Resumo Um estudo socioeconômico foi realizado no distrito de Mardan, da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão, para obter maior conhecimento das espécies de árvores agroflorestais cultivadas em terras agrícolas, seu rendimento e estoque de carbono. Para a estimativa de produção e estoque de carbono, foram coletados os dados de 59 parcelas amostrais, medindo-se o diâmetro, a altura, o volume e a biomassa de espécies de árvores agroflorestais selecionadas por meio de fita D e altímetro Haga. Um total de 59 parcelas amostrais foi inventariado usando 2,5% de intensidade de amostragem. Cada parcela amostral possui uma área de 0,5 ha, em que cada árvore com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm foi inventariada. A quantidade calculada de volume de cada espécie de árvore foi então convertida em biomassa, multiplicando-a pela densidade da madeira e pelo Fator de Expansão da Biomassa (BEF). A produção total e o estoque de C para as espécies de árvores agroflorestais selecionadas foram 11.535,2 toneladas métricas e 2.102,2 toneladas métricas, respectivamente. Populus euroamericana foi classificada como a principal árvore com 28% de crescimento de estoque, seguida de Morus alba com 21%, enquanto Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma e Bombax ceiba apresentaram 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%, 7% e 3% de crescimento do estoque, respectivamente. Entre as espécies encontradas em diferentes parcelas de amostragem, o rendimento de Populus euroamericana foi de 4.747,5 toneladas, seguida pela espécie Morus alba, com rendimento de 2.027,3 toneladas. Da mesma forma, o volume de Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Bombax ceiba e Acacia nilotica foi de 1.532,2 toneladas, 1.503 toneladas, 745,7 toneladas, 555,4 toneladas e 220,5 toneladas, respectivamente. O estoque de carbono para Populus euroamericana foi calculado como 777,8 ton/ha, enquanto para Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species e Bombax ceiba foi calculado como 312,3 ton/ha, 272,1 ton/ha, 363 ton/ha, 245,1 ton/ha, 51,4 ton/ha, 27,3 ton/ha e 53,2 ton/ha, respectivamente. A pesquisa por questionário, realizada para a dinâmica de preços, mostrou que os entrevistados, em sua maioria, compram madeira do mercado para construção, mas usam árvores de fazenda em construções urbanas de baixa qualidade. Eles não gostam de utilizar a madeira local na construção convencional, pois ela é suscetível ao ataque de insetos. Em relação às vendas diárias, 50% dos comerciantes vendem entre Rs. 50.000-100.000, enquanto 16,7% têm suas vendas entre Rs.150.000-200.000. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o governo provincial quanto o governo federal devem promover, por meio de diferentes incentivos, a agrossilvicultura no Paquistão, por ter o potencial de lidar com o dilema do desmatamento de florestas naturais e melhorar a subsistência das populações locais. É fortemente recomendado que projetos especiais, como o Projeto de Reflorestamento de Dez Bilhões de Árvores (T-BTTP), sejam lançados para plantio agroflorestal e promoção no país para sustentar a harmonia ecológica e elevar a condição socioeconômica dos povos do Paquistão.

Abstract A socio-economic study was conducted in district Mardan of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan to get a comprehensive knowledge of the agroforestry tree species grown on the farmlands, their yield, and carbon stock. For yield and carbon stock estimation, data were collected from 59 sample plots by measuring the diameter, height, volume, and biomass of selected agroforestry tree species through D-tape and Haga altimeter. A total of 59 sample plots were inventoried using 2.5 percent sampling intensity. Each sample plot has an area of 0.5 ha, where each tree with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm was inventoried. The calculated amount of volume of each tree species was then converted to biomass by multiplying it by the density of wood and the Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF). Total yield and C stock for the selected agroforestry tree species were 11535.2 metric tons and 2102.2 metric tons, respectively. Populus euroamericana is classified as the main tree with 28% growing stock prior to Morus alba by 21%, while Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma, and Bombax ceiba consist of 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%,7% and 3% growing stock respectively. Among the species found in different sampling plots the yield of Populus euroamericana was found to be 4747.5 metric tons and it was followed by the species Morus alba found at 2027.3 metric tons. Similarly, the volume for Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Boombox ceiba, and Acacia nilotica was 1532.2 tons,1503 ton,745.7,203.5ton, 555.4ton and 220.5ton, respectively. The carbon stock for Populus euroamericana was calculated as 777.8 ton/ha, while for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species, and Bombax ceiba it was calculated as 312.3ton/ha, 272.1ton/ha, 363ton/ha, 245.1ton/ha, 51.4ton/ha, 27.3ton/ha and 53.2ton/ha, respectively. The questionnaire survey conducted for price dynamics showed that the majority of respondents purchase timber from the market for construction. But they use farm trees with low-quality city construction. They dislike using local timber in the conventional building as timber from farm trees is liable to insect attack. Rs. 50,000-100000, (33.33%) of daily sales was concluded from 50% of the trader while (16.7%) of the traders have their sales between Rs.150,000-200,000. Therefore, it is concluded by the authors that both provincial and federal government should promote agroforestry in Pakistan through different incentives because it has the potential to cope with dilemma of deforestation of natural forests and improve the livelihood of local peoples. It is strongly recommended that special projects just like the Ten Billion Tree Afforestation Project (T-BTTP) should be launched for agroforestry plantation and promotion in the country to sustain the ecological harmony and uplift the socio-economic condition of the peoples of Pakistan.

Abstract The description of the structure and the knowledge of the physical and structural damages of urban trees are essential for their maintenance and conservation as well for urban planning and public safety. The objective of this analysis was to characterize the tree structure, the physical damage of the trees and the obstruction of the buildings that influence the green areas of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (Graduate School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua) in the City of Delicias, state of Chihuahua. Indexes of richness (D Mg ) and diversity of species (H' and D) were determined and the horizontal structure was evaluated through the Importance Value Index (IVI). The morphology, the current state of the trees and the physical and structural damage present through direct observation were also analyzed. 48 species were identified, 21 were native and 27 were introduced, exhibiting a richness of 7.05 (D Mg ) and a diversity of 3.09 (H'). A density of 209 N ha-1 and a dominance of 2 318.67 m2 ha-1 were obtained. According to the IVI, the most important species were: Pinus halepensis, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus uhdei, Ligustrum lucidum, Sapindus drummondii, Platanus occidentalis and Morus alba, representing 48.61 % of the total. 89.25 % of the trees have a desirable morphological structure, 92.92 % have a vigorous crown and most of them are without damage, where the main deterioration sign turned out to be mainly associated with the loss of bark pieces.

Resumen La descripción de la estructura y el conocimiento de los daños físicos y estructurales del arbolado urbano son fundamentales para su mantenimiento y conservación, así como para la planificación urbana y la seguridad pública. El objetivo de este análisis fue caracterizar la estructura arbórea, los daños físicos del arbolado y la obstrucción de las edificaciones que influyen en las áreas verdes de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua en la Ciudad de Delicias, Chihuahua. Se determinaron índices de riqueza (D Mg ) y diversidad de especies (H' y D) y se evaluó la estructura horizontal mediante el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). También se analizó la estructura morfológica, el estado actual del arbolado y los daños físicos y estructurales presentes mediante observación directa. Se identificaron 48 especies, 21 nativas y 27 introducidas, con una riqueza de 7.05 (D Mg ) y una diversidad de 3.09 (H’). Se registró una densidad de 209 N ha-1 y una dominancia de 2 318.67 m2 ha-1. De acuerdo con el IVI, las especies más importantes fueron: Pinus halepensis, Thuja occidentalis, Fraxinus uhdei, Ligustrum lucidum, Sapindus drummondii, Platanus occidentalis y Morus alba que representaron 48.61 % del total. Una alta proporción de los árboles (89.25 %) tiene una estructura morfológica aérea deseable, y 92.92 % portan una copa vigorosa que prácticamente no tiene daños. El principal signo de deterioro está asociado a la pérdida de fragmentos de corteza.

Abstract The aim of this research work was to evaluate the nutritional worth of some wild edible medicinal plants of District Harnai, Balochistan. Five wild edible medicinal plants (WEMPs) viz., Ficus carica L., Morus alba L., M. nigra L., Olea ferruginea Royle and Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were collected from study area. Proximate and mineral composition of leaf and fruit samples were quantified. Proximate composition revealed that leaf samples contained significant amount of dry matter, ash and protein content in O. ferruginea and fat content and Crude fiber in F.carica, Total carbohydrates and Organic matter in P. khinjuk comparatively. Further data highlighted fruit samples as rich source of organic matter, fat content and total carbohydrate (F.carica), Dry matter (P. khinjuk), Ash and protein content (M. alba) and Crude fiber (M. nigra). Similarly, mineral composition revealed a wide variability of macro and micronutrients in leave and fruit samples of selected WEMPs. The overall results obtained in this study have showed that F. carica and M. alba. may serve as good source of many important macro-nutrients viz., N, Ca, K, Mg, S and P. Whereas, M. alba followed by M. nigra may be considered as an excellent source of essential micro nutrients including Al, B, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn. Each selected wild plant manifested variable levels of mineral and proximate compositions representing that all the investigated WEMPs are rich source of nutrients that can fulfil the needs of nutrition while M. alba, M. nigra and F. carica are rich and easily available sources of essential nutrients for human diet. Harnai Balochistan (WEMPs viz viz. L L. M area quantified O Fcarica F F.carica P comparatively , (F.carica) (P khinjuk, khinjuk) (M nigra. . nigra) Similarly macronutrients N Ca K Mg Whereas Al B Cr Fe Mn Ni Zn diet (F.carica

Resumo A medição morfométrica e a ecologia de poleiro de Pteropus medius foram realizadas no distrito de Mansehra de KP, Paquistão. Foram encontrados 3.149 morcegos em 8 pontos biológicos visitados; Baffa Doraha, Darband, Dadar, Jallu, Universidade Hazara, Garhi Habibullah Chattar Plain e Jabori, no total 299 números de diferentes espécies de árvores, incluindo: Morus alba, Pinus raxburghi, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus nigra, Grevillea robusta, Brousonetia papyrifera, Platanus orientalis, Ailanthus altissima, Hevea brasiliensis e Populus nigra. As características morfométricas foram medidas e variam de acordo com o sexo dos morcegos. A envergadura média da asa, o comprimento da asa da ponta da asa ao pescoço, do polegar à ponta da asa e o comprimento do corpo da cabeça e garras foram registrados em 102,98 cm, 49,07 cm, 28,7 cm e 22,78 cm, respectivamente, nos machos. Enquanto 93,67 cm, 44,83 cm, 24,78 cm e 22,78 cm respectivamente, nas fêmeas. As circunferências médias do corpo incluindo asas e sem asas foram medidas de 22,78 cm e 17,29 cm nos machos e as das fêmeas foram 20,07 cm e 16,9 cm. O comprimento médio do polegar 3,64 cm, comprimento da orelha 3,1 cm, focinho 5,62 cm, comprimento dos olhos 1,07 cm para ambos os sexos e comprimento entre os pés em posição estendida foi de 16,3 cm. Geralmente, as medidas diferentes dos corpos masculinos foram maiores que as femininas, como a área de superfície corporal média, massa, volume e pressão foram encontrados em 2691,79 cm2, 855,7 gm,1236,4 ml e 295,77 dines para masculino e 2576,46 cm2, 852,71 gm, 1207 ml e 290,2 dines respectivamente para fêmeas. Enquanto o peso e a densidade para machos e fêmeas de morcegos foram os mesmos com média de 8,59 N e 0,701 g/m3. Os achados de relatórios atuais podem agregar informações valiosas na literatura sobre morcegos, que podem ser utilizadas para identificação e conservação de espécies. KP Paquistão 3149 3 149 3.14 visitados Doraha Darband Dadar Jallu Hazara Jabori 29 árvores alba raxburghi camaldulensis nigra robusta papyrifera orientalis altissima pescoço 10298 102 98 102,9 4907 49 07 49,0 287 28 7 28, 2278 22 78 22,7 9367 93 67 93,6 4483 44 83 44,8 2478 24 24,7 1729 17 17,2 2007 20 20,0 169 16 9 16, 364 64 3,6 31 1 3, 562 5 62 5,6 107 1,0 163 Geralmente femininas massa 269179 2691 79 2691,7 cm2 8557 855 855, gm12364 gm 1236 4 gm,1236, 29577 295 77 295,7 257646 2576 46 2576,4 85271 852 71 852,7 120 2902 290 2 290, 859 59 8,5 0701 0 701 0,70 gm3 g m3 m g/m3 314 14 3.1 1029 10 102, 490 49, 227 22, 936 6 93, 448 44, 247 24, 172 17, 200 20, 36 56 5, 1, 26917 269 2691, 85 gm1236 123 gm,1236 2957 295, 25764 257 2576, 8527 852, 12 8, 070 70 0,7 g/m 3. 26 gm123 gm,123 25 0, gm12 gm,12 gm1 gm,1

Abstract Morphometric measurement and roosting ecology of Pteropus medius were aimed to find out in Mansehra district of KP, Pakistan. Total 3149 numbers of bats were found in eight biological spots visited; Baffa Doraha, Darband, Dadar, Jallu, Hazara University, Garhi Habibullah Chattar Plain and Jabori, in total 299 numbers of different species of trees including; Morus alba, Pinus raxburghi, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus nigra, Grevillea robusta, Brousonetia papyrifera,Platanus orientalis, Ailanthus altissima, Hevea brasiliensis and Populus nigra. Morphometric features were measured and found vary according to sex of the bats. The average wing span, wing`s length from tip of wing to neck, from thumb to tip of wing and the body`s length from head and claws were recorded to be 102.98 cm, 49.07cm, 28.7 cm and 22.78 cm respectively in males while 93.67 cm, 44.83cm, 24.78cm and 22.78 cm respectively in female bats. Mean circumference of the body including wings and without wing were measured as 22.78 cm and 17.29 cm in males and that of female were 20.07 cm and 16.9 cm. Average length of thumb 3.64 cm, ear`s length 3.1 cm, snout 5.62cm, eye length were 1.07 cm for both sexes and length between the feet in extended position were16.3 cm. Generally different measurement of males bodies were found to be greater than female such as mean body surface area, mass, volume and pressure were found to be 2691.79 cm2, 855.7gm,1236.4 ml and 295.77 dyne/ c m 3for male and 2576.46 cm2, 852.71gm,1207 ml and 290.2 dyne/ c m 3 respectively for female. While weight and density for both males and females bats were same with mean of 8.59 newton and 0.701 g/m3. Findings of current reports can add valued information in literature about bats, which can be used for species identification and conservation. KP Pakistan 314 visited Doraha Darband Dadar Jallu University Jabori 29 alba raxburghi camaldulensis nigra robusta papyriferaPlatanus papyrifera Platanus orientalis altissima span s neck bodys 10298 102 98 102.9 4907cm 49 07cm 49.07cm 287 28 7 28. 2278 22 78 22.7 9367 93 67 93.6 4483cm 44 83cm 44.83cm 2478cm 24 78cm 1729 17 17.2 2007 20 07 20.0 169 16 9 16. 364 64 3.6 ears ear 31 1 3. 562cm 5 62cm 5.62cm 107 1.0 were163 were16 were16. area mass 269179 2691 79 2691.7 cm2 8557gm12364 gm 855 7gm 1236 4 855.7gm,1236. 29577 295 77 295.7 dyne 257646 2576 46 2576.4 85271gm1207 852 71gm 1207 852.71gm,120 2902 290 2 290. 859 8 59 8.5 0701 0 701 0.70 gm3 g m3 g/m3 conservation 1029 10 102. 227 22. 936 6 93. 172 17. 200 20. 36 1. were1 26917 269 2691. 8557gm1236 85 123 855.7gm,1236 2957 295. 25764 257 2576. 85271gm120 120 852.71gm,12 8. 070 70 0.7 g/m 26 8557gm123 12 855.7gm,123 25 85271gm12 852.71gm,1 0. 8557gm12 855.7gm,12 85271gm1 852.71gm, 8557gm1 855.7gm,1 85271gm 852.71gm 8557gm 855.7gm, 855.7gm

RESUMEN La utilización de forrajes en la alimentación de los cerdos trae consigo ventajas nutricionales y fisiológicas que favorecen el comportamiento porcino, la morera presenta una excelente calidad nutritiva y fue utilizada con cabras, ovinos y vacunos; el objetivo de esta investigación consistió en evaluar la respuesta productiva en la etapa de ceba en cerdos cruzados de razas Pietrain y Landrace, al emplear el follaje de morera (Morus alba), como sustituto parcial del concentrado comercial. La investigación se desarrolló en la Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, extensión Chone, y se conformó por 16 cerdos, los tratamientos estudiados fueron T0 como testigo, T1, T2 y T3 corresponderán al 3, 6 y 9% de harina de morera en la alimentación de los cerdos, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones y un individuo. Las principales variables evaluadas fueron: ganancia diaria de peso, consumo diario de alimento, conversión alimentaria y mortalidad. El pesaje de los cerdos se realizó cada 15 días, con la determinación del peso vivo promedio, la ganancia media diaria y la conversión alimentaria. Se realizó un análisis estadístico utilizando el procedimiento del (ANOVA) Análisis de Varianza de Clasificación Simple o Totalmente al Azar, donde se obtuvo un intervalo de confianza del 95%. La inclusión de harina de morera al 3% puede mejorar los parámetros productivos de cerdos cruzados de razas Pietrain y Landrace.

ABSTRACT The use of forages in pig feeding brings with it nutritional and physiological advantages that favor pig behavior. Mulberry has excellent nutritional quality and was used with goats, sheep and cattle; The objective of this research was to evaluate the productive response in the fattening stage in crossbred pigs of Pietrain and Landrace breeds, when using mulberry (Morus alba) foliage as a partial substitute for commercial concentrate. The research was developed in the Faculty of Animal Sciences, Chone extension, and was made up of 16 pigs, the treatments studied were T0 as a control, T1, T2 and T3 will correspond to 3, 6 and 9% of mulberry flour in the feeding of pigs, distributed in four treatments with four repetitions and one individual. The main variables evaluated were: daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion and mortality. Pigs were weighed every 15 days, determining the average live weight, average daily gain and feed conversion. Statistical analysis was performed using the Simple or Totally Random Classification Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure, where a 95% confidence interval was obtained. The inclusion of mulberry flour at 3% can improve the productive parameters of crossbred pigs of Pietrain and Landrace breeds.

Resumen Introducción. La morera (Morus alba), planta originaria de China, se utiliza como forraje en algunas granjas. Su alto contenido de proteína estimula la producción de leche en el ganado; sin embargo, se desconoce si sus flavonoides pueden ser incorporados en la leche caprina. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de una dieta enriquecida con morera, sobre la concentración de flavonoides y parámetros bromatológicos de leche de cabras alpinas estabuladas. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó en el año 2019, con cabras de una granja particular ubicada en Veracruz, México. Se formaron dos grupos (A con el tratamiento y B control) con cinco cabras de raza alpina cada uno, de características similares (alimentación estabulada, tres partos, sin mastitis, ordeño manual matutino y vespertino). El grupo A recibió forraje sin morera antes y después del tratamiento (días 1-10 y 21-31, respectivamente), y una dieta de forraje modificada con morera (días 11-20, tratamiento); el grupo B se alimentó con forraje sin morera los 31 días de experimentación. Además, se analizó el contenido de flavonoides en la morera y cada tres días en muestras de leche, además de los bromatológicos de contenido de proteína, grasa, lactosa, sólidos no grasos y densidad. Resultados. Durante la dieta modificada con morera, la concentración de flavonoides alcanzó un máximo de 53,45 mg mL-1 EQ en el grupo A al día 20, descendió de forma paulatina durante el periodo posterior al tratamiento; además, mantuvo un 20 % más de flavonoides que el grupo control. Se observó también un incremento significativo del contenido de proteína en el grupo A, sin diferencia significativa en los demás parámetros bromatológicos de la leche entre los dos grupos. Conclusión. Las dietas modificadas con morera favorecieron la incorporación de flavonoides y el incremento de proteína en la leche de cabra, sin modificar los demás parámetros bromatológicos.

Abstract Introduction. Mulberry (Morus alba), a plant native to China, is used as a fodder on some farms. Its high protein content stimulates milk production in cattle; however, it is not known whether its flavonoids can be incorporated into goat milk. Objective. To evaluate the effect of a diet enriched with mulberry-enriched, on flavonoids concentration and bromatological parameters of milk from stabled alpine goats. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out in 2019, with goats from a particular farm located in Veracruz, Mexico. Two groups were formed (A with the treatment and B control) with five Alpine breed goats each, with similar characteristics (stall feeding, three calving, without mastitis, morning and evening hand milking). Group A received forage without mulberry before and after treatment (days 1-10 and 21-31, respectively), and a modified forage diet with mulberry (days 11-20; group B was fed forage without mulberry on all 31 days of experimentation. Additionally, the flavonoid content in mulberry and every three days in milk samples were analyzed, in addition to the bromatological content of protein, fat, lactose, non-fat solids, and density. Results. During the mulberry-modified diet, the flavonoid concentration reached a maximum of 53.45 mg mL-1 EQ in group A at day 20, it decreased gradually during the post-treatment period; however, it maintained 20 % more flavonoids than the control group. A significant increase in protein content was also observed in group A, with no significant difference in the other bromatological parameters of the milk between the two groups. Conclusions. The diets modified with mulberry favored the incorporation of flavonoids and the increase of protein in goat milk, without modifying the other bromatological parameters.

Resumo A amoreira-preta (Morus nigra L.) é uma planta ornamental utilizado no paisagismo por ser uma planta que proporciona sombreamento, tolera a poluição do ar e o vento. A amoreira-branca (Morus alba L.) é adequada para várias condições de solo. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para investigar os efeitos dos métodos de enxertia por garfagem e dos níveis de AIB em alguns caracteres de mudas de amora preta enxertada sobre porta-enxerto de amoreira branca. Para tanto, foi realizado um experimento em esquema fatorial em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições. Os fatores testados foram o método de garfagem (inglês simples e ômega) e três níveis de ácido indol-3-butírico (0, 500 e 1000 mg L-1). Três meses após a enxertia, foram medidos a porcentagem de formação de calo do porta-enxerto, porcentagem de enraizamento, porcentagem de estacas com folha, número de folhas, brotação mais longa e raiz mais longa. Os resultados mostraram que o efeito do método de enxertia foi significativo em todos os parâmetros avaliados e o método de garfagem em inglês simples foi superior ao método ômega. Além disso, os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de IBA foram significativos em todas as características com a melhor dose de 1000 mg L-1. Os efeitos de interação desses fatores são significativos em todas as características medidas, exceto para a porcentagem de formação de calo de porta-enxerto e porcentagem de enraizamento. Em conclusão, a enxertia pelo método de garfagem em inglês simples teve maior sucesso em comparação ao método ômega e as características morfológicas aumentaram com o aumento da aplicação de maiores níveis de AIB. A aplicação do método de enxertia por garfagem em inglês simples mais 1000 mg L-1 de AIB, realizado pela primeira vez, é recomendada para a produção de mudas de amoreira-preta ornamental enxertadas em amoreira-branca.

Abstract Ornamental black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is used in landscape. Ornamental black mulberry which has high shade, tolerates air pollution and wind. White mulberry (Morus alba L.) is proper for kind of soils conditions. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of stenting methods and IBA levels on some characters of black mulberry scions onto white mulberry rootstock for the first time. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as factorial in completely randomized design with 10 replications. Two factors were including two stenting method (splice and omega) and three levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1). Three months after grafting, percentage of rootstock callus formation, percentage of rooting, percentage of leaf formation, number of leaf formation, the longest shoot and the longest root formation were measured. Results showed that the effect of stenting method was significant on all of evaluated parameters and splice method was superior to omega method. Also, the effects of different levels of IBA were significant on all of measured traits and they are increased by increasing the levels of IBA and the best was with 1000 mg L-1. The interaction effects of these factors are significant on all of measured characteristics except for percentage of rootstock callus formation and rooting percentage. In conclusion, the stenting via splice method had higher success in comparison with omega method and the morphological traits increased by increasing the application of higher levels of IBA. The application of stenting method by splice plus 1000 mg L-1 IBA which was carried out for the first time is recommended for reproduction of ornamental black mulberry onto white mulberry.

Resumen Se evaluó la sobrevida de Morus alba L., Melia azederach L. y Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton a partir de la aplicación del anillado simple como técnica de control de especies exóticas invasoras. En una microcuenca de la Reserva Natural de la Defensa La Calera se identificaron, marcaron y anillaron 60 individuos adultos mediante un corte de radio superior al 12 % del diámetro de fuste. Cada población tratada fue dividida en dos clases diamétricas, inferior y superior, según la mediana del diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP). Se contabilizaron árboles vivos y muertos a los 72, 204, 439, 600 y 972 días de realizado el tratamiento. El tratamiento tuvo diferentes grados de efectividad según la población tratada. M. azederach fue la población más sensible al tratamiento con el 83 % de mortandad a los dos años y medio del tratamiento, mientras que M. alba mostró una sensibilidad ligeramente menor, con 66 %. L. lucidum tuvo la menor sensibilidad al tratamiento, con 20 % de mortandad. La mortandad de los individuos de M. alba y L. lucidum tratados fue mayor en aquellos de DAP inferior, mientras que la efectividad en M. azederach no varíó según la clase de diámetro de fuste.

Abstract The survival of Morus alba L., Melia azederach L. and Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton was evaluated after the application of simple girdling as a technique for controlling invasive alien species. In a micro-basin of the Reserva Natural de la Defensa La Calera, 60 adult individuals were identified, marked and girdled using a radius cut larger than 12 % of the stem diameter. Each treated population was divided into two diameter classes, inferior and superior, according to the median of the breast height diameter (DAP). Alive and dead trees were counted at 72, 204, 439, 600 and 972 days after the treatment. The treatment had different degrees of effectiveness according to the population treated. M. azederach was the most sensitive population to the treatment with 83% mortality at two and a half years of treatment, while M. alba showed a slightly lower sensitivity, with 66 %. L. lucidum showed the lowest sensitivity to the treatment, with 20 % mortality. The mortality of M. alba and L. lucidum treated individuals was higher in those with lower DAP, while the effectiveness in M. azederach did not vary according to the stem diameter class.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of collagen degradation by Pectinase-assisted Halophyte Complex Extract (PHCE) in hairless mice. Collagen expression in vitro was measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. After collecting mice skin in vivo, histological analysis was performed with Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E) and trichrome stain. Molecular expression was measured by western blot analysis. In HaCaT cells, the collagen expression level was increased compared to the positive control group. Epidermal thickness inhibition and collagen expression levels were also increased in the skin of a hairless mouse model. Western blot analysis confirmed the increase in collagen and elastin by inhibiting phosphorylation of NF-κB and decreasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9). The skin protective effect of PHCE is considered to be due to inhibition of MMPs expression through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Therefore, PHCE can be considered as a candidate material as a food material that can improve skin damage caused by UV rays.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of supplementation with concentrate feeds of meal from protein plants on bull fattening on natural pastures. Material and Methods: One hundred crossbred bullocks (1/4 Holstein x 3/4 Zebu and 5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Zebu) were used, distributed in a complete randomized design. Two treatments were established. A) grazing on natural pastures plus supplementation with a concentrate feed formulated with meal from the protein plants Morus alba L. and Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and B) grazing on natural pastures plus supplementation with a concentrate feed formulated with Glycine max (L.) Merr. Each treatment had grazing divided into two paddocks and an area of 36,84 and 53,0 ha, respectively, with rotation time of 15 days. The prevailing pastures in the pastureland were Paspalum notatum Alain ex Flügé and Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. The initial stocking rate was 1,1 animals/ha (0,46 LAU/ha). Results: No significant differences were found for the live weight and daily weight gain in the 10 months the research lasted. The animals were slaughtered at 10 months, with live weight of 379-380 and 380-383 kg for the crossbred R1 (1/4 Holstein x 3/4 Zebu) and Siboney (5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Zebu) animals in treatments A and B, respectively. The average daily live weight gains were 0,454-0497 and 0,510-0,467 in the dry season and 0,65-0,636 and 0,59-0,489 kg/animal/d in the rainy season in treatments A and B, in the crossbred animals R1 and Siboney, respectively. Conclusions: The utilization of concentrate feed formulated with the inclusion of meal from M. alba and T. diversifolia allowed live weight gains in fattening bullocks similar to the animals supplemented with concentrate feed based on soybean meal and the costs were more economical for Cuba than when G. max was used.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con concentrados de harina de dos plantas proteicas en la ceba de toros en pastos naturales en Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron 100 toretes mestizos (1/4 Holstein x 3/4 Cebú y 5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Cebú), distribuidos en un diseño totalmente aleatorizado. Se establecieron dos tratamientos: A) pastoreo en pastos naturales más suplementación con un concentrado formulado con harina de las plantas proteicas Morus alba L. y Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray y B) pastoreo en pastos naturales más suplementación con un concentrado formulado con Glycine max (L.) Merr. Cada tratamiento contó con un pastoreo dividido en dos cuartones y un área de 36,84 y 53,0 ha, respectivamente, con tiempo de rotación de 15 días. El pasto predominante en el pastizal fue Paspalum notatum Alain ex Flügé y Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. La carga inicial fue de 1,1 animales/ha (0,46 UGM/ha). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas para el peso vivo y la ganancia diaria de peso. Los animales se sacrificaron a los 10 meses, con peso vivo de 379-380 y 380-383 kg para los animales mestizos R1 (1/4 Holstein x 3/4 Cebú) y Siboney (5/8 Holstein x 3/8 Cebú) en los tratamientos A y B, respectivamente. Las ganancias diarias de peso vivo promedio fueron de 0,454-0497 y 0,510-0,467 en el período poco lluvioso y 0,65-0,636 y 0,59-0,489 kg/animal/día en el lluvioso en los tratamientos A y B, en los animales mestizos R1 y Siboney, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La utilización de concentrado formulado con la inclusión de harinas de M. alba y T. diversifolia permitió en toretes de ceba ganancias de PV similares a lo obtenido en animales suplementados con concentrado basado en harina de G. max y con costos más económicos para Cuba.

ABSTRACT The quick adjustments of leaf traits are critical for keeping the survival of plants under dehydration. In this study, we examined the hypotheses that plants would adapt to dehydration by shrinking its mesophyll cells to offset the water loss, or triggering water regulation mechanism caused by enzymes. Leaf structure, elastic modulus (Em), leaf tensity (LT) and leaf density (LD) were determined with detached leaves of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. and Morus alba L. at each water loss moment (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h). The coupling model between gripping force and LT was established using the Gibbs free energy equation, and the initial LT was determined. The intracellular water availability of M. alba decreased at 4 h, which was earlier than that of B. papyrifera. The intracellular water availability of M. alba was more sensitive than B. papyrifera. Broussonetia papyrifera adapted to dehydration by shrinking its mesophyll cells to offset the water loss, or triggering water regulation mechanism caused by enzymes, i.e., carbonic anhydrase. The sponge parenchyma of B. papyrifera at 3 h decreased by 25.73% of that at control. Morus alba maintained intracellular water availability just by changing the leaf structure. The offset effects through shrinking cells differed between B. papyrifera and M. alba, because the elastic-plastic behavior of their leaves and cells were different. The Em of M. alba was over five-fold higher than that of B. papyrifera. The investigations of water status were more accurate in terms of leaf physical traits instead of water content.

Abstract A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the simple and combined inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus cubense on agroproductive variables of Morus alba. An experimental design of control plots was used, with six treatments and ten replications. Conventional inoculation techniques were applied. The treatments consisted of EcoMic®, INICA-8, INICA-8+ EcoMic®, absolute control, control fertilized with organic matter and control chemically fertilized. The main stem length (cm), main stem diameter (cm), number of branches, number of leaves, dry weight of leaves (g/plant) were evaluated and the inoculation efficiency index was calculated on the basis of the dry weight of leaves (%).Simple ANOVA analysis and comparison of means by Fisher's LSD were performed. The digit count data were transformed by √x. In the main stem length, the chemically fertilized control highlighted due to its higher values (P <0.001) with respect to the rest of treatments, although it shared common letters with the control fertilized with organic matter at 45 (90.15 cm) and 75 days after sowing (119.50 cm), as well as with EcoMic® + INICA-8, at 135 days after sowing (190.40 cm). Regarding the dry weight of leaves, the treatment inoculated with the combination of EcoMic® + INICA-8 (78.51 g/plant) and the control fertilized with organic matter (76.79 g/plant) were higher to the rest (P <0.001) , and statistically similar to each other. It is concluded that the combined inoculation of EcoMic® + INICA-8 exerted a higher effect on the studied variables. The variables that were most favored with the inoculation were the stem length and the number of branches. The simple inoculation of INICA-8 was inefficient in all variables.

Resumen Se realizó un experimento de campo para evaluar el efecto de la inoculación simple y combinada de Azospirillum brasilense y Glomus cubense en variables agroproductivas de Morus alba. Se empleó un diseño experimental de parcelas testigo, con seis tratamientos y diez réplicas. Se aplicaron técnicas de inoculación convencionales. Los tratamientos consistieron en EcoMic®, INICA-8, INICA-8+ EcoMic®, control absoluto, testigo fertilizado con materia orgánica y testigo fertilizado químicamente. Se evaluó la longitud del tallo principal (cm), diámetro del tallo principal (cm), número de ramas, número de hojas, peso seco de las hojas (g/planta) y se calculó el índice de eficiencia de la inoculación sobre la base del peso seco de las hojas (%). Se realizó análisis de ANOVA simple y comparación de medias por LSD de Fisher. Los datos de conteo de dígitos se transformaron por √x. En la longitud del tallo principal se destacó el testigo fertilizado químicamente por sus valores superiores (P < 0.001) con respecto al resto de los tratamientos, aunque compartió letras comunes con el testigo fertilizado con materia orgánica a los 45 (90.15 cm) y 75 días después de la siembra (119.50 cm), así como con EcoMic®+INICA-8, a los 135 días después de la siembra (190.40 cm). En cuanto al peso seco de las hojas, el tratamiento inoculado con la combinación de EcoMic®+INICA-8 (78.51 g/planta) y el testigo fertilizado con materia orgánica (76.79 g/planta) fueron superiores al resto (P < 0.001), y estadísticamente similares entre sí. Se concluye que la inoculación combinada de EcoMic®+INICA-8 ejerció un efecto superior en las variables estudiadas. Las variables que más se favorecieron con la inoculación fueron la longitud del tallo y el número de ramas. La inoculación simple de INICA-8 fue ineficiente en todas las variables.

RESUMEN La investigación se realizó en las fincas La Sultana y El Madroño de los municipios de Timbio y El Tambo respectivamente, con el fin de evaluar el efecto del abono orgánico líquido mineralizado en el cultivo de morera con el propósito de analizar costos de producción, mejorar el rendimiento y hacer una agricultura amigable con el ambiente. En La Sultana la evaluación se realizó en el primer corte y en El madroño en el tercer corte. En las dos fincas se usó un diseño en bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones. La morera, en las dos fincas, se fertilizó cinco veces de acuerdo al tratamiento con aplicaciones alternas edáfica/foliar cada quince días; se evaluó altura de planta, biomasa, peso de hojas, peso de tallos, relación peso hojas/peso tallos, rendimiento de hojas y calidad nutricional de las hojas, se realizó análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de promedios de Duncan (P=0,005): en La sultana no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los tratamientos, el mejor tratamiento fue la aplicación de A.L.O.F.A. al 5%, mientras que en El Madroño los tratamientos si presentaron diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las variables evaluadas y el mejor tratamiento fue la inoculación con IM y A.L.O.F.A. al 5%.

ABSTRACT The research was carried out in La Sultana and El Madroño of the municipalities of Timbio and El Tambo respectively, in order to evaluate the effect of mineralized liquid organic fertilizer on mulberry cultivation in order to analyze production costs, improve yield and make an environment friendly agriculture. In La Sultana the evaluation was carried out in the first cut and in El Madroño in the third cut. A randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three repetitions was used on both farms. The mulberry, in the two farms, was fertilized five times according to the treatment with alternate edaphic / foliar applications every fifteen days; plant height, biomass, leaf weight, weight of stems, weight ratio of leaves / weight stems, leaf yield and nutritional quality of the leaves were evaluated, variance analysis and Duncan averages comparison test (P=0,005): in La Sultana there was no statistically significant difference between treatments, the best treatment was the application of ALOFA 5%, while in El Madroño the treatments did show statistically significant difference in the evaluated variables and the best treatment was inoculation with MI and A.L.O.F.A. at 5%.

RESUMO A pesquisa foi realizada em La Sultana e El Madroño, dos municípios de Timbio e El Tambo, respectivamente, a fim de avaliar o efeito do fertilizante orgânico líquido mineralizado no cultivo de amoreira, a fim de analisar os custos de produção, melhorar o rendimento e fazer uma agricultura ecológica. Em La Sultana, a avaliação foi realizada no primeiro corte e em El Madroño no terceiro corte. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos e três repetições em ambas as propriedades. A amoreira, nas duas fazendas, foi adubada cinco vezes, de acordo com o tratamento, com aplicações edáficas / foliares alternadas a cada quinze dias; avaliaram-se altura da planta, biomassa, peso foliar, peso das hastes, relação peso / caule, rendimento foliar e qualidade nutricional das folhas, análise de variância e teste de comparação das médias de Duncan (P=0,005): em La Sultana não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tratamentos, o melhor tratamento foi a aplicação de ALOFA 5%, enquanto em El Madroño os tratamentos mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante nas variáveis avaliadas e o melhor tratamento foi a inoculação com MI e A.L.O.F.A. a 5%.

ABSTRACT Objective :To determine the content of anthocyanins and vitamin C, as well as the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of the fruits from seven Morus alba L. varieties. Materials and Methods :The content of anthocyanins and vitamin C was determined in seven varieties of Morus alba L. fruits, cultivated at the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey, as well as the antioxidant activity of the ethanol of these varieties through the phosphomolybdate radical capture essays and determination of total phenols. For the data processing a variance analysis was used. Correlations were made among the variables total antioxidant capacity, total phenols, content of anthocyanins and vitamin C, taking into consideration Pearson’s correlation coefficient and two significance levels of 0,01 and 0,05. Results :The content of anthocyanins, expressed as equivalent of cyanidin-3-glucoside, was between 40,74 and 96,07 mg/100 g, and vitamin C between 16,73 and 28,40 mg of ascorbic acid/100 mL of juice. All the extracts showed antioxidant activity. The total antioxidant capacity varied between 175,96 and 229,48 mmol of ascorbic acid/g of extract and the content of total phenols, between 291,52 and 897,17 mg of gallic acid/100 g of extract. Conclusions :The M. alba fruits showed high contents of anthocyanins and vitamin C. The variety Yu-62 showed the highest concentrations of these compounds. The ethanol extracts showed high antioxidant activity, which is correlated to the high content of total phenols, anthocyanins and vitamin C present in the fruits.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Determinar el contenido de antocianinas y de vitamina C, así como la actividad antioxidante de los extractos etanólicos de los frutos de siete variedades de Morus alba L. Materiales y Métodos : Se determinó el contenido de antocianinas y vitamina C a siete variedades de frutos de Morus alba L., cultivadas en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey, así como la actividad antioxidante de los extractos etanólicos de estas variedades mediante los ensayos de captura del radical fosfomolibdato y la determinación del contenido de fenoles totales. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó un análisis de varianza. Se realizaron correlaciones entre las variables capacidad antioxidante total, fenoles totales, contenido de antocianinas y vitamina C, teniendo en cuenta el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y dos niveles de significación de 0,01 y 0,05. Resultados : El contenido de antocianinas, expresado como equivalente de cianidina-3-glucósido, estuvo entre 40,74 y 96,07 mg/100 g, y la vitamina C entre 16,73 y 28,40 mg de ácido ascórbico/100 mL de jugo. Todos los extractos mostraron actividad antioxidante. La capacidad antioxidante total varió entre 175,96 y 229,48 mmol de ácido ascórbico/g de extracto y el contenido de fenoles totales, entre 291,52 y 897,17 mg de ácido gálico/100 g de extracto. Conclusiones : Los frutos de M. alba presentaron elevados contenidos de antocianinas y vitamina C. La variedad Yu-62 mostró las mayores concentraciones de estos compuestos. Los extractos etanólicos dejaron ver elevada actividad antioxidante, lo que está correlacionado con el alto contenido de fenoles totales, antocianinas y vitamina C presentes en los frutos.

ABSTRACT Objective : To evaluate the effect of mineral salts and the use of mannitol on the in vitro conservation of Morus alba L., Acorazonada variety. Materials and Methods: In a first experiment, the treatments included different concentrations of the mineral salts (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) in a basal Murashige and Skoog culture medium, with 0,5 mg mL-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine, naphthaleneacetic acid 0,5 mg L-1 and sucrose 30,0 g L-1. In another experiment, different mannitol concentrations (5,0, 10,0 and 15,0 g L-1) were evaluated in basal MS culture medium. As control, the basal Murashige and Skoog culture medium was used with 0,5 mg L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine, naphthaleneacetic acid 0,5 mg L-1 and 30,0 g L-1 of sucrose. Results: The highest survival values (60,0 and 53,3 %), higher length (3,8 and 3,9 cm) and number of active leaves (1,02 and 1,05) of the preserved material were obtained when using the mineral salts at 75 and 100 %. The utilization of mannitol reduced the growth and number of active leaves, but did not improve the survival of the explants. In both experiments, the explants showed stems without leaves and phenolization symptoms. Conclusions: The culture medium with the mineral salts at 50 %, 6 benzylaminopurine 0,5 mg L-1, naphthaleneacetic acid 0,5 mg L-1 and 30,0 g L-1 of sucrose favors the in vitro conservation of M. alba, Acorazonada variety, during six months. The utilization of mannitol reduced growth, but did not improve survival and physical condition of the explants during their in vitro conservation.

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar el efecto de las sales minerales y el uso de manitol en la conservación in vitro de Morus alba L., variedad Acorazonada. Materiales y Métodos: En un primer experimento, los tratamientos incluyeron diferentes concentraciones de las sales minerales (25, 50, 75 y 100 %) en un medio de cultivo basal Murashige y Skoog, con 0,5 mg mL-1de 6-bencilaminopurina, ácido naftalenacético 0,5 mg L-1 y sacarosa 30,0 g L-1. En otro experimento, se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de manitol (5,0, 10,0 y 15,0 g L-1) en medio de cultivo MS basal. Como control se utilizó el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog basal con 0,5 mg L-1de 6-bencilaminopurina, ácido naftalenacético 0,5 mg L-1 y 30,0 g L-1 de sacarosa. Resultados: Los mayores valores de supervivencia (60,0 y 53,3 %), mayor longitud (3,8 y 3,9 cm) y número de hojas activas (1,02 y 1,05) del material conservado se obtuvieron al usar las sales minerales al 75 y 100 %. La utilización de manitol redujo el crecimiento y el número de hojas activas, pero no mejoró la supervivencia de los explantes. En ambos experimentos, los explantes mostraron tallos sin hojas y síntomas de fenolización. Conclusiones: El medio de cultivo con las sales minerales al 50 %, 6-bencilaminopurina 0,5 mg L-1, ácido naftalenacético 0,5 mg L-1 y 30,0 g L-1 de sacarosa favorece la conservación in vitro de M. alba, variedad Acorazonada, durante seis meses. La utilización de manitol redujo el crecimiento, pero no mejoró la supervivencia y la condición física de los explantes durante su conservación in vitro.