ABSTRACT The present study analyzed the vertical stratification of hawkmoths in an area of the Dense Ombrophylous Forest in the Amazon. The moths were captured through light traps with ultraviolet lamps F15 T12 LN installed in three strata (canopy, midstory, and understory) from 6 pm to 7 am, during the first quarter to new moon period, on three consecutive nights per month during May 2019 to February 2020, in the Tapajós National Forest located in the state of Pará, Brazil (02°51’23.3”S, 54°57’31.0”W). This study analyzed 33 species (S) and 775 specimens (N) of Sphingidae. The sphingofauna had a high concentration, mainly in the upper strata, with greater emphasis on richness (S = 28), abundance (N = 687), and Berger Parker dominance (BP = 0.72) found in the forest canopy. The canopy’s dominance stood out because the species Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus, 1758) was more abundant in this stratum (N = 492). PERMANOVA analysis indicated significant differences in all strata. Therefore, our study provided important information about the vertical distribution of moths, showing that their richness, abundance, and species composition are distinct between strata. Amazon F F1 T T1 canopy, canopy (canopy midstory understory am period 201 2020 Pará 02°5123.3S, 0251233S S 02°51 23.3 S, 02 51 23 3 (02°51’23.3”S 54°5731.0W. 5457310W W 54°57 31.0 . 54 57 31 0 54°57’31.0”W) 77 N Sphingidae concentration 28, 28 , 28) 687, 687 687) BP 0.72 072 72 canopys s Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758 492. 492 492) Therefore 20 202 5123 3S 02°5123.3S 0251 02°5 233 23. 5 2 5731 0W 54°5731.0W 5457 54°5 310 31. 54°57’31.0”W 68 0.7 07 175 49 512 025 02° 573 545 54° 0. 17 4 1

The use of protective netting is becoming an increasingly popular practice in the citrus industry in South Africa. However, data on its effects on biotic factors, particularly insect pests, are limited. This study focused on the effect nets have on key citrus pests in the Eastern Cape province. Orchards under nets and open orchards, of similar cultivars, ages and management practices, were monitored at several sites over two seasons for pest infestation and damage. Weekly monitoring was conducted for Thaumatotibia leucotreta infestation. Other pests were monitored either monthly or once a season. During the first season, T. leucotreta infestation was higher in orchards under nets, probably because, unlike the open orchards, the nets provided protection for the existing high levels of T. leucotreta. No T. leucotreta infestation was recorded in both orchard types in 2019. This was due to generally lower than usual pest abundance and dramatically improved area-wide management of T. leucotreta. Pheromone traps were used to monitor T. leucotreta males, including sterile moths used in a sterile insect technique programme. Although higher catches of wild T. leucotreta moths were recorded in orchards under nets, so too were there higher numbers of sterile moths and a higher ratio of sterile to wild moths, indicating the potential for better pest suppression for orchards under nets. Various other key pests were monitored during this time, with variable results for each species. Pests that were elevated under nets include Planococcus citri and Aonidiella aurantii. Pests that seemed to be lower under nets were Ceratitis capitata and Scirtothrips aurantii. Nets had no effect on Empoasca distinguenda, Penthimiola bella and Eriophyes sheldoni. These differences in pest levels in netted and open orchards trigger an important debate on whether nets are beneficial for or detrimental to the successful implementation of an integrated pest management programme.

ABSTRACT The incidence of isolated pulmonary metastases in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is about 13%. Resection of these metastases is uncommon; however, patients presenting only with pulmonary metastases have better survival compared to those with metastases on other locations. We report the case of a female patient who underwent lobectomy for metastases from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. After resection, disease-free interval and specific diseases-free survival were 84 and 152 moths, respectively. We consider that the next step in the treatment of this subpopulation of patients is to select those patients with favorable tumor biology who would benefit from a more aggressive approach.

RESUMEN La incidencia de metástasis pulmonares aisladas en adenocarcinoma ductal de páncreas es aproximadamente del 13%. La resección de estas metástasis es infrecuente; sin embargo, los pacientes que se presentan únicamente con metástasis pulmonares tienen una mejor supervivencia comparadas con otras localizaciones. Presentamos el caso de una paciente a quien se le realizó una lobectomía pulmonar por metástasis de adenocarcinoma ductal de páncreas. Luego de la resección, el período libre de recurrencia y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad específica fueron de 84 y 152 meses, respectivamente. Consideramos que el siguiente paso en el tratamiento de esta subpoblación es poder seleccionar a los pacientes con una biología tumoral favorable y que una estrategia de tratamiento enérgica estaría justificada.

Resumen Los lepidópteros son uno de los grupos de organismos más grandes que existen, conocidos comúnmente como mariposas o polillas, los cuales en su estado larval son considerados como las plagas más dañinas en la agricultura. Larvas de lepidópteros fueron colectados del cultivo del higo y trasladadas bajo condiciones ambientales controladas y alimentadas bajo una dieta artificial. Se realizó una identificación de las larvas colectadas, así como la determinación de su ciclo de vida. Además, se determinó la fertilidad y eclosión de los huevos que ovipositaban los adultos en parejas. Se identificó al lepidóptero como Estigmene albida, insecto perteneciente a la superfamilia Noctuidae, familia Erebidae, el cual cuenta con poca información reportada en la literatura. El ciclo de vida consistió en 57 días, desarrollando cinco estadíos larvales con características similares a las reportadas para E. acrea, especie del mismo género y de mayor importancia como plaga agrícola. En promedio, las hembras que copularon y produjeron huevos viables pusieron 377,4 huevos por hembra, de los cuales se desarrollaron 222,4 larvas por hembra, siendo estos resultados menores a los reportados para E. acrea, pudiendo estas variables ser afectadas por la alimentación, la temperatura y la especie con la que se trabaja. Además, se logró colectar larvas de E. albida parasitadas por un taquínido identificado como Carcelia sp. En conclusión, este artículo brinda uno de los primeros reportes de E. albida atacando cultivos agrícolas y brinda información sobre su ciclo de vida y fertilidad. Además, es el primer reporte de este insecto atacando el cultivo del higo y de Carcelia sp. parasitando larvas de este lepidóptero.

Abstract Lepidoptera is one of the largest groups of organisms, known commonly as butterflies or moths, which in their larval state, are considered the most harmful agricultural plagues. Lepidoptera larvae were collected from a fig crop, transferred under controlled environmental conditions, and fed an artificial diet. An identification of the larvae collected was performed, as well as the determination of their life cycle. Additionally, the fertility and egg hatching rate were determined from the eggs laid by the adults placed in couples. The lepidopteran species was identified as Estigmene albida, an insect from the Noctuidae superfamily, Erebidae family, and with very few information reported in the literature to date. The life cycle consisted of 57 days, developing 5 larval stages, with similar characteristics to those reported for E. acrea, a species from the same genus with more known importance as a crop plague. On average, the females that mated and laid viable eggs, placed 377.4 eggs, from which 222.4 per female developed larvae. These results were less than those reported for E. acrea; however, these variables could have been affected by the diet, the temperature and the species worked with. Also, it was possible to collect larvae from E. albida parasited with the tachinidae Carcelia sp. In conclusion, this study provides one of the first reports of E. albida affecting crops and provides information of their life cycle and fertility. It is also the first report of this insect affecting specifically a fig crop and of Carcelia sp. parasiting larvae of this lepidoptera.

Abstract Areas planted with Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variety platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) expand annually in most regions of Brazil. Many lepidopteran species defoliate this plant, but with damage varying per species. The objective of this study was to identify the pest status of lepidopteran defoliators based in the faunistic analysis of these insects and of their natural enemies on E. urophylla variety platyphylla plantations in a representative producing region of Brazil. Adult moths of lepidopterans and of their natural enemies were captured using a light trap, installed every two weeks, from September 2016 to August 2018. A total of 183, 10, three and 139 lepidopteran species was captured and classified as primary, secondary, without defined importance to eucalypt plants and non-identified with 1,419, seven, 465 and 876 individuals, respectively. Two primary pest species were constants, two accessories and six accidentals and all secondary ones were accidentals. Six primary pest species were common and dominant and four non-dominants. Faunistic indices indicated the main lepidopteran species that should be monitored in pest management programs. Seven hymenopteran species (65 individuals), three dipterans (49 individuals) and two hemipterans (four individuals) were the natural enemies collected using light traps. The monitoring of lepidopteran pests with light traps can contribute to the management and to reduce damage and control costs for these species, besides identifying natural enemies for biological control programs in Eucalyptus plantations. ST S T S.T F Muell Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae Brazil plant E trap weeks 201 2018 183 10 13 nonidentified non identified 1419 1 419 1,419 seven 46 87 individuals respectively constants nondominants. nondominants dominants. dominants non-dominants 65 (6 , 49 (4 20 18 141 41 1,41 4 8 6 ( 2 14 1,4 1,

Resumo Áreas plantadas com Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variedade platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) se expandem anualmente na maioria das regiões do Brasil. Muitas espécies de lepidópteros desfolham esta planta, mas com danos que variam de acordo com a espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o status de praga de lepidópteros desfolhadores com base na análise faunística desses insetos e de seus inimigos naturais em plantios de E. urophylla variedade platyphylla em uma região produtora representativa do Brasil. As mariposas e seus inimigos naturais foram capturadas com armadilha luminosa, instalada quinzenalmente, de setembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. Um total de 183, 10, três e 139 espécies de lepidópteros foram capturadas e classificadas como primária, secundária, sem importância definida para eucaliptocultura e não identificadas com 1419, sete, 465 e 876 indivíduos, respectivamente. Duas espécies de pragas primárias foram constantes, duas acessórias e seis acidentais e todas as secundárias foram acidentais. Seis espécies de pragas primárias foram comuns e dominantes e quatro não dominantes. Os índices faunísticos indicaram as principais espécies de lepidópteras que devem ser monitoradas em programas de manejo de pragas. Sete espécies de himenópteros (65 indivíduos), três dípteros (49 indivíduos) e dois hemípteros (quatro indivíduos) foram os inimigos naturais coletados com armadilha luminosa. O monitoramento de lepidópteros-praga com armadilha luminosa pode contribuir para o manejo e redução de danos e custos de controle para essas espécies, além de identificar inimigos naturais para programas de controle biológico em cultivos de eucalipto. ST S T S.T F Muell Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae Brasil planta espécie E quinzenalmente 201 2018 183 10 13 primária secundária 1419 sete 46 87 indivíduos respectivamente constantes 65 (6 , 49 (4 lepidópterospraga eucalipto 20 18 1 141 4 8 6 ( 2 14

Abstract Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is the second most diverse subfamily of Saturniidae with 300 species described in 30 genera from southern Canada to northern Argentina. Species of this subfamily are widely distributed in Southeast Brazil, with many endemics to the Cerrado, and important as indicators of ecosystem quality. Specimens of Ceratocampinae were collected in the Parque Estadual do Mirador, Maranhão state, Brazil. Adeloneivaia acuta (Schaus, 1896), Adeloneivaia schubarti Barros & O. Mielke, 1970, Eacles penelope (Cramer, 1775) and Megaceresa pulchra (Bouvier, 1923) are recorded for the first time in Maranhão state and Northeast Brazil and Eacles fairchildi May & Oiticica, 1941, only for Maranhão. The record of five Ceratocampinae (Saturniidae) species increases the knowledge on the diversity and the importance of preserving those of this subfamily in the Cerrado biome of Maranhão state and the Northeast region of Brazil. Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera 3 Argentina quality Mirador Schaus, Schaus (Schaus 1896, 1896 , 1896) O Mielke 1970 Cramer, Cramer (Cramer 1775 Bouvier, Bouvier (Bouvier 1923 Oiticica 1941 (Saturniidae 189 197 177 192 194 18 19 17 1

Resumo Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) é a segunda subfamília mais diversa de Saturniidae com 300 espécies descritas em 30 gêneros do sul do Canadá ao norte da Argentina. Espécies desta subfamília estão amplamente distribuídas no Sudeste do Brasil, com muitas endêmicas do Cerrado e importantes como indicadores da qualidade do ecossistema. Espécimes de Ceratocampinae foram coletados no Parque Estadual do Mirador, estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Adeloneivaia acuta (Schaus, 1896), Adeloneivaia schubarti Barros & O. Mielke, 1970, Eacles penelope (Cramer, 1775) e Megaceresa pulchra (Bouvier, 1923) são registradas pela primeira vez no estado do Maranhão e Nordeste do Brasil e Eacles fairchildi May & Oiticica, 1941 apenas para o Maranhão. O registro de cinco espécies de Ceratocampinae (Saturniidae) aumenta o conhecimento sobre a diversidade e a importância da preservação das espécies dessa subfamília no bioma Cerrado maranhense e na região Nordeste do Brasil. Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera 3 Argentina ecossistema Mirador Schaus, Schaus (Schaus 1896, 1896 , 1896) Mielke 1970 Cramer, Cramer (Cramer 1775 Bouvier, Bouvier (Bouvier 1923 Oiticica 194 (Saturniidae 189 197 177 192 19 18 17 1

Abstract During the storage period of dry tobacco and its derivatives, insect pests such as species of Ephestia Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), popularly known as moths, cause damage to the product, being controlled mainly with physical practices and synthetic chemicals, although with limitations on their use and results. Some biological control agents, such as the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), have the potential to control these pests. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of H. hebetor release in tobacco farms and industrial warehouses, on the infestation of Ephestia spp. adults. Parasitoids were released in tobacco farmers and tobacco industry warehouses between 2016-2018, comprising two years/crop seasons. Each release consisted of 1,000 parasitoids (four times) in tobacco farmers warehouses (70 m2) and 30,000 (five times) in tobacco industry warehouses (8,000 m2). Pheromone-baited sticky traps were used to weekly monitor the average number of adults of Ephestia spp. in warehouses with (WP) and without parasitoid release (NP). The average number of adults of Ephestia spp. captured in the traps in WP environments at farmers and industry level was significantly lower than the average captured in NP from the third and fifth weeks. In the following weeks, the averages of Ephestia spp. were always significantly lower in the WP environments until the end of monitoring. Therefore, the use of H. hebetor for moth control should be considered as part of a biological control program in stored tobacco environments. derivatives Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pyralidae, Pyralidae , Pyralidae) moths product chemicals results agents Say (Say Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Braconidae, Braconidae Braconidae) H spp 20162018, 20162018 2016 2018, 2018 2016-2018 yearscrop years crop seasons 1000 1 000 1,00 four times 70 (7 m2 m 30000 30 30,00 five 8,000 8000 8 (8,00 m2. . Pheromonebaited Pheromone baited (WP NP. (NP) weeks monitoring Therefore 2016201 201 2016-201 100 00 1,0 7 ( 3000 3 30,0 8,00 800 (8,0 (NP 201620 20 2016-20 10 0 1, 300 30, 8,0 80 (8, 20162 2 2016-2 8, (8 2016-

Nudaurelia spp. (Saturniidae) are sporadic pests of pine plantations in South Africa. Taxonomie uncertainty exists in South Africa with this group and represents an impediment to the development and implementation of pheromone-based management tactics. Populations from the Western Cape have been described as Nudaurelia cytherea while those from KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga have been described as Nudaurelia clarki. We compared Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences from moths from the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Mpumalanga regions. We also analysed female pheromone gland extracts with gas-chromatography electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for moths from KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga. COI gene barcoding sequences were identical for moths from the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Mpumalanga regions providing preliminary evidence to suggest that these populations may be the same species. Based on the comparison to available literature, the morphology and origin of our samples suggests that pheromone analyses in this study were done on N. clarki. Male N. clarki antennae respond to two compounds in female extracts. One of these compounds was confirmed with a synthetic standard to be (Z)-dec-5-en-1-yl-3-methylbutanoate, the sex pheromone previously identified from N. cytherea. The identity of the second compound could not be confirmed. Both male and female antennae responded to four structurally related compounds in the synthetic pheromone standard. Field trials with custom-made traps confirmed attraction of N. clarki males to polydimethylsiloxane and polyisoprene lures loaded with synthetic (Z)-dec-5-en-1 -yl-3-methylbutanoate.

In Central Africa, the development of leguminous crops is accompanied by a proliferation of pests, such as seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Integrated biological control against insect pests requires a preliminary phase of early detection and monitoring of potential invasive species, which is often limited by the availability of diagnostic morphological characteristics. DNA barcoding represents a powerful molecular tool for identifying specimens, and the mitochondrial sequences produced can provide information concerning the origins of introduced species. In this study, we characterised the diversity of insect pests present in farmer storage sites and plots of common bean and pigeon pea, by using DNA barcoding of specimens sampled in the five main agricultural regions of the Republic of Congo. The cosmopolitan seed-beetle species Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was recognised as the major pest sampled on common bean. The sub-Saharan species Specularius erythraeus (Pic, 1908) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was the main species found in pigeon pea plots, sometimes co-occurring with the cosmopolitan species Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). A fourth bruchine, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833), a weevil species of the genus Apion Herbst, 1797 (Coleoptera: Brentidae) and two moth species were also identified: a species of the genus Mussidia Ragonot, 1888 (Pyralidae) and the cosmopolitan pest of stored food, Cadra cautella (Walker, 1863) (Pyralidae). These results differ from species lists compiled in the 1980s, thus providing updated knowledge concerning the pest species present in this region and fundamental information for choosing appropriate methods of control.

Resumo: As fraturas expostas da perna são lesões frequentes, suas principais complicações são infecção e dificuldade de consolidação óssea. A abordagem ortoplástica envolve a realização conjunta de princípios e práticas de ambos ases especialidades, evitando o tratamento separado dos problemas decorrentes dessas lesões graves e minimizando assim as complicações. Nosso objetivo é transmitir a importância da abordagem ortoplástica nas fraturas expostas. É relatado o caso de um paciente adulto, com fratura de perna, tíbia e fíbula expostas, necessitando de múltiplos procedimentos cirúrgicos para preservação do membro. Várias estratégias foram necessárias para curar a infecção óssea e reconstruir os tecidos moles e o osso. Foi possível começar a restaurar a função do membro desde o início, com a estimulação da mobilidade do tornozelo e do pé; com 6 semanas de evolução, concedendo cargas ao membro por meio de fixação óssea estável. Apresentou boa evolução, aos 24 meses de acompanhamento clínico y radiográfico, constatamos a satisfação do paciente e família. com um excelente resultado funcional de acordo a pontuação ASAMI. Conclui-sé que em pacientes com fraturas expostas graves, a abordagem ortoplástica é fundamental para obter melhores resultados.

Resumen: Las fracturas expuestas de pierna son lesiones frecuentes, sus principales complicaciones son la infección y la dificultad en la consolidación ósea. El abordaje ortoplástico implica llevar a cabo principios y prácticas de ambas especialidades en forma conjunta, evitando el tratamiento por separado de los problemas que surgen de estas lesiones graves y así intentar disminuir al mínimo las complicaciones. Nuestro objetivo es transmitir la importancia del enfoque ortoplástico en las fracturas expuestas. Se reporta el caso de un paciente adulto, con una fractura de pierna, tibia y peroné expuesta, que requirió múltiples procedimientos quirúrgicos en vistas a preservar el miembro. Fueron necesarias variadas estrategias para controlar la infección ósea y reconstruir las partes blandas y óseas. Con el estímulo de la movilidad del tobillo y pie, se logró comenzar a restituir la función del miembro desde el inicio; permitiendo, a las 6 semanas de evolución, el apoyo del miembro mediante una fijación ósea estable. A los 24 meses de seguimiento clínico y radiográfico evidenciamos paciente y familia satisfechos con un excelente resultado funcional según score ASAMI. Se concluye que en pacientes con fracturas expuestas graves, es clave el abordaje ortoplástico para lograr mejores resultados.

Abstract: Open leg fractures are frequent injuries; the infection and difficulty in bone healing are their main complications. The orthoplastic approach involves carrying out principles and practices of both specialties together, avoiding separate treatment of the problems that arise from these serious injuries and thus minimizing complications. The objective of the article is to convey the importance of the orthoplastic approach in open fractures. We report the case of an adult patient, with an open fractured leg, to required multiple surgical procedures to preserve the limb. Various strategies were necessary to cure the bone infection and reconstruct the soft tissue and bone. The limb function restore was possible promoting the ankle and foot mobility from the beginning and it allowed weight-bearing on the limb through stable bone fixation, at 6 weeks of evolution. We evidenced a patient and family satisfied with an excellent functional result according to the ASAMI score, at 24 moths of clinical and radiographic follow-up. It is concluding that in patients with severe open fractures, the orthoplastic approach is key to obtain better results.

Abstract A catalog of the type specimens found and a list of the species of the family Cossidae preserved in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” is presented herein. Fourteen nominal species belong to 64 type specimens are represented. The list of species is based on the examination of 475 specimens belonging to 22 genera and 53 species, within five subfamilies. In the mentioned list, the geographic distribution of each species in Argentina and other countries of America is provided. Photographs of fourteen nominal species are presented.

Resumen Este estudio incluye el catálogo de los ejemplares tipo y una lista de las especies de la familia Cossidae preservados en el Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”. Catorce especies nomina les están representadas por 64 especímenes tipo. La lista de especies se basa en la revisión de 475 ejemplares pertenecientes a 22 géneros y 53 especies, dentro de cinco subfamilias. En dicha lista, se provee la distribución geográfica de cada especie en Argentina y otros países de América. Se presentan fotografías de las catorce especies nominales.

Resumen Introducción. La variabilidad climática y los escenarios de cambio climático influencian el comportamiento de las especies y los recursos naturales. El cultivo de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) produce un alimento de alto valor nutricional básico en la canasta familiar. En Colombia, el sistema productivo se ve afectado por plagas, como la polilla guatemalteca causada por Tecia solanivora (Povolný), con pocos estudios en campo que describan su relación con el clima. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de los elementos climáticos en las poblaciones de adultos machos de T. solanivora en tres ciclos de cultivo de papa en una localidad de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. En el municipio de Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia, entre noviembre de 2015 a octubre de 2017, se localizaron trampas cebadas con feromona sexual para la captura de adultos de polilla guatemalteca en tres ciclos de cultivo de papa var Diacol capiro y se registraron: número de adultos, precipitación (mm), humedad relativa (%), temperaturas mínima, media y máxima (°C), velocidad del viento (km/h), brillo solar(h/día), índices agroclimáticos de grados día (°Cd), evapotranspiración de referencia (mm/día) e índice hídrico (IH). Se realizaron pruebas de Pearson y Dickey-Fuller, series de tiempo y correlación cruzada. Resultados. La fluctuación de adultos de T. solanivora presentó correlación positiva con la temperatura máxima, grados día y brillo solar, y correlación negativa con la precipitación (p<0,05). La temperatura máxima (20 - 23 °C ± 0,7 °C) presentó mayor significancia (p<0,05) de todas las correlaciones cruzadas con Tecia solanivora, con una relación directa al sobrepasar los coeficientes de autocorrelación, lo que incrementó la población y desplazamiento de los adultos de T. solanivora. La autocorrelación con la precipitación (62 – 128 mm ± 22 mm) presentó disminución de la población (p<0,05). Conclusiones. Las variables climáticas fueron limitantes críticas para la emergencia y supervivencia de T. solanivora.

Abstract Introduction. Climate variability and climate change scenarios influence the behavior of species and natural resources. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) crop produces a food of high nutritional value that is a staple in the family food basket. In Colombia, the production system is affected by pests, such as the Guatemalan potato moth caused by Tecia solanivora (Povolný), with few field studies describing its relationship with climate. Objective. To evaluate the effect of climatic elements on the adult male populations of T. solanivora in three potato crop cycles in a locality in Colombia. Materials and methods. In the municipality of Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia, between November 2015 and October 2017, baited traps with sexual pheromone were located for the capture of adult Guatemalan potato moths in three potato cv Diacol capiro crop cycles, and the following were recorded: number of adults, precipitation (mm), relative humidity (%), minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures (°C), wind speed (km/h), solar brightness (h/day), agroclimatic indices of degree days (°Cd), reference evapotranspiration (mm/day), and water index (HI). Pearson and Dickey-Fuller tests, time series, and cross-correlation were performed. Results. The fluctuation of adults of T. solanivora was positively correlated with maximum temperature, degree days, and solar brightness, and a negatively correlated with precipitation (p<0.05). The maximum temperature (20 - 23 °C ±0.7 °C) presented the highest significance (p<0.05) of all the cross-correlations with Tecia solanivora, with a direct relationship when exceeding the autocorrelation coefficients, which increased the population and displacement of T. solanivora adults. The autocorrelation with precipitation (62 – 128 mm ±22 mm) showed population decrease (p<0.05). Conclusions. Climatic variables were critical limiting factors for the emergence and survival of T. solanivora.

Resumen Colombia es considerado uno de los países con mayor riqueza de mariposas en el mundo, siendo el segundo después del Perú. Sin embargo, pese a ese puesto, presenta grandes zonas con un fuerte vacío de información debido a múltiples factores que han impedido su estudio. El municipio de Piamonte (Cauca) ha sido considerado como una de las regiones con mayor biodiversidad en el país, por estar en el corredor de transición andino amazónico, pero adolece de información especialmente en grupos carismáticos como las mariposas. Objetivo: determinar la riqueza de mariposas diurnas y proporcionar información parcial de algunas polillas en el municipio de Piamonte (Cauca). Metodología: con base en 20 muestreos estandarizados empleando red entomológica de mango largo, uso de trampas Van Somren Rydon con camarón en descomposición y el empleo de la técnica de Ahrenholz se obtuvo la riqueza de mariposas en el municipio. Resultados: se obtuvieron 2918 registros que corresponden 701 especies y subespecies de mariposas de las superfamilias Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea, distribuidas en seis (6) familias, 18 subfamilias y 10 familias de polillas con 78 especies para un total de 779 taxones que habitan el municipio de Piamonte. Se indican e ilustran más de 20 especies de gran importancia por su vulnerabilidad, vistosidad o rareza. Conclusiones: el municipio de Piamonte se consolida en una de las áreas con mayor riqueza de especies de mariposas en el país, que la convierten en sitio de referencia para estudiar, observar y disfrutar de estos elementos naturales en Colombia.

Abstract Colombia is considered one of the countries with the greatest wealth of butterflies in the world, being the second after Peru. However, despite this position, it presents large areas with a strong information gap due to multiple factors that have prevented its study. The municipality of Piamonte (Cauca) has been considered one of the regions with the greatest biodiversity in the country, for being in the Andean-Amazonian transition corridor, but it lacks information, especially in charismatic groups such as butterflies. Objective: To determine the richness of daytime butterflies and provide partial information on some moths in the municipality of Piamonte (Cauca). Methodology: Based on 20 standardized samplings using a long-handled entomological net, the use of Van Someren Rydon traps with decomposing shrimp, and the use of the Ahrenholz technique, the richness of butterflies in the municipality was obtained. Results: 2918 records were obtained corresponding to 701 species and subspecies of butterflies of the superfamilies Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, distributed in six (6) families, 18 subfamilies and 10 families of moths with 78 species for a total of 779 taxa that inhabit the municipality of Piedmont. More than 20 species of great importance due to their vulnerability, showiness or rarity are indicated and illustrated. Conclusions: The municipality of Piamonte is consolidated in one of the areas with the greatest wealth of butterfly species in the country, which makes it a reference site to study, observe and enjoy these natural elements in Colombia.