Resumen En el año 1922 la convocatoria del concurso para la construcción de la nueva sede del periódico Chicago Tribune iba a convertirse en el escenario del primer gran fracaso del Movimiento Moderno en Europa. En ella, algunos de los mejores arquitectos europeos y americanos del momento - entre los que se encontraban el equipo finalmente ganador compuesto por Raymond Hood y John Mead Howells y el configurado por Walter Gropius y Adolf Meyer - iban a dar testimonio de un combate intelectual que, en tiempos de la primera posguerra europea, enfrentaría dos maneras de ver la arquitectura que eran en realidad dos maneras de ver el mundo: Europa frente América, la planta libre frente a la segregación de la planta, la tabula rasa frente a la nostalgia historicista, y la reivindicación de un recomienzo histórico frente a la necesidad de reivindicar un tiempo que nunca existió.

Abstract In 1922 the competition for the construction of the new headquarters of the Chicago Tribune newspaper was to become the scene of the first great failure of the Modern Movement in Europe. In it, some of the best European and American architects of the time - including the winning team of Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells and the one formed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer - were to bear witness to an intellectual combat that, in times of the first European postwar period, would confront two ways of looking at architecture that were in reality two ways of looking at the world: Europe versus America, the free plan versus the segregation of the plan, the tabula rasa versus historicist nostalgia, and the vindication of a historical recommencement versus the need to vindicate a time that never existed.

Resumo Em 1922, o concurso para a construção da nova sede do jornal Chicago Tribune se tornaria o cenário do primeiro grande fracasso do Movimento Moderno na Europa. Nele, alguns dos melhores arquitetos europeus e americanos da época - incluindo a equipe vencedora de Raymond Hood e John Mead Howells e a formada por Walter Gropius e Adolf Meyer - testemunhariam um combate intelectual que, no primeiro período do pós-guerra na Europa, colocaria em confronto duas formas de ver a arquitetura, que na realidade eram duas formas de ver o mundo: Europa versus América, o plano livre versus a segregação do plano, a tabula rasa versus a nostalgia historicista, e a reivindicação de um recomeço histórico versus a necessidade de reivindicar um tempo que nunca existiu.

Livestock farms in Kenya face pressure to increase productivity amid rising global population. Cattle farming dominates, but small to medium-sized farms struggle with cattle insemination. Currently, visual observation is used for heat detection, with farmers maintaining farm journals. Modern methods utilizing sensors to improve estrus prediction are time-consuming, costly and need constant internet connection. This research proposes a novel approach-the use of an on-controller machine learning algorithm- for estrus prediction in cattle. Motion and temperature data was collected from two zero-grazed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows in Kiambu County, Kenya for 11 months. The data was cleaned and stored. Movement intensity profiles were derived by root-mean-squaring directional accelerometer values and averaging this over time. Validation was performed by observing cow behavior for indicators such as restlessness, mounting, and vulva swelling, with farmer predictions documented in their records. The collected data was then used to train a machine learning algorithm, with several models tested, and a neural network emerged as the best fit. The TensorFlow library facilitated the implementation of the algorithm on a microcontroller, allowing for the development of an animal tag featuring the ML algorithm. Results demonstrated 83.9% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity and 89.5% accuracy in detecting estrus, compared to farmer's visual observation, which had only 37% sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential to integrate machine learning into Precision Livestock Farming for estrus prediction, with prediction occurring directly on the animal tag offline. This integration holds promise for farmers, notably heightened insemination success rates, without necessitating significant financial investment.

Abstract: The bioclimatic quality of three buildings by architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral at Universidad Central del Ecuador was evaluated with two objectives: to find problems that might affect users’ health and productivity, and to establish if climate had a significant role in the design of these buildings The buildings included two faculties: Law and Economics, and the General Administration. Bioclimatic quality was established by comparing existing levels of temperature, relative humidity, and natural light against comfort standards and the local climate. Data were measured over two years in space samples using data loggers. It was concluded that all buildings have spaces outside of comfort being too cold and dark; and climate played a minor role because despite attempts to control natural light, the thermal behavior of materials and the sun's apparent movement were ignored.

Resumen: Se hizo una evaluación de la calidad bioclimática de tres edificios del arquitecto Gilberto Gatto Sobral en la Universidad Central del Ecuador con dos objetivos: encontrar evidencia sobre posibles problemas en los espacios que podrían afectar la salud y productividad de sus usuarios, y determinar si el clima tuvo un papel significativo en el diseño de estos edificios. Los edificios eran dos facultades: Jurisprudencia y Economía, y la Administración General. La calidad bioclimática se estableció a través de la comparación de los niveles existentes de temperatura, humedad relativa y luz natural contra estándares de confort y el clima local. Los datos fueron medidos en muestras de espacios usando data-loggers. Se concluyó que todos los edificios tienen espacios fuera del confort siendo demasiado fríos y oscuros; y el clima tuvo un rol menor debido a que se ignoró el comportamiento térmico de los materiales y el movimiento aparente del sol, pero se intentó controlar la luz natural.

Abstract: The approach to the urban development plan by Brazilian architect Lucio Costa for the Alagados neighborhood (1972) emphasizes the dimension of social housing in its urban planning, highlighting the incorporations carried out in response to the revisions of the modern movement. The study contextualizes revisionist approaches in urban plans, focusing on housing clusters in superblocks and their relationship with public facilities, bringing out the organicist paradigm, aiming for flexibility in urban planning. An approach is taken that includes a specific architectural historiography and design theory, reviewing Lucio Costa's proposal through the analysis of documents, plans, and works. Given the disagreement between social housing policy based on utopian ideals and real estate interests, Lucio Costa's superblock proposal presents its adaptable morphology, concluding that the implementation of Lucio Costa's proposal could possibly have provided substantial positive results to Alagados.

Resumen: El enfoque del plan de desarrollo urbano del arquitecto brasileño Lucio Costa para el vecindario de Alagados (1972) enfatiza la dimensión de la vivienda social en su planificación urbana, destacando las incorporaciones llevadas a cabo en respuesta a las revisiones del movimiento moderno. El estudio contextualiza los enfoques revisionistas en los planes urbanos, centrándose en los grupos de viviendas en los superbloques y su relación con las instalaciones públicas, lo que resalta el paradigma orgánico, con el objetivo de flexibilidad en la planificación urbana. Se adopta un enfoque que incluye una teoría de historiografía y diseño arquitectónica específica, revisando la propuesta de Lucio Costa a través del análisis de documentos, planes y trabajos. Dado el desacuerdo entre la política de vivienda social basada en ideales utópicos e intereses inmobiliarios, la propuesta de superbloque de Lucio Costa presenta su morfología adaptable, concluyendo que posiblemente la implementación de la propuesta de Lucio Costa podría haber proporcionado resultados positivos sustanciales a los Alagados.

RESUMEN La independencia de Azerbaiyán en 1991 marcó un hito crucial en la historia moderna del país, brindando la oportunidad de definir su propio camino político, económico y cultural. Esta decisión histórica significó un paso hacia la afirmación de su identidad nacional y la colocación del país en la comunidad internacional. Desde entonces, Azerbaiyán ha trabajado para fortalecer sus instituciones democráticas, diversificar su economía y promover su rico patrimonio cultural. Además, la soberanía ha sido fundamental para enfrentar desafíos internos y externos, buscando soluciones diplomáticas y defendiendo sus intereses nacionales. Desde el campo académico histórico, los procesos políticos, socioeconómicos y culturales relacionados con la vida en Azerbaiyán a finales del siglo XX han atraído la atención de los investigadores, tanto durante el período soviético como en la era de la independencia. Sin embargo, es indiscutible que desde la recuperación de la independencia ha habido un creciente interés en este tema. Entre los temas más relevantes examinados, se puede destacar la división de Azerbaiyán, la historia de la estatalidad, los levantamientos públicos, la burguesía nacional y la lucha de liberación nacional. Las actitudes de los historiadores hacia estos temas variaron, influenciadas por sus orígenes étnicos o nacionales, afiliaciones políticas y muchos otros factores. Por lo tanto, considerando lo anterior, el presente artículo investiga los problemas que rodean la lucha nacional en Azerbaiyán a principios del siglo XX, destacando las investigaciones más importantes realizadas por los historiadores durante el período de independencia.

ABSTRACT Azerbaijan's independence in 1991 marked a crucial milestone in the country's modern history, providing opportunity to define its own political, economic, and cultural path. This historic decision meant a step toward affirming its national identity and placing the country in the international community. Since then, Azerbaijan has worked to strengthen its democratic institutions, diversify its economy, and promote its rich cultural heritage. Moreover, sovereignty has been fundamental in facing internal and external challenges, seeking diplomatic solutions, and defending its national interests. From the historical academic field, the political, socioeconomic, and cultural processes related to life in Azerbaijan at the turn of the 20th century have drawn the attention of researchers, both during the Soviet period and the era of independence. However, it is indisputable that since the regaining of independence there has been an increasing interest in this topic. Among the most relevant topics examined, we can highlight the division of Azerbaijan, the history of our statehood, public uprisings, the national bourgeoisie, and the national liberation struggle. Historians' attitudes toward these subjects varied, influenced by their ethnic or national origins, political affiliations, and many other factors. Therefore, considering the above, the present article investigates the issues surrounding the national struggle in Azerbaijan in the early 20th century, highlighting the most important research conducted by historians during the independence period.

Resumen: El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en analizar el método anadialéctico del filósofo argentino-mexicano Enrique Dussel, a la luz de las nociones de alteridad y revelación. En primer lugar, nos proponemos examinar la producción dusseliana durante años de conformación del movimiento de la filosofía de la liberación. En este período, la analéctica es expuesta en tanto una crítica radical de la dialéctica hegeliana y la ontología moderna. El camino de superación de la pensar ontológico moderno europeo se elabora como un antecedente fundamental de la historia de la filosofía latinoamericana. Dicha superación implica el momento de afirmación analógica de la alteridad a través de la revelación del otro. Nuestra pesquisa se focaliza en Para una ética de la liberación latinoamericana (1972) y en Método para una filosofía de la liberación (1974).

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the anadialectic method of the Argentine-Mexican philosopher Enrique Dussel, in light of the notions of alterity and revelation. First and foremost, we aim to examine Dussel's production during the years of shaping the movement of the liberation philosophy. During this period, analectics are exposed as a radical critique of Hegelian dialectics and modern ontology. The path to overcoming modern European ontological thinking is elaborated as a fundamental antecedent in the history of Latin American philosophy. This overcoming implies the moment of analogical affirmation of alterity through the revelation of the other. Our inquiry focuses on Para una ética de la liberación latinoamericana (1972) and Método para una filosofía de la liberación (1974).

ABSTRACT This research work aims to identify the modern utilitarian premises regarding the duality of the concepts of human being and person. This school of thought is responsible for the etymological nuances of what it means to be a human being and consequently what a person is, key definitions to understand vital issues such as abortion, euthanasia, and frozen embryos. Through the state of the art, textual criticism, and bioethical analysis of the utilitarian philosophy, we intend to show how it has permeated the culture of postmodern society to the point of giving rise to a movement that may redefine human nature and condition and build an archetype of what a person is in the strict sense of utilitarianism, i.e., from their autonomy, functionality, and fully rational faculties. This poses a bioethical problem in establishing an objective defense of human dignity.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é identificar as premissas da doutrina utilitarista moderna no que se refere à dualidade dos conceitos de ser humano e pessoa, uma vez que essa corrente de pensamento é a principal responsável pelas concepções do que é ser humano e, consequentemente, do que é uma pessoa, definições-chave para compreender e debater diferentes questões transcendentais, como aborto, eutanásia, embriões congelados, entre outras discussões de grande relevância na atualidade. A partir de uma análise do estado da arte, da crítica textual e da análise bioética da filosofia utilitarista, pretende-se mostrar como essa doutrina tem permeado a cultura da sociedade pós-moderna a ponto de levar a um movimento que pode redefinir a natureza e a condição humanas, bem como construir um arquétipo do que é uma pessoa no sentido estrito do utilitarismo, ou seja, a partir de sua autonomia, funcionalidade e faculdades plenamente racionais, o que coloca um problema bioético para estabelecer uma defesa objetiva da dignidade humana.

RESUMEN El propósito del presente trabajo investigativo es identificar las premisas de la doctrina utilitarista moderna respecto a la dualidad de los conceptos de ser humano y persona, dado que esta corriente del pensamiento es la principal responsable de las concepciones sobre lo que implica ser un humano y, consecuentemente, sobre lo que es una persona, definiciones claves para comprender y debatir diferentes temas trascendentales como el aborto, la eutanasia, los embriones congelados, entre otras discusiones de gran relevancia en la actualidad. A partir de un análisis del estado del arte, la crítica textual y el análisis bioético de la filosofía utilitarista, se pretende exponer cómo esta doctrina ha impregnado la cultura de la sociedad posmoderna al punto de desembocar en un movimiento que puede redefinir la naturaleza y condición humanas, así como construir un arquetipo de lo que es una persona en el sentido estricto del utilitarismo, es decir, desde su autonomía, funcionalidad y facultades plenamente racionales, lo cual plantea un problema bioético para establecer una defensa objetiva de la dignidad humana.

During the Suez crisis, the written media served as the primary method which provided the British populace with information. Strong anti-Egyptian sentiment permeated the British press. It was constantly fuelled by the Government's propaganda strategy. In the USA the crisis was also covered by the news media, particularly in the light of the fact that it was President Eisenhower's greatest foreign policy challenge at the time and the crisis reached its zenith a few days before his re-election. Nasser utilised the Egyptian press and radio to accomplish his goals against Britain and France and to promote his nationalist image inside and outside of Egypt. When a permanent member's veto prevented the Security Council from fulfilling its primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security, the General Assembly could consider the matter and make recommendations to member states to restore international peace and security. In November 1956, the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, which stipulates this procedure, went into effect. Prior to the crisis, two-thirds of Europe's crude oil was transported via the Suez Canal. Due to the strategic significance of Suez, the canal zone was always vigilantly guarded by Britain. After the crisis, oil emerged as the new deterrent in international affairs, and the crisis was the primary impetus for the establishment of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1961. When the crisis broke out and the canal was closed, the strategic significance of the sea route around the Cape regained prominence, and in subsequent months, port traffic in South Africa increased. South Africa and the United Kingdom were already negotiating the status of the naval base at Simonstown, which was subsequently transferred to South Africa. In order to receive training from the Algerian National Liberation Army (Front de Libération Nationale - FLN) in preparation for the South African revolution, Nelson Mandela joined the revolutionary forces of Algeria in 1961. He visited FLN training camps where he established Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear ofthe Nation) or MK ofthe African National Congress (ANC). According to Mandela, his visits to Egypt were educational, whereas his encounters in Algeria served a different purpose. He received training in revolutionary strategy and tactics, as well as military instruction. All of these were crucial elements for him in shaping the ANC into a liberation movement. During a visit to Algeria following his release from prison, he declared that he deemed Algeria to be his home and that he regarded himself to be an Algerian. Algeria provided a great deal of military and diplomatic instruction to liberation movements. The Third World won a decisive diplomatic victory at Suez. The geopolitical implications of the crisis were thus widespread and significant. Several changes took place with regard to the policies of the nations involved and the climate of global affairs changed. The crisis resulted in significant geopolitical ramifications and had profound effects for the nations involved. Furthermore, within a wider regional framework, significant transformations occurred in the political structure of multiple nations. The crisis necessitated political decision modifications and the implementation of new policy ideas by the key stakeholders involved, including Egypt, Britain, France, and the USA. The crisis also had an influence on other countries, including South Africa. Undoubtedly, this particular juncture in history can be seen as being of significant consequence. Nasser emerged as a central figure in this crisis, garnering increased recognition both domestically and internationally. One notable accomplishment of his was his adeptness in retaining his position as the political leader of Egypt for a duration of 18 years, even in the face of significant opposition. He is generally recognised as an important political figure in modern Egyptian history and is highly respected as an emblematic figure in the Arab world. This is mostly due to his significant contributions to social justice, Arab unity, and unwavering resistance against colonialism and imperialism.

Tydens die Suezkrisis was die gedrukte media die primêre bron van kommunikasie en byvoorbeeld in Brittanje die belangrikste wyse waarop die publiek ingelig is. In die VSA het nuusberigte ook die krisis gedek, veral omdat dit President Eisenhower se grootste buitelandse beleidsuitdaging op daardie tydstip was. In Egipte het Nasser ywerig en behendig die pers en radio aangewend om sy binne- en buitelandse doelstellings te bereik. Toe die Veiligheidsraad verhinder is om internasionale vrede en veiligheid te handhaaf as gevolg van die vetoreg wat een van die permanente lede uitgeoefen het, het die Algemene Vergadering die aangeleentheid oorweeg en aanbevelings met die "Uniting for Peace"-prosedure gemaak, wat tot die stigting van die eerste vredesmag van die Verenigde Nasies gelei het. Kort voor die krisis is tweederdes van al Europa se olie deur die Suezkanaal verskeep. Die Suezkrisis het later aanleiding gegee tot die stigting van die Organisasie van Petroleum Uitvoerlande (OPUL) in 1960. Met die sluiting van die kanaal, is die aandag weereens op die strategiese waarde van die seeroete om die Kaap gevestig om die toenemende verkeer te kan akkommodeer. Teen daardie tyd was Suid-Afrika en Brittanje reeds besig om oor die vlootbasis te Simonstad te onderhandel wat later aan Suid-Afrika oorgedra is. Nelson Mandela het by die revolusionêre magte van Algerië aangesluit en militêre opleiding van hulle ontvang. Ander bevrydingsbewegings van Afrika het ook militêre en diplomatieke opleiding gekry. Die geopolitieke implikasies van die krisis was wydverspreid en betekenisvol.

Resumo Este ensaio propõe uma reflexão a respeito da função social da escola, traçando um pequeno histórico de contextualização da origem da escola e seus papeis em diferentes momentos históricos e sociais. Parte-se do questionamento sobre os conhecimentos que circulam no ambiente escolar e sua relevância para manutenção da organização de classes, bem como dos interesses neles imbuídos. A ideia de patrimônio cultural e intelectual proposta por Bourdieu é desenvolvida em diálogo com autores que trazem perspectivas diversas ao referido autor, de forma a promover um movimento dialético de busca de sentidos para a pergunta que sustenta esta escrita. Em contribuição para a complexidade da questão, pode-se acrescentar o cenário de crise atual da Educação, que parece expor a própria dualidade de pensamento e desenvolvimento das sociedades modernas. Se por um lado, há uma necessidade de expansão e valorização da liberdade e do desejo como forma de movimento da máquina capitalista, por outro há ainda a necessidade de disciplina do operariado para o mercado de trabalho, o que se reflete diretamente nos abismos de desigualdades das escolas nos diversos contextos no Brasil. sociais Partese Parte classes imbuídos autor escrita questão podese pode Educação modernas lado capitalista trabalho Brasil

Abstract This essay proposes a reflection on the social function of the school, tracing a brief history of contextualization of the origin of the school and its roles in different historical and social moments. It starts questioning the knowledge that circulates in the school environment and its relevance for maintaining the organization of classes, as well as the interests imbued in them. The idea of cultural and intellectual heritage proposed by Bourdieu is developed in dialogue with authors who bring different perspectives to Bourdieu’s, to promote a dialectical movement in search of meanings for the question that sustains this writing. As a contribution to the complexity of the issue, one can add the scenario of the current crisis in Education, which seems to expose the very duality of thought and development of modern societies. If, on the one hand, there is a need for expanding and valuing freedom and desire as a form of movement of the capitalist machine, on the other hand, there is still a need for discipline on the part of the working class for the labor market, which is directly reflected in the chasms of inequalities of schools in different contexts in Brazil. moments classes them Bourdieus, Bourdieus s, s Bourdieu’s writing issue Education societies If hand machine market Brazil

Resumen Este ensayo propone una reflexión acerca de la función social de la escuela, trazando un pequeño historial de contextualización del origen de la escuela y sus papeles en diferentes momentos históricos y sociales. Se parte del cuestionamiento sobre los conocimientos que circulan en el ambiente escolar y su relevancia para el mantenimiento de la organización de clases, así como de los intereses imbuidos en ellos. La idea de patrimonio cultural e intelectual propuesta por Bourdieu es desarrollada en diálogo con autores que traen perspectivas diversas al referido autor, de forma a promover un movimiento dialéctico de búsqueda de sentidos para la pregunta que sustenta esta escritura. En contribución a la complejidad de la cuestión, se puede añadir el escenario de la crisis actual de la Educación, que parece exponer la propia dualidad de pensamiento y el desarrollo de las sociedades modernas. Si, por un lado, hay una necesidad de expansión y valorización de la libertad y del deseo como forma de movimiento de la máquina capitalista, por otro hay aún la necesidad de disciplina del operario para el mercado de trabajo, lo que se refleja directamente en los abismos de desigualdades de las escuelas en los diversos contextos en Brasil. sociales clases ellos autor escritura cuestión Educación modernas Si lado capitalista trabajo Brasil

ABSTRACT The first part of this article presents the modern approach to transhumanism and its respective bioethical analysis, aiming to present this analysis under a scheme of reasonableness rather than a search for accuracy after having expressed in a summarized but concise manner the premises of the intriguing eugenic movement and the positions of various authors in this regard, thus expanding the current description of the techno-scientific state of transhumanist ideas and their desperate emphasis on the improvement of disruptive and emerging biotechnologies. In a second part of the text we will approach the concept of Eugenics and its development from what we know today as Directed Evolution (DE), analyzing axiologically the necessity, the consequences and the conflicts of this concept by virtue of its understanding of the human being, proposing a vision that transcends the conception of a uniquely biological organism, criticizing mechanistic, utilitarian and reductionist aspects that transhumanism confers to its understanding of the "human being". Finally, in a third and last part, we will analyze the bioethical problems of the eugenic idea with the help of the essay "the ambush" by Ernest Jünger in order to seek an objective, axiological and metaphysical analysis to define the techno-scientific approach to the human being as an end and not as a means.

RESUMEN En la primera parte de este artículo se presenta el planteamiento moderno del transhumanismo y su respectivo análisis bioético, pretendiendo realizar dicho análisis bajo un esquema de razonabilidad más que de una búsqueda de exactitud luego de haber expresado de manera resumida pero concisa, las premisas del intrigante movimiento eugenésico y las posiciones de varios autores al respecto, ampliando así la descripción actual del estado tecnocientífico de las ideas transhumanistas y su desesperado énfasis en la mejora de las biotecnologías disruptivas y emergentes. En una segunda parte del texto abordaremos el concepto de Eugenesia y su desarrollo a partir de lo que hoy por hoy conocemos como evolución dirigida (ED), analizando axiológicamente la necesidad, las consecuencias y los conflictos de este concepto en virtud de su comprensión en cuanto al ser humano, proponiendo una visión que trascienda la concepción de un organismo únicamente biológico, haciendo crítica sobre aspectos mecanicistas, utilitaristas y reduccionistas que el transhumanismo confiere a su comprensión del “ser humano”. Finalmente, en una tercera y última parte, analizaremos los problemas bioéticos de la idea eugenésica con la ayuda del ensayo “la emboscadura” de Ernest Jünger para así buscar un análisis objetivo, axiológico y metafísico, para definir el proceder tecnocientífico frente al ser humano como un fin y no como un medio.

The parables of Jesus are often susceptible to patriarchal, androcentric interpretations. By using a realistic reading and social-scientific criticism, this article will investigate the voices, roles, and presence of women in the parable of the Good Samaritan, and how the 1st-century audience of the parable would most likely have understood women to be present, even if not mentioned in the parable. Women played critical roles in terms of hospitality, travel, innkeeping, and healing. These roles and voices of women are often ignored by modern interpreters and exegetes. This article not only emphasises the valuable roles that women fulfilled in the time of Jesus but also critiques the lack, or absence, of women as a point of discussion, acknowledgement, and study in most biblical commentaries and books concerning the parable of the Good Samaritan. The aim of this research is to contribute to the unhiding of women voices in patriarchal, androcentric texts thereby reconstructing and deconstructing gender paradigms within biblical scholarship. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The interdisciplinary nature of this article contributes to the debate on the roles and importance of women in the church by investigating the value that women had in the parables of Jesus. By reading women as present in the text, emphasis is given to the voices of women in the Bible and the importance of their representation today. This research is also in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender equality and women empowerment

Abstract Modern tunnel design in urban areas heavily relies on numerical modeling to assess excavation stability and predict ground movement. Recent advancements in soil modeling, hardware, and software have facilitated the development of sophisticated 3D models within tight schedules. Urban tunnels are often shallow and excavated in challenging ground conditions, with proximity to existing structures and infrastructure. Consequently, numerical modeling of such tunnels involves highly nonlinear analyses with complex boundary conditions. Despite the widespread use of numerical modeling in tunnel research and design, there is a lack of publications addressing modeling procedures to ensure accurate and reliable results for highly nonlinear shallow tunnel analyses. This paper investigates the requirements for accurate results for highly nonlinear shallow tunnel analyses. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed with different mesh refinements and element types. The study focuses on the hypothetical excavation stability scenario explored by Carranza-Torres et al. (2013). Tunnel stability is assessed using Caquot's analytical solution based on the lower bound theorem of plasticity, as well as FEM modeling with the strength reduction method. The FEM numerical solution, which approaches the exact solution for the problem, provided a factor of safety slightly larger (2.3%) than Caquot's lower-bound solution. The results of the FEM modeling indicate that a significantly less refined mesh is required to achieve accurate results for highly nonlinear shallow tunnel analyses when adopting 2nd-order elements (i.e., quadratic interpolation) instead of 1st-order elements (i.e., linear interpolation). This study improves our understanding of FEM modeling requirements and provides practical insights regarding the numerical modeling of highly nonlinear shallow tunnels in urban areas. movement hardware D schedules conditions infrastructure Consequently (FEM types CarranzaTorres Carranza Torres al 2013. 2013 . (2013) Caquots Caquot s plasticity method problem 2.3% 23 2 3 (2.3% lowerbound 2ndorder ndorder 2nd order nd i.e., ie i e (i.e. interpolation 1storder storder 1st st interpolation. 201 (2013 2.3 (2.3 i.e. (i.e 20 (201 2. (2. i.e (20 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo tem como principais objetivos refletir sobre a receção da Pedagogia Freinet em Portugal, entre os anos 20 e os anos 80 do século XX; analisar a forma como foi apropriada em diversos contextos de renovação pedagógica e avaliar o seu contributo para a construção de uma tradição pedagógica progressista. Começamos por dar conta da sua aparição no final do momento Educação Nova para, a seguir, destacar a sua importância no âmbito das experiências alternativas desenvolvidas a partir dos anos 50 e, finalmente, analisar a sua presença na trajetória do Movimento da Escola Moderna, criado em meados dos anos 60, em que manteve uma indiscutível centralidade até ao “deslocamento” teórico operado nos anos 80. A perspetiva adotada tem por base a História Cultural e recorre-se a fontes diversas, em particular artigos da imprensa pedagógica e um conjunto de obras de intelectuais portugueses do campo educativo. Portugal 2 8 XX progressista seguir 5 finalmente Moderna 60 deslocamento “deslocamento recorrese recorre se diversas educativo 6

Résumé Les principaux objectifs de cet article sont de réfléchir sur la réception de la pédagogie Freinet au Portugal, entre les années 1920 et les années 1980, d'analyser comment elle a été appropriée dans différents contextes de renouveau pédagogique et d'évaluer sa contribution à la construction d'une tradition pédagogique progressiste. Nous commençons par nous intéresser à son apparition à la fin de la période de l'Éducation nouvelle, puis nous soulignons son importance dans le cadre des expériences alternatives développées à partir des années 1950, et enfin nous analysons sa présence dans la trajectoire du Mouvement de l'École moderne, créé au milieu des années 60, où il a conservé une centralité indiscutable jusqu'au « déplacement » théorique opéré dans les années 80. La perspective adoptée s'appuie sur l'Histoire culturelle et nous avons eu recours à différentes sources, notamment des articles de la presse pédagogique et un ensemble d'ouvrages d'intellectuels portugais dans le domaine de l'éducation. Portugal 192 1980 danalyser d analyser dévaluer évaluer dune progressiste lÉducation l Éducation nouvelle 1950 lÉcole École moderne 60 jusquau jusqu 80 sappuie s appuie lHistoire Histoire sources douvrages ouvrages dintellectuels intellectuels léducation. léducation éducation. éducation l'éducation 19 198 195 6 8 1

Abstract The main objectives of this article are to reflect on the reception of Freinet pedagogy in Portugal, between the 1920s and the 1980s, to analyse how it was appropriated in different contexts of pedagogical renewal and to evaluate its contribution to the construction of a progressive pedagogical tradition. We begin by describing its appearance at the end of the New Education period, then highlighting its importance within the scope of alternative experiences developed from the 1950s onwards, and finally analysing its presence in the trajectory of the Modern School Movement, created in the mid-1960s, in which it maintained an indisputable centrality until the theoretical “displacement” operated in the 1980s. The perspective adopted is based on Cultural History and uses various sources, in particular articles from the pedagogical press and a set of works by Portuguese intellectuals from the field of education. Portugal s 1980s tradition period onwards Movement mid1960s, mid1960s mids mid 1960s, 1960s mid-1960s displacement “displacement sources education

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivos principales reflexionar sobre la recepción de la Pedagogía Freinet en Portugal, entre las décadas de 1920 y 1980; analizar cómo fue apropiada en diferentes contextos de renovación pedagógica y evaluar su contribución a la construcción de una tradición pedagógica progresista. Comenzamos describiendo su aparición al final del período de la escuela nueva; luego destacamos su importancia en el ámbito de las experiencias alternativas desarrolladas a partir de la década de 1950; y finalmente analizamos su presencia en la trayectoria del movimiento de la escuela moderna, creado a mediados de 1960, en la que mantuvo una centralidad indiscutible hasta el “desplazamiento” teórico operado en la década de 1980. la perspectiva adoptada se basa en la historia cultural y recorrimos a diferentes fuentes, en particular artículos de la prensa pedagógica y un conjunto de obras de intelectuales portugueses del campo de la educación. Portugal 192 1980 progresista nueva 1950 moderna 1960 desplazamiento “desplazamiento fuentes educación 19 198 195 196 1

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é promover uma discussão acerca da obra de Marianne Weber (1870-1954) a fim de contribuir para o movimento de ampliação do debate social clássico, tensionando-o no que se refere a dimensões de gênero. Em diálogo com a fortuna crítica da pensadora, o artigo oferece dados biográficos, bem como uma visão panorâmica de algumas de suas perspectivas e diálogos teóricos, com destaque para suas contribuições de matiz feminista. As especificidades do pensamento sociológico de Weber são relacionadas à sua atuação no movimento de mulheres com o intuito de apresentar aspectos de sua visão generificada da cultura moderna. 18701954 1870 1954 (1870-1954 clássico tensionandoo tensionando gênero pensadora biográficos teóricos feminista moderna 1870195 187 195 (1870-195 187019 18 19 (1870-19 18701 1 (1870-1 (1870- (1870 (187 (18 (1 (

Abstract This article aims to promote a discussion of the work of Marianne Weber (1870-1954) to contribute to the movement of expanding the classic social debate by tensioning it regarding gender dimensions. In dialogue with the thinker’s critical fortune, the article offers biographical data, as well as a panoramic view of some of her theoretical perspectives and dialogues, with emphasis on her feminist contributions. The specificities of Weber’s sociological thought are related to her role in the women’s movement to present her gendered view of modern culture. 18701954 1870 1954 (1870-1954 dimensions thinkers thinker s fortune data dialogues contributions Webers womens women culture 1870195 187 195 (1870-195 187019 18 19 (1870-19 18701 1 (1870-1 (1870- (1870 (187 (18 (1 (

Resumo: No contexto da “era da leitura de imagens”, a animação também é um produto moderno, e a animação chinesa sempre foi uma “transmissão de imagens por meio de imagens”. Os autores acostumaram-se a pegar emprestado desenhos animados de países, como o Japão ou países europeus, e sua criatividade no pensamento de animação foi bastante suprimida, o que é um golpe devastador. Ao rastrear a origem do pensamento de animação, a partir de uma perspectiva filosófica, a evolução do pensamento e da expressão humana pode ser mais bem compreendida. Isso ajuda os pesquisadores a entender a evolução e as inovações da cultura humana e, assim, perceber melhor a relação entre cultura, arte e filosofia. O pensamento objetal enfatiza a divisão de problemas complexos em componentes menores, ou seja, os objetos. Na animação, isso pode ser interpretado como a divisão de cenas e ações complexas em objetos, personagens e elementos separados. Essa abstração e correlação de objetos ajudam os animadores a entender e projetar melhor as interações entre os personagens, o movimento dos objetos e a dinâmica da animação geral. Embora o estudo do “pensamento Xiang” tenha se desenvolvido na história da filosofia, ele não está diretamente relacionado ao rastreamento do pensamento de animação e à reconstrução artística. De fato, ele tem um impacto significativo no pensamento da animação. Por meio da análise do texto filosófico das obras de animação, os pesquisadores podem descobrir os temas filosóficos, os símbolos e os significados da animação. Isso pode incluir a interpretação de um trabalho de animação específico e como determinados pensamentos filosóficos são expressos, por meio da narrativa, dos personagens, dos elementos visuais etc. Portanto, o estudo do pensamento objetal tem um significado prático importante, para explicar a singularidade do pensamento de animação. Um dos objetivos da pesquisa pode ser descobrir a intertextualidade entre animação e filosofia, o que inclui explorar como os escritos e pensamentos filosóficos são representados na animação e, consequentemente, como a animação afeta o pensamento filosófico. Resumo era imagens, , imagens” moderno transmissão imagens. . acostumaramse acostumaram europeus suprimida devastador filosófica compreendida assim filosofia menores seja separados geral Xiang artística fato expressos narrativa etc Portanto importante consequentemente

Abstract: In the context of the “era of image reading”, animation is also a modern product, and Chinese animation has always been “transmitting images through images”. Chinese animation has become accustomed to borrowing cartoons from countries, such as Japan or European ones, and their creativity in animation thinking has been greatly suppressed, which is a devastating blow. By tracing the origin of animation thinking from a philosophical perspective, the evolution of human thinking and expression can be further understood. This helps researchers understand the evolution and evolving innovations of human culture, and thus better understand the relationship among culture, art and philosophy. Object thinking emphasizes breaking down complex problems into smaller components, namely objects. In animation, this can be interpreted as breaking down complex scenes and actions into separate objects, characters and elements. This object abstraction and correlation help animators better understand and design the interactions among characters, the movement of objects and the dynamics of the overall animation. Although the study of “Xiang thinking” has developed in the history of philosophy, it has not been directly related to the tracing of animation thinking and artistic reconstruction. In fact, it has a significant impact on animation thinking. Through the philosophical text analysis of animation works, researchers can dig out the philosophical themes, symbols and meanings in animation. This may include the interpretation of a particular animated work and how certain philosophical thoughts are expressed through the narrative, characters, visual elements, etc. Therefore, the study of object thinking has important practical significance for explaining the uniqueness of animation thinking. One of the goals of research may be to discover the intertextuality between animation and philosophy, which includes exploring how philosophical writings and thoughts are represented in animation, and accordingly, how animation affects philosophical thinking. Abstract era reading, reading , reading” product transmitting images. . images” countries ones suppressed blow perspective understood culture philosophy components elements Xiang reconstruction fact works themes narrative etc Therefore accordingly