Abstract: The bioclimatic quality of three buildings by architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral at Universidad Central del Ecuador was evaluated with two objectives: to find problems that might affect users’ health and productivity, and to establish if climate had a significant role in the design of these buildings The buildings included two faculties: Law and Economics, and the General Administration. Bioclimatic quality was established by comparing existing levels of temperature, relative humidity, and natural light against comfort standards and the local climate. Data were measured over two years in space samples using data loggers. It was concluded that all buildings have spaces outside of comfort being too cold and dark; and climate played a minor role because despite attempts to control natural light, the thermal behavior of materials and the sun's apparent movement were ignored.

Resumen: Se hizo una evaluación de la calidad bioclimática de tres edificios del arquitecto Gilberto Gatto Sobral en la Universidad Central del Ecuador con dos objetivos: encontrar evidencia sobre posibles problemas en los espacios que podrían afectar la salud y productividad de sus usuarios, y determinar si el clima tuvo un papel significativo en el diseño de estos edificios. Los edificios eran dos facultades: Jurisprudencia y Economía, y la Administración General. La calidad bioclimática se estableció a través de la comparación de los niveles existentes de temperatura, humedad relativa y luz natural contra estándares de confort y el clima local. Los datos fueron medidos en muestras de espacios usando data-loggers. Se concluyó que todos los edificios tienen espacios fuera del confort siendo demasiado fríos y oscuros; y el clima tuvo un rol menor debido a que se ignoró el comportamiento térmico de los materiales y el movimiento aparente del sol, pero se intentó controlar la luz natural.

Abstract: The approach to the urban development plan by Brazilian architect Lucio Costa for the Alagados neighborhood (1972) emphasizes the dimension of social housing in its urban planning, highlighting the incorporations carried out in response to the revisions of the modern movement. The study contextualizes revisionist approaches in urban plans, focusing on housing clusters in superblocks and their relationship with public facilities, bringing out the organicist paradigm, aiming for flexibility in urban planning. An approach is taken that includes a specific architectural historiography and design theory, reviewing Lucio Costa's proposal through the analysis of documents, plans, and works. Given the disagreement between social housing policy based on utopian ideals and real estate interests, Lucio Costa's superblock proposal presents its adaptable morphology, concluding that the implementation of Lucio Costa's proposal could possibly have provided substantial positive results to Alagados.

Resumen: El enfoque del plan de desarrollo urbano del arquitecto brasileño Lucio Costa para el vecindario de Alagados (1972) enfatiza la dimensión de la vivienda social en su planificación urbana, destacando las incorporaciones llevadas a cabo en respuesta a las revisiones del movimiento moderno. El estudio contextualiza los enfoques revisionistas en los planes urbanos, centrándose en los grupos de viviendas en los superbloques y su relación con las instalaciones públicas, lo que resalta el paradigma orgánico, con el objetivo de flexibilidad en la planificación urbana. Se adopta un enfoque que incluye una teoría de historiografía y diseño arquitectónica específica, revisando la propuesta de Lucio Costa a través del análisis de documentos, planes y trabajos. Dado el desacuerdo entre la política de vivienda social basada en ideales utópicos e intereses inmobiliarios, la propuesta de superbloque de Lucio Costa presenta su morfología adaptable, concluyendo que posiblemente la implementación de la propuesta de Lucio Costa podría haber proporcionado resultados positivos sustanciales a los Alagados.

Resumen: El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en analizar el método anadialéctico del filósofo argentino-mexicano Enrique Dussel, a la luz de las nociones de alteridad y revelación. En primer lugar, nos proponemos examinar la producción dusseliana durante años de conformación del movimiento de la filosofía de la liberación. En este período, la analéctica es expuesta en tanto una crítica radical de la dialéctica hegeliana y la ontología moderna. El camino de superación de la pensar ontológico moderno europeo se elabora como un antecedente fundamental de la historia de la filosofía latinoamericana. Dicha superación implica el momento de afirmación analógica de la alteridad a través de la revelación del otro. Nuestra pesquisa se focaliza en Para una ética de la liberación latinoamericana (1972) y en Método para una filosofía de la liberación (1974).

Abstract: This research aims to analyze the anadialectic method of the Argentine-Mexican philosopher Enrique Dussel, in light of the notions of alterity and revelation. First and foremost, we aim to examine Dussel's production during the years of shaping the movement of the liberation philosophy. During this period, analectics are exposed as a radical critique of Hegelian dialectics and modern ontology. The path to overcoming modern European ontological thinking is elaborated as a fundamental antecedent in the history of Latin American philosophy. This overcoming implies the moment of analogical affirmation of alterity through the revelation of the other. Our inquiry focuses on Para una ética de la liberación latinoamericana (1972) and Método para una filosofía de la liberación (1974).

Resumen Este ensayo propone una reflexión acerca de la función social de la escuela, trazando un pequeño historial de contextualización del origen de la escuela y sus papeles en diferentes momentos históricos y sociales. Se parte del cuestionamiento sobre los conocimientos que circulan en el ambiente escolar y su relevancia para el mantenimiento de la organización de clases, así como de los intereses imbuidos en ellos. La idea de patrimonio cultural e intelectual propuesta por Bourdieu es desarrollada en diálogo con autores que traen perspectivas diversas al referido autor, de forma a promover un movimiento dialéctico de búsqueda de sentidos para la pregunta que sustenta esta escritura. En contribución a la complejidad de la cuestión, se puede añadir el escenario de la crisis actual de la Educación, que parece exponer la propia dualidad de pensamiento y el desarrollo de las sociedades modernas. Si, por un lado, hay una necesidad de expansión y valorización de la libertad y del deseo como forma de movimiento de la máquina capitalista, por otro hay aún la necesidad de disciplina del operario para el mercado de trabajo, lo que se refleja directamente en los abismos de desigualdades de las escuelas en los diversos contextos en Brasil. sociales clases ellos autor escritura cuestión Educación modernas Si lado capitalista trabajo Brasil

Abstract This essay proposes a reflection on the social function of the school, tracing a brief history of contextualization of the origin of the school and its roles in different historical and social moments. It starts questioning the knowledge that circulates in the school environment and its relevance for maintaining the organization of classes, as well as the interests imbued in them. The idea of cultural and intellectual heritage proposed by Bourdieu is developed in dialogue with authors who bring different perspectives to Bourdieu’s, to promote a dialectical movement in search of meanings for the question that sustains this writing. As a contribution to the complexity of the issue, one can add the scenario of the current crisis in Education, which seems to expose the very duality of thought and development of modern societies. If, on the one hand, there is a need for expanding and valuing freedom and desire as a form of movement of the capitalist machine, on the other hand, there is still a need for discipline on the part of the working class for the labor market, which is directly reflected in the chasms of inequalities of schools in different contexts in Brazil. moments classes them Bourdieus, Bourdieus s, s Bourdieu’s writing issue Education societies If hand machine market Brazil

Resumo Este ensaio propõe uma reflexão a respeito da função social da escola, traçando um pequeno histórico de contextualização da origem da escola e seus papeis em diferentes momentos históricos e sociais. Parte-se do questionamento sobre os conhecimentos que circulam no ambiente escolar e sua relevância para manutenção da organização de classes, bem como dos interesses neles imbuídos. A ideia de patrimônio cultural e intelectual proposta por Bourdieu é desenvolvida em diálogo com autores que trazem perspectivas diversas ao referido autor, de forma a promover um movimento dialético de busca de sentidos para a pergunta que sustenta esta escrita. Em contribuição para a complexidade da questão, pode-se acrescentar o cenário de crise atual da Educação, que parece expor a própria dualidade de pensamento e desenvolvimento das sociedades modernas. Se por um lado, há uma necessidade de expansão e valorização da liberdade e do desejo como forma de movimento da máquina capitalista, por outro há ainda a necessidade de disciplina do operariado para o mercado de trabalho, o que se reflete diretamente nos abismos de desigualdades das escolas nos diversos contextos no Brasil. sociais Partese Parte classes imbuídos autor escrita questão podese pode Educação modernas lado capitalista trabalho Brasil

During the Suez crisis, the written media served as the primary method which provided the British populace with information. Strong anti-Egyptian sentiment permeated the British press. It was constantly fuelled by the Government's propaganda strategy. In the USA the crisis was also covered by the news media, particularly in the light of the fact that it was President Eisenhower's greatest foreign policy challenge at the time and the crisis reached its zenith a few days before his re-election. Nasser utilised the Egyptian press and radio to accomplish his goals against Britain and France and to promote his nationalist image inside and outside of Egypt. When a permanent member's veto prevented the Security Council from fulfilling its primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security, the General Assembly could consider the matter and make recommendations to member states to restore international peace and security. In November 1956, the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, which stipulates this procedure, went into effect. Prior to the crisis, two-thirds of Europe's crude oil was transported via the Suez Canal. Due to the strategic significance of Suez, the canal zone was always vigilantly guarded by Britain. After the crisis, oil emerged as the new deterrent in international affairs, and the crisis was the primary impetus for the establishment of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1961. When the crisis broke out and the canal was closed, the strategic significance of the sea route around the Cape regained prominence, and in subsequent months, port traffic in South Africa increased. South Africa and the United Kingdom were already negotiating the status of the naval base at Simonstown, which was subsequently transferred to South Africa. In order to receive training from the Algerian National Liberation Army (Front de Libération Nationale - FLN) in preparation for the South African revolution, Nelson Mandela joined the revolutionary forces of Algeria in 1961. He visited FLN training camps where he established Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear ofthe Nation) or MK ofthe African National Congress (ANC). According to Mandela, his visits to Egypt were educational, whereas his encounters in Algeria served a different purpose. He received training in revolutionary strategy and tactics, as well as military instruction. All of these were crucial elements for him in shaping the ANC into a liberation movement. During a visit to Algeria following his release from prison, he declared that he deemed Algeria to be his home and that he regarded himself to be an Algerian. Algeria provided a great deal of military and diplomatic instruction to liberation movements. The Third World won a decisive diplomatic victory at Suez. The geopolitical implications of the crisis were thus widespread and significant. Several changes took place with regard to the policies of the nations involved and the climate of global affairs changed. The crisis resulted in significant geopolitical ramifications and had profound effects for the nations involved. Furthermore, within a wider regional framework, significant transformations occurred in the political structure of multiple nations. The crisis necessitated political decision modifications and the implementation of new policy ideas by the key stakeholders involved, including Egypt, Britain, France, and the USA. The crisis also had an influence on other countries, including South Africa. Undoubtedly, this particular juncture in history can be seen as being of significant consequence. Nasser emerged as a central figure in this crisis, garnering increased recognition both domestically and internationally. One notable accomplishment of his was his adeptness in retaining his position as the political leader of Egypt for a duration of 18 years, even in the face of significant opposition. He is generally recognised as an important political figure in modern Egyptian history and is highly respected as an emblematic figure in the Arab world. This is mostly due to his significant contributions to social justice, Arab unity, and unwavering resistance against colonialism and imperialism.

Tydens die Suezkrisis was die gedrukte media die primêre bron van kommunikasie en byvoorbeeld in Brittanje die belangrikste wyse waarop die publiek ingelig is. In die VSA het nuusberigte ook die krisis gedek, veral omdat dit President Eisenhower se grootste buitelandse beleidsuitdaging op daardie tydstip was. In Egipte het Nasser ywerig en behendig die pers en radio aangewend om sy binne- en buitelandse doelstellings te bereik. Toe die Veiligheidsraad verhinder is om internasionale vrede en veiligheid te handhaaf as gevolg van die vetoreg wat een van die permanente lede uitgeoefen het, het die Algemene Vergadering die aangeleentheid oorweeg en aanbevelings met die "Uniting for Peace"-prosedure gemaak, wat tot die stigting van die eerste vredesmag van die Verenigde Nasies gelei het. Kort voor die krisis is tweederdes van al Europa se olie deur die Suezkanaal verskeep. Die Suezkrisis het later aanleiding gegee tot die stigting van die Organisasie van Petroleum Uitvoerlande (OPUL) in 1960. Met die sluiting van die kanaal, is die aandag weereens op die strategiese waarde van die seeroete om die Kaap gevestig om die toenemende verkeer te kan akkommodeer. Teen daardie tyd was Suid-Afrika en Brittanje reeds besig om oor die vlootbasis te Simonstad te onderhandel wat later aan Suid-Afrika oorgedra is. Nelson Mandela het by die revolusionêre magte van Algerië aangesluit en militêre opleiding van hulle ontvang. Ander bevrydingsbewegings van Afrika het ook militêre en diplomatieke opleiding gekry. Die geopolitieke implikasies van die krisis was wydverspreid en betekenisvol.

ABSTRACT The thematic focus of this theoretical essay, anchored in language, thematizes the child and early childhood education from a decolonial discourse. Problematizing the colonial perspective of education, children and early childhood education is announced as its intentionality. The problem can be formulated as this: What are the implications of a decolonial attitude in the education of early childhood education children? The path of reflection is organized into three movements. The first focuses on conceptual discussions of colonial terms, decolonization, postcolonialism and decoloniality. The second visits the modern colonial discourse of children and the pedagogical heritage that sustains it. And, finally, a third movement that weaves considerations about the decolonial discourse and its implications for a pedagogy for early childhood education. The reflexive path allows us to visualize that the dominant pedagogical idearies in the education of children are colonizers. Thus, it is maintained that a rupture in the colonizing perspective requires decolonizing power; knowledge; the being; the predominant life, gaze and thought of children’s education, to think about a decolonial pedagogy of/to/with childhood. essay language intentionality movements terms decolonization decoloniality And finally colonizers Thus power knowledge being life childrens s oftowith with

RESUMO O foco temático desse ensaio teórico, ancorado na linguagem, tematiza a criança e a educação infantil desde um discurso decolonial. Problematizar a perspectiva colonial de educação, criança e educação infantil anuncia-se como sua intencionalidade. A problemática pode ser assim formulada: Quais as implicações de uma postura decolonial na educação das crianças da educação infantil? O percurso da reflexão se organiza em três movimentos. O primeiro centra-se nas discussões conceituais dos termos colonial, descolonizar, pós-colonialismo e decolonialidade. O segundo visita o discurso colonial moderno de criança e o ideário pedagógico que o sustenta. E, por fim, um terceiro movimento que tece considerações acerca do discurso decolonial e suas implicações a uma pedagogia para a educação infantil. O percurso reflexivo permite visualizar que os ideários pedagógicos dominantes na educação das crianças são colonizadores. Assim, sustenta-se que uma ruptura na perspectiva colonizadora requer decolonizar o poder; o saber; o ser; o viver, o olhar e o pensamento predominante da educação das crianças, para pensar uma pedagogia decolonial da/para/com a infância. teórico linguagem anunciase anuncia intencionalidade formulada movimentos centrase centra descolonizar póscolonialismo pós colonialismo decolonialidade sustenta E fim colonizadores Assim sustentase poder saber viver daparacom com infância

Résumé Les principaux objectifs de cet article sont de réfléchir sur la réception de la pédagogie Freinet au Portugal, entre les années 1920 et les années 1980, d'analyser comment elle a été appropriée dans différents contextes de renouveau pédagogique et d'évaluer sa contribution à la construction d'une tradition pédagogique progressiste. Nous commençons par nous intéresser à son apparition à la fin de la période de l'Éducation nouvelle, puis nous soulignons son importance dans le cadre des expériences alternatives développées à partir des années 1950, et enfin nous analysons sa présence dans la trajectoire du Mouvement de l'École moderne, créé au milieu des années 60, où il a conservé une centralité indiscutable jusqu'au « déplacement » théorique opéré dans les années 80. La perspective adoptée s'appuie sur l'Histoire culturelle et nous avons eu recours à différentes sources, notamment des articles de la presse pédagogique et un ensemble d'ouvrages d'intellectuels portugais dans le domaine de l'éducation. Portugal 192 1980 danalyser d analyser dévaluer évaluer dune progressiste lÉducation l Éducation nouvelle 1950 lÉcole École moderne 60 jusquau jusqu 80 sappuie s appuie lHistoire Histoire sources douvrages ouvrages dintellectuels intellectuels léducation. léducation éducation. éducation l'éducation 19 198 195 6 8 1

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivos principales reflexionar sobre la recepción de la Pedagogía Freinet en Portugal, entre las décadas de 1920 y 1980; analizar cómo fue apropiada en diferentes contextos de renovación pedagógica y evaluar su contribución a la construcción de una tradición pedagógica progresista. Comenzamos describiendo su aparición al final del período de la escuela nueva; luego destacamos su importancia en el ámbito de las experiencias alternativas desarrolladas a partir de la década de 1950; y finalmente analizamos su presencia en la trayectoria del movimiento de la escuela moderna, creado a mediados de 1960, en la que mantuvo una centralidad indiscutible hasta el “desplazamiento” teórico operado en la década de 1980. la perspectiva adoptada se basa en la historia cultural y recorrimos a diferentes fuentes, en particular artículos de la prensa pedagógica y un conjunto de obras de intelectuales portugueses del campo de la educación. Portugal 192 1980 progresista nueva 1950 moderna 1960 desplazamiento “desplazamiento fuentes educación 19 198 195 196 1

Abstract The main objectives of this article are to reflect on the reception of Freinet pedagogy in Portugal, between the 1920s and the 1980s, to analyse how it was appropriated in different contexts of pedagogical renewal and to evaluate its contribution to the construction of a progressive pedagogical tradition. We begin by describing its appearance at the end of the New Education period, then highlighting its importance within the scope of alternative experiences developed from the 1950s onwards, and finally analysing its presence in the trajectory of the Modern School Movement, created in the mid-1960s, in which it maintained an indisputable centrality until the theoretical “displacement” operated in the 1980s. The perspective adopted is based on Cultural History and uses various sources, in particular articles from the pedagogical press and a set of works by Portuguese intellectuals from the field of education. Portugal s 1980s tradition period onwards Movement mid1960s, mid1960s mids mid 1960s, 1960s mid-1960s displacement “displacement sources education

Resumo Este artigo tem como principais objetivos refletir sobre a receção da Pedagogia Freinet em Portugal, entre os anos 20 e os anos 80 do século XX; analisar a forma como foi apropriada em diversos contextos de renovação pedagógica e avaliar o seu contributo para a construção de uma tradição pedagógica progressista. Começamos por dar conta da sua aparição no final do momento Educação Nova para, a seguir, destacar a sua importância no âmbito das experiências alternativas desenvolvidas a partir dos anos 50 e, finalmente, analisar a sua presença na trajetória do Movimento da Escola Moderna, criado em meados dos anos 60, em que manteve uma indiscutível centralidade até ao “deslocamento” teórico operado nos anos 80. A perspetiva adotada tem por base a História Cultural e recorre-se a fontes diversas, em particular artigos da imprensa pedagógica e um conjunto de obras de intelectuais portugueses do campo educativo. Portugal 2 8 XX progressista seguir 5 finalmente Moderna 60 deslocamento “deslocamento recorrese recorre se diversas educativo 6

Abstract This article aims to analyze certain forms of extension of the Modernist movement in São Paulo. More specifically, this work seeks to observe the manifestation of Modernism in the trajectory of the film critic Paulo Emílio Salles Gomes between the 1960s and 1970s. Situated in a unique position vis-à-vis Modernism, the critic articulated, throughout his trajectory, several ways of dealing with the movement. On the one hand, it is possible to assess the extension of the theme in the critic’s formulations about the figure of the writer Oswald de Andrade, with whom he was close since the 1930s. On the other hand, a more comprehensive reflection on Modernism is crystallized in the early 1970s, in a document in which Paulo Emílio reflects on the Week of Modern Art of 1922. Through these two perspectives, we hope to reflect on the meaning of Modernism’s updating in the turbulent context that followed the 1964 Coup. specifically s 1970s visàvis vis à articulated hand critics Andrade 1930s 1922 perspectives Modernisms 196 Coup 192 19 1

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar determinadas formas de prolongamento do Modernismo em São Paulo. Mais especificamente, trata-se de observar a manifestação desse movimento na trajetória do crítico de cinema Paulo Emílio Salles Gomes entre os anos 1960 e 1970. Situado numa posição singular ante o Modernismo, o crítico articulou, ao longo de sua trajetória, diversas maneiras de lidar com o movimento. Por um lado, é possível aferir o prolongamento do tema nas formulações do crítico sobre a figura de Oswald de Andrade, de quem foi próximo desde os anos 1930. Por outro lado, uma reflexão mais abrangente sobre o Modernismo se cristaliza no início dos anos 1970, num documento em que Paulo Emílio reflete sobre a Semana de 22. Por meio dessas duas perspectivas, espera-se refletir sobre o sentido da atualização do Modernismo no contexto turbulento que se seguiu ao Golpe de 1964. especificamente tratase trata 196 1970 articulou lado Andrade 1930 22 perspectivas esperase espera 1964 19 197 193 2 1

Abstract This article aims to promote a discussion of the work of Marianne Weber (1870-1954) to contribute to the movement of expanding the classic social debate by tensioning it regarding gender dimensions. In dialogue with the thinker’s critical fortune, the article offers biographical data, as well as a panoramic view of some of her theoretical perspectives and dialogues, with emphasis on her feminist contributions. The specificities of Weber’s sociological thought are related to her role in the women’s movement to present her gendered view of modern culture. 18701954 1870 1954 (1870-1954 dimensions thinkers thinker s fortune data dialogues contributions Webers womens women culture 1870195 187 195 (1870-195 187019 18 19 (1870-19 18701 1 (1870-1 (1870- (1870 (187 (18 (1 (

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é promover uma discussão acerca da obra de Marianne Weber (1870-1954) a fim de contribuir para o movimento de ampliação do debate social clássico, tensionando-o no que se refere a dimensões de gênero. Em diálogo com a fortuna crítica da pensadora, o artigo oferece dados biográficos, bem como uma visão panorâmica de algumas de suas perspectivas e diálogos teóricos, com destaque para suas contribuições de matiz feminista. As especificidades do pensamento sociológico de Weber são relacionadas à sua atuação no movimento de mulheres com o intuito de apresentar aspectos de sua visão generificada da cultura moderna. 18701954 1870 1954 (1870-1954 clássico tensionandoo tensionando gênero pensadora biográficos teóricos feminista moderna 1870195 187 195 (1870-195 187019 18 19 (1870-19 18701 1 (1870-1 (1870- (1870 (187 (18 (1 (

Abstract Modern tunnel design in urban areas heavily relies on numerical modeling to assess excavation stability and predict ground movement. Recent advancements in soil modeling, hardware, and software have facilitated the development of sophisticated 3D models within tight schedules. Urban tunnels are often shallow and excavated in challenging ground conditions, with proximity to existing structures and infrastructure. Consequently, numerical modeling of such tunnels involves highly nonlinear analyses with complex boundary conditions. Despite the widespread use of numerical modeling in tunnel research and design, there is a lack of publications addressing modeling procedures to ensure accurate and reliable results for highly nonlinear shallow tunnel analyses. This paper investigates the requirements for accurate results for highly nonlinear shallow tunnel analyses. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed with different mesh refinements and element types. The study focuses on the hypothetical excavation stability scenario explored by Carranza-Torres et al. (2013). Tunnel stability is assessed using Caquot's analytical solution based on the lower bound theorem of plasticity, as well as FEM modeling with the strength reduction method. The FEM numerical solution, which approaches the exact solution for the problem, provided a factor of safety slightly larger (2.3%) than Caquot's lower-bound solution. The results of the FEM modeling indicate that a significantly less refined mesh is required to achieve accurate results for highly nonlinear shallow tunnel analyses when adopting 2nd-order elements (i.e., quadratic interpolation) instead of 1st-order elements (i.e., linear interpolation). This study improves our understanding of FEM modeling requirements and provides practical insights regarding the numerical modeling of highly nonlinear shallow tunnels in urban areas. movement hardware D schedules conditions infrastructure Consequently (FEM types CarranzaTorres Carranza Torres al 2013. 2013 . (2013) Caquots Caquot s plasticity method problem 2.3% 23 2 3 (2.3% lowerbound 2ndorder ndorder 2nd order nd i.e., ie i e (i.e. interpolation 1storder storder 1st st interpolation. 201 (2013 2.3 (2.3 i.e. (i.e 20 (201 2. (2. i.e (20 (2 (

Abstract: In the context of the “era of image reading”, animation is also a modern product, and Chinese animation has always been “transmitting images through images”. Chinese animation has become accustomed to borrowing cartoons from countries, such as Japan or European ones, and their creativity in animation thinking has been greatly suppressed, which is a devastating blow. By tracing the origin of animation thinking from a philosophical perspective, the evolution of human thinking and expression can be further understood. This helps researchers understand the evolution and evolving innovations of human culture, and thus better understand the relationship among culture, art and philosophy. Object thinking emphasizes breaking down complex problems into smaller components, namely objects. In animation, this can be interpreted as breaking down complex scenes and actions into separate objects, characters and elements. This object abstraction and correlation help animators better understand and design the interactions among characters, the movement of objects and the dynamics of the overall animation. Although the study of “Xiang thinking” has developed in the history of philosophy, it has not been directly related to the tracing of animation thinking and artistic reconstruction. In fact, it has a significant impact on animation thinking. Through the philosophical text analysis of animation works, researchers can dig out the philosophical themes, symbols and meanings in animation. This may include the interpretation of a particular animated work and how certain philosophical thoughts are expressed through the narrative, characters, visual elements, etc. Therefore, the study of object thinking has important practical significance for explaining the uniqueness of animation thinking. One of the goals of research may be to discover the intertextuality between animation and philosophy, which includes exploring how philosophical writings and thoughts are represented in animation, and accordingly, how animation affects philosophical thinking. Abstract era reading, reading , reading” product transmitting images. . images” countries ones suppressed blow perspective understood culture philosophy components elements Xiang reconstruction fact works themes narrative etc Therefore accordingly

Resumo: No contexto da “era da leitura de imagens”, a animação também é um produto moderno, e a animação chinesa sempre foi uma “transmissão de imagens por meio de imagens”. Os autores acostumaram-se a pegar emprestado desenhos animados de países, como o Japão ou países europeus, e sua criatividade no pensamento de animação foi bastante suprimida, o que é um golpe devastador. Ao rastrear a origem do pensamento de animação, a partir de uma perspectiva filosófica, a evolução do pensamento e da expressão humana pode ser mais bem compreendida. Isso ajuda os pesquisadores a entender a evolução e as inovações da cultura humana e, assim, perceber melhor a relação entre cultura, arte e filosofia. O pensamento objetal enfatiza a divisão de problemas complexos em componentes menores, ou seja, os objetos. Na animação, isso pode ser interpretado como a divisão de cenas e ações complexas em objetos, personagens e elementos separados. Essa abstração e correlação de objetos ajudam os animadores a entender e projetar melhor as interações entre os personagens, o movimento dos objetos e a dinâmica da animação geral. Embora o estudo do “pensamento Xiang” tenha se desenvolvido na história da filosofia, ele não está diretamente relacionado ao rastreamento do pensamento de animação e à reconstrução artística. De fato, ele tem um impacto significativo no pensamento da animação. Por meio da análise do texto filosófico das obras de animação, os pesquisadores podem descobrir os temas filosóficos, os símbolos e os significados da animação. Isso pode incluir a interpretação de um trabalho de animação específico e como determinados pensamentos filosóficos são expressos, por meio da narrativa, dos personagens, dos elementos visuais etc. Portanto, o estudo do pensamento objetal tem um significado prático importante, para explicar a singularidade do pensamento de animação. Um dos objetivos da pesquisa pode ser descobrir a intertextualidade entre animação e filosofia, o que inclui explorar como os escritos e pensamentos filosóficos são representados na animação e, consequentemente, como a animação afeta o pensamento filosófico. Resumo era imagens, , imagens” moderno transmissão imagens. . acostumaramse acostumaram europeus suprimida devastador filosófica compreendida assim filosofia menores seja separados geral Xiang artística fato expressos narrativa etc Portanto importante consequentemente

Resumo O artigo analisa as relações entre eugenia e Modernismo, procurando compreender como a linguagem eugênica mobilizou o pensamento social e a literatura modernista dos anos 1920. Proponho compreender como a eugenia inspirou enredos, imagens e representações sobre o Brasil e os brasileiros, o que alimentou discussões sobre a modernidade nacional, a identidade racial brasileira, a criação de uma sociedade eugenicamente controlada e até mesmo a proposição de medidas extremas de extermínio humano em nome das utopias raciais. Meu interesse é analisar a eugenia como um movimento que se difundiu para além do campo médico e científico, empregada como uma expressão cultural própria da modernidade. Mais do que um discurso centrado em teorias médicas e biológicas, proponho compreender a eugenia como uma filosofia moderna que produziu forte impacto na vida cultural e social de início do século XX. Além de analisar a obra de um grupo de escritores modernistas (entre eles Paulo Prado, Alfredo Ellis Junior, Monteiro Lobato e Adalzira Bittencourt), exploro também a existência de diálogos e debates públicos que forneçam evidências sobre as crenças desses escritores na eugenia, bem como de seus diálogos e relações com o movimento eugênico. Modernismo 1920 enredos brasileiros nacional brasileira raciais científico biológicas XX Prado Junior Bittencourt, Bittencourt , Bittencourt) eugênico 192 19 1

Abstract The article analyzes the relationship between eugenics and modernism, seeking to understand how eugenic language mobilized social thought and modernist literature in the 1920s. I propose to understand how eugenics inspired plots, images and representations about Brazil and Brazilians, which fueled discussions about national modernity, Brazilian racial identity, the creation of a eugenically controlled societies and even the proposition of extreme measures of human extermination in the name of racial utopias. My interest is to analyze eugenics as a movement that spread beyond the medical and scientific field, used as a cultural expression of modernity. More than a discourse centered on medical and biological theories, I propose to understand eugenics as a modern philosophy that had a strong impact on cultural and social life at the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to analyzing the work of a group of modernist writers (among them Paulo Prado, Alfredo Ellis Junior, Monteiro Lobato e Adalzira Bittencourt), I also explore the existence of public dialogues and debates that provide evidence about these writers’ beliefs in eugenics, as well as their dialogues and relationships with the eugenics movement. modernism 1920s s plots Brazilians modernity identity utopias field theories th century among Prado Junior Bittencourt, Bittencourt , Bittencourt)

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es producir un ensayo teórico sobre el hotel moderno desde una perspectiva histórica y crítica, buscando ampliar el conocimiento sobre la mutación de esta tipología arquitectónica en el contexto del desarrollo del turismo de masas, partiendo de la hipótesis de que los hoteles son máquinas de alojar. Se trata de una discusión conceptual destinada a fomentar y subvencionar el debate sobre los hoteles construidos entre finales de la década de 1940 y la década de 1970, en el contexto del Movimiento Moderno. Para ello, recuerda los antecedentes semánticos y tipológicos del hotel y discute cómo las prácticas sociales del turismo de masas y el papel del Estado se reflejaron y reprodujeron en los mecanismos de los hoteles modernos. A continuación, presenta aspectos relativos a las tipologías formales y funcionales que sustentan la idea de que el hotel moderno es una máquina de alojar, destacando algunas de las características que expresan su modernidad arquitectónica. Por último, se subraya la relevancia histórica y patrimonial de los hoteles modernos y la importancia de la documentación a efectos de intervención y conservación de este conjunto como testigos materiales de la arquitectura moderna y del turismo de masas. crítica alojar 194 1970 Moderno ello continuación último 19 197 1

Resumo O objetivo do presente artigo é produzir um ensaio teórico sobre o hotel moderno em uma perspectiva histórica e crítica, buscando ampliar o conhecimento sobre a mutação dessa tipologia arquitetônica no contexto de desenvolvimento do turismo de massa, levantando como hipótese que os hotéis constituem “máquinas de hospedar”. Trata-se de uma discussão conceitual a fim de fomentar e subsidiar a discussão sobre os hotéis construídos entre fins da década de 1940 e 1970, no contexto do Movimento Moderno. Para tanto, resgata os antecedentes semânticos e tipológicos do hotel e discute como as práticas sociais do turismo de massas e o papel do Estado refletiram e reproduziram nos mecanismos dos hotéis modernos. Na sequência, apresenta aspectos relativos às tipologias formais e funcionais que sustentam que o hotel moderno é uma máquina de hospedar, enfatizando algumas características que expressam a sua modernidade arquitetônica. Por fim, sublinha a relevância histórica e patrimonial dos hotéis modernos e a importância da documentação para fins de intervenção e conservação desse acervo como testemunhas materiais da arquitetura moderna e do turismo de massas. crítica massa máquinas hospedar. hospedar . hospedar” Tratase Trata se 194 1970 Moderno tanto sequência 19 197 1

Abstract This paper aims to produce a theoretical essay about the modern hotel from a historical and critical perspective, seeking to broaden knowledge about the mutation of this architectural typology in the context of the development of mass tourism, hypothesizing that hotels are "lodging machines". This is a conceptual discussion aimed at fostering and subsidizing the debate on hotels built between the late 1940s and the 1970s, in the context of the Modern Movement. To this end, he recalls the semantic and typological antecedents of the hotel and discusses how the social practices of mass tourism and the role of the state were reflected and reproduced in the mechanisms of modern hotels. Then, it presents aspects relating to the formal and functional typologies that support the idea that the modern hotel is a lodging machine, emphasizing some characteristics that express its architectural modernity. Finally, it highlights the historical and heritage relevance of modern hotels and the importance of documentation for intervention and conservation of this collection as material witnesses of modern architecture and mass tourism. perspective machines. machines . machines" s 1970s Movement end Then machine modernity Finally

RESUMO: Na contramão das discussões contemporâneas sobre a preservação da cultura material, o debate internacional sobre a preservação da arquitetura moderna consolidou-se nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, concebendo sua conservação como meio para a permanência dos ideais do Movimento Moderno – pensamento autodefinido como preservação da autenticidade dos conceitos. Da década de 2000 ao presente, tem-se constituído uma abordagem alternativa, que se reaproxima do campo do patrimônio cultural, reconhecendo matéria e história como atributos potencialmente tão relevantes quanto as ideias dos autores do campo. Este texto busca contribuir para a crescente difusão profissional dessa corrente e para o questionamento da percepção dos edifícios modernos como puras ideias ou imagens imutáveis, ao explorar o valor cultural resultante das alterações deliberadas acumuladas no tempo. Para tanto, reconstituímos graficamente, a partir da bibliografia e de ampla exploração documental, cem reformas sofridas pelo Edifício Principal do Palácio do Congresso Nacional (Oscar Niemeyer, 1957-1960). A análise das reformas permitiu identificar diferentes intenções, estratégias e resultados em intervenções de 1960 a 2020, que buscamos associar a suas autorias, aos contextos institucionais e a diferentes momentos da história do edifício. As transformações mais relevantes evidenciam como alterações que afastam ícones modernos de sua intenção e forma iniciais nem sempre são desvirtuações a serem revertidas: elas podem gerar novas imagens que se sobrepõem às fotografias consagradas, atualizando o imaginário coletivo e apresentando valor cultural relevante, enquanto a adição pode ser um modo de intervenção propício ao enriquecimento desses edifícios. RESUMO material consolidouse consolidou 199 conceitos 200 presente temse tem alternativa imutáveis tempo tanto graficamente documental Oscar Niemeyer 19571960. 19571960 1957 . 1957-1960) intenções 196 2020 autorias edifício revertidas consagradas relevante 19 20 1957196 195 1957-1960 202 1 2 195719 1957-196 19571 1957-19 1957-1 1957-

ABSTRACT: Setting itself apart from contemporary views on material culture conservation, the international debate on the preservation of modern architecture maintained, in the 1990s and 2000s, that such an architecture should be primarily conserved as a means of upholding the ideals of the Modern Movement. This perspective defined itself as a preservation of the authenticity of concepts. The 2000s gave rise to an alternative approach that moves toward cultural heritage tenets and deems matter and history as heritage attributes potentially as relevant as the authors’ ideas. This study contributes to the growing acceptance of this alternative approach, challenging the perception of modern buildings as pure ideas or unchanging images. It does so by exploring the cultural value resulting from intentional changes accumulated over time on the main building of the National Congress in Brasília, Brazil (designed by Oscar Niemeyer, 1957-1960). It used bibliographic and extensive documentary research as a basis for redrawing 100 renovation woks that have been carried out on the building. The analysis of the material shows diverse intentions, strategies, and outcomes from interventions from 1960 to 2020. This study sought to associate them with their authorship, institutional contexts, and different moments in the history of the building. The most significant alterations indicate that deviations from original intention and form in modern buildings fail to always configure distortions to be corrected. They can give rise to new images that replace established ones, updating collective imagery and bearing relevant cultural value. Addition acts can also offer a mode of intervention that enriches those buildings. ABSTRACT conservation maintained s Movement concepts authors Brasília designed Niemeyer 19571960. 19571960 1957 . 1957-1960) 10 intentions strategies 196 2020 authorship contexts corrected ones 1957196 195 1957-1960 1 19 202 195719 1957-196 20 19571 1957-19 2 1957-1 1957-

The parables of Jesus are often susceptible to patriarchal, androcentric interpretations. By using a realistic reading and social-scientific criticism, this article will investigate the voices, roles, and presence of women in the parable of the Good Samaritan, and how the 1st-century audience of the parable would most likely have understood women to be present, even if not mentioned in the parable. Women played critical roles in terms of hospitality, travel, innkeeping, and healing. These roles and voices of women are often ignored by modern interpreters and exegetes. This article not only emphasises the valuable roles that women fulfilled in the time of Jesus but also critiques the lack, or absence, of women as a point of discussion, acknowledgement, and study in most biblical commentaries and books concerning the parable of the Good Samaritan. The aim of this research is to contribute to the unhiding of women voices in patriarchal, androcentric texts thereby reconstructing and deconstructing gender paradigms within biblical scholarship. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The interdisciplinary nature of this article contributes to the debate on the roles and importance of women in the church by investigating the value that women had in the parables of Jesus. By reading women as present in the text, emphasis is given to the voices of women in the Bible and the importance of their representation today. This research is also in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender equality and women empowerment