ABSTRACT: In Peru, the plantain or banana is the most important cultivated fruit. In Tumbes 5,000 hectares are cultivated, part of these areas is found in the Zarumilla valley. One of the phytosanitary problems is the black sigatoka (Micosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), which decreases the leaf area of the plantations, with effects on yields. The objective was to evaluate the effect of three doses of Silicon on the yield and control parameters of the aforementioned disease in Musa spp., under field conditions, in said valley. The experimental design used was completely randomized blocks (BCA). According to the studies carried out, it was concluded that, in the performance parameters, silicon did not show an effect on the circumference of the pseudostem, leaf area, the number of hands per bunch and bunch weight, but there were effects on the number of leaves. at the time of flowering, at the time of harvest and in the weight of banana fingers. Regarding the effect of silicon in the control of "black sigatoka", it was possible to reduce the damage index by 17.66% in the S3 treatment (150 kg/ha) in comparison with the control (0 kg/ha) that was obtained 28.22%.

RESUMEN: En el Perú, el plátano o banano, es la fruta cultivada más importante. En Tumbes se cultivan 4 800 hectáreas, parte de esas áreas se encuentran en el valle de Zarumilla. Uno de los problemas fitosanitarios, es la sigatoka negra (Micosphaerella fijiensis Morelet), que disminuye el área foliar de las plantaciones, con efectos sobre los rendimientos. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres dosis de Silicio en los parámetros de rendimiento y control de la citada enfermedad en Musa spp., bajo condiciones de campo en dicho valle. El diseño experimental empleado fue bloques completamente al azar (BCA). De acuerdo con los estudios realizados se concluyó que, en los parámetros de rendimiento, el silicio no presentó efecto en la circunferencia del pseudotallo, área foliar, el número de manos por racimo y peso del racimo, pero si hubo efectos en el número de hojas al momento de la floración, al momento de la cosecha y en el peso de dedos del banano. En cuanto al efecto del silicio en el control de “sigatoka negra” se logró disminuir el índice de daño en un 17,66% en el tratamiento S3 (150 kg/ha) en comparación con el testigo (0 kg/ha) que se obtuvo 28,22%.

ABSTRACT: Bananas have high nutrient needs, and farmers rely on chemical fertilizers that damage the soil. One of the solutions is the combination of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers in smaller amounts. In this context, the objective was to measure the development of a banana cultivar in different treatments of biochar plus fixed doses of SiO2, KNO3 and P2O5. Biochar (BC) was obtained from banana rhizomes at a temperature of 350 °C for 2 hours. In the experiment, 10 plants per treatment were evaluated, consisting of doses per plant of 100 g BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g BC + 100 g SiO2 and 100 g SiO2 (control plot). These doses were applied in weeks one, eight and 16 of the experiment. The fertilizer dose for all treatments was 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, and which were applied 15 days prior to the biocarbon dose and during the sixth week of the experiment. The study showed that the 20 g biochar treatment was the most effective in terms of plant height and pseudostem circumference, surpassing the 100 g treatment and the control. The 100g biochar treatment also had the highest bunch weight compared to other treatments. In general, the biochar, silicon, and fertilizer treatments improved the physiological performance of the plants, suggesting their potential application in agriculture.

RESUMEN: El banano necesita muchos nutrientes, lo que lleva a los agricultores a depender de fertilizantes químicos que dañan el suelo. Una solución es combinar abonos orgánicos con fertilizantes químicos en menor cantidad. En este marco, el objetivo fue medir el desarrollo de un cultivar de banano en varios tratamientos de biocarbón más dosis fija de SiO2, KNO3 y P2O5. El biocarbón (BC) se obtuvo del raquis del banano a una temperatura de 350 °C por 2 horas. En el ensayo se evaluaron 10 plantas por tratamiento que se conformaron por dosis por planta de: 100 g de BC + 100 g SiO2, 20 g de BC + 100 g SiO2 y 100 g SiO2 (parcela testigo). Estas dosis se aplicaron en la semana uno, ocho y 14 del ensayo. La dosis de fertilizantes para todos los tratamientos se conformó de 75 kg ha-1 KNO3 + 50 kg ha-1 P2O5, y que se aplicaron 15 días antes que la dosis de biocarbon y en la semana seis del ensayo. El estudio demostró que el tratamiento con 20 g de biocarbón fue el más efectivo en términos de altura de la planta y circunferencia del pseudotallo, superando al tratamiento con 100 g y al control. Asimismo, el tratamiento con 100 g de biocarbón mostró el mayor peso de racimo en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Los tratamientos con biocarbón, silicio y fertilizantes tuvieron un efecto en las plantas de banano superior a la fertilización química, lo que sugiere su potencial aplicación en la agricultura.

ABSTRACT: Vale do Ribeira is one of the largest banana producing regions in Brazil. However, information on soil fertility and nutrient status that could limit fruit production remains scarce. Thus, the present study diagnosed the most limiting nutrient parameters for the Nanica and Prata banana cultivars, in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State, based on soil and leaf chemical analyses. The data assessed included samples from commercial plantations in the municipalities of Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro and Sete Barras, between 2012 and 2020. The results of soil (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and leaf chemical analyses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were interpreted according to literature values and their maximums, minimums, means, coefficients of variation (CV), and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated at P < 0.05. Parameter classes were assessed according to their frequency distribution. A large part of the samples exhibited pH and V values similar to those recommended for banana plants. Although, average soil nutrient concentrations were considered high, soil K, Mg and S levels did not provide adequate banana plant nutrition, since these nutrients were deficient in the plants. ABSTRACT Brazil However scarce Thus cultivars State Eldorado Cajati Jacupiranga Pariqueraaçú, Pariqueraaçú Pariquera açú, açú Pariquera-açú Barras 201 2020 pH, (pH K Ca B Cu Fe Zn N, N (N maximums minimums means CV, CV , (CV) CI (CI 005 0 05 0.05 distribution plants Although high nutrition 20 202 (CV 00 0.0 2 0.

RESUMO: O Vale do Ribeira é uma das maiores regiões produtoras de banana do Brasil. Contudo, ainda são escassas informações sobre a fertilidade do solo e o estado nutricional das plantas que possam limitar a produção da fruta na região. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetivou diagnosticar os parâmetros nutricionais mais limitantes para as cultivares de bananeira, Nanica e Prata, no Vale do Ribeira - SP, a partir de laudos de análises químicas de solo e folha. Os dados avaliados compreenderam amostragens realizadas em pomares comerciais, nos municípios de Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro e Sete Barras entre os anos 2012 e 2020. Os resultados das análises químicas de solo (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e folha (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) foram interpretados de acordo com valores disponíveis na literatura e calculados seus valores máximos, mínimos, médias, coeficientes de variação (CV) e intervalos de confiança (IC) a P < 0.05. As classes de interpretação dos parâmetros foram avaliadas de acordo com sua distribuição de frequência. Grande parte das amostras apresentaram valores de pH e V próximos aos indicados para a bananeira. As concentrações de nutrientes no solo, em média, foram consideradas altas, no entanto, para K, Mg e S, a concentração no solo não refletiu em adequada nutrição da bananeira, estando esses nutrientes deficientes na planta. RESUMO Brasil Contudo região modo bananeira Prata SP comerciais Eldorado Cajati Jacupiranga Pariqueraaçú, Pariqueraaçú Pariquera açú, açú Pariquera-açú 201 2020 pH, (pH K Ca S B Cu Fe Zn N, N (N máximos mínimos médias CV (CV IC (IC 005 0 05 0.05 frequência média altas entanto planta 20 202 00 0.0 2 0.

ABSTRACT Banana is a climacteric fruit with short post-harvest shelf-life, undergoing significant changes during ripening. Refrigerated storage is considered the most efficient method to preserve the quality of fruit by slowing down their metabolism. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of 'BRS-Princesa' bananas stored under refrigeration, focusing on determining their post-harvest shelf-life. The fruit were stored in a cold chamber at temperature of 14±1 °C and relative air humidity of 75±1% for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. They were removed from the cold chamber after each period and kept at 25±1 °C in a climate-controlled environment (CCE) until they presented a fully yellow peel (ripening stage 6). The fruit were evaluated immediately after removal from the cold chamber and when they reached the ripening stage 6. Refrigeration affected all physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit evaluated after removal from the cold chamber. However, when the fruit were fully ripe, pulp yield, soluble solids content, and total soluble sugars presented no significant difference, indicating a similar ripening to the control group. Fruit stored for 21 and 28 days showed chilling injury. 'BRS-Princesa' bananas can be stored at 14 °C for up to 14 days, without losses in fruit appearance and quality, thus extending the time for fruit consumption by 8 days when compared to fruit stored in the CCE (25±1 °C). postharvest post harvest shelflife, shelflife shelf life, life shelf-life metabolism Thus BRSPrincesa BRS Princesa 'BRS-Princesa refrigeration shelflife. life. 141 1 14± C 751 75 75±1 0 7 2 251 25 25± climatecontrolled climate controlled (CCE 6 . 6) However ripe yield content difference group injury (25± °C. °C) 75± (25 (2 (

RESUMO A banana é um fruto climatérico de vida pós-colheita curta e que sofre mudanças acentuadas durante seu amadurecimento. O armazenamento refrigerado é considerado a forma mais eficaz de preservar a qualidade dos frutos, diminuindo seu metabolismo. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicoquímicas de bananas 'BRS-Princesa' armazenadas sob refrigeração, visando determinar o período de vida útil pós-colheita. Os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria, em temperatura de 14±1 ºC e 75±1% UR por períodos de 0, 7,14, 21 ou 28 dias. Após cada período, os frutos foram retirados da câmara fria e mantidos em temperatura ambiente (25±1 ºC) até apresentarem coloração da casca completamente amarela (estádio 6 de maturação). As avaliações foram realizadas logo após a retirada dos frutos da refrigeração e quando os frutos atingiram o estádio 6. A refrigeração afetou todas as variáveis de qualidade físico-química dos frutos avaliados após a retirada da câmara fria. Porém, quando os frutos atingiram o completo amadurecimento, as variáveis rendimento da polpa, sólidos solúveis e açúcares solúveis totais não apresentaram diferença significativa, indicando um amadurecimento semelhante ao controle. Frutos armazenados por 21 e 28 dias apresentaram índices de injúrias por frio. As bananas 'BRS-Princesa' podem ser armazenadas a 14 °C por um período de até 14 dias, sem prejuízo à boa aparência e qualidade dos frutos, com incremento de 8 dias na possibilidade de consumo dos frutos, quando comparados ao controle. póscolheita pós colheita metabolismo Assim BRSPrincesa BRS Princesa 'BRS-Princesa póscolheita. colheita. 141 1 14± 751 75 75±1 0 714 7 7,14 2 25±1 251 25 (25± maturação. maturação . maturação) físicoquímica físico química Porém polpa significativa controle frio C 75± 71 7,1 25± (25 7, (2 (

Abstract: Pattern recognition aims to classify some datasets into specific classes or clusters, having several applications in agriculture. The objectification of the process minimizes errors since it reduces subjectivity, allowing a fairer remuneration to the producer and standardized products to the consumer. Thus,this work aimed to develop an embedded system with artificial intelligence to determine the ripening stage of bananas (outputs) from the insertion of physical (i.e., fruit weight, texture and diameter), physicochemical (i.e.,pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and SS/TA ratio) and biochemical (i.e., total sugars, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid,quantification of pigments in fruit peel and pulp and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods) data (inputs). The bananas were harvested at each evaluated stage according to the Von Loesecke ripening scale, as follows:stage 2, totally green; stage 4, more yellow than green; stage 6, yellow; and stage 7, yellow with brown spots. Subsequently, they were selected and submitted to quality analysis. The data obtained were then mined and the attributes were selected using WEKA software. The classifier software was developed using MATLAB. The most relevant attributes selected in the Bayes Net classifier for the Cross-Validation method were: apical, central, basal and mean textures (between apical, median and basal textures), pH, soluble solids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities by the FRAP and DPPH methods, vitamin C, anthocyanins from the pulp, chlorophyll a content in the fruit peel and sugar, resulting in a mean F-measure of 97.0%. Abstract clusters agriculture subjectivity consumer Thusthis Thus this outputs (outputs i.e., ie i e (i.e. weight diameter, diameter , diameter) i.e.,pH, iepH pH (i.e.,pH TA, TA (TA) SS (SS SSTA ratio sugars compounds acidquantification acid quantification methods inputs. inputs . (inputs) scale followsstage follows 2 green 4 6 7 spots Subsequently analysis MATLAB CrossValidation Cross Validation apical central between textures, textures) C sugar Fmeasure F measure 970 97 0 97.0% i.e. (i.e i.e.,pH (TA (inputs 9 97.0 i.e 97.

Resumo: reconhecimento de padrões tem como objetivo classificar alguns conjuntos de dados em classes ou clusters específicos, tendo várias aplicações na agriaccucultura. A objetivação do processo minimiza erros, pois reduz a subjetividade, permitindo uma remuneração mais justa ao produtor e produtos padronizados ao consumidor. Assim,este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um sistema embarcado cominteligência artificial para determinar o estádio de maturação de bananas (outputs) a partir dainserção de dados físicos (peso do fruto, textura e diâmetro), físico-químicos (pH, acideztitulável (AT),sólidos solúveis (SS) e relação SS/TA) e bioquímicos (açúcares totais,compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico, quantificação de pigmentos na casca e na polpa dos frutos e atividade antioxidante pelos métodos DPPH e FRAP) (inputs). As bananas foram colhidas em cada estádio avaliado, de acordo com a escala de maturação de Von Loesecke, a saber:estádio 2, totalmente verde; estádio 4, mais amarela que verde; estádio 6, amarela; e estádio 7,amarela com manchas marrons. Posteriormente, foram selecionados e submetidos a uma análise de qualidade. Os dados obtidos foram então minerados, e os atributos foramselecionados,utilizando o software WEKA. O software classificador foi desenvolvido em MATLAB. Os atributos mais relevantes selecionados no classificador Bayes Net, para ométodo de Cross-Validation, foram: texturas apical, central, basal e média (entre as texturasapical, mediana e basal), pH, sólidos solúveis, compostos fenólicos, atividades antioxidantes, pelos métodos FRAP e DPPH, vitamina C, antocianinas da polpa, teor de clorofila a na cascado fruto e açúcar,resultando em uma medida F média de 97,0%. Resumo específicos agriaccucultura erros subjetividade consumidor Assimeste Assim este outputs (outputs peso diâmetro, diâmetro , diâmetro) físicoquímicos físico químicos pH (pH AT,sólidos ATsólidos AT ,sólidos SS (SS SS/TA SSTA TA açúcares totaiscompostos totais fenólicos ascórbico inputs. inputs . (inputs) avaliado Loesecke saberestádio saber 2 verde 4 6 7amarela 7 marrons Posteriormente qualidade minerados foramselecionadosutilizando foramselecionados utilizando WEKA MATLAB Net CrossValidation, CrossValidation Cross Validation, Validation Cross-Validation apical central entre texturasapical basal, basal) antioxidantes C açúcarresultando açúcar resultando 970 97 0 97,0% (inputs 9 97,0 97,

RESUMO A diversificação de cultivares e o cultivo consorciado com capim-limão podem ser uma abordagem inovadora para os produtores de banana aumentarem a variedade, a rentabilidade e a sustentabilidade dos pomares e se adaptarem às mudanças climáticas. O estudo foi conduzido no estado de São Paulo, uma região subtropical do sudeste do Brasil, e avaliou a duração dos ciclos de cultivo, o desempenho do crescimento e da produção e os teores nutricionais foliares das cultivares de bananeira BRS FHIA Maravilha, SCS 451 Prata Catarina, BRS Pacoua e Prata Anã em consórcio com capim-limão. O experimento de campo foi conduzido durante dois ciclos de cultivo consecutivos. O crescimento, a produtividade e o teor de nutrientes nas folhas das cultivares de bananeira apresentaram o mesmo desempenho em monocultura e em consórcio com capim-limão. O ciclo mais curto foi observado apenas na primeira safra com a cultura intercalar de capim-limão. A cultivar Prata Anã se destacou pelo ciclo mais precoce, menor altura de plantas e maior produtividade média por ano. Esses resultados são úteis no planejamento da diversificação de cultivares para novos pomares, na identificação da possibilidade de consorciação com capim-limão e na determinação de genótipos e sistemas de cultivo mais adaptados às condições climáticas adversas. capimlimão capim limão variedade Paulo Brasil Maravilha 45 Catarina capimlimão. limão. consecutivos precoce ano adversas 4

ABSTRACT Diversifying cultivars and intercropping with lemongrass can innovative strategies for banana growers to enhance the variety, profitability and sustainability of their orchards and to adapt to climate change. This study took place in the state of São Paulo, a subtropical region of southeastern Brazil and assessed the duration of the cropping cycles, growth and yield performance, and leaf nutritional content of banana cultivars BRS FHIA Maravilha, SCS 451 Prata Catarina, BRS Pacoua and Prata Anã when intercropped with lemongrass. The field experiment spanned two consecutive growing seasons. The growth, yield and nutrient content in the leaves of banana cultivars exhibited similar performance in both monoculture and intercropping with lemongrass. A shorter cycle was observed only in the first harvest with the lemongrass intercrop. The Prata Anã cultivar stood out for its earlier cycle, lower plant height and higher average yield per year. These findings are valuable for planning cultivar diversification in new orchards, exploring the potential for intercropping with lemongrass, and identifying the genotypes and cropping systems that are better suited to adverse climatic conditions. variety change Paulo cycles Maravilha 45 Catarina seasons intercrop year conditions 4

Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the main characteristics of development, production, and postharvest of the new cultivar of the Prata subgroup, ‘VTP Hayashi’, that is a natural mutation originating from ‘SCS451 Catarina’. The plants of VTP Hayashi showed greater height and diameter of the pseudostem and the fruits are longer, heavier, and more uniform in the cluster, characteristics that differ from ‘SCS451 Catarina’. The development and production cycles and the susceptibility to fungal diseases resemble those of ‘SCS451 Catarina’. At maturity stage 6, it presented average contents of soluble solids of 28.2ºBrix and titratable acidity of 0.69% of malic acid, higher than ‘SCS451 Catarina’. The selection of this cultivar was due to the position of the inflorescence in the vertical direction, giving it a better fruit development. Abstract subgroup Hayashi, , Hayashi’ SCS451 SCS ‘SCS45 Catarina. Catarina . Catarina’ longer heavier cluster 6 282ºBrix ºBrix 28 2ºBrix 069 0 69 0.69 acid direction SCS45 ‘SCS4 2 06 0.6 SCS4 ‘SCS 0.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as principais características de desenvolvimento, produção e pós-colheita da nova cultivar do subgrupo Prata, a VTP Hayashi, mutação natural originada da cv. SCS451 Catarina. As plantas da VTP Hayashi apresentaram altura e diâmetro do pseudocaule maiores, e as frutas são mais longas, pesadas e uniformes no cacho, características que diferem da SCS451 Catarina. Os ciclos de desenvolvimento e de produção e a suscetibilidade às doenças fúngicas assemelham-se aos da cv. SCS451 Catarina. No estádio 6 de maturação, apresentou médias dos teores de sólidos solúveis de 28,1ºBrix e de acidez titulável de 0,69% de ácido málico, superior à SCS451 Catarina. A seleção desta cultivar foi devido ao posicionamento da inflorescência no sentido vertical, conferindo melhor desenvolvimento dos frutos. Termos para indexação: Musa Resumo póscolheita pós colheita Prata cv SCS SCS45 Catarina maiores longas cacho assemelhamse assemelham se maturação 281ºBrix ºBrix 28 1ºBrix 069 0 69 0,69 málico vertical frutos indexação SCS4 2 06 0,6 0,

ABSTRACT. For a banana tree to reach its productive potential, plants must be nutritionally balanced. Therefore, it is important to use methods that diagnose the nutritional status of plants through chemical leaf analysis, considering the relationships between nutrients and taking advantage of productivity and nutritional monitoring data from orchards. This study aimed to establish norms and ranges of nutrient sufficiency for ‘Nanica’ banana trees in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo state, using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) method. Productivity data and chemical analysis of the leaf tissue of 291 commercial plots of Nanica banana trees, collected between 2015 and 2020 in Vale do Ribeira, were used. The DRIS method was used to establish norms and sufficiency ranges for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Fruit yield did not correlate with the average nutritional balance index (NBIa), indicating that its variation was affected by non-nutritional factors. The contents of K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn showed high correlations with their respective nutritional indices. The sufficiency ranges and adequate nutrient contents differed from the values established for bananas in the literature. ABSTRACT potential balanced Therefore orchards ‘Nanica Ribeira state (DRIS 29 201 202 N P K Ca Mg S B Cu Fe Mn NBIa, NBIa , (NBIa) nonnutritional non factors indices literature 2 20 (NBIa

Resumen: El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, con el objetivo de evaluar dos tratamientos de desinfección de explantes para la micropropagación del banano (Musa spp.) variedad Nanicao. Se utilizaron 80 hijuelos de 30 - 40 cm de los cuales se extrajeron los ápices meristemáticos que fueron sembrados en medios MS (Murashige y Skoog 1962) con el agregado de 1 g.l-1 de carbón activado como antioxidante. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos concentraciones de NaClO (5 y 10 %) durante cinco minutos. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de supervivencia, grado de oxidación y porcentaje de contaminación de plántulas. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza al 5 % de probabilidad de error. No se registraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos de desinfección aplicados relacionados a la sobrevivencia de explantes de banano cultivados in vitro, aunque existieron diferencias significativas con respecto al grado de oxidación y contaminación microbiana. Se logró una regeneración de 12,5% de los segmentos nodales de banano sembrados. En conclusión, al incrementar la concentración de hipoclorito de sodio, el porcentaje de explantes contaminados con hongos y bacterias fue menor, sin embargo, esto se tradujo en un incremento del grado de oxidación de explantes de Musa spp variedad Nanicao.

Abstract: The experiment was carried out in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias of the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, with the objective of evaluating two explant disinfection treatments for the micropropagation of banana (Musa spp.) variety Nanicao. Eighty shoots of 30 - 40 cm were used, from which the meristematic apices were extracted and planted in MS media (Murashige and Skoog 1962) with the addition of 1 g.l-1 of activated carbon as an antioxidant. The treatments consisted of two concentrations of NaClO (5 and 10%) for five minutes. The experimental design used was completely randomized. The variables evaluated were: percentage of survival, degree of oxidation and percentage of contamination of seedlings. The data obtained were subjected to variance analysis at 5% probability of error. No significant differences were recorded between the applied disinfection treatments related to the survival of banana explants cultivated in vitro, although there were significant differences with respect to the degree of oxidation and microbial contamination. A regeneration of 12.5% of the planted banana nodal segments was achieved. In conclusion, by increasing the concentration of sodium hypochlorite, the percentage of explants contaminated with fungi and bacteria was lower, however, this translated into an increase in the degree of oxidation of Musa spp variety Nanicao.

Abstract Introduction. Silicon in banana (Musa spp.) and its critical level when applied by foliar application is little known. For this reason, in the present investigation we proposed as a hypothesis that the foliar application of frequent doses of monosilicic acid (SiOH4) increases the nutritional content of silicon in the crop. Objective. Evaluate the response of the banana crop to increasing doses of Si, to determine the foliar nutritional effect in the specific conditions of the province of El Oro. Materials and methods. The trials were implemented in the field in a completely randomized experimental design in blocks, where increasing doses of Si were applied (0; 250; 500 and 750 cm3.ha-1), to evaluate its effect on the level of foliar Si, chlorophyll and roots, from leaf and root analyses. Regression analyzes were carried out and the respective relationship models between the doses of Si applied with the level of foliar Si in banana and chlorophyll were obtained. Results. A linear regression (R2: 0.43) model was obtained that could help predict the critical level of foliar Si in banana. Conclusions. It was found through the application of a linear equation that the higher the dose of Si applied (750 cm3) the higher the level of Si foliar (0.41%) in banana plants was achieved.

Resumen Introducción. El silicio en banano (Musa spp.) y su nivel crítico al ser aplicado de forma foliar es poco conocido. Por ello, en la presente investigación se propuso como hipótesis que la aplicación foliar de dosis frecuente de ácido monosilicico (SiOH4) incrementa el contenido nutricional del silicio en el cultivo. Objetivo. Evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de banano a dosis crecientes de Si, para determinar el efecto nutricional foliar en las condiciones específicas de la provincia de El Oro. Materiales y métodos. Los ensayos fueron implementados en campo en un diseño experimental en bloques completamente aleatorio, donde se aplicaron dosis crecientes de Si (0; 250; 500 y 750 cm3.ha-1), para evaluar su efecto en el nivel de Si foliar, clorofila y raíces, a partir de análisis foliares y de raíces. Se realizaron análisis de regresión y se obtuvieron los respectivos modelos de relación entre las dosis de Si aplicadas con el nivel de Si foliar en banano y clorofila. Resultados. Se obtuvo que un modelo de regresión lineal (R2: 0,43) que podría ayudar a predecir el nivel crítico de Si foliar en banano. Conclusiones. Se encontró mediante la aplicación de una ecuación lineal que entre mayor sea la dosis de Si aplicada (750 cm3) se lograra un mayor nivel de Si foliar (0,41%) en plantas de banano.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical viability of using longer recirculation intervals of nutrient solution than those conventionally used for the acclimatization of Prata-Ana banana seedlings grown under hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of a banana plantlet production biofactory, in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil, in a randomized block design with four replications. The use of longer recirculation intervals of nutrient solution (0.75, 3.75, 5.75, 11.75, and 23.75 hours) than those commonly used for vegetables (0.25 hour) was evaluated in the present study in two seasons: winter and summer-autumn. The effect of increasing the interval of nutrient solution recirculation on plant growth was more pronounced when the temperature was higher, during the summer-autumn season. Considering the plant growth period between 15 and 20 days after transplanting, there was no effect of the recirculation frequency, showing the viability of using lower recirculation frequencies or only one recirculation per day in the first 15 days of plant growth. However, the use of shorter intervals after this period is needed because the use of intervals equal to or higher than 0.75 hour decreased plant growth in both seasons. Thus, the use of a 23.75-hour interval in the first 15 days and a 0.25-hour interval after this period allows a decrease in energy consumption, compared to the use of a 0.25-hour interval during the whole plant cycle. PrataAna Prata Ana system biofactory Almas Bahia Brazil replications 0.75, 075 0 75 (0.75 375 3 3.75 575 5 5.75 1175 11 11.75 2375 23 23.7 hours 0.25 025 25 (0.2 seasons summerautumn. summerautumn summer autumn. autumn season 1 2 transplanting frequency However 0.7 Thus 23.75hour 2375hour 0.25hour 025hour consumption cycle 07 7 (0.7 37 3.7 57 5.7 117 11.7 237 23. 0.2 02 (0. 0. 75hour 25hour 3. 5. 11. (0 (

RESUMO Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a viabilidade técnica de adoção de maiores intervalos de recirculação da solução nutritiva na aclimatização de mudas de bananeira ‘Prata-Anã’ via hidroponia. O experiment foi conduzido em estufa de uma biofábrica de produção de mudas de bananeira, localizada em Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a possibilidade da adoção de intervalos de recirculação da solução nutritiva superiores ao normalmente utilizado em hortaliças (0,25 h), sendo eles: 0,75, 3,75, 5,75, 11,75 e 23,75 horas em duas estações, inverno e verão-outono. O impacto no crescimento das plantas em função do aumento de tempo de intervalo de recirculação da solução nutritiva é mais acentuado quando a temperatura foi mais elevada, durante o verão-outono. Considerando o período de crescimento entre 15 e 20 dias após o transplantio não houve efeito da frequência de recirculação, sugerindo a possibilidade de adoção de frequências menores de recirculação ou apenas uma vez ao dia nos primeiros 15 dias de crescimento das plantas. Posteriormente, há necessidade de adoção de intervalos menores, pois a adoção de intervalo igual ou superior à 0,75 hora promove redução do crescimento em ambas as estações. Assim, a utilização de intervalo de 23,75 hora nos primeiros 15 dias e posterior adoção de 0,25 hora possibilita redução do consumo de energia elétrica em comparação ao uso do intervalo de 0,25 durante todo o ciclo. Objetivouse Objetivou se ‘PrataAnã PrataAnã ‘Prata Anã Prata ‘Prata-Anã hidroponia Almas Bahia Brasil repetições estudo avaliouse avaliou 025 0 25 (0,2 h, h , h) eles 075 75 375 3 3,75 575 5 5,75 1175 11 11,7 2375 23 23,7 estações verãooutono. verãooutono verão outono. outono verão-outono elevada 1 2 Posteriormente 0,7 Assim 0,2 ciclo 02 (0, 07 7 37 3,7 57 5,7 117 11, 237 23, 0, (0 3, 5, (

Abstract The objective was to evaluate gas exchange and the leaf area requirement for yield in Cavendish and Gros Michel bananas. The cultivars Grande Naine, Calipso, Bucaneiro, FHIA-17 and FHIA-23, and two production cycles, were arranged in a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial scheme, with five replicates. For the physiological characteristics, a 5x9x2 factorial arrangement was considered, with cultivars, evaluation periods and reading times. Cultivars Bucaneiro and Calipso require larger leaf area per unit produced and FHIA-23, smaller, which suggests a greater photosynthetic efficiency per leaf unit for FHIA-23, confirmed by the higher masses of bunches and hands and greater numbers of hands and fruits. Gas exchange varies with cultivars, evaluation periods and reading times. Cultivars FHIA-17 and Calipso, Gros Michel type, respectively showed higher photosynthesis and transpiration rates than Grande Naine, Cavendish type. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, quantum efficiency of photosynthesis, instantaneous water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency are higher at 8:00 h than at 14:00 h. The month of June allowed the cultivars to express the highest values of photosynthesis rates, incident radiation on leaves, carboxylation efficiency and stomatal conductance. bananas Naine FHIA17 FHIA 17 FHIA-1 FHIA23, FHIA23 23, 23 FHIA-23 cycles design scheme replicates characteristics xx x 5x9x considered times smaller fruits type conductance 800 8 00 8:0 1400 14 14:0 leaves FHIA1 1 FHIA- FHIA2 2 FHIA-2 80 0 8: 140 14:

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar trocas gasosas e requerimento em área foliar para rendimento de bananeiras Cavendish e Gros Michel. As cultivares, Grande Naine, Calipso, Bucaneiro, FHIA-17 e FHIA-23, e dois ciclos de produção foram dispostos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições. Para características fisiológicas, considerou-se arranjo fatorial 5 x 9 x 2, com cinco cultivares, nove períodos de avaliação e dois horários de leituras. As cultivares Bucaneiro e Calipso requerem maior área foliar por unidade produzida, e a FHIA-23, menor, o que sugere maior eficiência fotossintética por unidade de folha para esta, comprovada pelas maiores massas de cachos e de pencas, e maiores quantidades de pencas e frutos. As trocas gasosas variam com as cultivares, épocas de avaliação e horários de leitura. As cultivares FHIA-17 e Calipso, tipo Gros Michel, expressaram, respectivamente, maiores taxa de fotossíntese e de transpiração, que a Grande Naine, tipo Cavendish. A fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, e as eficiências quântica da fotossíntese, instantânea de uso da água e de carboxilação são maiores às 8 horas comparada às 14 horas. O mês de junho possibilitou às cultivares expressarem os maiores valores de taxas de fotossíntese, radiação incidente nas folhas, eficiência de carboxilação e condutância estomática. Objetivouse Objetivou se Michel Naine FHIA17 FHIA 17 FHIA-1 FHIA23, FHIA23 23, 23 FHIA-23 casualizado repetições fisiológicas considerouse considerou 2 leituras produzida menor esta frutos leitura expressaram respectivamente transpiração líquida estomática 1 folhas FHIA1 FHIA- FHIA2 FHIA-2

ABSTRACT. Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the main fruits consumed worldwide. However, finger drop, is a physiological disorder that causes many postharvest problems, which eventually reduces market value and consumer acceptance. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the anatomical changes that occur in the pedicel rupture area (drop zone) of bananas diploids (BB França) and tetraploid (BRS Pioneira) in three ripening stages. The levels of gene expression involved in the natural ripening process and in the development of finger drop, was also investigated. The accumulation of their mRNAs and those of expansin (EXP1), pectate lyase (PEL1) and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein (XTH4) genes already isolated from bananas were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in three ripening stages. BB França presented a higher resistance to finger drop due to the presence of some specific morphoanatomical characteristics, such as larger parenchymal cells and greater deposition of lignin. In contrast, there was degeneration of the pedicel parenchymal tissue of the BRS Pioneira genotype, forming large empty spaces during the ripening of the fruits, mainly in stage 6, which contributed to the finger drop. The diploid BB França is a strong candidate for use in banana breeding programs aimed at fruit drop resistance. This will certainly improve the quality of banana varieties. Moreover, PEL1 proved to be an excellent candidate gene for functional studies of finger drop in bananas. ABSTRACT Musa spp. spp worldwide However problems acceptance Therefore zone stages investigated EXP1, EXP1 EXP , (EXP1) PEL (PEL1 endotransglucosylasehydrolase endotransglucosylase hydrolase XTH4 XTH (XTH4 characteristics lignin contrast genotype 6 varieties Moreover (EXP1 (PEL (XTH (EXP

Abstract ‘SCS453 Noninha’ and ‘SCS454 Carvoeira’ are new banana cultivars derived from the subgroup Prata (AAB). In comparison with the latter, ‘SCS453 Noninha’ has a low pseudostem height, 'SCS454 Carvoeira' a high yield and both unchanged fruit characteristics. Both also have increased resistance to Panama wilt and ‘SCS454 Carvoeira’ to Sigatoka. SCS453 SCS ‘SCS45 Noninha SCS454 Carvoeira AAB. AAB . (AAB) latter height 'SCS45 characteristics Sigatoka SCS45 ‘SCS4 (AAB 'SCS4 SCS4 ‘SCS 'SCS

Abstract This study evaluated the technological viability of yogurt with the addition of green-banana biomass (Musa spp.) considering the resistant starch (BBV) as a potential prebiotic ingredient and texture agent. Four yogurt formulations were prepared: control; 3% BBV; 5% BBV; and 10% BBV. They were subjected to analysis of resistant starch, lactose, fat, total dry extract, defatted dry extract, moisture, ash, proteins, pH and titratable acidity; syneresis analysis, instrumental texture and instrumental color. All four formulations met the requirements of the identity and quality regulation for fermented milks regarding the physicochemical and microbiological parameters. In the instrumental color analysis, in all treatments with added BBV, darkening was observed after 21 days, with a reduction of a* coordinate and an increase of b* coordinate. In the instrumental texture analysis, the yogurt in the Control treatment had the highest firmness (0.430 N) at 21 days among these treatments. Among the treatments with added BBV, the yogurt with 5% added BBV showed the best results for increasing the viability of lactic bacteria. It was found that yogurt with added BBV is a promising alternative in the elaboration of functional dairy products, adding value to the banana production chain by reducing the green fruit waste. greenbanana Musa spp. spp (BBV agent prepared control 3 5 10 lactose fat extract moisture ash proteins acidity parameters 2 b 0.430 0430 0 430 (0.43 N bacteria products waste 1 0.43 043 43 (0.4 0.4 04 4 (0. 0. (0 (