades. Este estudo fornece uma visão sobre o conflito homem-vida selvagem no MDNP e abre caminho para a compreensão do conflito e conservação de espécies carnívoras na área de estudo.

Abstract Growing human population is a solemn risk to biodiversity at a global level. Massive anthropogenic pressure and invasion in the natural habitats initiated the human-wildlife conflict in rural areas. Present study aimed to assess human-wildlife conflict in Musk Deer National Park (MDNP) from 2013 to 2018. Results revealed an estimated 241784 nomadic and 5589 residential livestock heads grazed in different areas of MDNP during the summer season. A total of 126 heads were depredated by carnivores during the study period. Majority (n=39) of livestock heads were killed in May (n=29). Livestock depredation resulted in economic losses worth 3.115 million PKRs (25744 US$) to the herder community while farmers received 1.629 million PKRs (13466 US$) losses due to crop raiding. Most (64%) of the respondents believed human-wildlife conflict heightened due to scarcity of food or prey in the natural habitats of carnivores. Majority (92%) of the respondents did not like the presence of predators in MDNP. Loss compensation schemes could turn this negative attitude into the positive one and increase tolerance about the presence of carnivores in their vicinity. This study provides an insight into the human-wildlife conflict in MDNP and paves a way for understanding the conflict and conservation of carnivore species in the study area.

Resumo A região Neotropical se destaca por possuir a maior riqueza de anfíbios do mundo. Cerca de 625 espécies de anuros são conhecidas na Mata Atlântica. As regiões montanhosas do sudeste do Brasil, denominadas Serra do Mar e Serra da Mantiqueira, são áreas muito importantes para a diversidade de anuros no país, pois abrigam estratos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica que possuem diversas espécies endêmicas. O presente estudo visa ampliar o conhecimento sobre os anuros da Serra da Mantiqueira, especificamente das altas bacias dos rios Preto e Grande. A área de estudo compreendeu 10 centros amostrais. Realizamos 38 campanhas, com duração de dois dias cada. Nesse período, utilizamos a busca ativa como pistas visuais e auditivas. A busca passiva foi composta por armadilhas de queda. Análises bioacústicas foram usadas para determinar as espécies crípticas. A suficiência do esforço amostral foi estimada através da curva de acumulação usando Bootstrap e Jackknife-1 como estimadores. Durante o estudo foram encontradas 55 espécies, sendo 40 delas na bacia do Rio Preto e 44 na bacia do Rio Grande. Vinte e nove espécies foram encontradas em ambas as bacias. A família Hylidae foi predominante, seguida por Leptodactylidae. Além de espécies da Mata Atlântica, o local abriga componentes típicos do bioma Cerrado e brejos de altitude com simpatrias inesperadas. Este inventário amplia a área de ocorrência de Scinax duartei, espécie considerada ameaçada. Embora adjacente ao parque nacional mais antigo do Brasil, a composição de espécies de anuros dessa área era desconhecida até então.

Abstract The Neotropical zone stands out for having the greatest richness of amphibians in the world. About 625 species of anurans are known on Atlantic Forest. The southeastern mountainous regions of Brazil called Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira, are very important areas for the diversity of anurans in the country because they shelter remaining strata of the Atlantic Forest that have several endemic species. The present study aims to expand the knowledge about the Serra da Mantiqueira anurans, specifically from the Rio Preto and Rio Grande upper basins. The study area comprised 10 sample centers. We realized 38 campaigns, lasting two days each. During this period, we used active search as visual and auditory cues. The passive search was comprised of pitfall traps. Bioacoustic analyses were used to determine the cryptic species. The sufficiency of the sampling effort was estimated through the accumulation curve using Bootstrap and Jackknife-1 as estimators. During the study 55 species were found, 40 of them in the basin of the Rio Preto, and 44 in the basin of the Rio Grande. Twenty-nine species were found in both areas. The Hylidae family was predominant, followed by Leptodactylidae. In addition to species of the Atlantic Forest, the place houses typical components of the Cerrado biome and altitudinal swamps with unexpected sympatries. This inventory expands the area of occurrence of Scinax duartei, a species considered threatened. Although adjacent to the oldest national park in Brazil, the composition of anuran species of this area was unknown until then.

Abstract The Iguazú region, where the Iguaçu National Park (Brazil) and the Iguazú National Park (Argentina) are located, encompasses one of the largest continuous remnants of the Atlantic Forest. It is considered a hotspot of biodiversity and an example of a region that is poorly known botanically. Even though non-tree taxa represent most of the Atlantic Forest’s plant diversity, some botanical families that are mainly herbaceous or shrubby, such as Plantaginaceae and Scrophulariaceae, are underrepresented in floristic treatments within this domain. Here, we provide a floristic account for the Plantaginaceae and Scrophulariaceae from the Iguazú and Iguaçu National Parks, including identification keys, illustrations, comments on distribution, habitat, and phenology. A total of 13 species and seven genera were documented. Of these, Stemodia is represented by three species, Bacopa, Buddleja, Mecardonia, and Scoparia are each represented by two species, and two genera, namely Plantago and Veronica, are represented by a single species. Our findings expand the knowledge about the flora of the Southern Cone, contributing important information for the establishment of biodiversity management plans and conservation priorities. Brazil (Brazil Argentina (Argentina located Forest botanically nontree non tree Forests s diversity shrubby domain Here Parks keys illustrations distribution habitat phenology 1 documented these Bacopa Buddleja Mecardonia Veronica Cone priorities

Resumo A região de Iguazú, onde se encontram o Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (Brasil) e o Parque Nacional Iguazú (Argentina), abrange um dos maiores remanescentes contínuos da Mata Atlântica. É considerada um ponto de grande biodiversidade e um exemplo de uma região botanicamente pouco conhecida. Mesmo que os taxa não relacionados a árvores representem a maior parte da diversidade de plantas da Mata Atlântica, algumas famílias botânicas que são principalmente herbáceas ou arbustivas, como Plantaginaceae e Scrophulariaceae, estão sub-representadas nos tratamentos florísticos dentro deste domínio. Aqui, fornecemos um relato florístico das Plantaginaceae e Scrophulariaceae dos Parques Nacionais Iguazú e Iguaçu, incluindo chaves de identificação, ilustrações, comentários sobre distribuição, habitat e fenologia. Um total de 13 espécies e sete gêneros foram documentados. Destas, Stemodia é representada por três espécies, Bacopa, Buddleja, Mecardonia e Scoparia são representadas por duas espécies cada, e dois gêneros, ou seja, Plantago e Veronica, são representados por uma única espécie. Nossas descobertas ampliam o conhecimento sobre a flora do Cone Sul, contribuindo com informações importantes para o estabelecimento de planos de gestão da biodiversidade e prioridades de conservação. Brasil (Brasil Argentina, Argentina , (Argentina) Atlântica conhecida arbustivas subrepresentadas sub domínio Aqui identificação ilustrações distribuição fenologia 1 documentados Destas Bacopa Buddleja cada seja Veronica espécie Sul conservação (Argentina