Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

RESUMEN Colombia es el noveno productor de pitahaya amarilla en el mundo y el Departamento de Boyacá es el mayor productor con 440 hectáreas plantadas. Los fitopatógenos bacterianos pueden causar pérdidas de frutos de pitahaya y bajos rendimientos al producir la pudrición blanda de los tallos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar e identificar posibles agentes de enfermedades bacterianas de la pitahaya en Boyacá, Colombia. Trece (13) fincas de la región fueron seleccionadas para la toma de 20 muestras mediante un muestreo dirigido y al azar de tejidos de tallo y frutos con síntomas de pudrición blanda en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Se realizó un proceso de aislamiento microbiológico, identificación bioquímica y taxonómica molecular de las bacterias aisladas. Las secuencias del gen ARNr 16s de la región V2-V5 fueron editadas mediante la eliminación de los primers, ensamblaje y obtención de la secuencia consenso de los primers 1100R-337F y 800R -518F. El análisis filogenético fue hecho por BLAST en el NCBI, por las herramientas "Classifier" y "SeqMatch", del sitio Web del RDP y se realizaron árboles filogenéticos mediante alineamiento múltiple usando el algoritmo MUSCLE y el método de distancias de Tamura Nei. Se registraron signos como ampollas y fluidos mucilaginosos, síntomas como manchas cloróticas amarillas y marrones, pudrición blanda y licuefacción, y se reportaron posibles vectores como moscas y hormigas. Veinticinco (25) morfotipos de bacterias fueron clasificados en 4 filos, 8 familias y 13 géneros. El análisis de las secuencias del gen ARNr 16S de las cepas bacterianas mostró una identidad del 98 al 100% con Enterobacter cloacae, Pectobacterium carotovora y Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, reportados en otros estudios como causantes de la pudrición blanda del tallo y fruto de pitahaya. Se reportaron nuevas especies como posibles bacterias patógenas de pitahaya: Pantoea cypripedii, Kluyvera intermedia y Klebsiella oxytoca. Los ensayos de infectividad no arrojaron resultados positivos. La microbiota identificada en los estadios de la fase necrotrofa o final de la pudrición blanda del tallo podría estar conformada por los géneros Achromobacter, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas y Microbacterium. En la mosca Leptoglossus zonatus asociada al cultivo se identificó Pseudomonas fulva y Lysinibacillus fusiformis. Este es el primer registro oficial de un complejo de posibles bacterias fitopatógenas del orden Enterobacterales (familia Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae y Pectobacteriaceae) en síntomas por enfermedad bacteriana en cultivos colombianos de pitahaya. La identificación de las bacterias de un pato-sistema puede orientar las prácticas de control químico y biológico con el fin de incrementar el potencial productivo y de exportación de los cultivos exóticos y huérfanos de las pequeñas fincas locales.

ABSTRACT Colombia is the ninth largest producer of dragon fruit in the world and the department of Boyacá is the largest with 440 hectares planted. Bacterial phytopathogens can cause pitahaya fruit losses and low yields by producing stem soft rot. This research aimed to study and identified possible agents of bacterial diseases of pitahaya in Boyacá, Colombia. Thirteen farms in the region were selected to take 20 samples by means of a targeted and random sampling of stem and fruit tissues with soft rot symptoms in the early stages of the disease. A process of microbiological isolation, biochemical and molecular taxonomic identification of the isolated bacteria. The 16s rRNA gene sequences of the V2-V5 region were edited by removing the primers, assembling and obtaining the consensus sequence of the primers 1100R-337F and 800R -518F. The phylogenetic analysis was performed by BLAST at NCBI, using the "Classifier" and "SeqMatch" tools from the RDP website, and phylogenetic trees were created by multiple alignment using the MUSCLE algorithm and the Tamura Nei distance method was performed. Signs like blisters and mucilaginous fluids, symptoms like yellow and brown chlorotic spots, soft rot, and liquefaction were identified, and possible vectors like flies and ants were report. Twenty-five bacterial morphotypes were identified classifieds in 4 phyla, 9 families and 13 genera. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial strains showed a 98 to 100% identity with Enterobacter cloacae, Pectobacterium carotovora and Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, reported in other studies as causing the soft rot of the pitahaya stem and fruit. New species were reported as possible pathogenic bacteria of pitahaya: Pantoea cypripedii, Kluyvera intermedia and Klebsiella oxytoca. Infectivity assays did not have positive results. The microbiota identified in the stages of the necrotrophic phase or final stage of soft rot of the stem belong to the genera Achromobacter, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas and Microbacterium. In the fly Leptoglossus zonatus associated with the crop were identified Pseudomonas fulva and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were identified. This is also the first official report of a complex of possible phytopathogen bacteria of the order Enterobacterales (Enterobacteriacea, Erwiniaceae and Pectobacteriaceae family) in symptoms by bacterial disease on pitahaya Colombian crops. Identification of the bacteria in a pathogenic system can guide chemical and biological control practices in order to increase the productive and export potential of exotic and orphan crops from small local farmings.

Resumen La piña, Ananas comosus, es uno de los cultivos de mayor importancia en Costa Rica, produciendo un prominente 1,7 % del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) nacional; sin embargo, metodologías actuales para tratar los residuos de las hojas de las plantas pueden causar potenciales problemas en la salud pública debido a proliferación de moscas, además de contaminación ambiental y aporte a los gases de efecto invernadero. El objetivo del presente estudio fue la utilización del jugo de las hojas de la planta de piña para evaluar la producción de biogás en combinación con gallinaza como sustratos. Se realizaron pruebas de potencial de biometano con distintas concentraciones de jugo y gallinaza (70/30, 80/20 y 90/10), así como pruebas con cada sustrato de manera independiente. Los resultados muestran que mayores cantidades de biogás se produjeron en los sistemas con proporciones de 80/20 y 70/30. Adicionalmente, se realizó una estimación de la inversión requerida, con el fin de realizar un estudio tecno-económico mediante la metodología de Peters y Timmerhaus. Del análisis tecno-económico, se concluye que el proceso es altamente rentable, con un período de retorno de inversión de 2,3 años.

Resumen La entomotoxicología forense, que analiza insectos necrófagos para detectar sustancias tóxicas, es crucial en la determinación de causas de muerte y la estimación del intervalo post-mortem. Este estudio se centró en Peckia intermutans (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) como marcador para la detección de metanol, un alcohol potencialmente letal presente como adulterante en bebidas alcohólicas debido a su bajo costo y parecido con el etanol. Se desarrolló un método de cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (HS-GC-MS) para detectar metanol y se estudió su efecto sobre el tiempo de desarrollo, supervivencia y morfología de las moscas de la carne. Las larvas se criaron en sustratos de hígado enriquecidos con metanol (300, 500 y 1000 mg/kg). Los resultados mostraron: el método desarrollado detectó metanol en todos los estadios; el metanol afectó el tiempo de desarrollo de las moscas; la supervivencia aumentó con una mayor concentración de metanol; y los cambios morfológicos fueron evidentes en el peso. Este estudio ofrece valiosa información sobre la investigación entomotoxicológica del Ecuador, por lo que se debe considerar los cambios morfológicos de P. intermutans para evitar estimaciones inexactas de los intervalos post-mortem.

Abstract Forensic entomotoxicology, which analyzes necrophagous insects to detect toxic substances, is crucial in determining causes of death and estimating the post-mortem interval. This study focused on Peckia intermutans (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) as a marker for detecting methanol, a potentially lethal alcohol often added as an adulterant in alcoholic beverages due to its low cost and similarity to ethanol. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) method was developed to detect methanol, and its effects on the development time, survival, and morphology of flesh flies were investigated. Larvae were reared on liver substrates enriched with methanol (300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). Results showed: the developed method detected methanol in all instars; methanol affected the developmental time of the flies; survival increased with higher methanol concentration; and morphological changes were evident in weight. This study provides valuable information on entomotoxicological research in Ecuador, emphasizing the need to consider morphological changes in P. intermutans to avoid inaccurate estimations of post-mortem intervals.

Abstract Species of the genus Anastrepha cause injuries to several fruits and vegetables in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Among these species, many are present in Brazil. In this study, we surveyed the existing Anastrepha species in the Brazilian Chaco Biome. We evaluated possible influences of climate and vegetation on the occurrence of Anastrepha spp. For this, we used traps and hydrolyzed protein as bait. Collections were carried out in three distinct floristic compositions in the Chaco biome, from permanently dry areas to flooded sites. We identified Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), A. sororcula Zucchi 1979, A. undosa Stone 1942, and A. daciformis Bezzi 1909. The dry and flooded environment did not influence the occurrence of Anastrepha species. The presence of multiple hosts increases the number of species. The richness and abundance of Anastrepha species are lower in the Brazilian Chaco than in other native environments. regions Brazil study Biome spp bait biome sites Wiedemann, Wiedemann (Wiedemann 1830, 1830 , 1830) A 1979 1942 1909 environments 183 197 194 190 18 19 1

Resumo Espécies do gênero Anastrepha causam prejuízos em diversas frutas e hortaliças nas regiões Neártica e Neotropical. Dentre essas espécies, muitas estão presentes no Brasil. Neste estudo, pesquisamos as espécies de Anastrepha existentes no Bioma Chaco brasileiro. Avaliamos possíveis influências do clima e da vegetação na ocorrência de Anastrepha spp. Para isso foram utilizadas armadilhas e proteína de milho hidrolisada como isca. As coletas foram realizadas em três composições florísticas distintas no bioma Chaco, desde áreas permanentemente secas até áreas inundadas. Identificamos Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), A. sororcula Zucchi 1979, A. undosa Stone 1942 e A. daciformis Bezzi 1909. O ambiente seco e inundado não influenciou a ocorrência de espécies de Anastrepha. A presença de múltiplos hospedeiros aumenta o número de espécies. A riqueza e abundância de espécies de Anastrepha são baixas no Chaco brasileiro quando comparadas a outros ambientes nativos. Neotropical Brasil estudo spp isca inundadas Wiedemann, Wiedemann (Wiedemann 1830, 1830 , 1830) 1979 194 1909 nativos 183 197 19 190 18 1

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) vitreolysis for symptomatic vitreous floaters as it remains a controversial procedure due to insufficient robust evidence in the literature for the maintenance of the results and absence of adverse effects. Methods: This is an observational extension to the previously presented prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Eight of thirteen subjects who underwent vitreolysis with YAG laser returned for a late reevaluation, 18 months after the procedure, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the procedure. Results: All patients maintained the improvement in symptomatology noted after the procedure, with 25% showing complete improvement and a similar proportion (37.5%) reporting significant or partial improvement. Objective improvement in opacity was similar to that found at 6 months follow-up. The NEI-VFQ 25 quality of life questionnaire showed no statistically significant difference in responses between the 6th and 18th month. No adverse effects were noted on clinical examination or reported by patients. Conclusion: Vitreolysis efficacy observed at 6 months of follow-up was maintained until the eighteenth month, with all patients reporting improvement from the pre-procedure state. No late adverse effects were noted. A larger randomized clinical trial is needed to confirm the safety of the procedure. Purpose longterm long term neodymiumdoped neodymium doped NdYAG Nd (Nd:YAG Methods prospective doubleblind double blind reevaluation 1 Results 37.5% 375 37 5 (37.5% followup. followup follow up. up NEIVFQ NEI VFQ 2 th month Conclusion preprocedure pre state 37.5 3 (37.5 37. (37. (37 (3 (

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a segurança e eficácia a longo prazo da vitreólise com Nd:YAG laser para moscas volantes sintomáticas, uma vez que permanece como um procedimento controverso devido a falta de evidência científica robusta sobre a manutenção dos resultados e ocorrência de efeitos adversos. Métodos: Este estudo é uma extensão observacional de um ensaio clínico prospectivo, randomizado, duplo cego, previamente publicado. Oito de treze pacientes que foram submetidos a vitreólise com YAG laser foram acompanhados para uma reavaliação tardia, dezoito meses após o procedimento, para avaliar a eficácia e segurança do procedimento. Resultados: Todos os pacientes mantiveram a melhora na sintomatologia notada ao final do procedimento original, com 25% dos casos apresentando melhora completa, e uma proporção semelhante (37,5%) demonstrando melhora significativa ou parcial. A melhora objetiva na opacidade foi similar ao achado no seguimento original de 6 meses. O questionário de qualidade de vida NEI-VFQ 25 não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa nas respostas entre o sexto e o décimo oitavo mês de acompanhamento. Nenhum efeito adverso foi notado no exame clínico ou reportado pelos pacientes. Conclusão: A eficácia da vitreólise observada ao sexto mês do acompanhamento foi mantida até o décimo oitavo mês, com todos os pacientes notando algum grau de melhora quando comparado ao estado pré procedimento. Nenhum efeito adverso tardio foi notado. Um ensaio clínico randomizado maior é necessário para confirmar a segurança do procedimento. Objetivos NdYAG Nd sintomáticas adversos Métodos prospectivo cego publicado tardia Resultados completa 37,5% 375 37 5 (37,5% parcial NEIVFQ NEI VFQ 2 Conclusão 37,5 3 (37,5 37, (37, (37 (3 (

Abstract Glossina species are known to transmit African Trypanosomiasis, one of the most important infectious diseases for both livestock and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize trapped Glossina spp. from The Gambia using morphological and molecular techniques in relation to the vegetation cover types. A line transect survey was carried out in all the administrative regions of The Gambia. Tsetse fly trapping was carried out for 14 days during each season using line transect. A total of 220 Glossina spp. specimens (117 F and 103 M) were captured, and DNA was extracted from the legs of 100 randomly selected Glossina spp. Further, DNA samples were tested by a conventional PCR assay. A total of 135/220 (61%; 95% CI: 54.6-67.8%) and 85/220 (39%; 95% CI: 32.2-45.4%) flies were identified as Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectively, with most caught during wet season (53.6%) and more females (53.2%) than males. Results of the morphological identification agreed with those of molecular identification. The type of vegetation cover significantly influenced the caught of tsetse flies. Animals and humans at the various trapping sites are at risk of being bitten by tsetse flies. Trypanosomiasis subSaharan sub Saharan Africa Therefore spp types 1 22 117 (11 10 M captured Further assay 135220 135 135/22 61% 61 (61% 95 CI 54.667.8% 546678 54.6 67.8% 54 6 67 8 54.6-67.8% 85220 85 85/22 39% 39 (39% 32.245.4% 322454 32.2 45.4% 32 2 45 4 32.2-45.4% gambiensis respectively 53.6% 536 53 (53.6% 53.2% 532 (53.2% males 11 (1 13522 13 135/2 (61 9 667 54.667.8 54667 546 54. 678 67.8 5 54.6-67.8 8522 85/2 3 (39 245 32.245.4 32245 322 32. 454 45.4 32.2-45.4 53.6 (53.6 53.2 (53.2 ( 1352 135/ (6 66 54.667. 5466 67. 54.6-67. 852 85/ (3 24 32.245. 3224 45. 32.2-45. 53. (53. 54.667 54.6-67 32.245 32.2-45 (53 54.66 54.6-6 32.24 32.2-4 (5 54.6- 32.2-

Resumo Espécies de Glossina são conhecidas por transmitirem a Tripanossomíase Africana, uma das doenças infecciosas mais importantes para animais de produção e humanos na África subsaariana. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar Glossina spp. de Gâmbia, usando técnicas morfológicas e moleculares em relação aos tipos de cobertura vegetal. Um transecto linear foi realizado em todas as regiões administrativas de Gâmbia. A coleta de moscas tsé-tsé foi realizada durante 14 dias e em cada estação. Um total de 220 espécimes de Glossina (117 F e 103 M) foram capturados e o DNA foi extraído das patas de 100 Glossina spp. de forma aleatória. Posteriormente, as amostras de DNA foram testadas por um ensaio de PCR convencional. Um total de 135/220 (61%; 95% CI: 54,6%-67,8%) e 85/220 (39%; 95% CI: 32,2%-45,4%) moscas foram identificadas como Glossina morsitans submorsitans e Glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectivamente, com mais capturas durante a estação chuvosa (53,6%) e mais fêmeas (53,2%) do que machos. Os resultados da identificação morfológica concordaram com os da identificação molecular. O tipo de cobertura vegetal influenciou significativamente a captura de moscas tsé-tsé. Os animais e humanos nos vários locais de captura correm o risco de serem picados por moscas tsé-tsé. Africana subsaariana Portanto spp Gâmbia tsétsé tsé 1 22 117 (11 10 M aleatória Posteriormente convencional 135220 135 135/22 61% 61 (61% 95 CI 54,6%67,8% 546678 54,6% 67,8% 54 6 67 8 54,6%-67,8% 85220 85 85/22 39% 39 (39% 32,2%45,4% 322454 32,2% 45,4% 32 2 45 4 32,2%-45,4% gambiensis respectivamente 53,6% 536 53 (53,6% 53,2% 532 (53,2% machos molecular tsétsé. tsé. 11 (1 13522 13 135/2 (61 9 54,6%67,8 54667 546 54,6 678 67,8 5 54,6%-67,8 8522 85/2 3 (39 32,2%45,4 32245 322 32,2 454 45,4 32,2%-45,4 53,6 (53,6 53,2 (53,2 ( 1352 135/ (6 54,6%67, 5466 54, 67, 54,6%-67, 852 85/ (3 32,2%45, 3224 32, 45, 32,2%-45, 53, (53, 54,6%67 54,6%-67 32,2%45 32,2%-45 (53 54,6%6 54,6%-6 32,2%4 32,2%-4 (5 54,6%- 32,2%-

ABSTRACT The commercial cultivation of guava tree (Psidium guajava L.) occurs in all Brazilian regions, where fruit flies cause direct losses to production and affect fresh fruit exports due to quarantine restrictions. This study aimed to determine the incidence, diversity and population fluctuations of frugivorous fly species that infest guava trees, as well as to survey their associated parasitoids, in the Espírito santo state, Brazil. Fruits and flies captured in traps were sampled in three guava-producing regions. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) was the main species associated with guava trees, particularly in the coastal region. Anastrepha chiclayae was recorded for the first time associated with guava trees in Brazil. Medfly was not considered an important species. Neosilba zadolicha was the most common Lonchaeidae species collected, but with low importance. Higher populations of frugivorous flies were found in hot and humid areas. Two population peaks of A. fraterculus were observed during October (spring) and from March to April (summer-autumn). Tephritid flies occurred in all surveyed regions, with higher infestations in the coastal area, followed by the northern and mountain regions, respectively. Doryctobracon areolatus and Aganaspis pelleranoi were the most common species of parasitoids; however, the natural biological control of frugivorous flies in guava trees was very low and had little impact on fruit fly populations. Psidium L. L regions restrictions incidence parasitoids state Brazil guavaproducing producing Wied. Wied (Wied. region collected importance areas A spring (spring summerautumn. summerautumn summer autumn . (summer-autumn) area respectively however (Wied (summer-autumn

RESUMO O cultivo comercial de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) ocorre em todas as regiões brasileiras, onde moscas-das-frutas causam perdas diretas na produção e afetam as exportações de frutas frescas devido a restrições quarentenárias. Objetivou-se determinar a incidência, diversidade e flutuações populacionais de espécies de moscas frugívoras que infestam goiabeira e levantar seus parasitoides associados, no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Frutos e moscas capturadas por armadilhas foram amostrados em três regiões produtoras de goiaba. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) foi a principal espécie associada a goiabeiras, principalmente na região litorânea. Anastrepha chiclayae foi registrada pela primeira vez associada a goiabeiras no Brasil. Medfly não foi uma espécie importante. Neosilba zadolicha foi a espécie de Lonchaeidae mais comum, mas com baixa importância. Maiores populações de moscas frugívoras foram encontradas em regiões quentes e úmidas. Dois picos populacionais de A. fraterculus foram observados em outubro (primavera) e de março a abril (verão-outono). Tefritídeos ocorreram em todas as regiões pesquisadas, com maiores infestações na área litorânea, seguida da norte e serrana, respectivamente. Doryctobracon areolatus e Aganaspis pelleranoi foram as espécies de parasitoides mais comuns; no entanto, o controle biológico natural de moscas frugívoras em goiabeira foi muito baixo e apresentou controle populacional de baixo impacto. Psidium L. L brasileiras moscasdasfrutas das quarentenárias Objetivouse Objetivou se incidência associados Santo Brasil goiaba Wied. Wied (Wied. litorânea importante comum importância úmidas A primavera (primavera verãooutono. verãooutono verão outono . (verão-outono) pesquisadas serrana respectivamente comuns entanto impacto (Wied (verão-outono

RESUMO A leishmaniose é um dos mais importantes dilemas de saúde enfrentados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) devido à sua ampla disseminação e à grande diversidade de flebotomíneos que a transmitem. Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a presença de parasitas de Leishmania nos flebotomíneos espalhados em campos de refugiados por meio da técnica PCR-RLFP. Um total de 437 flebotomíneos foi coletado e classificado em duas espécies: Phlebotomus papatasi e Phlebotomus sergenti. O DNA foi extraído das espécies de flebotomíneos das fêmeas e, em seguida, a reação de PCR foi amplificada por dois primers (LITSR, L5.8S) que transcreveram um gene parcial do espaçador transcrito interno (ITS)-1 para o parasita Leishmania com um comprimento de 320 pb. A PCR mostrou a presença de DNA de Leishmania em fêmeas de P. papatasi (10%) e P. sergenti (20%). Para determinar as espécies de Leishmania transmitidas pelas duas espécies de moscas anteriores, a técnica de RFLP-PCR foi realizada pela enzima HaeIII para o DNA de Leishmania extraído delas. A RFLP-PCR mostrou que as fêmeas de P. papatasi transmitiam Leishmania major e as fêmeas de P. sergenti transmitiam Leishmania tropica nos campos de refugiados. Pode-se concluir que a leishmaniose está amplamente distribuída nos campos de refugiados devido à presença de seu vetor. OMS (OMS transmitem PCRRLFP. PCRRLFP RLFP. RLFP PCR-RLFP 43 seguida LITSR, LITSR (LITSR L5.8S L58S LS L5 8S L S ITS1 ITS 1 (ITS)- 32 pb P 10% 10 (10% 20%. 20 20% . (20%) anteriores RFLPPCR RFLP delas Podese Pode se vetor 4 (ITS) 3 (10 2 (20% (ITS (1 (20 ( (2

ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is one of the most important health dilemmas facing the World Health Organization (WHO), due to it being widespread and the great diversity of sand flies that transmit it. This study aimed to detect the presence of Leishmania parasites in the sand flies spread in Refugee camps by PCR- RLFP technique. A total of 437 sandflies were collected and classified into two species Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti. DNA was extracted from the female fly species, then the PCR reaction was amplified by two primers (LITSR, L5.8S) that transcribed a partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 gene for Leishmania parasite with a length of 320 bp. PCR showed the presence of Leishmania DNA in females of both P. papatasi (10%) and P. sergenti (20%). To determine Leishmania species transmitted by the two previous fly species, the RFLP-PCR technique was performed by the HaeIII enzyme for Leishmania DNA extracted from them. RFLP-PCR showed that P. papatasi females transmitted Leishmania major and P. sergenti females transmitted Leishmania tropica in Refugee camps. It could be concluded that leishmaniasis is widely distributed in Refugee camps due to the presence of its vector. WHO, WHO , (WHO) 43 LITSR, LITSR (LITSR L5.8S L58S LS L5 8S L S ITS1 ITS 1 (ITS)- 32 bp P 10% 10 (10% 20%. 20 20% . (20%) RFLPPCR RFLP them vector (WHO 4 (ITS) 3 (10 2 (20% (ITS (1 (20 ( (2

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of ocular alterations in patients diagnosed with dengue, admitted to a reference center for infectious and parasitic diseases in Manaus (AM), Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, analytical, and prospective case series study with 33 patients admitted to the hospital with positive clinical pathology tests during a 90-day period of a dengue epidemic in 2011. The investigations included measurement of visual acuity, macular assessment with Amsler grid test, fundus biomicroscopy, retinography and optical coherence tomography. Results: The average age of the patients was 35.48 years (minimum age 17 years and maximum 69 years). The main symptoms reported were blurred vision, followed by retro-ocular pain, photopsia, halos, foreign bodies, scotoma, double vision, and floaters. Visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/40 (median 20/30). Macular assessment with Amsler Grid Test was unsatisfactory in three patients. The most common retinal findings were perimacular edema, macular edema, retinal hemorrhage, vasculitis, and changes in the retinal pigment epithelium. Optical coherence tomography showed retinal edema in 16 patients (51.51%). Conclusions: In all cases, the disease was self-limiting and resolved spontaneously without treatment. Therefore, this study confirms that ocular manifestations in dengue fever are varied and frequent. Objective AM, AM , (AM) Brazil Methods observational analytical 3 90day day 90 2011 test biomicroscopy Results 3548 35 48 35.4 minimum 1 6 years. . years) vision retroocular retro pain photopsia halos bodies scotoma floaters 2020 20 20/2 2040 40 20/4 median 20/30. 2030 20/30 30 20/30) hemorrhage vasculitis epithelium 51.51%. 5151 51.51% 51 (51.51%) Conclusions cases selflimiting self limiting treatment Therefore frequent (AM 9 201 354 4 35. 202 2 20/ 204 203 20/3 515 51.51 5 (51.51% 51.5 (51.51 51. (51.5 (51. (51 (5 (

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de alterações oculares em pacientes com diagnóstico de dengue, internados em um centro de referência para doenças infecciosas e parasitárias em Manaus (AM), Brasil. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico e prospectivo de série de casos de 33 pacientes admitidos no hospital com exames de patologia clínica positivos durante um período de 90 dias de uma epidemia de dengue em 2011. As investigações incluíram medida da acuidade visual, avaliação macular com tela de Amsler, biomicroscopia de fundo de olho, retinografia e tomografia de coerência ótica. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 35,48 anos (idade mínima de 17 anos e máxima de 69 anos). Os principais sintomas relatados foram visão turva, seguida de dor retro-ocular, fotopsia, halos, corpos estranhos, escotoma, visão dupla e moscas volantes. A acuidade visual variou entre 20/20 e 20/40 (mediana 20/30). A avaliação macular com a tela de Amsler foi insatisfatória em três doentes. Os achados retinianos mais comuns foram edema perimacular, edema macular, hemorragia retiniana, vasculite e alterações no epitélio pigmentar da retina. A tomografia de coerência óptica mostrou edema da retina em 16 doentes (51,51%). Conclusões: Em todos os casos, a doença foi autolimitada e resolveu-se espontaneamente sem tratamento. Este estudo confirma, portanto, que as manifestações oculares da dengue são variadas e frequentes. Objetivo AM, AM , (AM) Brasil Métodos observacional 3 9 2011 olho ótica Resultados 3548 35 48 35,4 1 6 anos. . anos) turva retroocular, retroocular retro ocular, ocular retro-ocular fotopsia halos estranhos escotoma volantes 2020 20 20/2 2040 40 20/4 mediana 20/30. 2030 20/30 30 20/30) perimacular retiniana 51,51%. 5151 51,51% 51 (51,51%) Conclusões resolveuse resolveu se tratamento confirma portanto frequentes (AM 201 354 4 35, 202 2 20/ 204 203 20/3 515 51,51 5 (51,51% 51,5 (51,51 51, (51,5 (51, (51 (5 (

ABSTRACT Sarcophagidae flies have great forensic importance, since different instars of their larval development are used in the determination of the postmortem interval (PMI) of corpses. However, for many species, intrapuparial developmental data are scarce. Here we analyzed the intrapuparial development of the sarcophagid Peckia pexata and describe the chronological and morphological changes that occur during metamorphosis. We reared approximately 330 specimens originating from the Colombian Amazon in the laboratory. Prepupae were identified by size reduction and coloration change. During the first five days of the study, four individuals were sampled every three hours, then every six hours until adult emergence. Specimens were fixed in 96% alcohol, then immersed in Carnoy solution for 24 hours and in formic acid (5%) for 48 hours for dissection and analysis of morphological changes. Four morphological phases of intrapuparial development of P. pexata were observed: 1) larva pupa apolysis, which lasted, in average, 9 h; 2) cryptocephalic pupa, 6 h; 3) phanerocephalic pupa, 6.5 h; and 4) pharate adult (transparent eyes, 48 h; yellow eyes, 216 h; pink eyes, 35 h; and red eyes, 52 h). The pharate adult was fully formed at 340 h and adult emergence occurred at 372.5 h or 15.5 days. We also described the formation of the prepupa, the pupariation and the final metamorphosis for the imago and compared it with the known events for Peckia intermutans, Peckia lambens (Sarcophagidae) and Lucilia eximia (Calliphoridae). importance PMI (PMI corpses However species scarce 33 laboratory change study 96 alcohol 2 5% 5 (5% 4 P observed 1 apolysis lasted average 3 65 6. transparent eyes 21 h. . h) 34 3725 372 372. 155 15 15. prepupa intermutans (Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae. Calliphoridae (Calliphoridae) (5 37 (Calliphoridae (

RESUMEN Las moscas Sarcophagidae tienen gran importancia forense, ya que diferentes etapas de su desarrollo larvario son utilizadas en la determinación del intervalo post mortem (IPM) de cadáveres. Sin embargo, para muchas especies los datos sobre el desarrollo intrapupal son escasos. Aquí analizamos el desarrollo intrapupal del sarcofagido Peckia pexata y describimos los cambios cronológicos y morfológicos que ocurren durante la metamorfosis. Criamos aproximadamente 330 especímenes originarios de la Amazonía colombiana en laboratorio. Prepupas se identificaron por la reducción de tamaño y cambio de color. Durante los primeros cinco días se tomaron muestras de cuatro individuos cada tres horas, y posteriormente cada seis horas hasta la emergencia de los adultos. Los especímenes se fijaron en alcohol al 96%, posteriormente se sumergieron en solución Carnoy durante 24 horas y en ácido fórmico (5%) durante 48 horas, para disección y el análisis de los cambios morfológicos. Observamos cuatro etapas del desarrollo intrapupal de P. pexata: 1) larva pupa apolisis, que duró, en promedio, 9 h; 2) pupa criptocefálica, 6 h; 3) pupa fanerocefálica, 6.5 h; y 4) adulto farado (ojos transparentes, 48 h; ojos amarillos, 216 h; ojos rosados, 35 h; y ojos rojos, 52 h). El adulto farado se formó completamente a las 340 h y la emergencia del adulto se produjo a las 372.5 h o 15,5 días. También describimos la formación de la prepupa, la pupariación y la metamorfosis final para el imago y lo comparamos con los eventos conocidos para Peckia intermutans, Peckia lambens (Sarcophagidae) y Lucilia eximia (Calliphoridae). forense IPM (IPM cadáveres embargo escasos 33 laboratorio color adultos 96 96% 2 5% 5 (5% 4 P 1 apolisis duró promedio criptocefálica 3 fanerocefálica 65 6. transparentes amarillos 21 rosados rojos h. . h) 34 3725 372 372. 155 15 15, prepupa intermutans (Sarcophagidae Calliphoridae. Calliphoridae (Calliphoridae) (5 37 (Calliphoridae (

Resumen Las especies mexicanas de Belonuchus Nordmann se colectan con cierta frecuencia en sustratos con materia orgánica en descomposición o usando trampas con este tipo de cebos y se les considera depredadoras de otros insectos, como larvas de moscas. Se tienen contribuciones recientes sobre su taxonomía; sin embargo, aún hacen falta más estudios al respecto. En este trabajo se describen 2 especies nuevas de Belonuchus procedentes de varios estados de México, las cuales fueron localizadas en el material entomológico de la Colección Nacional de Insectos de la UNAM. Las descripciones se acompañan con imágenes que ayudan al reconocimiento de las especies y se presenta una clave modificada que facilita su identificación. Además, se analizaron ejemplares de algunas especies ya conocidas que representan varios primeros registros estatales. Todo lo anterior ha derivado en el incremento de la riqueza nacional de especies de Belonuchus y en un conocimiento más completo sobre su taxonomía y distribución geográfica.

Abstract The Mexican species of Belonuchus Nordmann are collected with some frequency in substrates with decomposing organic matter or using traps with this type of bait and are considered predators of other insects, such as fly larvae. There are recent contributions on their taxonomy; however, more studies are still needed in this regard. This paper describes 2 new species of Belonuchus from several states in Mexico, which were located in the entomological material of the National Insect Collection, UNAM. Descriptions are accompanied by images that help to recognize the species and a modified key is presented to facilitate their identification. In addition, several specimens of some already known species, which represent first state records, were analyzed. All of the above has resulted in an increase in the national richness of Belonuchus species and a more complete knowledge of its taxonomy and geographic distribution.

Abstract Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis are diseases associated with economic losses; ticks and blood-sucking flies are important zoonotic vectors and reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Babesia spp. and anti-Anaplasma marginale antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in ruminants at the Catimbau National Park. Blood samples were collected from 119 sheep, 119 goats, and 47 cattle. Rhipicephalus microplus ticks were collected from cattle. ELISA showed seropositivity of 34% (16/47), 20.3% (24/119), and 16% (19/119) for anti-Babesia bovis; 34% (16/47), 15.2% (18/119), and 9% (7/119) for anti-Babesia bigemina; and 34% (16/47), 35.6% (42/119), and 17% (20/119) for anti-A. marginale antibodies in cattle, goats, and sheep, respectively. The information collected using an epidemiological questionnaire showed that mostly are breed in a semi-intensive system, with access to Caatinga vegetation. The circulation of B. bovis, B. bigemina, and A. marginale was confirmed. Thus, based on the prevalence, this suggests this is an enzootic instability area and is prone to outbreaks. losses bloodsucking blood sucking reservoirs antiBabesia anti Babesia spp antiAnaplasma Anaplasma enzymelinked enzyme linked ELISA, , (ELISA) Park 11 sheep goats 4 cattle 34 16/47, 1647 16/47 16 (16/47) 203 20 3 20.3 24/119, 24119 24/119 24 (24/119) 19/119 19119 19 (19/119 bovis 152 15 2 15.2 18/119, 18119 18/119 18 (18/119) 9 7/119 7119 7 (7/119 bigemina 356 35 6 35.6 42/119, 42119 42/119 42 (42/119) 17 20/119 20119 (20/119 antiA. antiA A anti-A respectively semiintensive semi intensive system vegetation B confirmed Thus prevalence outbreaks (ELISA 1 164 16/4 (16/47 20. 2411 24/11 (24/119 19/11 1911 (19/11 15. 1811 18/11 (18/119 7/11 711 (7/11 35. 4211 42/11 (42/119 20/11 2011 (20/11 16/ (16/4 241 24/1 (24/11 19/1 191 (19/1 181 18/1 (18/11 7/1 71 (7/1 421 42/1 (42/11 20/1 201 (20/1 (16/ 24/ (24/1 19/ (19/ 18/ (18/1 7/ (7/ 42/ (42/1 20/ (20/ (16 (24/ (19 (18/ (7 (42/ (20 (1 (24 (18 ( (42 (2 (4

Resumo A Babesiose e a Anaplasmose são doenças associadas a grandes perdas econômicas, sendo carrapatos e moscas sugadoras de sangue importantes vetores e reservatórios zoonóticos dessas enfermidades. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a circulação de anticorpos anti-Babesia spp. e anti-Anaplasma marginale usando Ensaio de Imunoabsorção Enzimática (ELISA), e Babesia spp. em ruminantes no Parque Nacional do Catimbau. Foram coletados ectoparasitos e amostras de sangue de 119 ovinos, 119 caprinos e 47 bovinos. Carrapatos Rhipicephalus microplus foram coletados em bovinos. O teste ELISA mostrou soropositividade de 34% (16/47), 20,3% (24/119) e 16% (19/119) para anti-Babesia bovis; 34% (16/47), 15,2% (18/119) e 9% (7/119) para anti-Babesia bigemina; e 34% (16/47), 35,6% (42/119) e 17% (20/119) para anti-A. marginale em bovinos, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. As informações coletadas por meio de questionário epidemiológico mostraram a maioria com sistema semi-intensivo, com acesso à vegetação de Caatinga. A circulação de B. bovis, B. bigemina e A. marginale foi confirmada. Assim, com base na prevalência, essa área foi sugerida como de instabilidade enzoótica e propensa a surtos. econômicas enfermidades antiBabesia anti spp antiAnaplasma Anaplasma ELISA, , (ELISA) Catimbau 11 ovinos 4 bovinos 34 16/47, 1647 16/47 16 (16/47) 203 20 3 20,3 24/119 24119 24 (24/119 19/119 19119 19 (19/119 bovis 152 15 2 15,2 18/119 18119 18 (18/119 9 7/119 7119 7 (7/119 356 35 6 35,6 42/119 42119 42 (42/119 17 20/119 20119 (20/119 antiA. antiA anti-A respectivamente semiintensivo, semiintensivo semi intensivo, intensivo semi-intensivo Caatinga B confirmada Assim prevalência surtos (ELISA 1 164 16/4 (16/47 20, 24/11 2411 (24/11 19/11 1911 (19/11 15, 18/11 1811 (18/11 7/11 711 (7/11 35, 42/11 4211 (42/11 20/11 2011 (20/11 16/ (16/4 24/1 241 (24/1 19/1 191 (19/1 18/1 181 (18/1 7/1 71 (7/1 42/1 421 (42/1 20/1 201 (20/1 (16/ 24/ (24/ 19/ (19/ 18/ (18/ 7/ (7/ 42/ (42/ 20/ (20/ (16 (24 (19 (18 (7 (42 (20 (1 (2 ( (4

Abstract: Mesembrinellidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) is a family of medium size (7–17 mm) neotropical flies. The taxonomic status of the group has been debated but at present it is treated as a family with 53 extant species. Currently, 19 species are recorded in Central America and Mexico with, until now, only two species known from Honduras: Mesembrinella bicolor (Fabricius, 1805) and Souzalopesiella facialis (Aldrich, 1922). For this study, material from the Insect Collection at the Pan-American Agricultural School, Zamorano (EAPZ), was examined. Six species distributed in three genera were found to occur in Honduras. The genus Laneella and the species: Laneella fuscosquamataWhitworth, 2019, Laneella perisi (Mariluis, 1987), Mesembrinella nigrocoeruleaWhitworth, 2019, and Mesembrinella socors (Walker, 1861), are recorded for the country for the first time. All species are illustrated, and a map with the known distribution in Honduras is provided. Abstract Diptera (Diptera Oestroidea 7–17 717 7 17 (7–1 mm flies 5 Currently 1 now Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1805 Aldrich, Aldrich (Aldrich 1922. 1922 . 1922) study PanAmerican Pan American School EAPZ, EAPZ , (EAPZ) examined fuscosquamataWhitworth 2019 Mariluis, Mariluis (Mariluis 1987, 1987 1987) nigrocoeruleaWhitworth Walker, Walker (Walker 1861, 1861 1861) time illustrated provided 7–1 71 (7– 180 192 (EAPZ 201 198 186 7– (7 18 20 ( 2

Resumen: Mesembrinellidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) es una familia de moscas neotropicales de tamaño mediano (7–17 mm). El estatus taxonómico del grupo ha sido objeto de debate, pero actualmente se considera como una familia con 53 especies. Hasta el momento, se han registrado 19 especies en Centroamérica y México con solo dos especies conocidas en Honduras: Mesembrinella bicolor (Fabricius, 1805) y Souzalopesiella facialis (Aldrich, 1922). En este estudio, se examinó el material de la Colección de Insectos de la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano (EAPZ). Se encontraron seis especies distribuidas en tres géneros en Honduras. Se registra por primera vez para el país el género Laneella y las especies Laneella fuscosquamataWhitworth, 2019, Laneella perisi (Mariluis, 1987), Mesembrinella nigrocoeruleaWhitworth, 2019, y Mesembrinella socors (Walker, 1861). Se ilustran todas las especies y se proporciona un mapa de distribución para las especies en Honduras. Resumen Diptera (Diptera Oestroidea 7–17 717 7 17 (7–1 mm. mm . mm) debate 5 momento 1 Honduras Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1805 Aldrich, Aldrich (Aldrich 1922. 1922 1922) estudio Panamericana EAPZ. EAPZ (EAPZ) fuscosquamataWhitworth 2019 Mariluis, Mariluis (Mariluis 1987, 1987 , 1987) nigrocoeruleaWhitworth Walker, Walker (Walker 1861. 1861 1861) 7–1 71 (7– 180 192 (EAPZ 201 198 186 7– (7 18 20 ( 2

Resumo Habronemose (sin. habronemiasis, habronematidose) é uma doença parasitária em equídeos, causada pelos estágios larvais dos nematoides Habronematidae (Habronema muscae, Habronema microstomae Draschia megastoma) que são transmitidos por moscas muscídeas. A presença de larvas infectantes aberrantes nos tecidos cutâneos e conjuntivais desses hospedeiros resulta em lesões granulomatosas, exsudativas e ulceradas, também conhecidas como “feridas de verão”. No presente estudo, apresenta-se uma análise retrospectiva de casos de habronemose em equinos do município de Lages, localizado no Planalto de Santa Catarina, região com elevadas altitudes e clima temperado, diferindo das regiões do Brasil nas quais normalmente ocorre tal parasitose. Os equinos foram examinados de 2008 a 2020 no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Dezesseis pacientes foram diagnosticados e tratados com lactonas macrocíclicas e limpeza de feridas. A maioria dos casos foi registrada no outono em cavalos-(10/16, 62,5%) com mais de 15 anos de idade (11/16, 68,8%), e as lesões localizaram-se mais frequentemente na conjuntiva (11/16, 68,8%). Em meios de divulgação científica, este é o primeiro relato de habronemose no Planalto de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Essas informações contribuirão para o diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção de dermatopatias em equídeos desta região. sin. sin (sin habronemiasis habronematidose muscae megastoma muscídeas granulomatosas ulceradas feridas verão. verão . verão” estudo apresentase apresenta se Lages Catarina temperado parasitose 200 202 cavalos10/16, cavalos1016 cavalos 10/16, 10 16 cavalos-(10/16 62,5% 625 62 5 1 11/16, 1116 11 (11/16 68,8%, 688 68,8% , 68 8 68,8%) localizaramse localizaram 68,8%. científica diagnóstico 20 cavalos10 cavalos10/16 cavalos101 1016 10/16 cavalos-(10/1 62,5 6 11/16 111 (11/1 68,8 2 cavalos1 cavalos10/1 101 10/1 cavalos-(10/ 62, 11/1 (11/ 68, cavalos10/ 10/ cavalos-(10 11/ (11 cavalos-(1 (1 cavalos-( ( cavalos-

Abstract Habronemosis, also known as habronemiasis or habronematidosis, is a parasitic disease of equids caused by the larval stages of Habronematidae nematodes (Habronema muscae, Habronema microstoma, and Draschia megastoma) that are transmitted by muscid flies. The presence of aberrant infective larvae in the cutaneous and conjunctival tissues of these hosts results in granulomatous, exudative, and ulcerated lesions, also known as “summer sores.” In this study, we present a retrospective analysis of habronemosis cases in horses from the municipality of Lages, located on the Santa Catarina Plateau, a region with high altitudes and a temperate climate that differs from regions of Brazil where such parasitosis usually occurs. The equids were examined from 2008 to 2020 at the Veterinary Hospital of Santa Catarina State University. Sixteen patients were diagnosed and treated using macrocyclic lactones and wound cleaning. Most cases were recorded in autumn in horses (10/16, 62.5%) over 15 years of age (11/16, 68.8%), and the lesions were more frequently located in the conjunctiva (11/16, 68.8%). In scientific dissemination media, this is the first report of habronemosis on the Santa Catarina Plateau, Brazil. This information will contribute to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases in horses in this region. Habronemosis habronematidosis muscae microstoma megastoma flies granulomatous exudative summer sores. sores study Lages Plateau occurs 200 202 University cleaning 10/16, 1016 10 16 (10/16 62.5% 625 62 5 1 11/16, 1116 11 (11/16 68.8%, 688 68.8% , 68 8 68.8%) 68.8%. . media diagnosis 20 10/16 101 (10/1 62.5 6 11/16 111 (11/1 68.8 2 10/1 (10/ 62. 11/1 (11/ 68. 10/ (10 11/ (11 (1 (