RESUMO A aplicação de esgoto sanitário utilizando o gotejamento subsuperficial contribui para mitigar os problemas atuais de disponibilidade de água e produção de alimento. Objetivou-se avaliar o feijão-caupi recebendo esgoto sanitário por gotejadores operando com diferentes vazões e profundidades. Os gotejadores operaram com as vazões de 1,6 e 3,8 L h-1 e foram instalados nas profundidades de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 cm. O feijão-caupi foi cultivado em vasos de 65 L preenchidos com solo argiloso em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se esgoto sanitário sintético e a quantidade aplicada nos vasos foi baseada no elemento limitante, que no caso foi o nitrogênio, para o cultivo do feijão-caupi. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado com sondas de TDR. Avaliou-se a germinação e as respostas fisiológicas e morfologia das raízes do feijão-caupi. A ascensão capilar, quando a água foi aplicada em profundidade, não foi suficiente para umedecer de maneira uniforme a superfície do solo. As variáveis de germinação apresentaram um decréscimo em função do aumento das profundidades de instalação dos gotejadores. A distribuição da água com o aumento da profundidade dos emissores foi responsável pelos prejuízos nas respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas das raízes feijão-caupi. As vazões dos gotejadores não afetaram a germinação do feijão-caupi. Utilizar o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial não foi apropriado para o feijão-caupi nas condições deste estudo. alimento Objetivouse Objetivou se feijãocaupi feijão caupi 16 1 6 1, 38 3 8 3, h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 2 cm vegetação Utilizouse Utilizou limitante nitrogênio feijãocaupi. caupi. TDR Avaliouse Avaliou capilar estudo

ABSTRACT The application of sanitary sewage using subsurface drip irrigation contributes to mitigating the current problems of water availability and food production. The aim in this study was to evaluate cowpea receiving sanitary sewage through drippers operating at different flow rates and depths. The drippers operated at flow rates of 1.6 and 3.8 L h-1 and were installed at depths of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. Cowpea was grown in 65 L pots filled with sandy clay soil in a greenhouse. Synthetic sanitary sewage was used and the amount applied to the pots was based on the limiting element, which in this case was nitrogen, for growing cowpea. Irrigation was managed using TDR probes. Germination and the physiological responses and morphology of cowpea roots were assessed. Capillary rise, when water was applied in subsurface, was not sufficient to evenly moisten the soil surface. The germination variables decreased as a result of the increase in drip installation depths. The distribution of water as the depth of the emitters increased was responsible for the damage to the physiological and morphological responses of cowpea roots. The flow rates of the drippers did not affect the germination of cowpea. Using the subsurface drip irrigation system was not appropriate for growing cowpea under the conditions of this study. production 16 1 6 1. 38 3 8 3. h1 h h- 0 5 10 15 20 25 cm greenhouse element nitrogen probes assessed rise surface 2

RESUMO: O ensino de anatomia vem se modificando ao longo dos anos, introduzindo métodos tecnológicos, principalmente após o período pandêmico. Questiona-se o uso exclusivo da tecnologia em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de dissecação e aulas teóricas presenciais no que diz respeito à aquisição de conhecimento. Este artigo analisou a percepção de conhecimento de alunos de diversos semestres do curso de Medicina Veterinária, comparando alunos que tiveram aulas apenas online com aqueles que tiveram aulas presenciais de Anatomia Descritiva dos Animais Domésticos. Para tanto, questões foram enviadas por meio de formulário, com preenchimento voluntário e anônimo, e posteriormente analisadas estatisticamente. Os resultados indicam que 11,5% dos alunos que cursaram a disciplina remotamente falharam na aplicação dos conhecimentos em outras disciplinas, enquanto nenhum aluno do ensino presencial relatou o mesmo. A maioria dos alunos, tanto dos grupos remotos quanto dos presenciais, lembram-se do assunto, mas revisam o conteúdo com frequência. Em relação ao conhecimento teórico, o grupo online (80,8%) compreendeu melhor à medida que o curso avançava, comparado a 59,6% do grupo presencial. A ligação entre Anatomia e outras disciplinas foi mais destacada pelo grupo presencial (30,8%) em comparação ao online (15,4%). Ambos os grupos concordam que o contacto físico com peças anatômicas é essencial, mas alguns consideram possível ter um primeiro contacto com imagens ou fotografias 3D. Baseado nesse estudo preliminar, conclui-se que as interações iniciais com a área de Anatomia devem incluir técnicas pedagógicas diversificadas com comunicação empática. A utilização de recursos tecnológicos modernos é um aliado do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, e após a abstração dos conteúdos é possível o uso singular da tecnologia na manutenção e atualização do conhecimento anatômico. RESUMO anos pandêmico Questionase Questiona Veterinária Domésticos formulário anônimo estatisticamente 115 11 5 11,5 mesmo lembramse lembram assunto frequência teórico 80,8% 808 80 8 (80,8% avançava 596 59 6 59,6 30,8% 308 30 (30,8% 15,4%. 154 15,4% . 15 4 (15,4%) essencial 3D D preliminar concluise conclui empática ensinoaprendizagem, ensinoaprendizagem aprendizagem, aprendizagem ensino-aprendizagem anatômico 1 11, 80,8 (80,8 59, 30,8 3 (30,8 15,4 (15,4% 80, (80, 30, (30, 15, (15,4 (80 (30 (15, (8 (3 (15 ( (1

ABSTRACT: Anatomy teaching has been changing over the years, introducing technological methods especially after the pandemic period. An ongoing debate revolves around whether exclusive reliance on technology for anatomy classes, as opposed to traditional methods and face-to-face instruction, enhances knowledge acquisition. This study analyzed the knowledge perception of students from various semesters throughout the Veterinary Medicine course, comparing students who only had online classes with those who had face-to-face classes in Gross Anatomy of Domestic Animals. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed for voluntary and anonymous completion, and the responses were subsequently analyzed statistically. The results indicated that 11.5% of the students who took Anatomy remotely failed to apply the knowledge in other subjects, while no face-to-face learning student reported the same. Most students, both remote and face-to-face groups, remember the subject but review the content frequently. Regarding theoretical knowledge, the online group (80.8%) understood better as the course progressed, compared to 59.6% of the face-to-face group. The connection between Anatomy and other subjects was more highlighted by the face-to-face group (30.8%) compared to the online group (15.4%). Both groups agree that physical contact with anatomical specimens is essential; however, some believe that initial exposure through 3D images or photographs is feasible. We concluded based on this preliminary study that the initial interactions with the Anatomy field should include diversified pedagogical techniques with empathetic communication. The use of modern technological resources are allies in the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, after abstracting the contents, technology alone can effectively maintain and update anatomical knowledge. ABSTRACT years period facetoface face instruction acquisition Animals purpose completion statistically 115 11 5 11.5 same frequently 80.8% 808 80 8 (80.8% progressed 596 59 6 59.6 30.8% 308 30 (30.8% 15.4%. 154 15.4% . 15 4 (15.4%) essential however D feasible communication teachinglearning process Furthermore contents 1 11. 80.8 (80.8 59. 30.8 3 (30.8 15.4 (15.4% 80. (80. 30. (30. 15. (15.4 (80 (30 (15. (8 (3 (15 ( (1

Resumo Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel do fenofibrato, um agonista do receptor ativado por proliferadores de peroxissoma-α, na lesão renal induzida por obesidade (lipotoxicidade) em camundongos submetidos à uninefrectomia. Métodos: Camundongos C57BL/6 foram submetidos a uninefrectomia e cirurgias simuladas (sham) e alimentados com dietas normocalóricas ou rica em gordura. Após 10 semanas, os camundongos obesos receberam fenofibrato a 0,02% por 10 semanas. Avaliamos função e morfologia renal, bem como níveis de mediadores inflamatórios e fibróticos e marcadores do metabolismo lipídico. Resultados: Camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em gordura desenvolveram obesidade e hiperlipidemia características, com subsequente acúmulo de lipídios e danos renais, incluindo expansão mesangial, fibrose intersticial, inflamação e proteinúria. Essas alterações foram maiores em camundongos obesos uninefrectomizados do que em camundongos obesos sham. O tratamento com fenofibrato preveniu hiperlipidemia e lesões glomerulares, reduziu o acúmulo de lipídios, melhorou a disfunção renal e atenuou a inflamação e fibrose renal. Além disso, o tratamento com fenofibrato reduziu a expressão no tecido renal do inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1, da proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 e a expressão local do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos-21. Conclusão: A ativação do receptor ativado por proliferadores de peroxissoma-α pelo fenofibrato, com subsequente lipólise, atenuou lesões glomerulares e tubulointersticiais induzidas por lipotoxicidade renal, protegendo, assim, os rins de camundongos uninefrectomizados contra lesões induzidas por obesidade. Os achados do estudo sugerem uma via na ação farmacológica do fenofibrato, fornecendo insights sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no dano renal causado pela obesidade em doadores renais. Introdução peroxissomaα, peroxissomaα peroxissoma α, α (lipotoxicidade Métodos C57BL6 CBL C57BL 6 C BL C57BL/ sham (sham 1 semanas 002 0 02 0,02 lipídico Resultados características renais mesangial intersticial proteinúria disso plasminogênio1, plasminogênio1 plasminogênio 1, plasminogênio-1 monócitos1 monócitos monócitos- fibroblastos21. fibroblastos21 fibroblastos 21. 21 fibroblastos-21 Conclusão lipólise protegendo assim 00 0,0 plasminogênio- fibroblastos2 2 fibroblastos-2 0, fibroblastos-

Abstract Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist, in obesity-induced kidney damage (lipotoxicity) in mice with uninephrectomy. Methods: C57BL/6 mice underwent uninephrectomy and sham surgeries and were fed normocaloric or high-fat diets. After 10 weeks, obese mice were administered 0.02% fenofibrate for 10 weeks. Kidney function and morphology were evaluated, as well as levels of inflammatory and fibrotic mediators and lipid metabolism markers. Results: High-fat diet-fed mice developed characteristic obesity and hyperlipidemia, with subsequent renal lipid accumulation and damage, including mesangial expansion, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, and proteinuria. These changes were greater in obese uninephrectomy mice than in obese sham mice. Fenofibrate treatment prevented hyperlipidemia and glomerular lesions, lowered lipid accumulation, ameliorated renal dysfunction, and attenuated inflammation and renal fibrosis. Furthermore, fenofibrate treatment downregulated renal tissue expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and local expression of fibroblast growth factor-21. Conclusion: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation by fenofibrate, with subsequent lipolysis, attenuated glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions induced by renal lipotoxicity, thus protecting the kidneys of uninephrectomy mice from obesity-induced lesions. The study findings suggest a pathway in the pharmacological action of fenofibrate, providing insight into the mechanisms involved in kidney damage caused by obesity in kidney donors. Introduction proliferatoractivated proliferator activated receptorα receptor α agonist obesityinduced lipotoxicity (lipotoxicity Methods C57BL6 CBL C57BL 6 C BL C57BL/ highfat high fat diets 1 weeks 002 0 02 0.02 evaluated markers Results Highfat High dietfed diet expansion fibrosis proteinuria dysfunction Furthermore inhibitor1, inhibitor1 inhibitor 1, inhibitor-1 protein1, protein1 protein protein-1 factor21. factor21 factor 21. 21 factor-21 Conclusion lipolysis donors 00 0.0 inhibitor- protein- factor2 2 factor-2 0. factor-

Abstract The suffix -ístico has an atypical form in Spanish because it has three syllables and is proparoxytone. Furthermore, its segmentation can be ambiguous, since it can be described as the result of a root + -ístico, or as a base ending in -ista + -’ico. According to these characteristics of -ístico, this suffix fails to follow the principles established by the preference theory of natural morphology, specifically two of them: the optimal shape of units and the morphotactic transparency. Because of this, -ístico seems unnatural from this approach. In this paper, I suggest an analysis of -ístico as a result of a combination of a base ending in -ista + -’ico, following the concept of morphological solidarity, which I will define in this paper also (Beniers 1996). These affixes are on a solidary relationship, from which it follows that it is unnecessary to observe a term derived with -ista in the process of using -’ico on it.

Resumen El sufijo -ístico es anómalo en español en su forma porque tiene tres sílabas y es esdrújulo. Además, su segmentación puede ser ambigua, ya que se puede describir como resultado de una raíz + -ístico, o como una base terminada en -ista + -´ico. De acuerdo con sus características, este sufijo incumple los principios de la teoría de las preferencias de la morfología natural, particularmente dos: la forma óptima de la unidad y la transparencia morfotáctica. Por lo anterior, el sufijo -ístico resulta antinatural según este enfoque. En este artículo, propongo un análisis de -ístico como el resultado de la combinación de una base terminada en -ista + -ico, siguiendo la noción de solidaridad morfológica que también explico en este trabajo (Beniers 1996). Estos afijos se encuentran en una relación solidaria, de la que se sigue que no es necesario observar una palabra derivada con -ista en el proceso para emplear el sufijo -’ico sobre ella.

Abstract The present work focuses on a construction in Spanish, censured by grammarians, which combines the morphology of the analytical or periphrastic passive (ser ‘be’ + participle) with the multifunctional reflexive morpheme se and typically serves to generalize over processes affecting classes of things or groups of individuals (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida ‘Energy increases when (it is) contained’). Our interest in the genesis of the construction leads us to locate its source in a regular structure of the language, known as the “impersonal reflexive with a passive clause”, wherein se marks the unspecified identity of the patient subject (cuando se es amado…‘when one is loved...’). Viewed from this angle, the “deviant” feature of the construction in study thus resides in the introduction of an explicit subject, which has the effect of erasing the impersonal character of the source and of altering the function of se in ways that will impose a reference to the so-called reflexive passive of Spanish. In the second part of our research, we seek to account for the productivity of the anomalous construction, discovered through our perusal in Google, by calling attention to the instrumental role played by the participle in allowing shifts of perspective between passive actions and resulting states. We discuss some examples to corroborate our hypothesis, highlight the expansion of the construction to non-generic contexts and, as our final task, take on the challenge of having to explain how the anomalous passive comes to be used with intransitive unaccusative verbs, as evidenced in the data of our corpus.

Resumen Este trabajo se centra en una construcción en español, censurada por los gramáticos, que combina la morfología de la pasiva perifrástica (ser + participio) con el multifuncional morfema reflexivo se y típicamente sirve para generalizar sobre procesos que afectan a clases de cosas o grupos de individuos (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida). El interés por la formación de la construcción nos lleva a situar su origen en una estructura regular del idioma, conocida como “impersonal refleja con oración pasiva”, en la que se marca la indeterminación del sujeto paciente (cuando se es amado…). Desde este punto de vista, la “desviación” que manifiesta la construcción en estudio radica en la introducción de un sujeto explícito, con el efecto de que se borra el carácter impersonal del modelo original y se altera a la vez la función de se, que pasa a relacionarse con la llamada pasiva refleja del español. En la segunda parte de nuestra investigación, nos proponemos arrojar luz sobre la productividad de la construcción anómala, que desplegaron nuestras búsquedas en Google, apuntando al papel instrumental que juega el participio en propiciar cambios de perspectiva entre acciones pasivas y estados resultantes. Analizamos algunos ejemplos que ayudan a corroborar nuestra hipótesis, destacamos la expansión de la construcción a contextos no-genéricos y, finalmente, nos damos a la tarea de explicar cómo la pasiva anómala llega a utilizarse con verbos intransitivos inacusativos, según reflejan los datos recopilados para nuestro estudio.

Resumen El Valle de Comayagua en Honduras, ubicado en las coordenadas 14˚38’44.73” N y 87˚38’04.90” O, destaca por su altitud de 630 metros sobre el nivel del mar y su extensión de 52 km de largo por 15 km de ancho, abarcando 535 km². Carece de estudios que aborden su unidad territorial y geomorfológica. La investigación busca identificar y analizar la forma y elementos físicos naturales mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, trazando ríos, elaborando modelos de elevación digital y creando perfiles topográficos. Los resultados revelan elementos clave para comprender la ocupación y uso del territorio.

Resumo O Vale de Comayagua em Honduras, localizado nas coordenadas 14˚38’44.73” N e 87˚38’04.90” O, destaca-se por sua altitude de 630 metros acima do nível do mar e sua extensão de 52 km de comprimento por 15 km de largura, abrangendo 535 km². Carece de estudos que abordem sua unidade territorial e geomorfológica. A pesquisa busca identificar e analisar a forma e os elementos físicos naturais por meio do uso de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, traçando rios, elaborando modelos de elevação digital e criando perfis topográficos. Os resultados revelam elementos-chave para compreender a ocupação e o uso do território.

Abstract The Comayagua Valley in Honduras, located at coordinates 14˚38’44.73” N and 87˚38’04.90” W, stands out for its altitude of 630 meters above sea level and its dimensions of 52 km in length by 15 km in width, covering an area of 535 km². Despite its economic and connectivity importance, there is a lack of studies addressing its territorial and geomorphological unity and a characterization of its current territorial morphology. The objective of the research is to identify and analyze the shape and natural physical elements that define the Comayagua Valley. To achieve this, Geographic Information Systems tools were used to analyze river layouts, create a digital elevation model, and generate topographic profiles. The main results of this analysis reveal the natural physical elements that shape the valley, which are of vital geo-historical importance for understanding the processes of occupation and land use in the valley.

Resumen Durante la valoración preanestésica de la paciente obstétrica, es fundamental evaluar la condición cardiovascular basal de la paciente, identificar riesgos potenciales y facilitar modificaciones conductuales para desarrollar una estrategia de manejo individualizada, dirigida a minimizar las complicaciones. La ecografía cardíaca a la cabecera del paciente (POCUS) es un instrumento valioso para evaluar la morfología y la función del corazón antes de un procedimiento quirúrgico. El POCUS cardiaco no está diseñado para sustituir a la ecocardiografía transtorácica formal, que corresponde al área de anestesiología cardiovascular y a la cardiología. Sin embargo, cuando se usa en conjunto con la anamnesis, el examen físico, el electrocardiograma y los resultados de exámenes de laboratorio previos, el POCUS cardiaco es un complemento valioso dentro del arsenal diagnóstico de los anestesiólogos. Permite la visualización directa del corazón y de los grandes vasos, con beneficios adicionales de velocidad, disponibilidad y bajo riesgo para la paciente. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es explorar y describir las ventajas del POCUS cardiaco durante el periodo preanestésico en pacientes obstétricas y su valor potencial para los anestesiólogos, a través de la identificación de condiciones eventualmente peligrosas que pudieran requerir un manejo preoperatorio individualizado.

Abstract During the preanesthetic assessment of the obstetric patient, it is critical to assess the patient's cardiovascular baseline condition, identify any potential risks, and facilitate behavioral modification to develop an individualized management strategy aimed at minimizing complications. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a valuable instrument for assessing the morphology and function of the heart prior to surgery. Cardiac POCUS is not designed to replace comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, which is the realm of cardiovascular anesthesiology and cardiology. However, when used in conjunction with anamnesis, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and previous laboratory results, cardiac POCUS is a valuable adjunct in the diagnostic toolbox of anesthesiologists. It allows for direct visualization of the heart and great vessels, with added benefits of speed, availability, and low risk for the patient. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore and describe the advantages of cardiac POCUS in the preanesthetic period of obstetric patients and its potential value for anesthesiologists through the identification of potentially hazardous conditions that may require individualized preoperative management.

Abstract: The aesthetic integration of solar systems with multi-family buildings remains rare in Latin American countries. This article considers sixty-five projects by architecture students in Lima (Peru) to establish compositional criteria using typological classifications of the solar system layout on the roofs, volumetric composition, and their relationship with façades and lower spaces. The results show a wide range of variables that must be resolved. However, there are limitations to understanding this integration when dealing with the inclination of roofs as well as the coherence and geometric arrangement in irregular configurations. More emphasis is required on understanding the interior organisation and its implications for solar systems when designing multi-family houses. Previous research on the quantification of solar incidence has already been published; however, more research for further aesthetic assessments in medium-density multi-family dwellings could be carried out in the future.

Resumen: La integración estética de sistemas solares en multifamiliares es un desafío todavía inédito en países latinoamericanos. Sesenta y cinco proyectos desarrollados por estudiantes de arquitectura en Lima (Perú) fueron considerados para establecer criterios de composición mediante clasificación tipológica a nivel de disposición de los sistemas fotovoltaicos, composición volumétrica, relación con las fachadas y los espacios inferiores. Los resultados demuestran múltiples posibilidades. Sin embargo, existen limitaciones para entender esta integración cuando se trata de la inclinación de los techos, así como la coherencia y la disposición geométrica en las configuraciones irregulares obtenidas. Tratándose de multifamiliares y debiendo lidiar con aspectos técnicos, se requiere mayor énfasis en la comprensión de la organización interior y sus implicancias con los sistemas solares. Una investigación previa relacionada a la cuantificación de la incidencia solar ha sido ya publicada, sin embargo, investigaciones para mayores evaluaciones estéticas en multifamiliares de media densidad podrían realizarse a futuro.

Abstract: The approach to the urban development plan by Brazilian architect Lucio Costa for the Alagados neighborhood (1972) emphasizes the dimension of social housing in its urban planning, highlighting the incorporations carried out in response to the revisions of the modern movement. The study contextualizes revisionist approaches in urban plans, focusing on housing clusters in superblocks and their relationship with public facilities, bringing out the organicist paradigm, aiming for flexibility in urban planning. An approach is taken that includes a specific architectural historiography and design theory, reviewing Lucio Costa's proposal through the analysis of documents, plans, and works. Given the disagreement between social housing policy based on utopian ideals and real estate interests, Lucio Costa's superblock proposal presents its adaptable morphology, concluding that the implementation of Lucio Costa's proposal could possibly have provided substantial positive results to Alagados.

Resumen: El enfoque del plan de desarrollo urbano del arquitecto brasileño Lucio Costa para el vecindario de Alagados (1972) enfatiza la dimensión de la vivienda social en su planificación urbana, destacando las incorporaciones llevadas a cabo en respuesta a las revisiones del movimiento moderno. El estudio contextualiza los enfoques revisionistas en los planes urbanos, centrándose en los grupos de viviendas en los superbloques y su relación con las instalaciones públicas, lo que resalta el paradigma orgánico, con el objetivo de flexibilidad en la planificación urbana. Se adopta un enfoque que incluye una teoría de historiografía y diseño arquitectónica específica, revisando la propuesta de Lucio Costa a través del análisis de documentos, planes y trabajos. Dado el desacuerdo entre la política de vivienda social basada en ideales utópicos e intereses inmobiliarios, la propuesta de superbloque de Lucio Costa presenta su morfología adaptable, concluyendo que posiblemente la implementación de la propuesta de Lucio Costa podría haber proporcionado resultados positivos sustanciales a los Alagados.

Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las especies de la familia Podostemaceae poseen rasgos inusuales en angiospermas. Crecen sumergidas en ríos de corriente fuerte y su ciclo de vida está ligado a la estacionalidad. Debido a su estructura floral reducida, el análisis de las etapas de desarrollo y eventos como la antesis o la receptividad del estigma ha sido complicado. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la relación entre la morfología, el desarrollo y la receptividad del estigma en diferentes etapas del desarrollo de la flor de Marathrum rubrum? Especie de estudio: Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick. Sitio y años de estudio: Río Horcones, Jalisco, México. Enero 2014 y 2015. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis in situ y en laboratorio de la morfología floral de M. rubrum para evaluar la relación entre la morfología y desarrollo floral, y la receptividad del estigma en distintas etapas. Resultados: Cuando las flores emergen de la espatela, los óvulos y el polen están completamente desarrollados, por ello, la esporogénesis y la gametogénesis ocurren dentro del tallo, estando las plantas aún sumergidas. Conclusiones: Los cambios morfológicos observados en las flores de M. rubrum durante las etapas analizadas se relacionan únicamente con eventos asociados con la fecundación y el desarrollo del fruto. Las observaciones detalladas de la biología reproductiva de M. rubrum en el ambiente aéreo tienen importantes implicaciones para el conocimiento básico de la biología de las plantas de esta familia, la estructura genética de las poblaciones, el éxito reproductivo y la biología de la conservación en ambientes amenazados.

Abstract Background: Podostemaceae is the largest family of strictly aquatic angiosperms. Species of this family possess unusual morphological and reproductive characters, grow attached to rocks in rivers with strong currents, and have a life cycle tightly linked to seasonality. Due to its reduced floral structures, which characterizes most species, the analysis of developmental stages and events such as anthesis or stigma receptivity has proven difficult. Question: How floral morphology, floral development and stigma receptivity of different stages of flower development of Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick are related among them? Studied species: Marathrum rubrum Novelo & C. T. Philbrick. Study site and dates: Horcones River, Jalisco, Mexico. January, 2014 and 2015. Methods: We made an in situ and lab analyses of flower morphology to assess the relationships between flower morphology, stages of development, reproductive structures, and stigma receptivity, during different stages of flower development. Results: When flowers emerge from the spathella, both the ovules and pollen grains are fully developed, implying that sporogenesis and gametogenesis take place within the stem while the plant is still submerged. Conclusions: The morphological changes observed in the flowers of M. rubrum during the analyzed stages are related only to events associated with fertilization and fruit development. The time-course of morphological changes in the flowers, from anthesis to fruit formation, lasts 20 to 30 days. The detailed observation of the aerial reproductive biology of M. rubrum bears important implications to the genetic structure of populations, plant fitness and conservation biology in threatened environments.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las Gesneriaceae tienen una gran diversidad de colores y de formas florales, así como un extraordinario y gran potencial ornamental. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies (silvestres y cultivadas) de Gesneriaceae se presentan en el estado de Morelos? ¿Cuál es la distribución geográfica de los taxones silvestres y en dónde habitan? ¿Cómo es la morfología de las gesneriáceas silvestres? Sitio de estudio y periodo de investigación: Estado de Morelos, México. Durante los años 2021 y 2022. Métodos: Se revisó literatura, colecciones de herbarios y bases de datos, se actualizó la nomenclatura, se elaboró una base de datos, se hicieron colectas botánicas y disecciones florales. Resultados: Se reportan tres géneros y 11 especies silvestres de Gesneriaceae; de las cuales, Achimenes erecta (Lam.) H.P. Fuchs es un nuevo registro para el estado de Morelos, y se registran gesneriáceas en localidades distintas a las previamente conocidas. Los taxones resultantes en Morelos representan el 10 % del total reportado para el país. Además, se enlistan seis géneros, ocho especies y cuatro híbridos de plantas ornamentales. Conclusiones: Se actualizó la lista de géneros y especies presentes en Morelos, y por primera vez se reportan especies cultivadas. Es el segundo estudio de la familia a nivel estatal en México. Achimenes skinneri Gordon & Lindl. ha reaparecido después de varias décadas como resultado del esfuerzo de recolecta. La perturbación de muchas localidades en la entidad ha afectado la permanencia de las especies silvestres de Gesneriaceae, tal es el caso de Smithiantha zebrina que no fue localizada.

Abstract Background: The Gesneriads have a great diversity of colors and floral shapes, as well as an extraordinary morphology and great ornamental potential. Questions: How many and which species (wild and ornamental) of Gesneriaceae occur in the state of Morelos? How are geographically distribute the wild taxa and where they occur? How is the morphology of wild Gesneriads? Study site: State of Morelos, Mexico. During the years 2021 and 2022. Methods: Literature, herbarium collections and databases were reviewed, the nomenclature was updated, a database was developed, botanical collections and floral dissections were made. Results: Three genera and eleven wild species of Gesneriaceae are reported; of which Achimenes erecta (Lam.) H.P. Fuchs is a new record for the state of Morelos and Gesneriaceae are recorded in other localities than those previously known. The taxa resulting in Morelos represents 10% of the total reported for the country. Additionally, for the first time, six genera, eight species and four hybrids of ornamental plants are reported. Conclusions: The list of genera and species that occur in Morelos is updated, and cultivated species are recorded for the first time. This is the second family-specific study at the state level in Mexico. Achimenes skinneri Gordon & Lindl. has reappeared after several decades because the botanical collection effort. Disturbance of many localities in the State affected the permanence of wild species of Gesneriaceae, such is the case of Smithiantha zebrina (Regel) Kuntze, which was not located.

Resumen Antecedentes: Existen reportes de que los Hongos Micorrizógenos Arbusculares (HMA) incrementan la producción de metabolitos secundarios en plantas medicinales. El género Croton ha sido poco estudiado en este aspecto. C. draco es una especie etnomedicinal, conocer la relación y naturaleza de los HMA, puede contribuir a obtener plantas en cultivo con mayor calidad y cantidad de metabolitos secundarios. Preguntas: ¿Las raíces de C. draco pueden ser colonizadas por HMA? ¿Qué especies de HMA se encuentran en la rizósfera de C. draco? ¿La diversidad de especies de HMA varía dependiendo del ambiente? Sitios de estudio y periodo de investigación: El estudio se hizo en tres localidades del estado de Veracruz, en el año 2019. Métodos: Raíces terciarias de árboles adultos se procesaron y observaron al microscopio compuesto buscando esporas, hifas y arbúsculos de HMA. La diversidad y densidad esporas en la rizosfera de C. draco, se determinó en muestras de suelo, comparando tres sitios de estudio. Los datos se normalizaron y se hicieron pruebas paramétricas. Resultados: Se observaron esporas, hifas y arbúsculos en las raíces de C. draco. La abundancia de esporas y diversidad de HMA fue diferente entre los sitios evaluados. Con base en la morfología de las esporas se reconocieron 14 taxones, de los cuales, solo dos están presentes en los tres sitios. Conclusión: C. draco presentó en sus raíces estructuras propias de los HMA. Basado en los resultados concluimos que las condiciones ambientales influyen en la abundancia de esporas y en la diversidad de especies de HMA.

Abstract Background: There are reports that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) increase the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The Croton genus has not been widely studied in this aspect. C. draco is an ethnomedicinal species, knowing the relationship and nature of AMF can contribute to obtaining plants in crops with a good quality and quantity of secondary metabolites. Questions: Can the roots of C. draco be colonized by AMF? What type of AMF species can be found in the rhizosphere of C. draco? Could the diversity of AMF species vary depending on the environment? Study sites and dates: The study was carried out in three locations in the state of Veracruz, in 2019. Methods: Tertiary roots of adult trees were processed and observed under a compound microscope looking for AMF spores, hyphae and arbuscules. The diversity and density of spores in the rhizosphere of C. draco was determined in soil samples, comparing the two sites. Data were normalized and parametric tests were performed. Results: Spores, hyphae and arbuscules were observed on the roots of C. draco. The abundance of spores and AMF diversity was different between the evaluated sites. Based on the morphology of the spores, fourteen taxa were recognized, and among them, only two were found in the three sites. Conclusions: C. draco showed structures typical of AMF in its roots. Based on these results we can say that environmental conditions influence the abundance of spores and the diversity of AMF species.

Resumen El presente trabajo se enfoca en el estudio numérico del flujo dentro de una juntura formada por la intersección de dos canales milimétricos. En particular, se caracteriza la dinámica de dos fluidos idénticos inyectados desde entradas opuestas tanto en la región de contacto como en los conductos de salida. Se analiza el efecto de la forma de la sección transversal sobre dos aspectos del flujo. Primero, en la proporción de cada uno de los líquidos en los canales de salida. Segundo, en la morfología de las superficies de corriente.

Abstract The present work focuses on the numerical study of the flow within a junction formed by the intersection of two millimeter channels. In particular, we study the dynamics of two identical fluids injected from opposite inlets at the contact region and at the exit channels. We analyse the effect of the cross-section on two aspects of the flow dynamics. First, its influence on the liquid fraction at the outlet channels. Second, its effect on the morphology of the stream surfaces.

RESUMEN: El envejecimiento es un proceso biológico inevitable que afecta la función de todos los órganos, incluida la glándula suprarrenal, fundamental para la producción de hormonas esteroides que regulan el metabolismo, la respuesta al estrés y la activación inmunológica. Comprender cómo el envejecimiento afecta la morfología de esta glándula es crucial para desarrollar intervenciones que mitiguen sus efectos adversos. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir las alteraciones morfocuantitativas de la glándula suprarrenal en ratas Sprague Dawley senescentes comparadas con ratas adultas. Se utilizaron 12 ratas macho, divididas en dos grupos: 6 ratas adultas de 6 meses de edad (grupo A) y 6 ratas senescentes de 36 meses de edad (grupo S). Se realizaron estudios histopatológicos, cuantificación de fibras de colágeno tipos I y III y análisis estereológicos para determinar la densidad de volumen (Vv), de superficie (Sv) y de número (Nv) de los núcleos de las células de la zona fasciculada. El tejido de la glándula suprarrenal del grupo S presentó displasia, metaplasia, acumulación de grasa intracelular, fibrosis, dilatación de vasos sanguíneos y mayor presencia de células apoptósicas. También se observó un engrosamiento de la cápsula y un incremento del colágeno tipo I. Hubo una disminución significativa en Vv, Sv y Nv de los núcleos de la zona fasciculada en el grupo S en comparación con el grupo A. Los resultados indican que el envejecimiento induce cambios morfocuantitativos significativos en la glándula suprarrenal, lo que podría contribuir a la disminución en la producción de glucocorticoides y alteraciones en la secreción de aldosterona y cortisol observadas en la senescencia. Comprender estas alteraciones es crucial para desarrollar intervenciones que mitiguen los efectos adversos del envejecimiento en el sistema endocrino.

SUMMARY: Aging is an inevitable biological process that affects the function of all organs, including the adrenal gland, which is essential for producing steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, stress response, and immune activation. Understanding how aging affects the morphology of this gland is crucial to developing interventions to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to describe the morphoquantitative alterations of the adrenal gland in senescent Sprague Dawley rats compared to adult rats. Twelve male rats were divided into 6 adult rats aged 6 months (group A) and 6 senescent rats aged 36 months (group S). Histopathological studies, quantification of collagen fibers types I and III, and stereological analysis were performed to determine the volume density (Vv), surface area (Sv), and number (Nv) of the nuclei of the zona fasciculata cells. Adrenal gland tissue from group S presented dysplasia, metaplasia, intracellular fat accumulation, fibrosis, blood vessel dilation, and increased presence of apoptotic cells. Capsule thickening and increased collagen type I were also observed. There was a significant decrease in Vv, Sv, and Nv of zona fasciculata nuclei in group S compared to group A. The results indicate that aging induces significant morphoquantitative changes in the adrenal gland, which could contribute to the decrease in glucocorticoid production and alterations in aldosterone and cortisol secretion observed in senescence. Understanding these alterations is crucial to developing interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of aging on the endocrine system.