Abstract: Manufacturing companies face demand fluctuations and must deliver the required quantity of parts to their customers within the required time; however, companies face different challenges in fulfilling them. One is technological advances, which make it impossible for them to compete with other countries, such as China, due to financial issues. Therefore, manufacturing companies use continuous improvement methodologies to achieve better performance in their processes. Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing are some of the best-known approaches. This article briefly presents the application of a lean sigma approach oriented to solving problems. This research proposes a methodology based on Lean Sigma that contrasts what different authors currently do: continuous improvement projects that take up to 12 months to produce results and do not solve a problem. This implementation is conducted in a process that manufactures metal parts and fails to deliver them on time to its customers. Using tools such as the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) in a production line, on-time deliveries were increased from 89 % to 96 %; at the same time, the model change times were reduced by approximately 60 %, which is required for the implementation of this methodology for only four weeks, unlike the traditional six-sigma approach that can take up to 12 months to improve the process.

Resumen: Las empresas manufactureras presentan fluctuaciones en sus demandas y no entregan a sus clientes la cantidad de partes en el tiempo requerido. Son diferentes los retos que enfrentan estas empresas, uno de ellos son los avances tecnológicos que, por cuestiones financieras, no es posible competir con otros países, tales como China. Es por esto, que las empresas manufactureras hacen uso de metodologías de mejora continua para lograr un mayor desempeño en sus procesos. Algunos de los enfoques más conocidos son Seis Sigma y Manufactura Esbelta. En este artículo se presenta una aplicación de un enfoque Lean-Sigma, el cual se orienta a resolver problemas en un corto periodo de tiempo. El propósito de esta investigación es proponer una metodología basada en Lean-Sigma que permita contrastar lo que hacen diferentes autores en la actualidad, que básicamente son proyectos de mejora continua que tardan hasta doce meses en dar resultados y que no resuelven un problema. Esta implementación se lleva a cabo en un proceso que fabrica partes metálicas, el cual está incumpliendo con su cliente en las entregas a tiempo. Utilizando la herramienta de cambios rápidos de modelo (SMED) se lograron incrementar las entregas a tiempo de un 89 % a un 96 %. A su vez, los tiempos de cambio de modelo se reducen aproximadamente un 60 %, siendo requeridas para la implementación de esta metodología solo cuatro semanas, a diferencia del enfoque tradicional de seis sigma que puede tomar hasta doce meses para mejorar un proceso.

Abstract: The primary objectives of this research study are to provide a detailed description of machine learning (ML) technology when applied to assessing innovation and to design a model that allows predicting an institution’s degree of innovation. Machine learning technology lacks assumptions or preconceptions and is capable of processing a large amount of data and variables. After data processing, the ML model is built using variables associated with educational context, training is performed, and a web is built to predict the degree of innovation of an educational institution. This model provides an innovation accuracy prediction of 66% and allows assessing the influence of the variables analyzed when predicting the use of active methodologies at a given institution. In conclusion, this approach can open new data analysis techniques supported by ML that complement traditional statistically based approaches.

Resumen: Los principales objetivos de esta investigación son proporcionar una descripción detallada de la tecnología de aprendizaje automático (ML, por sus siglas en inglés) aplicada a la medición de la innovación y diseñar un modelo que permita predecir el grado de innovación en una determinada institución. La tecnología ML carece de suposiciones o preconcepciones y es capaz de procesar una gran cantidad de datos y variables. Tras procesar los datos, se construye el modelo ML empleando variables asociadas al contexto educativo, se realiza el entrenamiento y se construye una web para predecir el grado de innovación de una institución educativa. El modelo proporciona una precisión del 66% en la predicción de la innovación y permite discutir la influencia de las variables analizadas a la hora de predecir el uso de metodologías activas en una institución. En conclusión, este enfoque puede abrir nuevas técnicas de análisis de datos apoyadas en ML que complementen los enfoques tradicionales basados en la estadística.

Abstract Social Health Organizations (SHOs) are private entities that receive resources from governments for the management of public healthcare services. With the history of market interest in public health and the high volume of resources transferred to SHOs, one must question if the market logic continues to be inserted in this management model. The understanding of the dynamics of providing healthcare services to the population in the different contracts may help to understand how possible changes in the contracted services may have an influence. This is a descriptive-exploratory study using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Documental research was conducted through the collection of data from management contracts and amendments. The State of São Paulo was chosen because of its economic representativeness and for being the pioneer state in the implementation of SUS services managed by SHO. Medical specialties were included in 184 renegotiations (6.14%) and excluded in 187 (6.24%), whereas non-medical services were included in 26 renegotiations (2.97%) and excluded in 144 (16.44%). Regarding examinations, 101 renegotiations (18.07%) had their goals increased and 60 (10.73%) reduced, while 6 renegotiations (1.07%) included exams and 12 (2.14%) excluded them. SHOs (SHOs model influence descriptiveexploratory descriptive exploratory approaches amendments SHO 18 6.14% 614 14 (6.14% 6.24%, 624 6.24% , 24 (6.24%) nonmedical non medical 2 2.97% 297 97 (2.97% 16.44%. 1644 16.44% . 16 44 (16.44%) examinations 10 18.07% 1807 07 (18.07% 10.73% 1073 73 (10.73% reduced 1.07% 107 1 (1.07% 2.14% 214 (2.14% them 6.14 61 (6.14 62 6.24 (6.24% 2.97 29 9 (2.97 164 16.44 4 (16.44% 18.07 180 0 (18.07 10.73 7 (10.73 1.07 (1.07 2.14 21 (2.14 6.1 (6.1 6.2 (6.24 2.9 (2.9 16.4 (16.44 18.0 (18.0 10.7 (10.7 1.0 (1.0 2.1 (2.1 6. (6. (6.2 2. (2. 16. (16.4 18. (18. 10. (10. 1. (1. (6 (2 (16. (18 (10 (1 ( (16

Resumo As organizações sociais de saúde (OSS) são entidades privadas que recebem repasses de governos para gestão de serviços públicos de saúde. Com o histórico de interesses mercadológicos na saúde pública e o aporte de vultosos recursos às OSS, questiona-se se a lógica de mercado permanece inserida nesse modelo de gestão. Conhecer a dinâmica da oferta de serviços à população ao longo das contratações pode ajudar a compreender como se comportam as possíveis alterações nos serviços contratados. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório com abordagens quanti e qualitativa. Realizou-se pesquisa documental com coleta de dados dos contratos de gestão e termos aditivos. A escolha pelo estado de São Paulo se deu por este ter sido pioneiro na implantação da gestão de serviços do SUS por OSS e pela sua representatividade econômica. Especialidades médicas foram incluídas em 184 repactuações (6,14%) e excluídas em 187 (6,24%), enquanto as não médicas foram incluídas em 26 repactuações (2,97%) e excluídas em 144 (16,44%). Quanto aos exames, 101 repactuações (18,07%) aumentaram metas e 60 (10,73%) reduziram, enquanto 6 repactuações (1,07%) incluíram exames e 12 (2,14%) excluíram. (OSS questionase questiona contratados Tratase Trata descritivoexploratório descritivo exploratório qualitativa Realizouse Realizou aditivos econômica 18 6,14% 614 14 (6,14% 6,24%, 624 6,24% , 24 (6,24%) 2 2,97% 297 97 (2,97% 16,44%. 1644 16,44% . 16 44 (16,44%) 10 18,07% 1807 07 (18,07% 10,73% 1073 73 (10,73% reduziram 1,07% 107 1 (1,07% 2,14% 214 (2,14% excluíram 6,14 61 (6,14 62 6,24 (6,24% 2,97 29 9 (2,97 164 16,44 4 (16,44% 18,07 180 0 (18,07 10,73 7 (10,73 1,07 (1,07 2,14 21 (2,14 6,1 (6,1 6,2 (6,24 2,9 (2,9 16,4 (16,44 18,0 (18,0 10,7 (10,7 1,0 (1,0 2,1 (2,1 6, (6, (6,2 2, (2, 16, (16,4 18, (18, 10, (10, 1, (1, (6 (2 (16, (18 (10 (1 ( (16

Resumo As organizações sociais de saúde (OSS) são entidades privadas que recebem repasses de governos para gestão de serviços públicos de saúde. Com o histórico de interesses mercadológicos na saúde pública e o aporte de vultosos recursos às OSS, questiona-se se a lógica de mercado permanece inserida nesse modelo de gestão. Conhecer a dinâmica da oferta de serviços à população ao longo das contratações pode ajudar a compreender como se comportam as possíveis alterações nos serviços contratados. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório com abordagens quanti e qualitativa. Realizou-se pesquisa documental com coleta de dados dos contratos de gestão e termos aditivos. A escolha pelo estado de São Paulo se deu por este ter sido pioneiro na implantação da gestão de serviços do SUS por OSS e pela sua representatividade econômica. Especialidades médicas foram incluídas em 184 repactuações (6,14%) e excluídas em 187 (6,24%), enquanto as não médicas foram incluídas em 26 repactuações (2,97%) e excluídas em 144 (16,44%). Quanto aos exames, 101 repactuações (18,07%) aumentaram metas e 60 (10,73%) reduziram, enquanto 6 repactuações (1,07%) incluíram exames e 12 (2,14%) excluíram.

Abstract Social Health Organizations (SHOs) are private entities that receive resources from governments for the management of public healthcare services. With the history of market interest in public health and the high volume of resources transferred to SHOs, one must question if the market logic continues to be inserted in this management model. The understanding of the dynamics of providing healthcare services to the population in the different contracts may help to understand how possible changes in the contracted services may have an influence. This is a descriptive-exploratory study using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Documental research was conducted through the collection of data from management contracts and amendments. The State of São Paulo was chosen because of its economic representativeness and for being the pioneer state in the implementation of SUS services managed by SHO. Medical specialties were included in 184 renegotiations (6.14%) and excluded in 187 (6.24%), whereas non-medical services were included in 26 renegotiations (2.97%) and excluded in 144 (16.44%). Regarding examinations, 101 renegotiations (18.07%) had their goals increased and 60 (10.73%) reduced, while 6 renegotiations (1.07%) included exams and 12 (2.14%) excluded them.

Resumen (Introducción): El cultivo de madera sostenible pierde terreno ante la producción agrícola y otros usos de la tierra; para contrarrestar esto, es necesario entender de qué manera el ente productor toma decisiones en la adopción voluntaria de sistemas agrícolas. Por consiguiente, deben diseñarse esquemas de manejo ajustados a cómo los pequeños productores gestionan los sistemas productivos de una forma voluntaria. (Objetivo): Identificar los factores que influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los pequeños grupos productores que deben ser considerados para la promoción del cultivo de madera. (Metodología): Se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas abiertas y selección única al 100 % de los entes productores (N = 77) de dos asentamientos del INDER. Por la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores, se simplificó el análisis a cuatro enfoques. La tendencia de los datos se graficó a partir de un modelo de regresión local (LOESS), en el cual la curva de regresión se generó y suavizó con el uso de la función geom_smooth del lenguaje estadístico R. (Resultados): Se identificó un total de 162 interacciones entre factores indirectos y directos, estas mismas se clasificaron en tres grupos según las veces que el sujeto productor cambió de sistema de producción en periodos cortos (cinco años). Así, el Grupo A tuvo una mayor representación en la población con un 67.5 %, le siguieron el Grupo B con un 24.7 % y el Grupo C con un 7.8 %. El 67.5 % no se encontraba de acuerdo en incluir el cultivo de madera. (Conclusiones): Se demostró la existencia de factores de decisión que influyen en cómo el sujeto productor adopta los sistemas agrícolas contrarios al cultivo de madera. La venta segura (VS) es uno de ellos; por lo tanto, hasta que no se ajusten los esquemas de manejo forestal actuales, la posibilidad de una adopción espontánea es mínima y seguirá necesitando de ayudas financieras.

Abstract (Introduction): Sustainable timber cultivation is losing ground to agricultural production and other land uses; To counteract this, it is necessary to understand how the farmer makes decisions. Therefore, management schemes must be designed that adjust to the way in which small farmers manage productive systems on a voluntary basis. (Objective): Identify the factors that influence the decision-making process of small farmers that must be considered for the promotion of timber cultivation. (Methodology): Surveys with open questions and single selection were applied to 100% of the farmers (N = 77) of two INDER settlements. Due to the complexity of the interactions between factors, the analysis was simplified into four approaches. The data trend was plotted from a local regression model (LOESS), in which the regression curve is generated and smoothed with the use of the geom_smooth function of the R statistical language. (Results): A total of 162 interactions between Indirect and Direct factors. They were classified into three groups according to the number of times the farmer changed the production system in short periods (5 years). Group A has a greater representation in the population with 67.5 %, followed by Group B with 24.7 % and Group C with 7.8 %. 67.5 % of the farmers did not agree to include the cultivation of wood. (Conclusions): It was possible to demonstrate the existence of decision factors that influence the way in which the farmers adopt the agricultural systems contrary to the cultivation of wood. Safe selling (VS) is one of them; therefore, until current forest management schemes are adjusted, the possibility of spontaneous adoption is minimal and will continue to require financial aid.

In hierdie studie is 'n waarde-ingenieursmodel vir Suid Afrikaanse ondernemings in staatsbesit ontwikkel met behulp van 'n gemengde-metode benadering. Sleutelbevindinge het beklemtoon dat sterk bestuursondersteuning, 'n ondersteunende waarde-ingenieurskultuur, 'n effektiewe waarde-ingenieursmetodologie, en 'n effektiewe waarde-ingenieursspan noodsaaklike bemagtigers is vir suksesvolle waarde-ingenieurs in staatsondernemings. Die studie het verder die belangrikheid van die erkenning van verskille tussen staatsowerhede en private organisasies beklemtoon, aangesien hulle op maatgemaakte waarde-ingenieursbenaderings vereis. Daarbenewens het die navorsing faktore wat die sukses van waarde-ingenieurswese beïnvloed, ondersoek, staatsondernemings spesifieke struikelblokke geïdentifiseer, en aanbevelings verskaf. Hierdie bevindinge bied unieke insigte in staatsondernemings wat besluitnemers, bestuurders, en praktisyns kan help. Die toepassing van die model en aanbevelings kan die prestasie, doeltreffendheid, waarde-realisering van staatsondernemings verbeter.

In this study, a value engineering model for state-owned enterprises was developed using a mixed-method approach, focusing on a South African state-owned enterprise. Key findings highlighted that strong management support, a supportive value engineering culture, an effective value engineering methodology, and an efficient value engineering team are vital enablers for successful value engineering implementation in state-owned enterprises. The study further emphasised the importance of recognising differences between state-owned enterprises and private organisations, as they require tailored value engineering approaches. In addition, the research explored factors influencing value engineering success, identified state-owned enterprise specific barriers, and provided recommendations. These findings offer unique insights into state-owned enterprises, aiding decision-makers, managers, and practitioners. Applying the model and recommendations can enhance state-owned enterprise performance, efficiency, and value realisation.

INTRODUCTION: Holistic healthcare service delivery requires rehabilitation personnel to consider all the components of health that influence the client's quality of life. However, there is limited literature on approaches to implementing rehabilitation services within South African public healthcare. This study explored rehabilitation personnel's (such as occupational therapists, speech therapists, physiotherapists) use of occupation-based practice impairment-based practice and the barriers and facilitators associated with their practice choice. METHODS: A qualitative research design was conducted through semi-structured interviews (13 participants), a focus group (4 participants) and community mapping. Purposive sampling was utilised to select participants in the iLembe district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data were analysed using deductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Three themes emerged from the study; Attitudes towards impairment-based practice, Reflections on OBP, and The way forward. The need to focus on all the components of health rather than just the disease and the benefits of using the occupation-based practice approach were highlighted. Additionally, different factors required to implement holistic rehabilitation services and the barriers to OBP were identified. CONCLUSION: Although the study identified OBP benefits, various barriers associated with its implementation were identified. Rehabilitation personnel, community stakeholders, and clients must work together to improve OBP implementation in public healthcare by combating the barriers identified in the study. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study has implications for rehabilitation service implementation in the iLembe district public healthcare sector. OBP was perceived to have more quality of life and health outcomes, which leads to implications for practice. There is a need to transition from the medical model with approaches only focusing on body structures and functions into approaches that consider all the components of health, such as the OBP. Even though there are barriers towards OBP implementation, rehabilitation personnel can still promote its implementation through inter-professional practice, continuous professional development and health promotion. Furthermore, there are implications for undergraduate programmes to equip undergraduates with the skills to implement OBP within under-resourced facilities.

Abstract The centenary of Celso Furtado’s birth (1920-2020), one of the most important interpreters of the Brazilian modernization process in the 20th century, has raised several debates. This article approaches his political ideas from 1945 to 1964, especially reflections on the problem of cooperation between the Union and the states, directed to reducing regional inequalities in democratic contexts. His contributions favored the advance of cooperative federalism, and had greater prestige in the Juscelino Kubitschek’s government, when Furtado coordinated the GTDN and took over Sudene - an intermediary instance between the Union and the Northeastern states. In an innovative perspective, different from the North American federalist model, the intervention of the federal government and its regional institutions gain relevance in the construction of nationality and of a more egalitarian democratic order. In addition to it, Sudene would promote another standard of public management in the Northeast, directing federal public resources according to technical criteria, and therefore strengthening regional cohesion. Furtados s 19202020, 19202020 1920 2020 , (1920-2020) th century debates 194 1964 states contexts federalism Kubitscheks Kubitschek perspective model order it Northeast criteria cohesion 1920202 192 202 (1920-2020 19 196 192020 20 (1920-202 1 19202 2 (1920-20 (1920-2 (1920- (1920 (192 (19 (1 (

Resumo O centenário do nascimento de Celso Furtado (1920-2020), um dos mais importantes intérpretes do processo de modernização brasileiro no século XX, tem suscitado diversos debates. O artigo aborda suas ideias políticas, no período de 1945 a 1964, especialmente as reflexões sobre o problema da cooperação entre a União e os estados, voltadas para a redução das desigualdades regionais em contextos democráticos. Suas contribuições favoreceram o avanço do federalismo cooperativo e tiveram maior prestígio no Governo Juscelino Kubitscheck, quando coordenou o GTDN e assumiu a Sudene - instância intermediária entre a União e os estados nordestinos. Numa perspectiva inovadora, diferente do modelo federalista norte-americano, a intervenção do governo federal e de suas instituições regionais ganham relevância na construção da nacionalidade e de uma ordem democrática mais igualitária. Além disso, a Sudene promoveria um outro padrão de gestão pública no Nordeste, direcionando recursos públicos federais segundo critérios técnicos e fortalecendo a coesão regional. JEL: B3, H77, P48. 19202020, 19202020 1920 2020 , (1920-2020) XX debates políticas 194 1964 democráticos Kubitscheck nordestinos inovadora norteamericano, norteamericano norte americano, americano norte-americano igualitária disso Nordeste regional JEL B3 B H77 H P48 P 1920202 192 202 (1920-2020 19 196 H7 P4 192020 20 (1920-202 1 19202 2 (1920-20 (1920-2 (1920- (1920 (192 (19 (1 (

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza los roles que la pedagogía como ciencia. Si esta cumple o debería cumplir en la educación literaria de América Latina que hoy enfrenta los enfoques multi diversos de la sociedad postmoderna (que en el campo de la ciencia es un tópico por mejorar constantemente por las rupturas lógicas manejadas) a vista de una educación mucha más sólida en sus entramados teóricos, que constituya una oportunidad de mejora para un modelo pedagógico en la resolución problemática del nuevo siglo. Como tal, constituye un trabajo de revisión que plantea como objetivo de estudio analizar los roles de la Pedagogía en la Educación Literaria bajo el paradigma socio crítico. Para el efecto se recurrió a una metodología analítico sintético de diversas fuentes bibliográficas con una fundamentación descriptiva para el encuadre temático. Se llegó a establecer siete roles multidiscplinarios (aprendizaje y escenario escolar, el hombre, los contenidos y conocimiento, campo didáctico y metodología trasversal, proyecto educativo y resolución de conflictos, evaluación circundante y cultura investigativa) enfocados a desvirtuar la pasividad dada en la enseñanza pedagógica de la disciplina literaria para una transformación social.

Abstract This paper analyzes the roles of pedagogy as a science. If this fulfills or should fulfill in the literary education of Latin America that today faces the multi diverse approaches of the postmodern society (which in the field of science is a topic to be constantly improved by the logical ruptures handled) in view of a much more solid education in its theoretical frameworks, which constitutes an opportunity of improvement for a pedagogical model in the problematic resolution of the new century. As such, it constitutes a revision work that proposes as a study objective to analyze the roles of Pedagogy in Literary Education under the socio-critical paradigm. For this purpose, a synthetic analytical methodology of diverse bibliographic sources with a descriptive foundation for the thematic framing was used. Seven multidiscplinary roles were established (learning and school scenario, man, contents and knowledge, didactic field and transversal methodology, educational project and conflict resolution, surrounding evaluation and investigative culture) focused on distorting the passivity given in the pedagogical teaching of the literary discipline for a social transformation.

Abstract: Effective weed control in crop fields at an early stage is a crucial aspect of modern agriculture. Nonetheless, detecting and identifying these plants in environments with unpredictable conditions remain a challenging task for the agricultural industry. Thus, a two-stage deep learning-based methodology to effectively address the issue is proposed in this work. In the first stage, multi-plant image segmentation is performed, whereas regions of interest (ROIs) are classified in the second stage. In the segmentation stage, a Deep learning model, specifically a UNet-like architecture, has been used to segment the plants within an image following two approaches: resizing the image or dividing the image into patches. In the classification stage, four architectures, including ResNet101, VGG16, Xception, and MobileNetV2, have been implemented to classify different types of plants, including corn and weed plants. A large image dataset was used for training the models. After resizing the images, the segmentation network achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of around 84% and a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of around 74%. On the other hand, when the images were divided into patches, the segmentation network achieved a mean DSC of 87.48% and a mIoU of 78.17%. Regarding the classification, the best performance was achieved by the Xception network with a 97.43% Accuracy. Then, According to the results, the proposed approach is a beneficial alternative for farmers as it offers a method for detecting crops and weeds under natural field conditions.

Abstract: Data fusion systems are applied greatly in the militaries industry, medical equipments and other multi-sensors systems. Here, the practical approaches of data fusion like Kalman filter (KF), support vector machine (SVM) and data fusion are surveyed for the noisy multi-sensors systems.The angular velocity quantum is one of the practical parameters in the different systems in which the data fusion problem is suggested for the measuring of them. For this purpose, two gyroscopes with a same structure of dynamic model and different parameters are utilized that the Gussian noises with zero-mean and different variances are applied to both of them to assessment the gyroscope sensors data fusion problem. The gyroscope outputs are estimated through the Kalman filter approach. This suggested structure of the sensors data fusion is evaluated for the systems’ outputs. The convergence rate of Kalman filter coefficients and the covariance error are compared among three suggested structures of sensors data fusion. The simulation results survey the effectiveness of gyroscope sensors data fusion such that the obtained data by using multi-sensors is more applicable than a single-sensor.

ABSTRACT The research is based on a didactic model from the relationship between the individual and the group, starting from the professional ability to understand imaging reports. It approaches a methodology with its structural and functional components, benefiting the training and socio-technical performance of health personnel in the Basic Work Groups. It offers a methodological material for mobile devices that guides teachers and General Practitioners for infocomprehension. Research methods and techniques were used. The feasibility of the research is corroborated by the results of the quasi-experiment, with the consensus of 22 specialists consulted.

RESUMEN La investigación está sustentada en un modelo didáctico desde la relación de lo individual y lo grupal a partir de la habilidad profesional comprensión de informes imagenológicos. Aborda una metodología con sus componentes estructurales y funcionales, beneficiando la capacitación y desempeño sociotécnico del personal salubrista en los Grupo Básicos de Trabajo. Ofrece un material metodológico para los dispositivos móviles que orienta a los profesores y Médicos Generales Integrales para la infocomprensión. Se utilizaron métodos y técnicas de investigación. Se corrobora la viabilidad de la investigación con los resultados del cuasiexperimento, con el consenso de 22 especialistas consultados.

Data assimilation has been widely used for improvement of crop models’ estimates, for example to incorporate the effects of external events or compensate calibration errors in large areas. The term describes multiple approaches for those who want to take advantage of satellite imagery to reduce uncertainty or improve accuracy of model estimates. Kalman Filters are among the most used methods for achieving these goals. But their use in new contexts, i.e., from open field to protected environments, requires untangling aspects of the pipeline that are often performed in many different ways without guidelines, such as which variables to assimilate or how to ascribe uncertainty to observations or model estimates. This study is then divided in two parts. In the first, we review details on how uncertainty is ascribed on crop model estimates and in observations for applications of the Kalman Filter and three variations of the method, i.e., the Extended, Unscented and Ensemble, as well as which state variables are often updated and the frequency with which assimilation may occur, as well as how these aspects are connected to each other. In the second part, we apply different approaches from the reviewed literature in a greenhouse tomato crop model. We use artificial data with controlled noise levels as well as artificial data generated by simulation using other tomato crop model. We assess the impacts of using different methods and different approaches for ascribing uncertainty in model estimates and in observations, by assimilating artificial observations of fruit and of mature fruit biomass. We note that covariances should not be fixed values, that there are trade-offs between ascribing model uncertainty to the state itself and to other elements of the process, that observation covariance may have been considered disproportionality higher when using some ensemble generation approaches in the EnKF, and that bias in model estimates may lead to worse outcomes even when observations are high-quality ones. While we discussed aspects that should be considered in a new environment, many of them are also important for field crops, and we concluded assimilation should follow an assessment of which variables could be useful for assimilation.

Abstract The current development model is structured around the intensive exploitation of natural resources, which implies the expansion of extractive activities as a source of capital accumulation. In this sense, and given the centrality of the environment-development binomial, the objective of this paper is to analyze the multiple dimensions (narrative, symbolic, cultural, political, economic, territorial, etc.) involved in the extractivist model. The proposed methodology consists of compiling bibliographic sources and carrying out a referential sampling in order to give a schematic account of the main approaches, points in common and the different ways of approaching the problem from the social sciences, as well as their contributions and limitations. The main findings show the importance of respecting the peculiarities of the case studies and the relevance of researching alternative literatures that allow a better understanding of the phenomena under study.

Resumen El modelo de desarrollo actual se estructura en torno a la explotación intensiva de recursos naturales, lo que implica la expansión de actividades extractivas como fuente de acumulación del capital. En tal sentido, y dada la centralidad que ha cobrado el binomio ambiente-desarrollo, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las múltiples dimensiones (narrativas, simbólicas, culturales, políticas, económicas, territoriales, etc.) que intervienen en el modelo extractivista actual. La metodología propuesta consiste en la recopilación de fuentes bibliográficas y la realización de un muestreo referencial con el fin de dar cuenta, esquemáticamente, de los principales enfoques, los puntos en común y las diferentes formas de abordar el problema desde las ciencias sociales, como también sus aportes y limitaciones. Los principales hallazgos alcanzados dan cuenta de la importancia de respetar las peculiaridades de los casos de estudio y la pertinencia de indagar en literaturas alternativas que permitan una mejor comprensión de los fenómenos estudiados.

SYNOPSIS The large scale of cave mines leads to many challenges, including operational logistics and geomechanics design. In current practice, pillar stability assessment relies almost exclusively on stress analysis. However, stability is also affected by other factors including those related to operational aspects of the mining method, the effects of which are difficult to account for during the design stages. In this paper we present a case study of the application of a machine learning approach to evaluate the influence of these operational factors on pillar stability at the Chuquicamata underground cave mine in northern Chile. Due to the likely multi-factorial damage process leading to collapses and considering the different pillar conditions, a tree-based machine learning method was used and analysed to improve the understanding of the relative importance of the various contributing factors. Unlike stress analysis methods, it does not require any a priori knowledge of failure mechanisms, nor the calibration of associated controlling parameters. The proposed random forest model predicted pillar collapses with 80% accuracy despite limited samples to model from. The main contributing factors to collapses were found to be related to available pillar volume, cave front geometry, and time under abutment stress conditions. The effects and interactions of such factors were also studied, showing that careful and improved control over operational conditions can significantly reduce the likelihood of pillar collapses. These conclusions could not have been obtained from stress analysis alone, illustrating the complementary nature of conventional stress analysis and machine learning approaches.