Abstract The present study has investigated electrolysis conditions, in which spatiotemporal structures onto the cathode surface could be observed for the first time, under strictly controlled settings, during Cu-Sb alloy ED. Self-organization phenomena, such as in depth self-assembled deposits structures, appeared when Sb content was higher than 70 wt% in the coatings. The layers and their structures different optical and morphologic areas were characterized.

ABSTRACT Based on a question about the social dimension’s place in a socio-functionalist approach, the aim of this paper is threefold: (1) to reflect on the functional and social domains of language made up of multilayers, (2) to propose an interdomain articulation represented by a socio-functional model, and (3) to show its applicability to two phenomena in variation/change. The notion of functional domain is based on Givón (2001; 2002), Hopper (1991) and Görski e Tavares (2017), and the notion of social domain is basically anchored in Eckert (2008; 2016; 2018; 2019), Silverstein (2003), and Kiesling (2013). The interdomain articulation is illustrated with the use of interactive discourse markers sabe? (‘you know’) and entende? (you understand?) and the -STE segment added to verbal and non-verbal base, based on the works of Valle (2014) e Amaral (2020), respectively. We believe that we advanced in theoretical and methodological discussions on the interface between functionalism and variationist sociolinguistics by highlighting the social meaning and its articulation with the semantic-pragmatic meaning as well as proposing an integrated analytical practice. dimensions dimension s sociofunctionalist socio functionalist approach threefold 1 (1 multilayers 2 (2 sociofunctional model 3 (3 variationchange variation change variation/change 2001 (2001 2002, 2002 , 2002) 1991 (1991 2017, 2017 (2017) 2008 (2008 2016 2018 2019, 2019 2019) 2003, 2003 (2003) 2013. 2013 . (2013) sabe ‘you you know know’ entende understand understand? STE nonverbal non base 2014 (2014 2020, 2020 (2020) respectively semanticpragmatic semantic pragmatic practice ( 200 (200 199 (199 201 (2017 (2003 (2013 (201 202 (2020 20 (20 19 (19 (202

RESUMO A partir de um questionamento sobre o lugar da dimensão social numa abordagem sociofuncionalista, o objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre os domínios funcional e social da linguagem constituídos por multicamadas, propor uma articulação interdomínios representada por um modelo sociofuncional e mostrar sua aplicabilidade a dois fenômenos em variação/mudança. A noção de domínio funcional é baseada em Givón (2001; 2002), Hopper (1991) e Görski e Tavares (2017), e a noção de domínio social é ancorada basicamente em Eckert (2008; 2016; 2018; 2019), Silverstein (2003) e Kiesling (2013). A articulação interdomínios é ilustrada com o uso dos marcadores discursivos interacionais sabe? e entende? e do segmento -STE agregado a bases verbais e não verbais, com base nos trabalhos de Valle (2014) e Amaral (2020), respectivamente. Acreditamos ter avançado nas discussões teórico-metodológicas sobre a interface entre Funcionalismo e Sociolinguística Variacionista, colocando luz no significado social e sua articulação com o significado semântico-pragmático, e propondo uma prática analítica integrada. sociofuncionalista multicamadas variaçãomudança variação mudança variação/mudança 2001 (2001 2002, 2002 , 2002) 1991 (1991 2017, 2017 (2017) 2008 (2008 2016 2018 2019, 2019 2019) 2003 (2003 2013. 2013 . (2013) sabe entende STE 2014 (2014 2020, 2020 (2020) respectivamente teóricometodológicas teórico metodológicas Variacionista semânticopragmático, semânticopragmático semântico pragmático, pragmático semântico-pragmático integrada 200 (200 199 (199 201 (2017 (2013 (201 202 (2020 20 (20 19 (19 (202 2 (2 1 (1 (

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was electropolymerized with polyaniline (PANI) during graphite exfoliation in 0.1 M H2SO4 electrolyte and 0.1 M aniline monomer solution. Characterization techniques, including Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry, were utilized. XRD analysis confirmed GO multilayer exfoliation from the graphite anode, while UV-vis and FTIR techniques confirmed PANI electropolymerization. SEM images revealed PANI distributed between GO multilayers with a nanoneedle morphology. Cyclic voltammetry in 1 M H2SO4 demonstrated that the GO/PANI composite achieved a specific capacitance of 117.440 Fg-1, in contrast to GO's 1.243 Fg-1, both at a scan rate of 1 mVs-1. This enhancement is attributed to the improved electrical conductivity from PANI and graphene oxide. These results highlight the potential of the GO/PANI composite for high-performance supercapacitors and energy storage systems. (GO (PANI 01 0 0. HSO H SO H2SO solution FTIR, , (FTIR) TGA, TGA (TGA) UVvis UV vis spectroscopy Xray X ray XRD, (XRD) SEM, (SEM) utilized anode electropolymerization morphology GOPANI 117440 117 440 117.44 Fg1, Fg1 Fg 1, Fg-1 GOs s 1243 243 1.24 mVs1. mVs1 mVs 1. mVs-1 highperformance high performance systems (FTIR (TGA (XRD (SEM 11744 11 44 117.4 Fg- 124 24 1.2 mVs- 1174 4 117. 12 2

Resumen Se estudió el uso de adsorbentes a partir de residuos de trigo (WR), celulosa de trigo (WC) y celulosa de trigo (MWC) tratada con Cloruro de Cetil trimetil amonio (CTAC), en la remoción de tartrazina en solución acuosa. Se evaluó el efecto de la dosis de adsorbente (15, 25 y 35 mg) y concentración inicial (40, 70 y 100 mg/L). La WC se obtuvo por doble extracción alcalina, y la modificación se realizó con CTAC al 25 %w. Los ensayos de adsorción se realizaron siguiendo un diseño de experimentos multifactorial 33, colocando 5 mL de solución en contacto con el bioadsorbente durante 24 h, a 30 ºC y 250 rpm. La concentración de tartrazina se determinó por UV-Vis a 500 nm. El análisis FTIR mostró que los adsorbentes preparados presentan una estructura diversa, con presencia de grupos funcionales como OH, carboxilo, amino y compuestos hidrocarbonados. La disminución de la dosis de adsorbente y el aumento de la concentración inicial tiene un efecto positivo sobre la eficiencia de remoción, logrando una remoción del 97.65 % con la MWC. La cinética de adsorción mostró que el equilibrio se alcanzó a los 480 min cuando se usó MWC y WC. El modelo de Freundlich ajustó los datos de equilibrio de adsorción, mostrando que la remoción se da en multicapas debido a interacciones químicas. La celulosa de trigo modificada con CTAC es un buen adsorbente de tartrazina en solución acuosa.

Abstract The use of adsorbents from wheat residues (WR), wheat cellulose (WC) and wheat cellulose (MWC) treated with Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) was studied in the removal of tartrazine in an aqueous solution. The effect of adsorbent dose (15, 25 and 35 mg) and initial concentration (40, 70 and 100 mg/L) was evaluated. WC was obtained by double alkaline extraction, and the modification was performed with CTAC at 25 %w. Adsorption tests were performed following a multifactorial experimental design 33, placing 5 mL of solution in contact with the bioadsorbent for 24 h, at 30 °C and 250 rpm. UV-Vis determined the concentration of tartrazine at 500 nm. FTIR analysis showed that the prepared adsorbents present a diverse structure, with functional groups such as OH, carboxyl, amino and hydrocarbon compounds. Decreasing the adsorbent dose and increasing the initial concentration positively affect the removal efficiency, achieving the removal of 97.65 % with MWC. Adsorption kinetics showed that equilibrium was reached at 480 min when MWC and WC were used. The Freundlich model fitted the adsorption equilibrium data, showing that removal occurs in multilayers due to chemical interactions. CTAC-modified wheat cellulose is a good adsorbent for tartrazine in an aqueous solution.

Stainless steels have been evaluated in the form of coatings or thin films deposited using magnetron sputtering in various investigations. In most of these investigations, mainly the microstructural evaluation of this type of coating has been reported, while the evaluation of wear resistance has not been widely studied. In the present investigation, ferritic-austenitic stainless steel coatings with different percentages of silver were deposited by means of unbalanced DC magnetron sputtering. A stainless steel target doped with different numbers of silver inserts (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 inserts) was used, obtaining coatings with silver percentages of up to 7.7 at. %, in order to evaluate their tribological properties. During the synthesis, the first layer of the bilayer was deposited with argon and the other in an atmosphere of argon and nitrogen. The structure of the coatings was evaluated by use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the morphology and the chemical composition were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The hardness was tested through nanoindentation, and the wear test was carried out using the pin-on-disc technique. The wear tracks were evaluated via profilometry, SEM, and EDS. In general, the deposited films exhibited BCC and FCC phases and a compact morphology, as well as good adherence to the substrate. The results of the evaluation of the mechanical properties revealed an increase in the hardness of the coatings when the silver content was augmented, obtaining values of 9.8 GPa and 12.1 GPa for coatings with 0 and 4 silver inserts, respectively. Likewise, it was found that the wear resistance of coatings was higher, up to two orders of magnitude compared to the 316L stainless steel substrate. Finally, the wear rate of the multilayers decreased slightly with an increase in the percentage of silver in the films produced, up to an order of magnitude for the coating with 4 silver inserts relative to the coating with 0 silver inserts.

Abstract Electric field module for any isotropic multilayer thin film structure, is presented as analytical deduction. Analytic expressions for the electric field distribution are developed initially for a monolayer isotropic system based on Airy's formulae and boundary conditions, with an incident monochromatic source of light. The transfer matrix method 2×2, is used to deduce the distribution of the forward and backward electric field amplitudes on the inner layers in a general multilayer thin film structure. Analytical results are simulated in Transverse-Magnetic (TM) and Transverse-Electric (TE) modes making evident (when takes place) an electric field enhancement due to surface plasmons resonance. A graphical user interface is created to make steady simulations and create new structures as desired, minimizing time and optimizing resources.

Abstract Iso and non-iso architected TiN/Cr multilayers with constant composition were deposited by balanced magnetron sputtering aiming to investigate the influence of different architectures over coatings structures and properties. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy analyses were used to determine in-depth constituents and suggested that no diffusion of elements occurred between layers in room temperature. Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that all multilayers presented sharp interfaces and low porosity microstructures, with column-like grain growth influenced by layer sizes. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction analyses showed that multilayers consist of polycrystalline α-Cr and δ-TiN phases with a main peak in Cr(110) plane. The overlapping of TiN onto metallic layers led to the suppression of growth in the TiN(111) plane, although TiN layers thicker than 50 nm demonstrated a growth in plane TiN(200). Nanoindentation tests registered equal hardness values for all multilayers of around 16.2 GPa, on the other hand, a tendency to improve hardness has been identified for hierarchical multilayer. Oxidation tests revealed that architectures with thicker TiN top layers presented an improved oxidation resistance up to 600 ºC, probably due to growth in more compact TiN(200) plane. However, TiN/Cr coatings did not resist integrally to oxidation tests at 750 ºC.

Abstract Laboratory scale studies of tribological properties of nitride coatings are useful in predicting their protective wear behavior in cutting tools for industrial-scale applications. The main aim of this research is to determine optical and tribo-mechanical properties in multilayer coatings of metal-ceramic assigned as coatings A and B. These coatings were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on carbon steel AISI 1060 using buffer adhesion layers of W, Ti/W/WN and TiN/TiN respectively. For to determine molecules, interactions of materials were analyzed through of Raman and FTR spectroscopies. The nanohardness, tribological and adhesion behavior were studied by nanoindentation, pin on disk and a tribometer. The hardness and behavior tribological, were obtained by Nano-indentation, pin on disk, and scratch test using a tribometer. FTIR and Raman analysis shown the formation of Ti metallic ion and WO3 mainly in both coatings. The hardness of coatings shown a slight improvement compared with the substrate. However, for industrial applications this property should be increase. The behavior of COF does not present improvement. The mass loss and wear rate were high significantly due to the formation of cracks on surface coatings. Scratch analysis, it found three wear mechanics determined by the presence of irregular borders with sharp shadow, semicircle detachment in coatings and coatings detachment in the central track as the load increased.

Resumen El grafeno ha despertado gran interés debido a sus excepcionales propiedades físicas. En este artículo se describen las propiedades termoeléctricas y magnéticas, como el coeficiente de Seebeck y la magnetorresistencia, a temperatura ambiente, de multicapas de grafeno fabricadas mediante el método de deposición química en fase vapor (CVD) y recubiertas con nanopartículas de plata (NP). Los resultados mostraron que el coeficiente de Seebeck aumentó de -30 a -5 μV/K en función del tiempo de depósito de NPs de plata y que la magnetorresistencia incremento su valor inicial en función de resistencia de hoja hasta un 16.6%.

Abstract Graphene has attracted considerable interest due its exceptional physical properties. This article describes the thermoelectric and magnetic properties such as the Seebeck coefficient and the magnetoresistance, at room temperature, of multilayers of graphene fabricated through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and coated with Ag nanoparticles (NPs). According to the results, the Seebeck coefficient increased from -30 to -5 µV/K as a function of deposition time of Ag NPs and magnetoresistance increase their initial value as a function of sheet resistance up to 16.6%.

Abstract The attractiveness of additive techniques to refurbish worn components requires the availability of data from different process. This study correlates two additive techniques, Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA – AM) and Direct Laser Deposition (DLD), using IN 625 wire. Specific features of each technique are discussed regarding their potential use to recover geometry and properties of worn components. Multilayers were processed with each technique on a section of a blade and the interaction between materials together with the effect of post deposition heat treatment were characterized. Results show that there are differences in the final microstructure and in the interaction with the part being refurbished imposed by the additive technique used. Competitive changes can be made by changing the feedstock. PTA-AM using powder material exhibits a microstructure that approaches that obtained in DLD using wire.

RESUMO Filmes finos de VOX (camada e multicamadas) foram fabricados por pulverização catódica com rádiofrequência assistida por campo magnético constante para aplicação em detectores de radiação infravermelha do tipo bolômetro. As amostras foram fabricadas sem quebra de vácuo a partir de três alvos: V2O3; VO2 e V2O5. Um sistema de pulverização catódica com três catodos foi construído para a realização deste trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que ambas as configurações, camadas e multicamadas, apresentaram TCR semelhantes, da ordem de 2 %/K, e resistência de folha inferior a 20 kΩ/quad, sendo ambas recomendadas para emprego em bolômetros.

ABSTRACT VOX thin films (single and multilayers) were fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering for application in bolometers. The samples were deposited without vacuum break from three targets: V2O3; VO2 and V2O5. A RF magnetron sputtering system with three cathodes was built to carry out the depositions. The results showed that both configurations, single layers and multilayers, presented similar values of TCR, roughly 2%/K, and sheet resistance less than 20 kΩ/sq, being recommended for application in bolometers.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is the most successful transparent conductive polymer widely used in functional organic devices. However, its potential in fabrication of highly conductive electrodes still has not been fully explored. This paper is an attempt to fill the existing gap of knowledge on possible post-treatments of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-doped PEDOT:PSS thin films. In the present study, surface morphology, optical and electrical properties of untreated and sulfuric acid treated DMSO-doped PEDOT:PSS multilayers on the glass coverslip substrates are examined. It is demonstrated that short-time sulfuric acid treatment enhances electrical and optical properties, and smoothens surface of the transparent conductive films. Enhancement of electrical conductivity by more than 30 % can be associated with increase in doping level, removal of excess PSS and accompanied shape alterations of the conjugated PEDOT chains. Acid treatment also results in smoother transmittance spectra and a slight improvement of optical transparency. Hence, sulfuric acid post-treatment can be considered as a simple and inexpensive technique for the complementary doping of DMSO-doped PEDOT:PSS films with the aim to develop the more effective transparent electrodes.

Abstract Corrosion causes great losses and catastrophic damages in industrial plants and infrastructure, among the methods to reduce it are the coatings. The use of metal-ceramic multilayer coatings to reduce corrosion in steels is a viable option, since they offer several advantages over single-layer coatings, among which, they can be deposited with relatively high thicknesses and are able to dissipate the residual stresses that form during the growth of the thin films, which maintains its adhesion to the substrate. The coatings were deposited by magnetron Sputtering, using Ti and W targets. Two multilayer architectures were designed and deposited, including tungsten nitride (WN) and titanium tungsten nitride (WTiN) coatings with alternated bilayers of Ti/TiN and W/WN, those two deposition sequences of layer were identified as A with more Ti and B layers with higher W content; both consist of a nine-layer deposit process. The structure was studied by X-ray diffraction and the morphology and composition by SEM and EDS respectively. The surface was studied with profilometry and atomic force microscopy. The electrochemical behavior was analyzed in a sodium chloride solution by means of potentiodynamic polarizations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray diffraction results show the presence of two phases of WN. The grain size of coating A is similar to that obtained in coating B. The morphology of the multilayers showed a mostly smooth surface but with the presence of spherical domes, as well as cracks in both coatings, being more abundant in the coating B. In its cross section, the sequence of multilayers composed of layers of Ti, W, TiN, WTiN and WN is observed, however in some cases the change between the individual layers is not observed and two layers remain as one in the images of MEB. The electrochemical results obtained by potentiodynamic polarization curves showed a shift of the corrosion potential towards more noble values. The corrosion current in coating A with more layers of Ti is lower than coating B and both improve the corrosion resistance of the substrate. This behavior was confirmed in the Nyquist diagram obtained by EIS.

Resumen La corrosión causa grandes pérdidas y daños catastróficos en plantas industriales y en la infraestructura. Entre los métodos para reducirla se encuentran los recubrimientos. El uso de recubrimientos multicapa metal-cerámico es eficiente para disminuir la corrosión en aceros, es considerada una opción viable, ya que ofrecen diversas ventajas respecto a los recubrimientos de una capa: una de estas ventajas es que son depositadas con espesores relativamente altos y son capaces de disipar las tensiones residuales que se forman durante el crecimiento de recubrimientos delgados, lo cual mantiene su adhesión al sustrato. Los recubrimientos se depositaron por erosión iónica con magnetrón, utilizando blancos de Ti y W. Se diseñaron y depositaron dos arquitecturas de multicapas que incluye recubrimientos de nitruro de tungsteno (WN) y nitruro de tungsteno titanio (WTiN) con bicapas alternadas de Ti/TiN y W/WN. Esas dos secuencias de depósito de capas se indentificaron como A con más capas Ti y B de mayor contenido de W, ambas constan de un proceso de depósito de nueve capas. La estructura se estudió por difracción de rayos X y la morfología y composición por SEM y EDS respectivamente. La superficie se estudió con perfilometría y microcopia de fuerza atómica. El comportamiento electroquímico se analizó en una solución NaCl por medio de polarizaciones potenciodinámicas y espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica (EIS). Los resultados de difracción de rayos X muestran la presencia de dos fases de WN. El tamaño de grano del recubrimiento A es similar al obtenido en el recubrimiento B. La morfología de las multicapas mostró una superficie en su mayoría lisa, con presencia de domos esféricos, así como grietas en ambos recubrimientos, siendo más abundantes en el recubrimiento B. En su sección transversal, se observa la secuencia de las multicapas compuestas por capas de Ti, W, TiN, WTiN y WN, pero en algunos casos no se aprecia el cambio entre las capas individuales y dos capas permanecen como una sola en las imágenes de SEM. Los resultados electroquímicos obtenidos mediante curvas de polarización potenciodinámica mostraron un corrimiento del potencial de corrosión hacia valores más nobles. La corriente de corrosión en el recubrimiento A con más capas de contenido de Ti, es menor comparada con la del recubrimiento B, ambas mejoran la resistencia a la corrosión del sustrato. Este comportamiento se confirmó a través del diagrama de Nyquist obtenido por EIS.

Resumo A manufatura aditiva é um processo utilizado na construção de peças com complexidade geométrica e no reparo de componentes mecânicos com alto valor agregado sendo portanto atrativa quando se utilizam materiais de elevado custo haja vista a menor necessidade de subtração de material. Nesse processo de deposição de multicamadas seguindo um modelo digital são produzidas estruturas mecânicas 3D. O sucesso de cada procedimento depende dos parâmetros de processamento, que incluem técnica de deposição, parâmetros, liga a ser depositada e condições da deposição. Controlar o efeito destes parâmetros nas propriedades é determinante para beneficiar o curto tempo de desenvolvimento do projeto na produção de peças. Neste contexto, diversos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos avaliando o efeito das multicamadas nas características dos componentes. Este trabalho vem contribuir para este tema após o processamento de multicamadas de uma liga a base de Ni (IN625) pelo processo MIG/MAG - CMT (Cold Metal Transfer). Amostras (paredes) de 15 cm de altura foram obtidas pela sobreposição de cordões e caracterizadas na condição como-depositada e após tratamento térmico de homogeneização. A influência da sobreposição das camadas na microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas foi avaliada por meio de medidas de dureza e ensaios de tração. O efeito dos múltiplos ciclos térmicos na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas antes e após tratamento térmico foi também avaliado. Resultados mostraram que o tratamento térmico minimizou as heterogeneidades da microestrutura com multicamadas promovendo um aumento na resistência mecânica, porém, com queda da ductilidade quando comparado à amostra na condição como processada. A análise da região da fratura dos corpos-de-prova tracionados contribuiu para um melhor entendimento do efeito da deposição de multicamadas e posterior tratamento térmico.

Abstract Additive manufacturing is a process used to build parts with geometric complexity, and repair technical components with high value added. The additive manufacturing has the advantage the capacity of producing components with complex geometry and less waste of material, fact which becomes attractive when working with high costs materials. In this multilayer deposition, process produces 3D mechanical structures following digital models. The success of each procedure depends of the processing of parameters, which is included technique of deposition, parameters, alloy to be deposited and conditions of deposition. Control the impacts of these parameters is determinant to obtain another advantage of this process that is the short time between the project development and the parts production. Many studies have been developed to evaluate the effects of the multilayers on the component. This study contributes to this discussion processing the Ni superalloy IN625 by GMAW-CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) process. Processed multilayers walls with 15 cm high were characterized as-deposited condition and after heat treatment. The impact of the multilayers on the microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated by hardness and tensile test. The effects of the heat treatment on the mechanical properties are discussed. Results show that the heat treatment minimizes heterogeneities of the multilayer structure. After the heat treatment, occurred a decrease of ductility when compared to the wall as processed condition, besides that, exhibited a higher yield strength and tensile strength. The uniformity of the structure after heat treatment is confirmed by the lower dispersion of the results. Analysis of the fracture region contributed to a better understanding of the effects of multilayer deposition and subsequent heat treatment.

Abstract The properties of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites are closely related to the fiber-matrix interface. Interfacial treatments to improve mechanical properties are usually limited to enhance interfacial adhesion. In this work, Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique was introduced to build a novel interface in polymer composites. Different numbers of bilayers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) with carbon nanotubes were deposited through LbL on the surface of woven glass fibers (GFs). Polypropylene composites containing the modified GFs were prepared by compression molding. Thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy proved that multilayers of polymers with carbon nanotubes could be deposited on GFs surface. Mechanical tests on composites with modified GFs revealed an increase in Flexural Modulus and toughness. The overall results attested that the LbL technique can be used to design interfaces with different compositions to perform diverse tasks, such as to improve the stiffness of composites and to encapsulate active nanocomponents.