Abstract Avian parasites are a threat to biodiversity. Flies in the genus Philornis parasitize a wide range of avian species, often resulting in their death. However, our knowledge of their distribution and host range is limited to a few species such as Philornis downsi, as this avian vampire fly parasitizes more than 20 bird species in the Galapagos islands. Here, we report the presence of Philornis vulgaris in Mexico, widening the currently known distribution of this pest. We found P. vulgaris in Mérida, Yucatán parasitizing the Great tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus and potentially the Tropical Mockingbird, Mimus gilvus. Fledglings from both species who were out of nest were found in an urban environment. We describe the damage done by larvae to the fledglings and the potential implications of P. vulgaris parasitizing Q. mexicanus as it expands its geographical range.

Resumen Los parásitos aviares son una amenaza para la biodiversidad. Las moscas del género Philornis parasitan una amplia gama de especies de aves, lo que a menudo provoca su muerte. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre su distribución y rango de hospederos se limita a unas pocas especies como Philornis downsi, ya que esta mosca vampiro aviar parasita a más de 20 especies de aves en las islas Galápagos. Aquí, reportamos la presencia de Philornis vulgaris en México, ampliando la distribución de esta plaga. Encontramos a P. vulgaris en Mérida, Yucatán, parasitando al Zanate mexicano, Quiscalus mexicanus y potencialmente al Cenzontle Tropical, Mimus gilvus. Los polluelos volantones de ambas especies fueron encontrados en un ambiente urbano. Describimos a detalle el daño causado por las larvas a los polluelos y las posibles implicaciones de que P. vulgaris parasite a Q. mexicanus a medida que esta ave expande su área de distribución geográfica.

Abstract Musca domestica Linnaeus, (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly named the housefly, is a pest of public health importance because it is a vector of many diseases in humans and animals. Synthetic insecticide application is the primary strategy for controlling houseflies, but overreliance and misuse of these substances can adversely affect man and the environment. In addition, this fly has developed resistance to various insecticides. Blends of essential oils are natural alternatives to complement synthetic insecticides to control this pest. In this study, we compared the insecticidal effects of a blend of five commercial essential oils and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin against larvae and adults of the housefly. Additionally, we described the influence of both treatments on the development of this species when treated in the larval stage. Finally, we analyzed the chemical composition of the blend using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to correlate the biological activity with compounds present in the blend. The essential oil blend showed a higher larvicidal effect than lambda-cyhalothrin (5% active ingredient) and a similar lethal effect on adults. Both treatments caused similar deleterious effects on the life cycle of M. domestica. The chemical analysis of the blend showed the presence of terpenes, terpenoids, and one hydrocarbon. Differences were observed in the chemical composition of the headspace of the blend accordingly to the sampling method. We discuss our findings in terms of an integrated vector management framework.

Resumen Musca domestica Linnaeus, (Diptera: Muscidae) llamada mosca común o doméstica, es una plaga de importancia para la salud pública porque es vector de muchas enfermedades en humanos y animales. La aplicación de insecticidas sintéticos es la principal estrategia para controlar a estas moscas, pero el uso excesivo e indebido de estas sustancias pueden tener efectos adversos para el hombre y el medio ambiente. Además, esta mosca ha desarrollado resistencia a diversos insecticidas. Las mezclas de aceites esenciales son alternativas naturales para complementar el uso de insecticidas sintéticos para el control de esta plaga. En este estudio, comparamos los efectos insecticidas de una mezcla de cinco aceites esenciales comerciales y del piretroide lambda-cialotrina contra larvas y adultos de la mosca común. Además, describimos la influencia que tienen ambos tratamientos en el desarrollo de esta especie cuando fue tratado en el estado larval. Finalmente, analizamos la composición química de la mezcla mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM), para correlacionar la actividad biológica con los compuestos presentes en la mezcla. La mezcla de aceites esenciales mostró un mayor efecto larvicida en comparación con la lambda-cialotrina (5% de ingrediente activo) y mostró un efecto letal similar en los adultos. Ambos tratamientos provocaron efectos nocivos similares en el ciclo de vida de M. domestica. El análisis químico de la mezcla mostró la presencia de terpenos, terpenoides y un hidrocarburo. Encontramos diferencias en la composición química de los volátiles de la mezcla según el método de muestreo. Discutimos nuestros hallazgos en términos del manejo integrado de vectores.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los aspectos sinantrópicos y ecológicos de las especies de muscidae en el municipio de Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Alcance: Promover el conocimiento de la diversidad de Muscidae en la Amazonía Andina colombiana, dada su importancia médica, forense y ecológica. Metodología: Este estudio evaluó el índice de sinantropía y aspectos ecológicos de las especies de Muscidae en Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. El muestreo se realizó mensualmente durante seis meses, en tres hábitats (urbano, rural y bosque) utilizando trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con pescado, vísceras de pollo, cebolla en descomposición y heces humanas. Se instalaron cuatro trampas (una por atrayente) en cada hábitat durante 48 horas al mes. Las muestras se recolectaron cada 12 horas. Se calculó el índice sinantrópico. Resultados: En total se recolectaron 4916 especímenes de 21 especies y ocho géneros, 11 son nuevos registros para Colombia: Chaetagenia stigmatica, Graphomya maculata, Morellia dendropanasis, Morellia hirtitibia, Morellia lopesae, Ophyra. capensis, Philornis falsificus, Philornis masoni, Philornis schildi, Philornis setinervis, Polietina flavithorax. Las especies con mayor índice sinantrópico que mostraron una fuerte preferencia por los asentamientos humanos fueron Morellia violacea, M. basalis, M. dendropanasis y Ophyra capensis. Las especies más abundantes fueron Biopyrellia bipuncta, Cyrtoneuropsis gemina and M. violacea, las tres mostraron preferencia por los asentamientos humanos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que estas especies pueden usarse como indicadores ecológicos de perturbación en los bosques húmedos de Colombia.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this research was to analyze the synanthropic and ecological aspects of the Muscidae species in the municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. Scope: Promote knowledge of the diversity of Muscidae in the Colombian Andean Amazon, given their medical, forensic, and ecological importance. Methodology: Sampling was conducted monthly over six months, in three habitats (urban, rural, and forest) using Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with fish, chicken viscera, decomposing onion, and human feces. Four traps (one per bait) were installed in each habitat for 48 hours each month. Samples were collected every 12 hours. Results: The synanthropic index was calculated. A total of 4,916 specimens from 21 species and eight genera were collected, 11 of them are new records in Colombia: Chaetagenia stigmatica, Graphomya maculata, Morellia dendropanasis, Morellia hirtitibia, Morellia lopesae, Ophyra capensis, Philornis falsificus, Philornis masoni, Philornis schildi, Philornis setinervis, Polietina flavithorax. The species with the highest synanthropic index that showed strong preference for dense human settlements were Morellia violacea, M. basalis, M. dendropanasis, and Ophyra capensis. The most abundant species were Biopyrellia bipuncta, Cyrtoneuropsis gemina and M. violacea, all three evidenced a preference for human settlements. Conclusions: These results suggest that certain species can be used as ecological indicators of disturbance in humid forests in Colombia.

Resumo Moscas necrófagas possuem grande importância para a sanidade humana e animal. Onde estas se desenvolvem ocorrem parasitoides que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas para o controle desses dípteros. No Brasil, a fauna desses parasitoides vem sendo investigada em algumas regiões e no Rio Grande do Sul é conhecida a ocorrência de apenas uma espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi criar a primeira lista de espécies de parasitoides de moscas de importância médica e veterinária ocorrentes no extremo sul do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas no município de Pelotas (31º 42’ S; 52º 18’ O). Foram montadas três réplicas de bandejas contendo, cada uma, 500 g de fígado bovino, expostas ao ar livre durante 20 dias. Na sequência, as pupas foram individualizadas e observadas até a emergência. Foram identificados 4.882 adultos pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae. Emergiram 4.040 parasitoides, pertencentes a oito espécies, das quais Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis e Tachinephagus zealandicus são novas ocorrências para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas três espécies ainda não descritas do gênero Aphaereta. Apesar de ainda ser um primeiro esforço de inventariar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides, este estudo pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de manejos desses dípteros na região.

Abstract Necrophagous flies are of great importance for human and animal health. In places where their development occurs, parasitoids can be used as a tool to control these dipterans. In Brazil, the fauna of these parasitoids has been investigated in some regions. However, in Rio Grande do Sul, it is known the occurrence of only one species. Thus, this study aimed to create the first list of parasitoids in flies of medical and veterinary importance in Southern Brazil. Collections took place in the municipality of Pelotas (31º 42’ S; 52º 18’ W). Three replicates consisting of a 500 g bovine liver chunk placed in a tray were exposed to open air for 20 days. Then pupae were individualized and observed until their emergence. We identified 4,882 adult flies of Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. 4,040 parasitoids emerged, belonging to eight species, of which Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis, and Tachinephagus zealandicus are new records in Rio Grande do Sul state. Also, three undescribed species of the genus Aphaereta were collected. In spite of being the first attempt to inventory the fauna of hymenopteran parasitoids, this study may help in the development of management programs of these dipterans in the region.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la composición, riqueza y abundancia relativa de especies de las comunidades de Calliphoridae, Muscidae y Fanniidae en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, y se examinó cómo estas características son afectadas por las condiciones estacionales y antropogénicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante 2014 y 2015 en trece sitios con diferentes niveles de urbanización, comparando las estaciones de verano cálido-húmedo e invierno frío-seco. Se recolectaron moscas adultas en cada sitio utilizando dos trampas cebadas con harina de hueso hidratada. Se recogieron 1683 moscas, pertenecientes a doce géneros y 22 especies. Varias de las especies recolectadas son relevantes en las ciencias forenses. Las especies más frecuentes fueron Hydrotaea aenescens (Muscidae) y Fannia fusconotata (Fanniidae). No se observaron diferencias en la riqueza ni en las abundancias relativas entre los sitios urbanos centrales y los sitios suburbanos periféricos; sin embargo, la riqueza se correlacionó con la densidad de construcción local (250 m de área buffer). La composición por especies difirió entre los sitios urbanos y suburbanos. Las abundancias relativas por especie fueron más uniformes en verano. Las disparidades en los ensambles se debieron principalmente a las diferencias en las abundancias relativas de algunas especies, lo que refleja su adaptabilidad a paisajes con diferente urbanización. Independientemente de la estación del año o de la densidad de urbanización, la riqueza de especies y el número efectivo de especies fueron mayores en las trampas al sol que a la sombra. Estos resultados sugieren que en la ciudad de Córdoba tanto el paisaje como los factores locales explican las variaciones en la comunidad de moscas necrófagas.

ABSTRACT Species composition, richness, and relative abundance of the communities of Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Fanniidae in Córdoba city, Argentina was assessed, and how these characteristics are affected by seasonal and anthropogenic conditions was studied. The study was carried out in thirteen sites with various levels of urbanization during 2014 and 2015, comparing two seasons: the warmer-wet summer and the cold-dry winter. Adult flies were collected in each site using two traps baited with hydrated bone meal. A total of 1683 flies were collected, belonging to twelve genera and 22 species. Several of the species collected are relevant to forensic sciences. The most frequent species were Hydrotaea aenescens (Muscidae) and Fannia fusconotata (Fanniidae). No differences in necrophagous fly richness or relative abundances between the central urban sites and the periphery suburban sites were observed; however, richness was significantly correlated with local (250 m buffer area) built-up density. Species composition differed between the urban and suburban sites. Seasonal differences were also detected: the relative abundances per species were more even in the summer. Dissimilarities in the assemblages were mainly due to differences in the relative abundances of some species, reflecting their adaptability to landscapes with different degree of urbanization. Regardless of season or urbanization density, species richness and effective number of species were higher in traps placed in the sun as opposed to shade. Taken together, these results suggest that in Córdoba city both landscape and local factors explain variations in the necrophagous fly community.

Resumen Muchas especies de artrópodos principalmente moscas (Diptera) y sus ácaros foréticos son atraídos por la carroña. Este es el primer registro de ácaros foréticos y parásitos Leptus sp., Macrocheles muscaedomesticae y Longoseius brachypoda, en moscas necrófagas en Brasil.

Abstract Many arthropod species, mainly flies (Diptera) and their phoretic mites are attracted by carrion. This is the first record of phoretic and parasitic mites Leptus sp., Macrocheles muscaedomesticae and Longoseius brachypoda associated with necrophagous flies in Brazil.

Abstract: Both biotic and abiotic factors have been highlighted as negative for nesting success in birds, including predation, natural phenomena and emerging diseases. However, birds are also susceptible to endo- and ectoparasites. Diptera are the most common parasites, being families as Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Piophilidae the more reported as bird parasites. The genus Philornis (Muscidae) is closely related to birds, causing a negative impact on nestlings and their development. In hummingbirds the presence of Philornis has been reported in nestlings of Glaucis hirsuta, Thalurania glaucopis and Eupetomena macroura. In this study, we recorded the presence of Philornis bellus in nestlings of Amazilia rutila, Cynanthus latirostris, and Chlorostilbon auriceps in a tropical dry forest. Cynanthus latirostris presented the highest larvae number and A. rutila the lowest. Although it has been affirmed that more than 7 larvae are lethal for birds, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies and to consider a systematic monitoring of nests to determine the population-level effects of these parasites.

Resumen: Tanto factores bióticos como abióticos se han resaltado como negativos para el éxito de la anidación en las aves, destacando entre ellos la depredación, fenómenos naturales y enfermedades emergentes. Sin embargo, las aves también suelen ser muy susceptibles a los endo- y ectoparásitos. Los dípteros son los parásitos más comunes, y se encuentran las familias Calliphoridae, Muscidae y Piophilidae. El género Philornis (Muscidae) está estrechamente relacionado con las aves, causando un impacto negativo en las nidadas y en el desarrollo de los pichones. En colibríes se ha reportado la presencia de Philornis en Glaucis hirsuta, Thalurania glaucopis y Eupetomena macroura. En nuestro estudio reportamos la presencia de Philornis bellus en pollos de Amazilia rutila, Cynanthus latirostris y Chlorostilbon auriceps en una selva baja. Cynanthus latirostris presentó el mayor número de larvas y A. rutila presentó menor número. Aunque se ha afirmado que un número mayor de 7 larvas resulta letal, para hacer tal aseveración es necesario hacer estudios experimentales, así como considerar un monitoreo sistemático en mayor número de nidos para determinar el efecto a nivel poblacional de estos parásitos.

El uso de moscas y otros artrópodos como evidencia para calcular la data de muerte de un cuerpo en estado avanzado de putrefacción, se conoce como entomología forense, una disciplina auxiliar de las ciencias forenses. La presencia de larvas sobre el cuerpo humano sin vida, permite al entomólogo forense apoyar al patólogo, estableciendo los márgenes mínimo de tiempo de muerte transcurridos desde la llegada de los insectos al cuerpo hasta el momento del hallazgo. En este estudio, se presenta un listado de dípteros de importancia médico legal colectadas en las adyacencias de la morgue del Hospital Adolfo Prince Lara, municipio Puerto Cabello. En los meses enero-marzo 2012 se realizaron tres colectas, una por mes. Las moscas se capturaron con el uso de una malla entomológica utilizando como cebo 500 g de hígado de res en estado cromático de descomposición. En cada colecta se tomaron datos de temperatura y humedad relativa (promedio = 30ºC y 48%, respectivamente). Se recolectaron un total de 257 individuos correspondientes a las familias Piophilidae (1,1%), Sarcophagidae (4,1%), Phoridae (10,2%), Muscidae (32,3%) y Calliphoridae (52,3%).Sin embargo, la especie más representativa durante el muestreo en las adyacencias del hospital fue L. cuprina, seguida de C. megacephala.

The use of flies and other arthropods as evidence to estimate the time of death of a body in an advanced state of putrefaction, known as forensic entomology, an auxiliary discipline of forensic science. The presence of larvae on the human body lifeless, allows the forensic entomologist support the pathologist, establishing minimum time frames death since the arrival of the insects to the body until the moment of discovery. In this study, a list of Diptera of forensic importance collected in the vicinity of the hospital Adolfo Prince Lara, Puerto Cabello morgue are presented. In the months January to March 2012 were made three collections, one per month. Using 500 g of beef liver decomposed (in chromatics stage) the flies were taken temperature and relative humidity (mean = 30 and 48%, respectively). A total of 257 individuals corresponding to families Piophilidae (1.1%), Sarcophagidae (4.1%), Phoridae (10.2%), Muscidae (32.3%) and Calliphoridae (52.3%). However, the most representative species during sampling in the vicinity of the was L. cuprina, followed by C. megacephala.

Nesta contribuição, nós comparamos o padrão de sucessão entomológica de uma carcaça carbonizada com outra não carbonizada. Para tal, nós usamos carcaças de porcos domésticos e focamos nos dípteros Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae, por estes serem os grupos de insetos mais comumente usados na estimativa do intervalo pós-morte. Moscas adultas e seus imaturos foram coletados diariamente. Um total de 27 espécies e 2.498 espécimes foi coletado, 1.295 espécimes de 26 espécies na carcaça parcialmente carbonizada e 1.203 espécimes de 22 espécies na carcaça controle (não carbonizada). A composição específica das duas amostras foi diferente e os cálculos de similaridade resultantes foram 0,875 pelo índice de Sorensen e 0,756 pelo índice de Bray-Curtis. Os resultados obtidos para ambas as carcaças também diferiram em relação ao processo de decomposição, indicando que o intervalo pós-morte poderia ser subestimado se o padrão de sucessão entomológica observado na decomposição de uma carcaça sob condições normais fosse aplicado a uma carcaça carbonizada.

In the present contribution we compared the entomological succession pattern of a burned carcass with that of an unburned one. For that, we used domestic pig carcasses and focused on Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae flies, because they are the ones most commonly used in Postmortem Interval estimates. Adult and immature flies were collected daily. A total of 27 species and 2,498 specimens were collected, 1,295 specimens of 26 species from the partially burned carcass and 1,203 specimens of 22 species from the control carcass (unburned). The species composition in the two samples differed, and the results of the similarity measures were 0.875 by Sorensen and 0.756 by Bray-Curtis index. The results obtained for both carcasses also differ with respect to the decomposition process, indicating that the post mortem interval would be underestimated if the entomological succession pattern observed for a carcass under normal conditions was applied to a carbonized carcass.

Este trabalho discute o uso da análise de frequência de moscas das famílias Calliphoridae e Muscidae na avaliação do impacto da implantação de programas de coleta seletiva de lixo urbano. Para isto, utilizou-se do estudo de caso de Tupã, município paulista, em duas fases distintas: fase 1 - compreendida entre os meses de junho e outubro de 2001, período caracterizado pela presença do lixão e; fase 2 - entre os meses de novembro de 2001 a maio de 2002, caracterizada pelo início da implantação do processo de coleta seletiva e reciclagem e aterramento gradativo do lixão. Procedeu-se a captura dos insetos com dez armadilhas confeccionadas com garrafas plásticas, de dois litros, do tipo PET, alocadas em residências e árvores ao redor do lixão. Como atrativo utilizou-se aproximadamente 400 ml de vinhaça de cana de açúcar, substituída semanalmente no ato da colheita. Nas duas fases da pesquisa, observou-se que a família mais frequente e constante foi a Calliphoridae.  Houve correlação positiva, antes da coleta seletiva, entre o número de califorídeos e a precipitação pluviométrica (0,638) e, entre o número de muscídeos e a temperatura média (0,605). Após a coleta, o mesmo não foi observado. O programa de coleta seletiva implantado nesse município paulista resultou em diminuição significativa na frequência de dípteros e a análise da flutuação de califorídeos e muscídeos demonstrou-se como um eficiente indicador de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental.

The present paper discusses the importance of analysing the frequency of flies of the Muscidae and Calliphoridae family, evaluating the impact of the implementation of urban garbage collection’s programs. It was examined the case study of the city Tupa – Sao Paulo’s State- which was divided in two distinct phases: phase 1 – between June and October of 2001, characterized by the presence of landfill and; phase 2 – from November of 2001 to May of 2002, characterized by the beginning of the implementation of selective collection and recycling and gradual dump grouding. The procedure for the capture of the insects was made with ten traps made with two-liter plastics bottles placed in houses and trees around the landfill. As an attractive, 400 mL of spill from sugar cane was used and replaced weekly. In both phases of the research was observed that the most frequent and constant family was the Calliphoridae. There was a positive correlation before the selective collection between the number of Calliphoridae and the rainfall (0,638) and the number of muscideos and the average temperature (0,605). After the collection program started, this correlation was not observed any more. To conclude, the program of selective collection implanted in the city of Tupa resulted in a decrease in the frequency of diptera. The analysis of the Callidoridae and Muscidae float demonstrated to be an efficient indicator of the environmental quality.

In temperate studies on carrion flies assemblages is widely accepted that Calliphoridae followed by Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Fanniidae are the most abundant families in terms of abundance. In the Neotropical region, consideration on this matter had been little studied. During a one-year survey, the abundance variation of these families assemblage of carrion flies in an anthropized Andean valley located in the province of Antioquia, was studied. From February 2010 to February 2011 two monthly sampling per site were performed, Van Someren Rydon traps baited with fish and chicken were settled in four localities, one per cardinal point with different landscape use. A total number of 33838 flies were collected distributed as follow: Calliphoridae (39%), Sarcophagidae (23%), Fanniidae (18%), Muscidae (16%), and small fraction of other dipteran families (4%). This trend in the families abundance was observed during the complete year except in May, March and August when sarcophagids were the most abundant. It is remarkable the alternate half-year abundance of Muscidae and Fannidae. No significance differences in flies' abundance were observed according the climatic season, and sampling locality. Differences in flies abundance were found by month sampled where an increase pattern in the last months were evident. Differences also were found in family rank assessed, being Calliphoridae the most frequent. Accumulate number of Sarcophagidae contrast with others studies in tropical ecosystem where the second more frequent family is Muscidae probably due to the type and decomposition stage of the bait.

Estudios sobre el ensamblaje de moscas descomponedoras en regiones templadas, registran a las familias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae y Fanniidae como las más importantes de acuerdo con su abundancia. Se estudia la variación mensual de la abundancia de las familias mencionadas en el ensamblaje de moscas carroñeras del Valle del Aburrá, departamento de Antioquia. Se realizaron dos muestreos mensuales durante un año, utilizando trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con vísceras de pollo y cabeza de pescado en los 4 puntos cardinales y cada uno con diferente vocación de uso. Se encontró un total de 33834 moscas, Calliphoridae (39%), Sarcophagidae (23%), Fanniidae (18%), Muscidae (16%), otras familias (4%). La tendencia de sus frecuencias se mantuvo a través del año excepto en marzo, mayo y agosto donde la familia más abundante fue Sarcophagidae; se destaca la alternancia semestral de la abundancia de Muscidae y Fanniidae durante el año. No se evidencian diferencias significativas de abundancia entre época climática, ni entre las localidades de muestreo y sí por mes de muestreo en donde se evidencia un comportamiento creciente, se encontraron diferencias significativas según la familia siendo Calliphoridae la más frecuente. La proporción acumulada de la familia Sarcophagidae durante el año contrasta con los resultados de otros estudios en ambientes tropicales donde la familia Muscidae es la segunda más frecuente; esta variación podría deberse al tipo diferente de cebo utilizado y a su estado de descomposición.

As moscas sinantrópicas se destacam pelo fato de serem relativamente abundantes junto à população humana e animais domésticos, podendo causar a estes miíases ou transmitir agentes patogênicos. Por serem necrófagas, atuam na decomposição de cadáveres e são úteis para a entomologia forense como indicadores na determinação do intervalo post mortem - IPM. Este trabalho visou conhecer a diversidade e a abundância das espécies em Campo Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. As capturas foram realizadas semanalmente, com três armadilhas, utilizando isca de peixe deteriorado, durante o período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009 em mata ciliar remanescente na fazenda experimental da Embrapa Gado de Corte. Foram consideradas as seguintes famílias de dípteros, seguidas pelo número de exemplares obtidos: Calliphoridae (105.334); Muscidae (27.999); Sarcophagidae (21.083); Fanniidae (17.759) e Mesembrinellidae (305), totalizando 172.480 dípteros. Foram acrescentadas às espécies de Muscidae já notificadas para o local deste estudo: Neomuscina atincticosta, Pseudoptilolepis elbida, Polietina orbitalis, Polietina flavithorax, Scutellomusca scutellaris, Graphomya analis e Morellia couriae.

Synanthropic flies outstanding beside other flies due their relative abundance close to domestic animals and human population, to which they are able to cause myiasis or transmit pathogenic agents. As they're necrophagous they act as corpse decomposers and are useful in the forensic entomology in the post mortem interval determination. This study aimed to know flies diversity and abundance in Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Captures were made weekly, utilizing three traps baited with decaying fish meat, from June of 2008 to May of 2009 in a remainder ciliary forest of the Embrapa's Cattle Beef Experimental Farm. The dipterans families that were considered and respectively number of collected specimens were: Calliphoridae (105,334); Muscidae (27,999); Sarcophagidae (21,083); Fanniidae (17,759) and Mesembrinellidae (305), totalizing 172,480 dipterous. To the local known species some Muscidae were increased as follows: Neomuscina atincticosta, Pseudoptilolepis elbida, Polietina orbitalis, Polietina flavithorax, Scutellomusca scutellaris, Graphomya analis and Morellia couriae.

Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência, tempo de desenvolvimento e medidas morfológicas de imaturos de Ophyra aenescens e Ophyra albuquerquei em dietas compostas com diferentes proporções de proteínas e carboidratos. Estas dietas foram oferecidas para cada espécie em 10 frascos contendo 30 ovos cada que foram acondicionados em câmara de germinação a 30ºC, UR entre 75% e 90%, fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Para avaliação do padrão de sobrevivência, um frasco foi retirado da câmara diariamente e foi realizada contagem dos indivíduos vivos. No décimo dia foi avaliado o comprimento do esqueleto céfalo-faríngeo (EC) e o tamanho do corpo (G) das larvas que sobreviveram. O esqueleto céfalo-faríngeo (P<0,01) e o tamanho do corpo (P<0,01) apresentaram os mesmos tamanhos nas dietas com maior teor de proteínas, diferenciando-se nas outras dietas. O padrão de sobrevivência foi mais acentuado em O. albuquerquei do que em O. aenescens (P<0,001), enquanto nas dietas com mais proteínas a mortalidade foi menor que nas dietas com menos (P<0,001).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival, development time and morphological measures of immature Ophyra aenescens and Ophyra albuquerquei on different diets. Different proportions of protein and carbohydrates were offered for each species in 10 vials containing 30 eggs each. The vials were placed in a germination chamber at 30°C, relative humidity above 75% and photoperiod of 12 hours. Every day a vial was removed and mortality was evaluated and on the tenth day the length of the cephalic-pharyngeal skeleton (EC) and body size (G) of larvae that survived were evaluated. Survival was higher in diets with more protein (P<0.001). Between the species, mortality was more pronounced in O. albuquerquei in all diets (P<0.001). The EC (P<0.01) and G (P<0.01) showed the same sizes in the diets with higher protein content. For the production of pupae of these species, the diet with more protein and fewer components is more appropriate, and the production is higher in O. aenescens than in O. albuquerquei.

Objetivo: Se describe el hallazgo de Sarcopromusca pruna (S. pruna) como forético de huevos Dermatobia hominis (D. hominis) ectoparásito comúnmente conocido en Colombia como "nuche". Metódo: las moscas foréticas fueron capturadas en una vereda del municipio de San Rafael (Antioquia) usando trampas de intercepción tipo Malaise instaladas durante los meses de junio a agosto de 2004. Cada espécimen de Sarcopromusca transportaba un número mínimo de 19 y en algunos casos hasta 23 huevos de D. hominis en el lado derecho o en el izquierdo de la región abdominal. Resultados y conclusión: este es un nuevo reporte de S. pruna como forético de huevos de Dermatobia hominis en Colombia.

Objective: the finding of Sarcopromusca pruna as a phoretic for Dermatobia hominis eggs is described here. The later is a frequent cattle ectoparasite (human botfly) known as "nuche" in Colombia. Methods: the phoretic flies were captured in a village at San Rafael municipality (Antioquia) using Malaise-typetraps installed during the months of June to August, 2004. Each Sarcopromusca specimen carried a minimum of 19 and, in some cases, up to 23 eggs of D. hominis on the right or left side of the abdominal region. Results and conclusion:This is a new report of Sarcopromusca pruna behaving as a phoretic fly for Dermatobia hominis eggs observed in Colombia.

Objetivo: relatamos a descoberta de Sarcopromusca pruna (S. pruna) como forético dos ovos de Dermatobia hominis (D. hominis), ectoparasita comumente conhecido na Colômbia como "nuche" e no Brasil como "mosca-varejeira". Métodos: as moscas foréticas foram capturadas no município de San Rafael (Antioquia), utilizando armadilhas de intercepção tipo Malaise instaladas durante os meses de junho a agosto de 2004. Cada espécime Sarcopromusca carregava entre 19 e 23 ovos de D. hominis no lado direito ou esquerdo da região abdominal. Resultados y conclusões: este é um novo reporte da S. pruna como forético de ovos de Dermatobia hominis na Colômbia.

The synanthropic index and other ecological aspects of the Muscidae family were evaluated through simultaneous monthly sampling in three different environments (urban, rural and forest) using van Someren-Rydon traps baited with human faeces, chicken viscera and decomposing fish and onion. Four traps were set up in each environment (one per bait item) for 48 hours per month, with samples taken every 12 hours. A total of 5726 specimens were collected, belonging to 19 species and 13 genera. Brontaea normata (+99,9), Brontaea quadristigma (+96,9), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (+96,5), Ophyra aenescens (+96,2), Musca domestica (+95,7) and Atherigona orientalis (+93,8) had the highest synanthropic indices, showing a marked preference for human environments. The most abundant species were B. normata (24,31%), Biopyrellia bipuncta (20,60%) and Pseudoptilolepis nigripoda (15,82%), the latter two showed a preference for uninhabited areas. A total of 11 new records for Colombia were found: Ophyra aenescens, Cyrtoneuropsis pararescita, Morellia basalis, Neomuscina dorsipuncta, Biopyrellia bipuncta, Pseudoptilolepis nigripoda, Neomuscina instabilis, Neomuscina currani, Polietina orbitalis, Neomuscina pictipennis and Cyrtoneuropsis maculipennis. Except for the first four species, the remainder presented negative synantrophy indexes (from minor to major), which would allow to use them as ecological indicators of the disturbance degree of dry forests in Colombia.

Se evaluó el índice de sinantropía al igual que otros aspectos ecológicos de la familia Muscidae, mediante muestreos mensuales simultáneos en tres ambientes (urbano, rural y bosque), para lo cual se utilizaron trampas van Someren Rydon cebadas con excremento humano, vísceras de pollo, pescado y cebolla en descomposición. En cada zona se instalaron cuatro trampas (una por atrayente), durante 48 horas cada mes, realizando colectas cada 12 horas. Se colectaron 5726 ejemplares pertenecientes a 19 especies y 13 géneros. Brontaea normata (+99,9), Brontaea quadristigma (+96,9), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (+96,5), Ophyra aenescens (+96,2), Musca domestica (+95,7) y Atherigona orientalis (+93,8), presentaron los índices de sinantropía mas altos, mostrando una marcada preferencia por los ambientes humanos. Las especies más abundante fueron B. normata (24,31%), Biopyrellia bipuncta (20,60%) y Pseudoptilolepis nigripoda (15,82%), las dos últimas con preferencia por áreas deshabitadas. Se encontraron un total de 11 reportes nuevos para Colombia: Ophyra aenescens, Cyrtoneuropsis pararescita, Morellia basalis, Neomuscina dorsipuncta, Biopyrellia bipuncta, Pseudoptilolepis nigripoda, Neomuscina instabilis, Neomuscina currani, Polietina orbitalis, Neomuscina pictipennis y Cyrtoneuropsis maculipennis. Exceptuando las primeras cuatro especies, las restantes presentaron índices de sinantropía bajos (de menor a mayor), lo que permitiría usarlas como indicadores ecológicos del grado de perturbación de los bosques secos en Colombia.