Abstract Background: The leaves have been used to define sections in the genus Brickellia, allowing us to postulate their taxonomic value in monophyletic groups, as well as to identify the degree of morphological similarity between species and sections in a taxonomic and phylogenetic context. Questions: The species of Brickellia section Barroetea can be differentiated by their leaf blade shapes?, do section Barroetea have leaf blades different from other sections of the genus?, do these leaf shapes represent a conserved trait in the genus? Studied species: Six species from the section Barroetea and 19 species from other sections of Brickellia and related genera (Ageratina and Carminatia) were analyzed. Methods: A linear discriminant analysis and a phylomorphospace analysis were performed to evaluate the conservation status of the leaf shape and to know their morphological differences. Results: Species of the section Barroetea showed significant differences at the specific level, except in Brickellia sonorana. Furthermore, the evaluated species of sections Barroetea, Brickellia, Coleosanthus, Leptanthodium, and Xerobrickellia tend to have ovate-deltoid shapes, except Microphyllae with reniform shapes, in Phanerostylis ovate or elliptical, and Gemmipedium and Kuhnia with linear shapes. The phylomorphospace reveals an overlap in the analyzed sections, where the ancestral sections show a greater morphological change than the recently diversified. The conservation of the leaf shape is not confirmed statistically. Conclusions: Most species of Brickellia section Barroetea can be differentiated between theme, but not from the other sections of the genus Brickellia by the leaf’s shapes. The leaf shape of the genus is not conservated.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las hojas han sido utilizadas para definir secciones en el género Brickellia, lo que permite postular su valor taxonómico en grupos monofiléticos, así como identificar el grado de similitud morfológica entre especies y secciones en un contexto taxonómico y filogenético. Preguntas: ¿Las especies de Brickellia sección Barroetea se pueden diferenciar con las formas de las láminas foliares?, ¿La sección se reconoce de las demás secciones del género con base en la forma foliar? ¿Las formas foliares son un rasgo conservado en el género Brickellia? Especies de estudio: Se utilizaron seis especies de la sección Barroetea y 19 especies de otras secciones de Brickellia y géneros relacionados (Ageratina y Carminatia). Métodos: Se realizó un análisis linear discriminante y un filomorfoespacio para conocer las diferencias y evaluar la conservación de la forma foliar. Resultados: Las especies de la sección Barroetea presentaron diferencias significativas a nivel específico, excepto en Brickellia sonorana. Las especies evaluadas de las secciones Barroetea, Brickellia, Coleosanthus, Leptanthodium y Xerobrickellia tienden a formas ovado-deltoideas, excepto Microphyllae donde son reniformes, en Phanerostylis ovadas o elípticas y en Gemmipedium y Kuhnia lineares. El filomorfoespacio muestra un traslape entre las secciones analizadas; las secciones ancestrales muestran un cambio morfológico mayor que las secciones de reciente diversificación y la conservación de la forma foliar no se confirmó estadísticamente. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las especies de Brickellia sección Barroetea se pueden diferenciar entre ellas, pero no de las demás secciones del género Brickellia. Las formas foliares no se conservan en las secciones del género.

Summary: In the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid zones, food production is increasingly complex. One of the most important effects is desertification where water plays a key role. Therefore, seeking strategies for the production of safe and sustainable food is the current challenge. The production of food through aquaponics is an alternative to respond to this problem. In the Baja California Peninsula, the low annual rainfall and the geographical characteristics naturally make water scarce; but if also add anthropogenic factor, we have as a result, mostly brackish aquifers. In this context, was analyzed, the efficiency in the use of snook culture effluent, in the growth of chard, in a aquaponic system. Were measured the parameters physicochemical of the snook culture effluent and how they influence the morphometric response in chard under hydroponic system. Was compared the response with a traditional system with well water effluent and conventional fertilization. Obtained greater growth in the plants in the hydroponic system, but with snook culture effluent (with a significant difference in length, biomass, leaf area and number of leaves). This study demonstrates the efficiency of the use of snook culture effluent in the growth and development of chard. This knowledge will generate future research with application in biotechnological innovation that can be used by society, with benefits due to the ability to grow species of quality in density, take advantage of nutrients, control water availability, take advantage and improve climatic conditions. We believe that this model snook-chard is ideal for sustainable production systems.

Resumen: En los ecosistemas de zonas áridas y semiáridas la producción de alimentos es cada vez más compleja. Uno de los efectos más importantes es la desertificación donde el agua tiene un papel primordial. Por lo que, buscar estrategias de producción de alimento inocuo y de forma sustentable, es el reto actual. La producción de alimento mediante acuaponía es una alternativa para dar respuesta a esta problemática. En la Península de Baja California, las bajas precipitaciones anuales y las características geográficas hacen de forma natural que el agua sea escasa; pero si a esto se le suma el factor antropogénico, tenemos como resultado, acuíferos en su mayoría salobres. Bajo este contexto se analizó la eficiencia en el uso del efluente del cultivo de robalo, en el crecimiento de la acelga, en un sistema acuapónico. Se midieron los parámetros fisicoquímicos del efluente del robalo y cómo influyen en la respuesta morfométrica en la acelga bajo sistema hidropónico. La respuesta se comparó con un sistema tradicional con efluente de agua de pozo y con fertilización convencional. Se obtuvo mayor crecimiento en las plantas en sistema hidropónico, pero con efluente de agua de cultivo de robalo (con diferencia significativa en longitud, biomasa, área foliar y número de hojas). Este estudio demostró la eficiencia del uso del efluente del cultivo de robalo en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la acelga. Este conocimiento generará futuras investigaciones con aplicación en innovación biotecnológica que podrán ser empleadas por la sociedad, con beneficios por la capacidad de cultivar especies de calidad en densidad, aprovechar los nutrientes, controlar la disponibilidad de agua, aprovechar y mejorar las condiciones climáticas. Consideramos que este modelo robalo-acelga es ideal para los sistemas de producción con sustentabilidad.

Abstract The macondo tree [Cavanillesia platanifolia (Bonpl.) Kunth] is a native species, characteristic of dry forest, beautiful landscape, and cultural value; however, phenotypic variability and canopy opacity are unknow. The Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA has a young plantation of this species in the Zona Bananera, department of Magdalena, in which growth and adaptation to agroecological conditions are evaluated. The characterization included 30 plant morphological descriptors to evaluate 83 trees of 5.3 years of age as well as the evaluation of canopy structure in three plots. The qualitative and quantitative descriptors were analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis and principal components analysis respectively to reduce data dimensionality, followed by cluster analysis using WARD algorithm for grouping individuals. 19 quantitative and qualitative tree and leaf variables showed variation between the individuals of C. platanifolia, which were classified into five groups accumulating 99.87% of the original variability. Individuals with potential of use in agroforestry systems, arboriculture and biomass production were identified in this clusters. The juvenile individuals of C. platanifolia have a low leaf area index (0.29 to 2.03) and canopy openness among 17% and 71%.

Resumen El árbol de macondo [Cavanillesia platanifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth] es una especie nativa, característica del bosque seco, de belleza paisajística e importancia cultural en el Caribe colombiano; sin embargo, se desconoce la variabilidad fenotípica y la estructura del dosel. La Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, cuenta con una plantación juvenil de esta especie en la Zona Bananera, departamento del Magdalena, en la cual se evalúa su crecimiento y adaptación a las condiciones agroecológicas. La caracterización aquí presentada incluyó 30 descriptores morfológicos de planta para evaluar 83 árboles de 5.3 años, así como la evaluación de la estructura del dosel en tres parcelas. Con el fin de reducir la dimensionalidad de los datos, los descriptores cualitativos y cuantitativos se analizaron mediante análisis de correspondencias múltiples y análisis de componentes principales respectivamente. Después se hizo un análisis de conglomerados, utilizando el algoritmo de WARD para el agrupamiento de los individuos. Diecinueve variables cuantitativas y cualitativas de árbol y hoja presentaron variación entre los individuos de C. platanifolia, que se clasificaron en cinco grupos acumulando 99.87% de la variabilidad original. En estos conglomerados se identificaron individuos con potencial de uso en sistemas agroforestales, arboricultura y producción de biomasa. Los individuos juveniles de C. platanifolia presentan un índice de área foliar bajo (0.29 y 2.03) y apertura del dosel entre 17% y 71%.

Resumen Introducción: Los manglares representan cerca del 11 % de la superficie forestal de Cuba. No existen estudios previos que describan sus características foliares, a pesar de que estas variables pueden constituir indicadores del estado de los ecosistemas boscosos. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo se describen las características morfométricas de las hojas en cuatro manglares periurbanos de la ciudad de La Habana: Bajos de Santa Ana, Cojímar, Rincón de Guanabo y la laguna El Cobre-Itabo. Métodos: Se emplearon 1 472 muestras de hojas de Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans y Laguncularia racemosa, recolectadas entre abril y julio 2019, a las cuales se les extrajeron ocho variables: largo de la lámina, ancho máximo, área, perímetro, asimetría lateral, ángulos interiores anterior y posterior y un índice de forma. Resultados: Se detectaron diferencias geográficas en varias de las dimensiones de las hojas en R. mangle y A. geminans, pero L. racemosa mostró características altamente constantes entre localidades. Las diferencias se relacionaron con las características geográficas y ambientales de las localidades. Las dimensiones de las hojas fueron consistentes con estudios realizados en otros países. Conclusiones: Es necesario continuar evaluando de forma precisa estos indicadores foliares para sustentar su uso en futuros monitoreos o investigaciones, y para ello el empleo de fotografías digitales presenta numerosas ventajas, que fundamentan su uso.

Abstract Introduction: Mangroves represent 11 % of the emerged land of Cuba. There is no previous research describing foliar characteristics, but these variables can be used as health indicators in forest ecosystems. Objective: In the current study we describe folial morphometry in four mangroves around Havana city: Bajos de Santa Ana, Cojímar, Rincón de Guanabo and El Cobre - Itabo lagoon. Methods: We collected 1 472 leaves´ samples of Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa, between April and July in 2019, to extract eight foliar variables: length, width, area, perimeter, lateral asymmetry, inner angles and shape index. Results: Geographic differences several variables of leaves in R. mangle and A. germinans were detected, but L. racemosa showed high similarity among localities. Differences can be explained by environmental differences in localities. Conclusions: There is a need for more extensive research on these kinds of foliar indicators to support it use in future monitoring or researches, and for that using digital pictures fotografías pose many advantages.

RESUMO: Oaxaca é umas das regiões de maior diversidade de espécies de pimentas do México. Os agricultores selecionam sementes da maneira tradicional; informações sobre sua qualidade são desconhecidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar a qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes e mudas de três tipos nativos de pimenta (Huacle, De Agua e Pasilla) e pimenta verde comercial como controle. Quinze variáveis foram avaliadas em sementes e doze em mudas. As experiências de laboratório foram estabelecidas sob um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As médias das variáveis foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α=0.05). Os resultados mostraram que o Pasilla apresentou os maiores valores em tamanho e peso de sementes, 1,44 g mais pesado que o controle e 2,09 a 3,73 g maior que os demais tipos de pimenta nativa. A pimenta Huacle e a pimenta verde tiveram 90% de germinação de 90%, enquanto que De Agua e Pasilla foi de 51 e 38%, respectivamente. A pimienta Huacle apresentou os maiores índices de taxa de germinação (29,89) e de vigor de plântulas (992,25). Os maiores valores máximos no número de mudas normais foram obtidos no controle e na pimenta Huacle (72 e 88%). Além disso, este último apresentou os maiores valores de plúmula (3,36 cm) e radícula (7,67 cm). As mudas do Huacle e Pasilla apresentaram maiores valores em altura, espessura do caule, número de folhas, área foliar e índice de esbelto em relação à pimenta, De agua e ao controle. O Huacle apresentou boa qualidade física e fisiológica, semelhante às sementes da pimentão comercial.

ABSTRACT: The diversity of chilis in Oaxaca is one of the most extensive in Mexico. Growers select seeds in the traditional manner; information on its quality is unknown. The aim of this research was to compare the physical and physiological quality of seeds and seedlings of three native types to chili (Huacle, De agua and Pasilla) and of the commercial Green pepper as control. Fifteen variables were evaluated in seed and twelve in seedlings. The laboratory experiments were established under a completely randomized design. Means of the variables were compared using the Tukey test (α=0.05). Results showed that Pasilla chili had the highest values in seed size and weight, which was 1.44 g heavier than the control and 2.09 to 3.73 g higher than native types. Haucle chili and green pepper had a 90% germination rate, while chili De agua and Pasilla chili had germination rates of 51 and 38%, respectively. Huacle chili had the highest germination rate index (29.89) and seedling vigor index (992.25). The top highest values of number of normal seedlings were obtained in the control and Huacle chili seedlings (72 and 88%); also, the latter had the longest plumule (3.36 cm) and radicle (7.67 cm) values. Both Huacle and Pasilla chili seedlings had larger values in height, stem thickness, number of leaves, leaf area and slenderness index than De agua and Green pepper. Huacle chili had good physical and physiological quality similar to the seeds of the commercial Green pepper.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de indução de haploidia em milho superdoce tropical (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) por meio de indutor maternal, bem como identificar métodos alternativos para seleção de haploides. Um híbrido simples de milho comum e 11 populações de milho superdoce tropical foram cruzados com o indutor de haploidia. Os haploides foram pré-selecionados pelo marcador R1-navajo e diferenciados em haploides ou falsos positivos, no estágio V2-V3, com base na cor da primeira bainha foliar e no comprimento das células-guarda dos estômatos foliares. Os resultados obtidos são indicativos da possibilidade de induzir haploides maternos em populações de milho superdoce tropical. Contudo, muitos haploides falso-positivos foram selecionados incorretamente pelo marcador R1-navajo. A coloração da primeira bainha foliar foi eficiente na identificação de haploides em populações de milho superdoce, e o método baseado na morfometria dos estômatos pode ser usado quando não há distinção de cor da primeira bainha foliar.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the possibility of haploid induction in tropical supersweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) using a maternal inducer, as well as to identify alternative methods for haploid selection. A single-cross hybrid of field corn and 11 tropical supersweet corn populations were crossed with the haploid inducer. The haploids were pre-selected using the R1-navajo marker and were differentiated into haploids or false positives at the V2-V3 stage, based on the color of the first leaf sheath and on the length of stomata guard cells. The obtained results are indicative of the possibility of inducing maternal haploids in populations of tropical supersweet corn. However, a large number of false-positive haploids were incorrectly selected by the R1-navajo marker. The color of the first leaf sheath was efficient for haploid identification in supersweet corn populations, and the method based on stomata morphometry can be used when there is no color distinction on the first leaf sheath.

ABSTRACT The excess of heavy metals, such as copper, causes toxicity in plants, consequently, it generates changes in their aerial tissues, affecting their stomata whose main function is gas exchange. However, the density and morphometry of these stomata could vary to compensate for the water content caused by these environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to determine the leaf area, density and morphometry of leaf stomas of Gochnatia arequipensis Sandwith (Asteraceae) in relation to leaf copper content, determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, collected at different sampling points. In this research, a stratified design was carried out, for which leaves of the study plant developed in the district of Quequeña were collected at different distances from the tailings belonging to the Kiowa PAM and also in the Characato district. The leaf area was lower in plants from the points closest to the Kiowa PAM (55.8 ± 11.27 mm2) than the leaf area of the Characato district plants (62.72 ± 6.94 mm2). On the other hand, the stomatal density (154.2 ± 32.9 stomata / mm2) was greater in the plants of the points near the Kiowa PAM while its stomatal area decreased (315.02 ± 31.114 fim2). The stomatal opening was greater in the Characato plants (73.04 ± 8.3 fim2). When the amount of leaf copper is greater, the leaf area suffers a decrease, the stomatal density decreases as the plants move away from the Kiowa PAM.

RESUMEN El exceso de metales pesados, como el cobre, provoca toxicidad en las plantas, en consecuencia, genera cambios en sus tejidos aéreos, afectando sus estomas cuya principal función es el intercambio gaseoso. Sin embargo, la densidad y morfometría de estos estomas podrían variar para compensar el contenido hídrico provocado por los cambios ambientales. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el área foliar, la densidad y la morfometria de los estomas de hojas de Gochnatia arequipensis Sandwith (Asteraceae) en relación al contenido de cobre foliar, determinado mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, colectadas en diferentes puntos de muestreo. En esta investigación se realizó un diseño estratificado, para lo cual se recolectaron hojas de la planta en estudio desarrolladas en el distrito de Quequeña a diferentes distancias del relave perteneciente al PAM Kiowa y también en el distrito de Characato. El área foliar fue menor en plantas de los puntos más próximos al PAM Kiowa (55.8 ± 11.27 mm2) que el área foliar de las plantas del distrito de Characato (62.72 ± 6.94 mm2). Por otro lado, la densidad estomática (154.2 ± 32.9 estomas/mm2) fue mayor en las plantas de los puntos próximos al PAM Kiowa mientras que su área estomática disminuyó (315.02 ± 31.114 μm 2). La apertura estomática fue mayor en las plantas de Characato (73.04 ± 8.3 μm 2). Cuando la cantidad de cobre foliar es mayor, el área foliar sufre una disminución, la densidad estomática disminuye conforme las plantas se alejan del PAM Kiowa.

Resumen Introducción. La pitahaya es una planta que pertenece a la familia de las cactáceas, esta crece naturalmente en árboles o tutores muertos en zonas estacionalmente secas y posee una arquitectura variable en su crecimiento por ser una planta epífita y hemiepífita, sus tallos verdes son estructuras que cumplen un papel de tallo-hoja. Actualmente en Costa Rica existe poca información sobre el crecimiento y la cuantificación de la morfometría de la pitahaya. Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relacionar variables no destructivas con variables destructivas para construir una herramienta para el uso de proyecciones de crecimiento en pitahaya en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se efectuó entre los años 2016-2017. Se muestrearon al azar tallos provenientes de plantas sembradas en suelo y sustratos. Se evaluó: largo, grosor basal, medio y alto (A), área fotosintética (método indirecto) y biomasa (peso fresco, seco y porcentaje de humedad) para cada tallo. Se construyó una base de datos y se calcularon regresiones lineales, asimismo, se comparó con la prueba de Kruskal Wallis (α=0,05) la variabilidad entre sitios (suelo arcilloso, franco y viveros) de siembra. Resultados. Las regresiones lineales mostraron que el largo por el ancho presentó una correlación significativa (r2=0,85) con la variable peso seco y una correlación altamente significativa (r2=0,97) con la variable área fotosintética. Se determinaron dos criterios matemáticos para generar ecuaciones de mejor ajuste con el fin de lograr una mayor precisión en las proyecciones de las variables. El peso mostró diferencias significativas (α=0,01) según los sitios de crecimiento del tallo. Conclusión. Las regresiones lineales mostraron alta precisión (r2>0,85) en algunas variables de crecimiento en los tallos de pitahaya, lo cual podría ser una herramienta eficaz para generar cuantificaciones de crecimiento en el cultivo a partir de un parámetro alométrico.

Abstract Introduction. Dragon fruit plant (Pitahaya) is a cactacea family plant, it grows naturally in dead trees or stakes in seasonally dry areas, and it has an out-of-order architecture in the growth for being and epiphyte and hemiepiphyte plant, its green steams are structures that play the role of steam-leaf. Currently, in Costa Rica, there is little information on the growth and quantification of dragon fruit morphometry. Objective. The objective of this work was to relate non-destructive variables with destructive variables to develop a useful tool for the use growth projections in dragon fruit in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. The study was carried from 2016 to 2017. Stems from plants sown in soil and substrates were randomly sampled. The following were evaluated: longitude, basal, medium and apical thickness (A), leaf area (indirect method) and biomass (fresh weight, dry weight and moisture percentaje) for each stem. A database was built and it’s linear regressions were calculated, and the site variability (clay soil, loam soil and nurseries) was compared with Kruskal Wallis (α=0.05) test. Results. Linear regressions showed highly significant correlation (r2= 0.97) with the significative correlation (r2=0.85) with dry weight and that the longitude by width presented a foliar area. Two mathematical criteria were determined, to generate better fit equation for more accurate projections of variables. The weight showed significative differences (α=0.01) according to stem growth sites. Conclusion. Linear regression showed high precision (r2= 0.85) in some growth variables in dragon fruit steams, wich could be an effective tool to generate crop growth quantification.

Estudos morfológicos com sementes e plântulas de espécies florestais são fundamentais para a compreensão da dinâmica florestal e interpretação de resultados dos testes de germinação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em descrever a morfologia de sementes e plântulas de Handroanthus impetiginosus (Bignoniaceae). Para isso, fez-se a biometria e descrição morfológica de sementes com e sem asas, bem como a morfometria e descrição morfológica de plântulas durante o processo germinativo. As sementes de H. impetiginosus pouco se diferenciam de outras espécies do género Handroanthus Mattos, mas apresentam diferenças quanto aos atributos biométricos. Os aspectos morfológicos da plântula de H. impetiginosus permitem distingui-la de outras espécies do género. A germinação de semente de H. impetiginosus é epígea foliáceo fanerocotiledonar, com o início da formação de plântulas normais ao décimo terceiro dia após a semeadura.

Morphological studies with seeds and seedlings of forest species are fundamental for the understanding of forest dynamics and interpretation of results of germination tests. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the morphology of seeds and seedlings of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Bignoniaceae). For this, the biometry and morphological description of seeds with and without wings were made, as well as the morphometry and morphological description of seedlings during the germination process. Seeds of H. impetiginosus differ little from some species of the genus Handroanthus Mattos, but they do differ in the biometric aspects. The morphological characteristics of the seedling of H. impetiginosus allow its distinction of other species of the genus. Seed germination of H. impetiginosus is phytogean foliar epidermis, with the beginning of normal seedling formation on the thirteenth day after sowing.

Resumo Os órgãos vegetativos aéreos estão consideravelmente mais expostos às condições ambientais e podem refletir as adaptações específicas das plantas ao seu habitat. A espécie Aldama grandiflora é amplamente distribuída no Brasil e, dessa forma, indivíduos de diferentes populações podem estar expostos a diferentes condições ambientais. Vários estudos anatômicos realizados com espécies brasileiras do gênero Aldama têm abordado, principalmente, as características anatômicas qualitativas dessas espécies, mas não em suas características quantitativas. Neste estudo avaliamos se as condições climáticas e do solo podem alterar a morfometria entre os indivíduos de A. grandiflora coletados em seis populações do Estado de Goiás. Foram avaliados os caracteres anatômicos foliares e caulinares, além da amostragem do solo e coleta de dados climáticos, para os seis locais. A análise indicou algumas diferenças estatísticas entre as populações avaliadas, mostrando que A. grandiflora apresentou características anatômicas foliares e caulinares bastante consistentes. As pequenas diferenças morfo-anatômicas encontradas entre indivíduos das diferentes populações avaliadas, refletiram as condições do solo nos quais essas populações se desenvolveram. Assim sendo, fatores ambientais relacionados ao clima e condições do solo têm uma influência significativa sobre a morfo-anatomia de Aldama grandiflora.

Abstract Vegetative aerial organs are considerably more exposed to environmental conditions and can reflect the specific adaptations of plants to their local environment. Aldama grandiflora species are known to be widely distributed in Brazil; therefore, individuals from different populations of this species are thought to be exposed to different abiotic and biotic conditions. Several anatomical studies conducted on Brazilian Aldama species have mainly focused on the qualitative anatomical characters or traits of these species, but not on their quantitative traits. In this study, we evaluated whether climate and soil conditions can change the morphometry among individuals of A. grandiflora collected from six sites in the Goiás State, Brazil, by assessing their anatomical characters. Further, soil sampling was performed, and climate data were collected from all the six sites. The analysis indicated few statistical differences among the populations evaluated, showing that A. grandiflora presented consistent leaf and stem anatomical characteristics. The small morpho-anatomical differences found among individuals of the different populations evaluated, reflected the soil conditions in which these populations were grown. Therefore, environmental factors have a significant influence on the morpho-anatomy of Aldama grandiflora.

Resumo Foram analisadas raízes e folhas de Panicum maximum Tanzânia, Mombaça e Massai; Urochloa brizantha Piatã, Marandu e Xaraés; Urochloa humidicola Llanero; Urochloa ruziziensis Ruzizienses; Urochloa hybrida Mulato II e Cynodon nlemfuensis Estrela-roxa, procurando identificar caracteres relacionados à melhor adaptação ao ambiente e à qualidade nutritiva das forrageiras. As dez cultivares foram semeadas em blocos inteiramente casualizados com três repetições. Após estabelecidas foi coletado material vegetativo, do qual lâminas histológicas foram confeccionadas a partir de secções do terço médio de raízes e folhas. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (p>0,05) nas raízes: maior volume de células epidérmicas (28,62 µm) e diâmetro total (1926,41 µm) de Llanero; em Estrela-roxa maior espessura do cilindro vascular (975,09 µm) e número maior de protoxilemas (42,25) e formação de aerênquimas nas cultivares Piatã, Mulato II, Xaraés, Massai, Llanero, e Estrela-roxa; Nas folhas, foram constatadas maiores proporções de células buliformes (121,07 µm) e mesofilo foliar mais espesso (263,63 µm) em Llanero; em Xaraés e Marandu maiores proporções de fibras esclerenquimáticas; em Massai menores resultados para quantidade de fibras. Conclui-se que as cultivares Estrela-roxa, Llanero e Massai apresentam maior adaptabilidade ao ambiente e melhor qualidade nutritiva.

Abstract Roots and leaves of Panicum maximum Tanzânia, Mombaça and Massai; Urochloa brizantha Piatã, Marandu and Xaraés; Urochloa humidicola Llanero; Urochloa ruziziensis Ruzizienses; Urochloa hybrida Mulato II and Cynodon nlemfuensis Estrela-roxa were analyzed, seeking to identify characters for better adaptation to the environment that may interfere with digestibility of tissue from the point of view of the rumen in cattle. Were planted ten cultivars in a completely randomized blocks with three repetitions. Was collected vegetative material, which histological slides were prepared from middle third of the sections of roots and leaves. Were observed differences (p>0.05) in the roots: higher volume of epidermal cells (28.62 µm) and overall diameter (1926.41 µm) of Llanero; thicker vascular cylinder (975.09 µm) and more protoxylem (42.25) in Estrela-roxa and occurrence of aerenchyma in cultivars Piatã, Mulato II, Xaraés, Massai, Llanero and Estrela-roxa; Were found higher proportions of bulliform cells in the leaves (121.07 µm) and thicker leaf mesophyll in U. humidicola Llanero (263.63 µm); higher proportion of sclerenchyma fibers in Xaraés and Marandu; lower results for amount of fibers in P. maximum Massai. We conclude that the cultivars Estrela-roxa, Llanero and Massai have greater adaptability to the environment and better nutritional quality.

Abstract: Background: Hybridization leads to individuals with atypical phenotypes, leading to taxonomic confusion when hybridizing populations are studied. Micromorphological characters may enable taxonomists to discriminate between parental and hybrid categories due to their simple genetic inheritance. Species study: Three oak taxa distributed in the montane regions of the Mexico were studied: Quercus crassifolia, Q. crassipes and their hybrid Q. × dysophylla. Hypothesis: We describe the leaf micromorphological and macromorphological variation of these taxa. Specifically, we searched for a unique combination of micromorphological characters in hybrids. We hypothesize that spatial micromorphological variation will match the spatial pattern revealed by a previous genetic study. Study sites: Two allopatric stands for each parental species and seven hybrid zones were studied. Individuals within each stand were identified as belonging to parental or hybrid categories following previous genetic analyses. Methods: Stomata and trichome types for each taxa were determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy. Eight micromorphological characters for trichomes and stomata and four foliar macromorphological characters were measured. Results: We found the presence of both multirradiate and simple stellate non-glandular trichomes as a diagnostic feature of Q. × dysophylla. Overall populations, Q. × dysophylla showed intermediate phenotypes in 70 % of morphological characters. However, hybrid phenotype exhibited geographical variation. Lastly, spatial hybrid’s phenotype variation did not correlate with the spatial genetic pattern previously identified. Conclusions: The micromorphological features of Q. × dysophylla may enable taxonomists to accurately discriminate between this taxon and its parental species. Finally, we suggest that micromorphological expression of both parental species and hybrids may be influenced by environmental gradients and microclimates.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La hibridación resulta en individuos con morfologías atípica, lo cual lleva a confusiones taxonómica al estudiar poblaciones en las que ocurre hibridación. Los caracteres micromorfológicos pueden ser útiles para diferenciar entre individuos híbridos y parentales. Especies de estudio: Se estudiaron tres taxones de encinos: Quercus crassifolia, Q. crassipes y Q. × dysophylla, el híbrido de estas especies. Hipótesis: Se describe la expresión de caracteres micromorfológicos y macromorfológicos de estos taxones. En particular, se buscó una combinación única de caracteres micromorfológicos en los híbridos. Asimismo, esperamos que la variación espacial fenotípica sea similar a la encontrada en un estudio genético previo. Sitio de estudio: Se estudiaron dos poblaciones alopátridas para cada especie parental y siete zonas híbridas. Los individuos fueron considerados como parentales o híbridos de acuerdo al estudio genético previo. Métodos: Los tipos de estomas y tricomas para cada taxón fueron identificados mediante Micoscopía Electrónica de Barrido. Además, se midieron ocho caracteres micromorfológicos de estomas y tricomas y cuatro caracteres macromorfológicos foliares. Resultados: Se encontró que la presencia de tricomas multirradiados y estrellados no glandulares son un carácter diagnóstico de Q. × dysophylla. Asimismo, Q. × dysophylla mostró un fenotipo intermedio en el 70 % de los caracteres morfológicos. Sin embargo, el fenotipo híbrido mostró variación geográfica. El patrón espacial de la variación morfológica no mostró relación con el patrón genético encontrado previamente. Conclusiones: Las características micromorfológicas de Q. × dysophylla pueden ser de utilidad para los taxónomos con el fin de discriminar entre categorías híbridas y parentales. Se sugiere que la expresión micromorfológica puede estar influenciada por gradientes ambientales.

Abstract Tropical plants have a diverse morphology and physiology adapted to capture light within the forest. Piper retuculatum is a small tree that grows in illuminated and low light environments. We randomly collected 25 mature leaves from each condition (from several plants), and determined the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf thickness and shape; and amount of chlorophyll. Plants from both light classes differed in SLA, thickness, shape and chlorophyll content of the leaves. Those exposed to light had higher values for shape and thickness while low light plants had leaves with more SLA and chlorophyll content values. P. reticulatum presents great plasticity for leaf shape which increases its performance and allows it to compete with advantage against other plant species.

Resumen Las plantas tropicales presentan gran variedad en su morfología y fisiología para captar luz dentro del bosque. Piper reticulatum es un pequeño árbol con la capacidad vivir en condicionesde luz y sombra. En este trabajo se comparó algunos parámetros foliares en condicionesde luz y sombra en P. reticulatum. Se tomaron 50 hojas maduras al azar de diferentes individuos, 25 por cada tipo de hábitat, a cada una se le determinó el área foliar específica, grosor, forma de la hoja y cantidad de clorofila. Se determinó que existe diferencia significativa entre las plantas a la luz y a la sombra en el área foliar específica, grosor, forma y cantidad de clorofila de la hoja. Las plantas a la luz presentaron valores más altos en la forma de la hoja y grosor y las plantas a la sombra presentaron valores más altos de área foliar específica y clorofila. Los resultados indican que P. reticulatum presenta una gran plasticidad en cuanto a la forma de las hojas lo cual mejora su rendimiento y le permite competir mejor con otras especies.

Quercus germana is an endemic species from the cloud forest of Mexico. The selection pressure resulting from fragmentation and environmental changes suggests the presence of phenotypic differentiation. We evaluated the relationship between the environment and the leaf morphology of Q. germana at six sites in the area of Xalapa, Veracruz. Ten leafs of 30 specimens per site were collected. Ten leafs morphometric and seven environmental characteristics were measured and variance analyses were performed with a discriminant analysis. Additionally, UPGMA phylogenetic trees were constructed and the Mahalanobis distances were compared using a Mantel test to estimate the relationship between morphometry and the environment. The morphological variables that best separated the sites were mucrones, ribs and petiole size. Environmentally, the most discriminant variables were light, temperature and loss of humidity. The Mantel test did not show any relationship between the morphometric and the environmental differences (r = 0.090, P = 0.3060), so there is not any association between the two. Because morphological differences were found in sub-populations despite of the short distance between them, these may be affected by fragmentation even without environmental influences.

Quercus germana es una especie endémica del bosque mesófilo de montaña de México. La presión de selección que la fragmentación y los cambios ambientales ejercen, sugieren diferenciación fenotípica. Por lo anterior, la relación de la diferenciación foliar de Q. germana con la fragmentación y las condiciones ambientales se evaluó en seis sitios del bosque mesófilo de Xalapa, Veracruz. Para ello, se colectaron 10 hojas de las ramas nones de 30 individuos por sitio; se midieron 10 características morfométricas foliares y siete ambientales. Los análisis de varianza se realizaron con el modelo linear generalizado; se utilizó un análisis discriminante, se construyeron árboles de ligamiento UPGMA y se proyectaron las poblaciones tridimensionalmente. Las distancias de Mahalanobis se compararon con una prueba de Mantel para estimar la relación morfométrica y ambiental. Las variables morfológicas que mejor separan los sitios son mucrones, nervaduras y tamaño del peciolo. Ambientalmente, las variables más discriminantes son luz, temperatura y pérdida de humedad. La prueba de Mantel no mostró relación entre las diferencias morfométricas y ambientales (r = 0.090, P = 0.306). Las subpoblaciones de Q. germana son morfológicamente diferentes a pesar de la distancia corta que las separa, lo cual indica que posiblemente son afectadas por la fragmentación aún sin influencia ambiental.

Phenotypic variation in four natural populations of Parrotia persica (Hamamelidaceae), a species considered a living fossil endemic to the Hyrcanian forest, was evaluated through leaf morphometric and multivariate analysis. Furthermore, plasticity and leaf fluctuating asymmetry (LFA) were studied. Our findings clearly displayed significant divergence among sites. The smallest lamina size, the highest plasticity, and the lowest LFA values were recorded in the eastern and more xeric sites (Ghorogh and Daland), thus it seems these sites endure a larger environmental stress. Although our findings showed that multivariate and leaf morphometric analyses are suitable instruments to detect levels of phenotypic variability among P. persica natural populations, further study of allozyme and DNA diversity is necessary.

Se evaluó la variación fenotípica en cuatro poblaciones naturales de Parrotia persica (Hamamelidaceae), una especie endémica considerada como un fósil viviente del bosque hircaniano, a través de un análisis morfométrico y multivariado de las hojas. Asimismo, se estudiaron la plasticidad y la asimetría foliar fluctuante (AFF). Nuestros hallazgos mostraron claramente una divergencia significativa entre sitios. El tamaño más pequeño de la lámina foliar, la plasticidad más grande y los valores más pequeños de AFF fueron registrados en los sitios más xéricos de la parte oriental (Ghorogh y Daland), por lo que parece que estos sitios están sujetos a un mayor estrés ambiental. Obtuvimos resultados interesantes, pero hace falta realizar nuevos estudios de la diversidad de aloenzimas y ADN.