Abstract Common duckweeds are flowering plants of the family Araceae, comprising the smallest angiosperms of the plant kingdom, a species of aquatic algae of universal distribution, found on the surface of freshwater bodies, mainly in puddles, swamps, lakes, and calm rivers. Recently, different research has been carried out on its potential and usefulness. Due to its nutritional composition, protein contribution, high fiber content and low fat and carbohydrate content, it would be an adequate input to generate products of high nutritional value, characteristics that make it interesting compared to other species. It is used as a complement to commercial diets in a wide variety of animals such as birds, ruminants, non-ruminants, crustaceans, and fish, reducing feed costs by up to 50 %. Likewise, used in remediation processes of a wide range of chemical contaminants with a high elimination rate, they can absorb some dissolved substances and provide oxygen through photosynthesis. It has been indicated that they are low cost of construction, maintenance, easy to operate, have a wide tolerance to growing conditions, are generally easy to harvest, and do not compete with farmland. In the environmental field, it is important to find alternative and innovative raw materials, even without the need to use growth media or fertilizers, however, their acceptance as a food source needs extensive research regarding their nutritional value, large-scale yield, economic market supply and analysis of antinutritive components for human food.

Resumen Las lentejas de agua son plantas con flores de la familia Aráceas, comprenden las angiospermas más pequeñas del reino vegetal, una especie de algas acuáticas de distribución universal, se encuentran en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua dulce principalmente en charcos, ciénagas, lagos y ríos calmados. Recientemente, se han llevado a cabo diferentes investigaciones sobre su potencial y utilidad. Por su composición nutricional, aporte de proteína, alto contenido de fibra y bajo contenido de grasas y carbohidratos, resultaría ser un insumo adecuado para generar productos de alto valor nutricional, características que la hacen interesante frente a otras especies. Se emplea como complemento a dietas comerciales en una gran variedad animales como aves, rumiantes, no rumiantes, crustáceos y peces, reduciendo hasta un 50 % los costos por alimentación. Así mismo, usada en procesos de remediación de una amplia gama de contaminantes químicos con alta tasa de eliminación, pueden absorber algunas sustancias disueltas y brindar oxígeno mediante la fotosíntesis. Se ha indicado bajo costo de construcción, mantenimiento, fáciles de operar, poseen amplia tolerancia a condiciones de crecimiento, facilidad general de cosecha y no compiten con las tierras de cultivo. En el ámbito ambiental es importante encontrar materias primas alternativas e innovadoras, incluso sin la necesidad de utilizar medios de crecimiento o fertilizantes, sin embargo, su aceptación como fuente de alimento necesita investigaciones exhaustivas con respecto a su valor nutritivo, rendimiento a gran escala, suministro de mercado económico y análisis de componentes antinutritivos para la alimentación humana.

ABSTRACT The semi-permanent coastal upwelling system within the Humboldt Current System (HCS) off northern Chile provides nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor water to the euphotic zone that contributes to high levels of primary production and restricts the vertical distribution of most zooplankton species according to their tolerance to hypoxia within this highly heterogeneous environment. The day/night vertical distributions of two calanoid copepods, Eucalanus inermis and Nannocalanus minor, were studied concerning the presence of oxygen-poor water associated with the Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at a coastal and an offshore station off northern Chile (∼20°S), by stratified sampling from the surface to a depth of 600 m. At the coastal station, most of the population of both species remained above the OMZ, whereas at the offshore station, most populations remained at the edge of the OMZ. Both species exhibited reverse diel vertical migration between day and night and were positively correlated with dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a, suggesting that both species may prefer oxygenated waters and avoid the OMZ. However, E. inermis and N. minor exhibited distinct behavior, with E. inermis displaying significant variations among stations and strata and N. minor showing differences only among strata, particularly in the upper strata where it was more aggregated. The results helped us understand the behavior and distribution of zooplankton related to OMZ and how they may change as ocean temperature increases worldwide.

Abstract Pinndorama dilatata sp. nov. is described based on specimens from Amazonas State, Brazil. The genus is firstly recorded from the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Goiás, Maranhão, and São Paulo and a distribution map is provided, including new records to P. dianae, P. guartela, P. melanocephala, P. ronurensis, and P. pitanga. The key to males is updated to include the new species and minor improvements. sp nov State Brazil Goiás Maranhão provided P dianae guartela melanocephala ronurensis pitanga improvements

Resumen Introducción. El mango (Mangifera indica L.) se cultiva ampliamente alrededor del mundo. En Costa Rica se dedican cerca de 8200 hectáreas a la producción de mangos. Se han reportado más de 400 especies de insectos y ácaros fitófagos en el mango en todo el mundo. Entre ellos, alrededor de 73 especies de cochinillas acorazadas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), de las cuales Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead es una de las plagas más graves del mango en muchas partes del mundo. Objetivo. En el presente trabajo se reporta por primera vez la ocurrencia en Costa Rica de la escama blanca del mango A. tubercularis. Materiales y métodos. Las muestras de árboles de mango se recolectaron en la localidad de San Rafael, ubicada en el cantón central de la provincia de Alajuela en la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica. Los insectos encontrados en las hojas se examinaron bajo un estereoscopio, se contaron y clasificaron de acuerdo con la condición de sus cubiertas, lo que brindó evidencia de actividad de cualquier enemigo natural. Se realizaron montajes en portaobjetos de algunas hembras adultas y se examinaron en un microscopio de luz. Resultados. La cochinilla armada se identificó como A. tubercularis, la frecuencia de ocurrencia fue de 90% en los árboles de mango muestreados, donde el 12% de las hembras adultas estaban depredadas y el 2,5% parasitadas. Conclusión. A. tubercularis se registró por primera vez en Costa Rica. Futuras investigaciones sobre la dinámica poblacional y sobre los enemigos naturales brindarán información útil para implementar estrategias de control adecuadas.

Abstract Introduction. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is widely cultivated around the world and in Costa Rica nearly 8200 hectares are dedicated to the production of this crop. More than 400 species of phytophagous insects and mites have been reported on mango worldwide. Among them are around 73 species of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), of which Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead is one of the most serious pests of mangos in many parts of the world. Objective. In the present work, we report for the first time the occurrence in Costa Rica of the white mango scale, A. tubercularis. Materials and methods. Mango tree samples were collected in San Rafael, a town located in the central canton of Alajuela province in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Insects found on leaves were examined under a stereomicroscope, counted and classified according to the condition of their wax covers, which provided evidence of activity by natural enemies. Slide mounts of adult females were prepared and examined under a light microscope. Results. The armored scale was identified as A. tubercularis and the frequency of occurrence on the mango trees sampled was 90%, where 12% of adult females showed evidence of predation and 2.5% showed evidence of parasitization. Conclusion. A. tubercularis was recorded for the first time in Costa Rica. Further investigations on the population dynamics and natural enemies are needed to provide useful information in order to implement adequate control strategies.

Abstract Karl Reiche (1860-1929), a German botanist, arrived in Chile in 1889 as a professor at the Lyceum in the city of Constitución. He was attracted by the country's climate and its traditional friendliness to German immigrants. A few years later, in 1897, Federico Phillippi, Director of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, welcomed Reiche as the new Head of the Botanical Section, a position he held until 1910. During his 21 years in Chile, Reiche worked intensively on the Chilean flora and was a prolific writer. Besides six volumes of the Estudios críticos de la Flora de Chile (1896-1911), several editions of Reiche's Plant Geography of Chile were published (1907, 1934-1937, 2013), a magnificent essay on Chiles' Orchidaceae, Orchidaceae Chilensis (1910, reprint 2007), and several other minor works. On Reiche's suggestion, The Museo Nacional engaged Friedrich Kraenzlin (1847-1934) to write a treatment of the orchids of the Southern Cone. It was published in 1904 as the second volume of Orchidacearum Genera et Species. This work was widely criticized by many botanists, including Reiche himself.

Resumen En la actualidad se hace necesario mitigar la concentración de gases con efecto invernadero, y son escasas las investigaciones realizadas en los Andes peruanos sobre captura de carbono en sistemas agroforestales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono de Eucalyptus viminalis instalado en un sistema silvopastoril junto con otros depósitos en Cajamarca, Perú. La biomasa forestal aérea fue determinada mediante ajustes de modelos, y la necrosada y herbácea mediante muestreos sistemáticos. El carbono almacenado en la biomasa se determinó con la fracción 0.5, y el almacenado en el suelo se estimó a partir de análisis en laboratorio. El Eucalyptus viminalis mostró potencial para capturar carbono en un sistema silvopastoril, debido a su alta capacidad de rebrote, derivada de una elevada densidad poblacional, así como a la efimeridad de sus componentes menores. La especie puede ser un importante reservorio de carbono en un sistema que logra hacer compatibles la producción y conservación.

Abstract Currently, it is necessary to mitigate the concentration of greenhouse gases, and there is little research on carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems which has been conducted in the Peruvian Andes. The objective of this research was to determine the carbon storage potential of Eucalyptus viminalis installed in a silvopastoral system together with other deposits in Cajamarca, Peru. The aerial forest biomass was determined by model adjustments, and the necrotic and herbaceous biomass by systematic sampling. The carbon stored in the biomass was determined with the 0.5 fraction, and the one stored in the soil was estimated via laboratory analysis. Eucalyptus viminalis showed potential to capture carbon in a silvopastoral system, due to its high regrowth capacity, which stems from a high population density, and the ephemerality of its minor components. The species can be an important carbon reservoir in a system that manages to make production and conservation compatible.

Resumo Aeromonas hydrophila é uma causa de surtos de doenças infecciosas em espécies de carpas cultivadas em países do sul da Ásia, incluindo o Paquistão. Essa bactéria ganhou resistência a uma ampla gama de antibióticos, e medidas preventivas robustas são necessárias para controlar sua disseminação. Nenhum uso anterior de vacinas para peixes foi relatado no Paquistão. O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar vacinas inativadas contra cepa local de A. hydrophila no Paquistão com precipitado de alúmen como adjuvante. O potencial imunogênico da vacina foi avaliado em duas carpas principais indianas (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) e uma carpa chinesa (Grass Carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Os peixes foram vacinados por via intraperitoneal, seguido de um desafio por imersão. Peixes com idade média de 4-5 meses foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos vacinados com três concentrações de vacina de 108, 109 e 1010 unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) / ml e um grupo de controle. Foi aplicada dose fixa de 0,1ml em cada peixe no 1º dia e dose de reforço 15 dias pós-vacinação (DPV). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em 14, 28, 35, 48 e 60 DPV para determinar os títulos de anticorpos no soro sanguíneo usando o teste de fixação de elogio (CFT). Os peixes foram desafiados a 60 DPV com infecciosa A. hydrophila com 108 CFU / ml por imersão. Níveis significativamente mais elevados de títulos de anticorpos foram observados em 28 DPV em todos os grupos vacinados, em comparação com aqueles no grupo de controle. Na experiência de desafio, o RPS médio (sobrevivência percentual relativa) foi de 71% para os grupos vacinados com 109 e 1010 CFU / ml e 86% para 108 CFU / ml. A vacina com 108 UFC / ml induziu a maior resposta imune seguida por 109 e 1010 UFC / ml. A resposta imune de L. rohita e C. idella foi melhor do que a de C. mrigala. Em geral, histopatologia normal foi observada em diferentes órgãos de peixes vacinados, enquanto pequenas alterações deteriorantes foram encontradas no grupo de controle e nos peixes vacinados com concentrações mais altas da vacina.

Abstract Aeromonas hydrophila is a cause of infectious disease outbreaks in carp species cultured in South Asian countries including Pakistan. This bacterium has gained resistance to a wide range of antibiotics and robust preventive measures are necessary to control its spread. No prior use of fish vaccines has been reported in Pakistan. The present study aims to develop and evaluate inactivated vaccines against local strain of A. hydrophila in Pakistan with alum-precipitate as adjuvant. The immunogenic potential of vaccine was evaluated in two Indian major carps (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) and a Chinese carp (Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally followed by a challenge through immersion. Fish with an average age of 4-5 months were randomly distributed in three vaccinated groups with three vaccine concentrations of 108, 109 and 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml and a control group. Fixed dose of 0.1ml was applied to each fish on 1st day and a booster dose at 15 days post-vaccination (DPV). Blood samples were collected on 14, 28, 35, 48 and 60 DPV to determine antibody titers in blood serum using compliment fixation test (CFT). Fish were challenged at 60 DPV with infectious A. hydrophila with 108 CFU/ml through immersion. Significantly higher levels of antibody titers were observed from 28 DPV in all vaccinated groups as compared to those in the control group. In challenge experiment the average RPS (relative percent survivability) was 71% for groups vaccinated with 109 and 1010 CFU/ml and 86% for 108 CFU/ml. Vaccine with 108 CFU/ml induced highest immune response followed by 109 and 1010 CFU/ml. The immune response of L. rohita and C. idella was better than that of C. mrigala. In general, normal histopathology was observed in different organs of vaccinated fish whereas minor deteriorative changes were found in fish vaccinated with higher concentrations of the vaccine.

Abstract: Aim Man-made reservoirs lead to several changes in their downstream rivers that depend on the hydraulic characteristics of the reservoirs. However, their multiple uses can also provide facilities that influence the ecosystem services that they provide. This study addressed the potential ability of a Neotropical reservoir to trap chemical species aiming to assess the role of these ecosystems to mitigate pollution. Methods Retention capability modeling was examined for a small subtropical reservoir with high hydraulic retention time (> 100 days). The temporal ranges of 9 physical and chemical water variables over a five-year period were used to calculate the mass balance and to determine the retentive capability (alpha parameter) of the Itupararanga Reservoir (São Paulo State, Brazil). To explain the long-term mass balance of these variables, it was assumed that the reservoir is a completely mixed system with a step input. Results The highest values of parametrized alpha (high retention capability) occurred in wet months (up to 500 mm) for all variables. High reaction rate constants (k) and low hydraulic flushing suggested that sink processes prevail over the export ones, mainly for total phosphorus. The rainfall pattern showed minor importance for trapping elements. Conclusions In the Neotropics, hydraulic characteristics of the ecosystem (e.g., low area:volume ratio) are a tool for pollution management in man-made reservoirs. Abstract Manmade Man made However > ( 10 days. days . days) fiveyear five year parameter São State Brazil. Brazil Brazil) longterm long term input up 50 mm k (k ones phosphorus elements Neotropics e.g., eg e g (e.g. areavolume area volume ratio manmade man 1 5 e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo: Objetivo Os reservatórios artificiais desencadeiam várias mudanças em seus rios a jusante que dependem das características hidráulicas dos reservatórios. No entanto, seus múltiplos usos também podem fornecer recursos que influenciam os serviços ecossistêmicos que eles fornecem. Este estudo abordou a capacidade potencial de um reservatório Neotropical em capturar espécies químicas, com o objetivo de avaliar o papel desses ecossistemas na mitigação da poluição. Métodos A modelagem da capacidade de retenção foi examinada para um pequeno reservatório subtropical com alto tempo de retenção hidráulica (> 100 dias). As variações temporais de 9 variáveis físicas e químicas da água ao longo de um período de cinco anos foram usados para calcular o balanço de massa e determinar a capacidade retentiva (parâmetro alfa) do reservatório Itupararanga (estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Para explicar o balanço de massa de longo prazo dessas variáveis, foi assumido que o reservatório seja um sistema completamente misturado com uma entrada em degrau. Resultados Os maiores valores de assimilação (i.e., alta capacidade de retenção) ocorreram nos meses úmidos (até 500 mm) para todas as variáveis. Altos coeficientes de reação (k) e baixa descarga hidráulica sugerem que os processos de sumidouro prevalecem sobre os de exportação, principalmente para fósforo total. O padrão de precipitação mostrou menor importância para o aprisionamento dos elementos. Conclusões Nos Neotrópicos, as características hidráulicas do ecossistema (e.g., baixa relação área: volume) são uma ferramenta para o gerenciamento da poluição em reservatórios artificiais. Resumo entanto fornecem > ( 10 dias. dias . dias) parâmetro alfa estado Paulo Brasil. Brasil Brasil) degrau i.e., ie i (i.e. até 50 mm k (k exportação total elementos Neotrópicos e.g., eg g (e.g. área volume 1 i.e. (i.e 5 e.g. (e.g i.e e.g

Abstract Although Três Lagoas municipality is located in a rare and highly fragmented Atlantic Forest-Cerrado ecotone, there is scarcity of biodiversity data to guide conservation decisions. Therefore, this study aimed to compile the first bird checklist in 31 localities in this municipality to propose conservation strategies based on avian richness, conservation and migratory status. A total of 419 bird species were recorded, of which 412 were exclusive to the Atlantic Forest-Cerrado ecotone and seven to the Cerrado domain (C. minor, L. xenopterus, P. unicinctus, T. curucui, S. pileata, S. melanopis and S. luteola). According to the results, 12 species are included in the Near Threatened category, four are vulnerable (C. fasciolata, L. xenopterus, A. tricolor and S. hypoxantha) and one is endangered (U. coronata). Regarding migratory birds, 112 were recorded (95 intracontinental, 17 intercontinental). Since the majority of these species are recorded in grasslands, aquatic habitats and Seasonal Deciduous Alluvial Forest, they necessarily have highest priority for conservation and restoration. Thus, we recommend that: (1) areas 2, 11 and 24 be considered as both Important Bird Area and “Area de Proteção Ambiental”; (2) riparian forest restoration along the Paraná river act as a local ecological corridor among these areas, allowing the recolonization, genetic exchange and restoration of locally reduced populations of migratory and near/threatened bird species. ForestCerrado Forest decisions Therefore 3 richness status 41 C. C (C minor L xenopterus P unicinctus T curucui S pileata luteola. luteola . luteola) results 1 category fasciolata hypoxantha U. U (U coronata. coronata coronata) birds 95 (9 intracontinental intercontinental. intercontinental intercontinental) grasslands Thus that (1 2 Ambiental Ambiental” (2 recolonization nearthreatened near threatened 4 9 (

Abstract The morphometric knowledge about the spores of the Ctenitis has not yet been deepened. Considering the folded spores of this genus which inhabit the Southern Cone of America the aims were to increase infrageneric knowledge, to evaluate the relationship among the morphometric characters of the folded spores in these Ctenitis species and to verify the spore’s morphometry as a taxonomic tool. This study was performed with herbarium material. The spores were analyzed with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The variables analyzed were: major and minor equatorial diameter, polar diameter, length of the laesura and length, width and height of the folds. The test chosen to analyze the study variables was ANOVA. Four spore sets are proposed. The “elongate-type” is made up of C. aspidioides and C. nervata. The “medium-type” is made up of C. anniesii, C. distans, C. falciculata and C. paranaensis. The “handle shape-type” is represented by C. bigarellae, C. eriocaulis and C. submarginalis. Finally, the “short-type”, consists only of C. deflexa. The morphometric data of spores together with the statistical analysis provided useful information for the distinction of some Ctenitis species studied in the Southern Cone of America. These results contribute to the studies aeropalynologycal and palaeopalynological. deepened s tool material LM (LM SEM. SEM . (SEM) diameter folds ANOVA proposed elongatetype elongate type “elongate-type C nervata mediumtype medium “medium-type anniesii distans paranaensis handle shapetype shape shape-type bigarellae submarginalis Finally shorttype, shorttype short , “short-type” deflexa palaeopalynological (SEM “short-type

Resumen El conocimiento morfométrico sobre las esporas de la Ctenitis aún no se ha profundizado. Considerando las esporas plegadas de este género que habitan el Cono Sur de América, los objetivos de este estudio fueron aumentar el conocimiento infragenérico, evaluar la relación entre los caracteres morfométricos de las esporas plegadas en estas especies de Ctenitis y verificar la morfometría de las esporas como herramienta taxonómica. Este estudio se realizó con material de herbario. Las esporas se analizaron con microscopia óptica (MO) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). Las variables analizadas fueron: diámetro ecuatorial mayor y menor, diámetro polar, largo de lesura y largo, ancho y alto de los pliegues. La prueba elegida para analizar las variables de estudio fue ANOVA. Se proponen cuatro conjuntos de esporas. El “tipo-alargado” está formado por C. aspidioides y C. nervata. El “tipo-medio” está compuesto por C. anniesii, C. distans, C. falciculata y C. paranaensis. El “tipo-forma de mango” está representado por C. bigarellae, C. eriocaulis y C. submarginalis. Finalmente, el “tipo-corto”, consiste solo en C. deflexa. Los datos morfométricos junto con el análisis estadístico brindaron información útil para la distinción de algunas especies de Ctenitis estudiadas en el Cono Sur de América. Estos resultados contribuyen a estudios aeropalinológicos y paleopalinológicos. profundizado América infragenérico taxonómica herbario MO (MO MEB. MEB . (MEB) menor polar pliegues ANOVA tipoalargado tipo alargado “tipo-alargado C nervata tipomedio medio “tipo-medio anniesii distans paranaensis tipoforma forma mango bigarellae submarginalis Finalmente tipocorto, tipocorto corto , “tipo-corto” deflexa paleopalinológicos (MEB “tipo-corto

Abstract In the present study, a taxonomic review was conducted on representatives of the genus Tetmemorus (Desmidiaceae, Zygnematophyceae) documented within Brazilian territory. This review involved compiling data from the literature and analyzing samples collected throughout the Bahia State, updating our knowledge about this genus in Brazil. For each identified taxon, we provided information such as description, distribution across biomes and states, watersheds, ecological aspects (including habitat and community types), a list of examined (and excluded) materials, and taxonomic comments. Additionally, a taxonomic key for all species reported in Brazil was provided. Through this comprehensive review, we identified a total of eight Tetmemorus taxa occurring in Brazilian territory, comprising five species (T. brebissonii, T. furcatus, T. granulatus, T. laevis, T. planctonicus) and three non-typical varieties (T. brebissonii var. minor, T. laevis var. borgei, T. laevis var. minutus). study Desmidiaceae, Desmidiaceae (Desmidiaceae Zygnematophyceae territory State taxon description states watersheds including types, types , types) excluded materials comments Additionally T (T furcatus granulatus planctonicus nontypical non typical var minor borgei minutus. minutus . minutus)

ABSTRACT Two recently revealed genera, Claudiotendipes, consisting of three distinct species, and the monotypic Tapajos, have new species described. We describe and figure Claudiotendipes gilbertoi sp. n., based on male adult specimens collected in the southern Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul State. Additionally, we describe and figure Tapajos froehlichi sp. n., from male adults collected in the Amazon Forest from Amazonas and Rondônia States. In order to place the newly described T. froehlichi sp. n., minor emendations have been made to the diagnosis and description of Tapajos. genera sp n n. State Additionally States T

Resumen En la cuenca del río Magdalena, las actividades de rescate de peces son una medida de manejo ambiental utilizada para reducir su mortalidad en el área próxima a los embalses. Cuando se realiza la apertura y posterior cierre de compuertas del vertedero, producto de la operación de la central hidroeléctrica Porce III, aguas abajo de la presa se crean hábitats acuáticos temporales en forma de pozas marginales de lecho rocoso, en donde se presentan atrapamientos de peces. El objetivo del rescate es reubicarlos al canal principal del río para reducir su mortalidad. Entre los años 2013 y 2020 se capturaron 4927 individuos, representantes de 28 especies, 12 familias y cinco órdenes. Reubicamos a 4704 individuos nuevamente en el río Porce, siendo las especies de los géneros Chaetostoma, Andinoacara, Astyanax y Rhamdia los de mayor captura. También se capturaron especies potamodromas de la familia Pochilodontidae, cuya presencia próxima a la presa se debe posiblemente a migraciones que realizan para llevar a cabo su reproducción. Estas acciones de rescate y reubicación, producto de la operación de las centrales hidroeléctricas, deben ser replicadas en la cuenca como estrategia para mitigar los impactos ambientales ocasionados por la fragmentación del hábitat.

Abstract In the Magdalena River basin, fish rescue activities are an environmental management measure used to reduce fish mortality in the area near the reservoirs. When the opening and subsequent closing of the spillway gates is carried out as a result of the operation of the Porce III hydroelectric plant, downstream of the dam temporary aquatic habitats are created in the form of minor pools in the bedrock, where fish entrapment occurs. The objective of rescue activities is to relocate them to the main channel of the river, to reduce mortality. Between the years 2013 to 2020, a total of 4927 individuals were captured, representing 28 species, 12 families and five orders. We relocated 4704 individuals back to the Porce river, being the species of the genera Chaetostoma, Andinoacara, Astyanax and Rhamdia the highest capture. Potamodromous species of the family Prochilodontidae were also captured, their presence close to the dam possibly being due to the migrations they make to carry out their reproduction. These rescue and relocation actions resulting from the operation of hydroelectric plants should be replicated in the basin, as a strategy to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by habitat fragmentation.

Resumen Los escarabajos gigantes de la tribu Dynastini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) reúnen en Colombia tres géneros y 14 especies. Megasoma Kirby o escarabajos elefante, está representado por cuatro especies; no obstante, lo carismáticas y famosas, han permanecido poco exploradas en su biología, por lo que esta investigación se propuso describir los estados inmaduros y realizar los ciclos de vida de Megasoma actaeon, M. elephas y M. janus ramirezorum en Colombia. En el marco de varios proyectos institucionales, se confinaron parentales de las tres especies en diferentes momentos (1998-2012 y 2017-2019), implementando protocolos de cría, en un laboratorio de bioensayos (Palmira, Valle, 24o C, 980 msnm); la toma de datos se realizó cada quince días e incluyó información sobre ancho de cabeza, ancho a nivel del tórax y longitud corporal; en el proceso algunos ejemplares fueron fijados para el estudio de caracteres larvales, descripción, fotografía y elaboración de artes gráficos; los ciclos de vida de las tres especies se desarrollaron de huevo a adulto, compilándose en tablas los datos de los tiempos y medidas de crecimiento de los estados de huevo, L1, L2, L3, prepupa, pupa y adultos; los resultados evidenciaron ciclos de vida muy largos, de varios años: Megasoma actaeon 3.2-3.3 años, M. elephas 2.4-2.6 años y M. janus ramirezorum 3.1-3.2 años; las larvas de tercer instar (L3), pupas macho y hembra fueron descritas e ilustradas, presentándose las claves taxonómicas respectivas. En cuanto a la morfología larval, la redescripción de M. actaeon discrepó (maxila con 4-5 dientes estriduladores), M. elephas fue más coincidente (con diferencias menores en la quetotaxia cefálica y del dorsum del segmento abdominal I, quizás por razones geográficas), mientras que M. janus ramirezorum se describe por primera vez y se incorporó a la clave en el grupo de especies grandes con 4-5 dientes estriduladores en la maxila, ancho cefálico entre 11-18 mm, con el diámetro de los espiráculos abdominales agrandados progresivamente y bulla poco convexa, casi vertical. Finalmente, se deja como recomendación continuar las investigaciones en estas especies de supervivencia frágil, dados los ciclos de vida muy largos y la intensa deforestación de su hábitat.

Abstract The giant beetles of the Dynastini tribe (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) gather three genera and 14 species in Colombia. Megasoma Kirby or elephant beetles, is represented by four species which, despite being charismatic and famous species, have remained little explored in their biology reason why this research aimed at describing the immature stages and carrying out the life cycles of Megasoma actaeon M. elephas and M. janus ramirezorum in Colombia. Within the framework of several institutional projects, parent species of the three were confined at different times (1998-2012 and 2017-2019), implementing breeding protocols in a bioassay laboratory (Palmira, Valle, 24o C, 980 m.a.s.l.). Data collection was carried out every fifteen days and included data on head width, chest width and body length. In the process some specimens were fixed for the study of larval characters, description, photography and elaboration of graphic arts. The life cycles of the three species were developed from egg to adult and the data of the times and growth measurements of the egg L1, L2, L3, prepupa, pupa and adult stages were compiled in tables. The results showed very long life cycles, of several years: Megasoma actaeon 3.2-3.3 years, M. elephas 2.4-2.6 years and M. janus ramirezorum 3.1-3.2 years. Third instar larvae (L3), male and female pupae were described and illustrated presenting the respective taxonomic keys. Regarding larval morphology, the redescription of M. actaeon disagreed (maxilla with 4-5 stridulatory teeth), M. elephas was more consistent (with minor differences in cephalic and dorsum chaetotaxy of abdominal segment I, perhaps for geographical reasons), while M. janus ramirezorum is described for the first time and was incorporated into the key in the group of large species with 4-5 stridulatory teeth in the maxilla, head width between 11-18 mm with the diameter of the abdominal spiracles progressively enlarged and bulla slightly convex, almost vertical. Finally, it is recommended to continue research on these species given their very long life cycles and the intense deforestation of their habitat.

Resumen La comparación de cinco conjuntos zooarqueológicos de la costa de Santa Cruz (Argentina) permite establecer las características del registro arqueológico de los cormoranes (Phalacrocorax spp.) en la región. Tres de estos conjuntos fueron analizados por nosotros, mientras que la información sobre los dos restantes fue tomada de la literatura. Estos conjuntos presentan diferencias con respecto a diversas variables zooarqueológicas, consideradas de importancia para abordar el espectro de las interacciones entre estas aves y los cazadores-recolectores. A partir del análisis de estas diferencias, se detectaron tres formas en que aparece el registro: a) casos en que los huesos de cormoranes son los más abundantes entre los restos de vertebrados, con modificaciones antrópicas y gran cantidad de individuos (MNI) representados, b) aquellos en los que constituyen una porción menor del conjunto y poseen clara evidencia antrópica, y c) conjuntos con huesos de estas aves, pero con evidencia ambigua relativa al agente de depositación. La falta de información sobre algunas variables, especialmente las determinaciones taxonómicas a nivel de especie y las categorías de edad de los individuos representados, constituye uno de los principales aspectos que dificulta el avance en el conocimiento de las interacciones humanos-cormoranes en la Patagonia Austral.

Abstract Comparison of five zooarchaeological assemblages from the coast of Santa Cruz (Argentina) allows to establish the characteristics of the regional archaeological record of cormorants (Phalacrocorax spp.). We analysed three of the assemblages, while the information of the remaining two was taken from the literature. These assemblages show differences with respect to various zooarchaeological variables, considered significant to address the spectrum of interactions between these birds and hunter-gatherers. From the analysis of these differences, three forms in which the archaeological record appears were detected: a) cases in which cormorant/shag bones are the most abundant among vertebrate remains, with anthropic modifications and large number of individuals (MNI), b) those in which constitute a minor portion of the assemblage, with clear anthropic evidence, and c) assemblages with cormorant bones, but with ambiguous evidence regarding human involvement. The lack of information on some variables, especially taxonomic determinations at the species level and the age categories of the individuals represented, is one of the main aspects that hinders progress in understanding the interactions between humans and cormorants in Southern Patagonia.