ABSTRACT Despite their large size and intimidating appearance, most mygalomorph spiders do not cause severe envenomation in Brazil. “Programa Estadual de Vigilância de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná”, through the “Sistema de Notificação de Animais Peçonhentos” (SINAP), documents the occurrence of synanthropic species captured by the public and reported to municipal health services. In this study, we present a list of the mygalomorph species received by Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná (SESA) and their distribution across the state of Paraná, based on the SINAP reports. A total of 575 mygalomorph specimens were identified, originating from all 22 Regional Health Centers (RS) of SESA-PR. We identified species of four families: Actinopodidae (on species: Actinopus itapitocai); Dipluridae (1 species: Diplura catharinensis; Pycnothelidae (two species: Psalistopoides emanueli, and P. fulvimanus); and Theraphosidae (10 species in four genera: Acanthoscurria paulensis, Eupalaestrus campestratus, Grammostola actaeon, Pterinopelma longisternale, Tekoapora wacketi, Vitalius dubius, V. lucasae, V. paranaensis, V. sorocabae and V. vellutinus). Of the aforementioned species, Vitalius paranaensis has the widest distribution, occurring in all Regional Centers of Health except Paranaguá. The other most frequently collected species were Pterinopelma longisternale, Vitalius sorocabae, and Psalistopoides emanueli. In total, the 575 records resulted in only 12 accidents. The results highlight the broad distribution of some species; contributes to the identification of the main species encountered by the population and reported to SINAP in Paraná; and helps to bring attention to the low number of accidents caused by these large-sized spiders. appearance Brazil Programa , Paraná” Sistema SINAP, (SINAP) services study SESA (SESA reports 57 2 RS (RS SESAPR. SESAPR PR. PR SESA-PR families itapitocai itapitocai) 1 ( catharinensis two emanueli P fulvimanus fulvimanus) 10 genera paulensis campestratus actaeon longisternale wacketi dubius V lucasae vellutinus. vellutinus . vellutinus) Paranaguá largesized sized (SINAP 5

Abstract The dispersal of juvenile spiders has been well documented in araneomorphs but is poorly known in mygalomorphs. In this work we registered for the first time the terrestrial dispersal in juvenile Grammostola rosea based on a field observation and seven records obtained through citizen science programs (Arañas de Chile, Comunidad Entomológica Chilena, Insectos de Chile-Oficial). These juveniles disperse in a single row of up to 160 individuals and between two and four meters long. In addition, we confirmed the use of silk threads during the dispersing process. These records occurred in summer (southern hemisphere), mainly at dusk and were recorded in the central zone of Chile, between the regions of Coquimbo and Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. This study contributes to a better understanding of the dispersal mechanisms of the juveniles of this species.

Resumen La dispersión de arañas juveniles ha sido bien documentada en araneomorfas, pero es escasamente conocida en migalomorfas. En este trabajo registramos por primera vez la dispersión terrestre en juveniles de Grammostola rosea con base en una observación de terreno y a siete registros obtenidos a través de programas de ciencia ciudadana (Arañas de Chile, Comunidad Entomológica Chilena, Insectos de Chile-Oficial). Estos juveniles se dispersan formando una sola fila de hasta 160 individuos y de entre dos y cuatro metros de largo. Además, confirmamos el uso de hilos de seda durante el proceso de dispersión. Estos registros ocurrieron en verano (hemisferio sur), principalmente al atardecer y se registraron en la zona central de Chile, entre las regiones de Coquimbo y del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. Este estudio contribuye a un mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos de dispersión de los juveniles de esta especie.

Abstract The tarantula genus Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892 includes 20 valid species distributed in Argentina and Brazil. These spiders are distinguished from other Theraphosinae genera by the presence of an incrassate femur III, more evident in males, urticating hair types III and IV on the abdominal dorsum, few cuspules on the labium (0 to 30), maxillae with a maximum of 200 cuspules and sternum rounded. From recent examination of material from Peru, we discovered specimens that share all the morphological characters of Tmesiphantes, but did not fit with any known species. In the present study T. intiyaykuy sp. nov. is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. This new species resembles T. caymmii in the circular patch with stiff setae on midventral abdomen but can be distinguished by the shape of the palpal bulb and spermathecae. Also, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters to infer the taxonomic placement of the new species. The analysis included 26 terminal species and 36 characters. Representatives of Tmesiphantes formed a monophyletic group and T. intiyaykuy sp. nov. is close related with T. caymmii. A dichotomous identification key and a geographic distribution map were constructed for recognized species of Tmesiphantes.

Resumen “Pioneras: Las Científicas del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales” es un ciclo que se inició en el mes de marzo del año 2019 en el marco del Día Internacional de la Mujer. Este ciclo surgió a partir de un grupo de mujeres autoconvocadas del Museo y tiene por objetivo reconocer y homenajear la labor de las primeras mujeres que desempeñaron actividades científicas dentro de nuestra Institución. En su tercera edición (2021), el ciclo rindió homenaje a tres brillantes profesionales y pioneras de la aracnología: Berta S. Gerschman de Pikelin, Rita D. E. Schiapelli y María Elena Galiano. Estas tres investigadoras han dedicado su carrera científica al estudio de arañas neotropicales. A lo largo de su trayectoria, no sólo han dado origen a la Colección Nacional de Aracnología del Museo, sino que también han dejado un legado de más de 150 trabajos científicos publicados y alrededor de 200 nuevas especies descriptas, construyendo una base sólida para investigaciones futuras.

Abstract “Pioneers: Women Scientists of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales’’ is a cycle that began in March 2019 within the framework of the International Women’s Day. It began as an initiative of a self-convened group of working women of the Museum, with the aim of recognizing and honoring the trajectories of the first women who carried out scientific activities within our Institution. In the third edition (2021), the cycle paid tribute to three brilliant professionals and pioneers in arachnology: Berta S. Gerschman de Pikelin, Rita D. E. Schiapelli, and María Elena Galiano. These three researchers dedicated their scientific careers to studying Neotropical spi ders. Along their careers, they built up the Arachnology National Collection. Furthermore, they left a legacy of more than 150 published papers and nearly 200 new described species, providing a solid basis for future scientific research.

Abstract The Theraphosidae family includes the largest number of species of the Mygalomorphae infraorder, with hundreds of species currently catalogued. However, there is a huge lack on physiologic and even ecologic information available, especially in Brazil, which is the most biodiverse country in the world. Over the years, spiders have been presented as a source of multiple biologically active compounds with basic roles, such as primary defense against pathogenic microorganisms or modulation of metabolic pathways and as specialized hunters. Spider venoms also evolved in order to enable the capture of prey by interaction with a diversity of molecular targets of interest, raising their pharmaceutical potential for the development of new drugs. Among the activities found in compounds isolated from venoms and hemocytes of Brazilian Theraphosidae there are antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumoral, as well as properties related to proteinase action and neuromuscular blockage modulated by ionic voltage-gated channel interaction. These characteristics are present in different species from multiple genera, which is strong evidence of the important role in spider survival. The present review aims to compile the main results of studies from the last decades on Brazilian Theraphosidae with special focus on results obtained with the crude venom or compounds isolated from both venom and hemocytes, and their physiological and chemical characterization.

ABSTRACT A new species of Bumba Pérez-Miles, Bonaldo & Miglio, 2014 is described and illustrated. This species comprises the first record of the genus for Bolivia. Bumba paunaka sp. nov. differs from the other species in the genus in the black longitudinal band on abdomen, in the long and slender embolus of the palpal bulb and in the thin and long subapical spine of the retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis. Females additionally differ in the spermathecal morphology. Finally, a distribution map for all known species of Bumba is presented.

ABSTRACT A new species of Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. is described and diagnosed. The genus is known from Chile and Argentina, and E. vanessae sp. nov. represents the first record for the genus in Peru, being the new northernmost limit of its known distribution. Distribution and natural history data are provided. Additionally, the conservation status of the new species is discussed and it is proposed as Endangered (EN) according to IUCN criteria.

RESUMEN Se describe y diagnostica una nueva especie de Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. El género es conocido en Chile y Argentina, y E. vanessae sp. nov. representa el primer registro oficial del género para el Perú, siendo el nuevo límite más septentrional de distribución conocida. Se proporcionan datos de distribución e historia natural, adicionalmente se discute el estado de conservación de la nueva especie y se propone como En Peligro (EN) según los criterios de la UICN.

Abstract Neischnocolus iquitos sp. nov. from Loreto region, Peru, is described, diagnosed and figured. Males of N. iquitos sp. nov. differ from all known congeners in the presence of two retrolateral processes on palpal tibia, in combination with the presence of a retrolateral keel on embolus and the absence of granulation or microspikes on embolus or tegulum. Females of N. iquitos sp. nov. differ from all known Neischnocolus females in the morphology of the genitalia consisting of a lower sclerotized part with two short, separate seminal receptacles, and an upper part, which is transparent and notched.

Resumen Se describe, diagnostica e ilustra Neischnocolus iquitos sp. nov. de la región de Loreto, Perú. Los machos de N. iquitos sp. nov. se diferencian del resto de sus congéneres conocidos a la fecha por tener dos apófisis retrolaterales en la tibia palpal, en combinación con la presencia de una quilla retrolateral en el émbolo, y la ausencia de granulación o micropicos en el émbolo o tegulum. Las hembras de N. iquitos sp. nov. se diferencian de las otras hembras de Neischnocolus en la morfología de la genitalia, consistiendo de una parte inferior esclerotizada con dos receptáculos seminales separados, y una parte superior transparente y con muescas.

Abstract A new species of Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015, Bistriopelma fabianae sp. nov., from the Arequipa region in southern Peru is described, diagnosed, and illustrated. Specimens were found in a Queñua forest (Polylepis rugulosa Bitter) spread out on the slopes of Pichu Pichu volcano in the buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve. Biological and ecological data of B. fabianae sp. nov. are provided as well as notes on B. kiwicha and B. peyoi, two new species recently described from Apurimac and Cusco regions.

Resumen Se describe, diagnostica e ilustra una nueva especie de Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015, Bistriopelma fabianae sp. nov., para la región de Arequipa en el sur de Perú. Los especímenes se encontraron en un bosque de Queñua (Polylepis rugulosa Bitter) ubicado en las faldas del volcán Pichu Pichu en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Nacional de Salinas y Aguada Blanca. Se presentan datos biológicos y ecológicos de B. fabianae sp. nov. y también notas adicionales sobre B. kiwicha y B. peyoi, dos nuevas especies recientemente descritas de las regiones de Apurímac y Cusco.

A female of Cyriocosmus giganteus Kaderka 2016 is described and illustrated for the first time, a new diagnosis of this species is proposed. Cyriocosmus paredesi sp. nov. from Quebrada Putuiman (Marañon River) and Cyriocosmus foliatus sp. nov. from Umaral near Iquitos, both from Loreto Department in Peru, are described, diagnosed, illustrated and keyed. The male of Cyriocosmus sellatus (Simon 1889) from Rio Blanco, the tributary of Rio Tahuyao, Loreto Department in Peru, is redescribed and figured. The distribution area of this species is updated, and difficulties in the identification of this species are discussed.

Se describe e ilustra por la primera vez la hembra de Cyriocosmus giganteus Kaderka 2016, la diagnosis de esta especie es nuevamente propuesta. Se describe, diagnostica e ilustra a Cyriocosmus paredesi sp. nov. de la Quebrada Putuiman (Río Marañón) y Cyriocosmus foliatus sp. nov. de Umaral cerca de Iquitos, ambos del Departamento de Loreto en Perú. Se presenta una clave para las especies. Se redescribe e ilustra el macho de Cyriocosmus sellatus (Simon 1889) de Río Blanco, el afluente del Río Tahuyao, Departamento de Loreto en Perú. Se presenta el área actualizada de distribución de esta especie y se discuten dificultades para su identificación.

The male of Bistriopelma matuskai Kaderka 2015 is described and illustrated, the species is rediagnosed and complemented by new biogeographical data. Additionally, a new species of Bistriopelma, B. titicaca sp. nov., from the Puno region in Peru is described, diagnosed and illustrated. An updated general description and distribution map of Bistriopelma are provided

Se describe e ilustra el macho de Bistriopelma matuskai Kaderka 2015, se presenta una nueva diagnosis de la especie junto con nuevos datos biogeográficos. Adicionalmente, se describe, diagnostica e ilustra una nueva especie de Bistriopelma, B. titicaca sp. nov., del departamento de Puno en Perú. Se provee una descripción general actualizada y un mapa de distribución para el género

Se describe Acanthoscurria sacsayhuaman sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) en base a un macho proveniente de Cusco, Perú. Esta especie se diferencia del resto de las especies del género por la ausencia de setas estriduladoras en la cara retrolateral del trocánter del pedipalpo. Además, puede separarse por la forma del bulbo del macho y la apófisis tibial del primer par de patas. Se registra por primera vez el género para Perú.

Bistriopelma gen. nov. from the Andean region in Peru is here described, diagnosed and illustrated, together with two new species Bistriopelma lamasi sp. nov. as a type species and Bistriopelma matuskai sp. nov. This new genus differs from all other theraphosid genera, except the genus Phrixotrichus Simon 1889 (sensu Perafán & Pérez-Miles 2014) and the troglobite species Tmesiphantes hypogeus Bertani, Bichuette & Pedroso 2013, in the presence of two abdominal dorsolateral patches of the type III urticating setae. Bistriopelma gen nov. can be distiguished from Phrixotrichus by the different shape of spermathecae in females, consisting of two separate subparallel seminal receptacles in Bistriopelma gen. nov. but strongly divergent in Phrixotrichus and by the different morphology of male palpal bulb (embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum in Bistriopelma gen. nov. against posteriorly in Phrixotrichus); furthermore by the presence of basal spine on prolateral tibial apophysis, the absence of the type IV urticating setae and paired tarsal claws denticulate. Bistriopelma gen. nov. is separated from Tmesiphantes hypogeus by the position of the urticating seta patches (middle of abdomen in Bistriopelma gen. nov. and posterior half in Tmesiphantes hypogeus), the different shape of spermathecae (long separate seminal receptacles with subapical constriction in Bistriopelma gen. nov. and short, subtriangular and widely separated in Tmesiphantes hypogeus) and also in the extension of metatarsal scopulae. Additional comments and a distribution map of all species of this genus are provided.

Se describe, diagnostica e ilustra Bistriopelma gen. nov. de la región andina de Perú, con dos nuevas especies Bistriopelma lamasi sp. nov., especie tipo, y Bistriopelma matuskai sp. nov. Este género nuevo se diferencia del resto de arañas terafosidas, excepto el género Phrixotrichus Simon 1889 (sensu Perafán & Pérez-Miles 2014) y la especie cavernícola Tmesiphantes hypogeus Bertani, Bichuette & Pedroso 2013, en la presencia de dos manchas abdominales dorsolaterales de las setas urticantes de tipo III. Bistriopelma gen nov. se diferencia de Phrixotrichus en la morfología de la espermateca, estando compuesta en Bistriopelma gen. nov. de dos receptaculos seminales separados y subparalelos pero considerablemente divergentes en Phrixotrichus, en la morfología de los bulbos pedipalpales de machos (émbolo proyectándose retrolateralmente del tegulum en Bistriopelma gen. nov. contra posteriormente en Phrixotrichus); además en la presencia de la espina basal en la apófisis tibial prolateral, en la ausencia de las setas urticantes de tipo IV y en las uñas tarsales con dientes. Se diferencia de Tmesiphantes hypogeus en la posición de los parches de las setas urticantes (centro del abdomen en Bistriopelma gen. nov. y parte posterior en Tmesiphantes hypogeus), en la morfología de las espermatecas (receptáculos seminales prolongados y separados, subapicalmente estrechados en Bistriopelma gen. nov. y cortos, subtriangulares y considerablemente separados en Tmesiphantes hypogeus) y también en la extensión de las escopulas metatarsales. Se presentan comentarios adicionales y el mapa de distribucion de todas las especies de este género.

A new species of Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892 is described and illustrated, based on eight male specimens collected at the Una Biological Reserve, southern state of Bahia, Brazil. It is distinguished by the morphology of male palpal bulb and tibial apophysis. The new species is very small and is the smallest theraphosid described to date (body length 5.5 mm). It is distinguished from congeners by the size, which vary from 12 mm (T. riopretano) to 23.8 mm (T. nubilus) in other species of the genus, aspect of palpal bulb, sternal posterior sigillae close to sternal margin and by the aspect of tibial apophysis which lacks the prolateral branch. Tmesiphantes presently comprises nine species. Sixth have been described for the southern region of Bahia, a well known area of endemism in the Atlantic Forest. Identification keys for Tmesiphantes males and females are presented.

A new species of Masteria L. Koch, 1873 from iron ore caves at Caeté and Santa Bárbara, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, Masteria emboaba sp. nov., is described. It was collected inside caves and in the litter of nearby dry forests. It is the first masteriine species described from southeastern Brazil and the second masteriine species for the country. The new species is the only known Masteria with only two eyes. Additionally, the male of M. emboaba sp. nov. has only two regular, thin spines at the apex of tibia I, lacking the tibial apophysis found in most other Masteria species. The only other described Masteria species that has spines in the place of tibial apophysis is M. aimeae (Alayón, 1995) from Cuba; however, the last species has a longer and sinuous embolus, contrasting the embolus of M. emboaba sp. nov., which is much smaller, less sinuous and transversally placed. The only other described Brazilian species, M. manauara Bertani, Cruz & Oliveira, 2013, has a double tibial apophysis, with both ends tipped by a strong, short spine, and a very long embolus, parallel to the bulb.