Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o processo de preservação e de refuncionalização do patrimônio industrial do Vale do Ruhr a partir de uma pesquisa de campo realizada na região entre outubro de 2023 e julho de 2024. Para tal finalidade, iniciaremos contextualizando o processo de industrialização e de desindustrialização ocorridos nos últimos 150 anos, no Vale do Ruhr, demonstrando suas conexões com a urbanização da área, bem como com a construção de uma identidade coletiva local fundamentada na memória do passado mineiro e industrial. Em seguida, demonstraremos como ocorreu o processo político e econômico que levou à formação da Rota do Patrimônio Industrial do Ruhr, um conjunto de espaços industriais de interesse histórico agora protegidos e reconvertidos a novas finalidades. 202 2024 finalidade 15 anos área seguida finalidades 20 1 2

Abstract This article aims to describe and analyze the process of preservation and repurposing of industrial heritage in the Ruhr Valley based on field research conducted in the region between October 2023 and July 2024. To achieve this, we will begin by contextualizing the industrialization and deindustrialization process that has been occurring over the last century and a half in the Ruhr Valley. We will demonstrate its connections with the urbanization of the area and the construction of a local collective identity grounded on the memory of the mining and industrial past. Then, we will explore the political and economic processes that led to the formation of the Ruhr Industrial Heritage Route, a collection of industrial sites of historical interest now protected and repurposed. 202 2024 this past Then Route repurposed 20 2

Resumo O Distrito Industrial de Marabá (DIM) é um local vinculado à transformação e ao beneficiamento de recursos sob uma ótica de agregação de valor ao minério de ferro de Carajás-PA. Porém, indústrias locais promoveram grande transformação espacial com o emprego de técnicas e tecnologias arcaicas e poluentes que, após aumento nos custos e alteração nos preços internacionais, tiveram as áreas abandonadas, indicando um processo de campo marrom (brownfield) em formação no DIM e áreas conexas. Seguiu-se um processo de transumância, acompanhado de ciclos de retração e concentração econômica. Verifica-se uma condição de periferia mineroindustrial na implantação e concepção do DIM, bem como a formação como um campo marrom, inclusive com repercussões espaciais, econômicas, demográficas e ambientais. (DIM CarajásPA. CarajásPA Carajás PA. PA Carajás-PA Porém que internacionais abandonadas brownfield (brownfield conexas Seguiuse Seguiu se transumância econômica Verificase Verifica espaciais econômicas ambientais

Abstract The Marabá Industrial District (MID) is a place connected with the transformation and processing of resources from the perspective of adding value to the iron ore of Carajás (State of Pará). However, local industries have promoted a great spatial transformation, using archaic and polluting techniques and technologies. After an increase in costs and changes in international prices, the areas of these industries were abandoned, indicating a brownfield process under formation in the MID and related areas. This was followed by a process of transhumance, accompanied by cycles of economic contraction and concentration. A mining-industrial periphery condition is perceived in the implementation and conception of the MID, as well as its formation as a brownfield, with spatial, economic, demographic, and environmental repercussions. (MID State Pará. Pará . Pará) However technologies prices abandoned transhumance concentration miningindustrial mining industrial demographic repercussions

Nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with low amount of Fe were synthesized from natural ilmenite obtained from alluvial gold mine wastes. The obtained TiO2 were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results confirm the formation of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase phase with 0.05 wt.% of iron possibly replacing some titanium places. All the characterizations were performed to the synthesized solid and the reference materials (TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25). The photocatalytic activity of both the synthesized solid and references were evaluated in the photo-oxidation of cyanide in aqueous medium under UV illumination. An experimental design type Box-Behnken was performed choosing three different parameters: the initial concentration of cyanide (50, 150 and 250 ppm) the catalyst load (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g L-1) and the oxygen source. The percentage of cyanide conversion was chosen as response in the design obtaining as optimal conditions [CN-]0 = 50 ppm, catalyst load = 0.6 g L-1 and air bubbling. Under these conditions it was reached 32, 32 and 89% of cyanide conversion for Fe-TiO2 synthesized, TiO2 anatase and Degussa P25, respectively. TiO wastes Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) XRF, XRF (XRF) Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) UVVis Vis reflectance analysisdifferential analysis differential TGA/DSC, TGADSC TGA/DSC TGA DSC (TGA/DSC) N adsorptiondesorption adsorption desorption isotherms TEM (TEM XPS. XPS . (XPS) 005 0 05 0.0 wt wt. places (TiO P25. P25 P P25) photooxidation photo oxidation illumination BoxBehnken Box Behnken parameters 50, (50 15 25 ppm 0.1, 01 1 (0.1 5 0. 10 1. L1 L source CN0 CN [CN-] 06 6 L- bubbling 3 89 FeTiO2 FeTiO Fe-TiO respectively (XRD (XRF (FTIR (TGA/DSC (XPS 00 P2 (5 2 0.1 (0. [CN- 8 ( (0 [CN

Abstract This research manages as a central axis the Territorial Development in the northern zone of the State of Baja California Sur, specifically in the Vizcaíno Valley, located in the municipality of Mulegé. In the study area, a situation of economic and territorial backwardness has been generated as a result of dependence on a priority economic sector that is not articulated with the rest of the sectors. In this sense, the potential for integration between sectors is identified, thus presenting a proposal for a structure for the integration of local productive sectors, being these the most relevant, such as the primary one (livestock, fishing, and mining), and the tertiary sector, which is complementary. The economic sectors are described independently, later, through an analysis of three pillars of integration: planned, intersectoral and territorial, a crossover strategy is proposed where, through said relationship, complementary intersectoral activities are generated, with a view to a territorial productive chain.

Resumen La presente investigación maneja como eje central el Desarrollo Territorial en la zona norte del Estado de Baja California Sur, específicamente en el Valle de Vizcaíno, situado en el municipio de Mulegé. En el área de estudio, se ha generado una situación de rezago económico y territorial como efecto de la dependencia a un prioritario sector económico que no se encuentra articulado con el resto de los sectores. En este sentido, se identifica el potencial de integración entre sectores, presentando así una propuesta de estructura para integración de sectores productivos locales, siendo estos el de mayor relevancia como es el primario (ganadería, pesca y minería), y el que figura de manera complementaria, el terciario. Se describen de manera independiente los sectores económicos, posterior, mediante un análisis de tres pilares de integración: planificada, intersectorial y territorial, se propone una estrategia cruzada donde, mediante dicha relación, se generen actividades intersectoriales complementarias, con miras un encadenamiento productivo territorial.

Resumen El desarrollo de proyectos mineros en etapas de exploración y prefactibilidad conlleva desafíos relacionados a la heterogeneidad e incertidumbre geológica y de procesamiento debido a la variabilidad en sus atributos primarios y de respuesta. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación radica en elaborar el modelo geometalúrgico del índice de trabajo de Bond. Para esto se desarrollaron modelos de regresión lineal en Jupyter Notebook considerando 790 muestras de resistencia a la compresión uniaxial de la roca (UCS), litologías, zonas minerales e índice de trabajo de Bond (BWi) en un depósito pórfido cuprífero. Los resultados indican relación directamente proporcional de tipo lineal entre el BWi y UCS, generando modelamientos con desempeños aceptables de R2 entre 0,76 a 0,90. Además, las litologías y zonas mineralizadas en el depósito estudiado son características relevantes relacionadas a la conminución. Finalmente, de acuerdo a la competencia de la roca, esta se clasifica como tipo media a dura, dura y muy dura en las zonas de óxidos, mixtos y sulfuros primarios respectivamente.

Abstract The development of mining projects in the exploration and pre-feasibility stages involves challenges related to geological and processing heterogeneity and uncertainty due to variability in their primary and response attributes. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop the geometallurgical model of the Bond work index. For this purpose, linear regression models were developed in Jupyter Notebook considering 790 samples of uniaxial compressive strength of rock (UCS), lithologies, mineral zones and Bond work index (BWi) in a porphyry copper deposit. The results indicate a directly proportional linear relationship between BWi and UCS, generating modeling with acceptable R2 performances between 0,76 and 0,90. In addition, the lithologies and ore zones in the deposit studied are relevant characteristics related to comminution. Finally, according to rock competence, the rock is classified as medium to hard, hard and very hard in the oxide, mixed and primary sulfide zones, respectively.

Resumen El mapeo geológico es una herramienta fundamental en la exploración y el aprovechamiento de recursos minerales. Desde escalas regionales hasta locales, es usado en proyectos mineros para identificar el recurso mineral, modelar el depósito, orientar perforaciones, planificar la extracción del mineral, en el diseño de mina y, en la evaluación de riesgos e impactos ambientales. Es decir, está presente en todo el ciclo de vida del proyecto minero. Para entender las relaciones que existen entre los datos obtenidos de diversas disciplinas asociadas a la geología como geofísica, geoquímica, petrografía, geología estructural, etc., es adecuado que estos sean tratados como un sistema de folios. Mediante una investigación bibliográfica se presenta la importancia del uso de esta metodología. En particular, el sistema de folios Anaconda, cuyos procedimientos estandarizados han permitido obtener buenos resultados en la exploración o explotación de minerales en Yerington-EEUU, La Costanaza-España, Ferrobamba-Perú, Guanajuato-México, Imbabura-Ecuador y Atacama-Chile.

Abstract Geological mapping is a fundamental tool in the exploration and development of mineral resources. From regional to local scales, it is used in mining projects to identify the mineral resource, to model the deposit, to guide drilling, to plan mineral extraction, in mine design, and in the evaluation of risks and environmental impacts. In other words, it is present throughout the life cycle of the mining project. To understand the relationships that exist between the data obtained from various disciplines associated with geology, such as geophysics, geochemistry, petrography, structural geology, etc., it is appropriate that these be treated as a layers’ system. The importance of the use of this methodology is presented by means of bibliographic research. In particular, the Anaconda system, whose standardized procedures have allowed to obtain good results in the exploration or exploitation of minerals in Yerington-USA, La Costanaza-Spain, Ferrobamba-Peru, Guanajuato-Mexico, Imbabura-Ecuador, Atacama-Chile.

Abstract: This study addresses the application of the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) methodology in the analysis of dissolved gases in oil of power transformers, being this a critical component in electrical systems. The adoption of this six-phase structured method allowed a comprehensive evaluation of the condition of the transformer units of the Ecuadorian electrical system based on the analysis of investment and expansion data of the sector, as well as the study of 1 099 DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) profiles obtained from a population of 153 transformers located in the different regions of continental Ecuador. The findings described in this work have the potential to significantly improve investment and maintenance strategies and policies. In addition, the adoption of automation techniques in the DGA classification process is proposed, using supervised learning models to enhance the reliability and efficiency of the public energy service. The results suggest that this approach not only improves the diagnosis within the maintenance activities, but also provides a solid basis to draw a roadmap towards a predictive asset management, resulting in a substantial improvement of the reliability of the national power system.

Resumen: Este estudio aborda la aplicación de la metodología Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) en el análisis de los gases disueltos en aceite de transformadores de potencia, siendo este un componente crítico en los sistemas eléctricos. La adopción de este método estructurado de seis fases permitió evaluar de forma integral la condición de las unidades de transformación del sistema eléctrico ecuatoriano a partir del análisis de datos de inversión y expansión del sector, así como del estudio de 1 099 perfiles DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) obtenidos de una población de 153 transformadores ubicados en las distintas regiones de Ecuador continental. Los hallazgos descritos en este trabajo tienen el potencial de mejorar significativamente las estrategias y políticas de inversión y mantenimiento. Además, se propone la adopción de técnicas de automatización en el proceso de clasificación DGA, utilizando modelos de aprendizaje supervisado para potenciar la confiabilidad y eficiencia del servicio público de energía. Los resultados sugieren que este enfoque no solo mejora el diagnóstico dentro de las actividades de mantenimiento, sino que también proporciona una base sólida para trazar una hoja de ruta hacia una gestión predictiva de los activos, lo que se traduce en una mejora sustancial de la confiabilidad del sistema eléctrico nacional.

Resumen: La pandemia por COVID-19 influyó en el proceso de educación superior generando una transición entre la modalidad presencial a la modalidad en línea-emergente en la que se identificaron varias dificultades para el acceso debido a la inequidad, problemas tecnológicos, crisis de salud y económica a nivel mundial, y en Ecuador a nivel de docentes y estudiantes. El descubrimiento de conocimiento en bases de datos de KDD - Educacional, el análisis de técnicas de minería de datos de clasificación y agrupación, y el complemento de análisis de datos con la inteligencia de negocios determinaron los factores desde la perspectiva de la institución, del docente y de los estudiantes que inciden en el proceso de educación en línea, donde se demuestra además, la importancia del modelo de educación, la metodología del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, el entorno de aprendizaje y el bienestar de los docentes y estudiantes que garantizan una educación superior en línea de calidad con igualdad de oportunidades en el acceso.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted higher education, forcing a rapid transition from face-to-face modality to the emerging online learning modality. This transition exposed several challenges, including, inequitable access to technology, global health and economic crisis, and specific difficulties faced by both teachers and students in Ecuador. Knowledge discovery in KDD - Educational databases, the analysis of classification and clustering data mining techniques and the complement of data analysis with business intelligence determined the factors from the perspective of the institution, teachers and students that influence the online education process. In addition, the importance of the education model, the teaching-learning process methodology, the learning environment, and the well-being of teachers and students that guarantee quality online higher education with equal access opportunities is demonstrated.

Abstract Introduction: Mining is one of the main drivers of deforestation of tropical forests. This activity affects the storage of aboveground biomass of these ecosystems; therefore, their ability to contribute to the mitigation of global climate change. Objective: To assess the influence of soil properties on the aboveground biomass storage of post-mining forests in the Colombian Pacific. Methods: Plots were established in areas post-mining and with different successional ages (12-15 years, 30-35 years, and mature forest). The aboveground biomass and physicochemical parameters of the soil were measured. Results: An aboveground biomass of 15.58 t ha-1, 35.17 t ha-1, and 178.32 t ha-1 was recorded at 12-15 years, 30-35 years, and mature forests, respectively. The species with the highest biomass content in post-mining forests were Cespedesia spathulata and Clidemia septuplinervia. The aboveground biomass was positively correlated with organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), CICE, total nitrogen (N), and silt. In contrast, the relationship was negative with sand, aluminum (Al), and potassium (K) content. It was evidenced that the relationship between aboveground biomass and soils differed in each successional age. When evaluating the changes of aboveground biomass and soils in the succession, it was observed that the aboveground biomass and total N increased with the recovery time. At the same time, the P and K decreased with succession. On the other hand, the contents of OM, Mg, Al, Ca, and CICE showed curvilinear tendencies since they increased in the first stages and then decreased in the advanced successional stages. Conclusions: Aboveground biomass increases with forest recovery time in the study area. This increase is influenced by the presence of two dominant species shared among the investigated ecosystems and by the soil’s N, P, and K content.

Resumen Introducción: La minería es una de las principales causas de deforestación de los bosques tropicales. Esta actividad afecta el almacenamiento de biomasa aérea de estos ecosistemas; y, por tanto, su capacidad para contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático global. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de las propiedades del suelo en el almacenamiento de la biomasa aérea de bosques post-minería del Pacífico colombiano. Métodos: Se establecieron parcelas en áreas post-minería con diferentes edades de sucesión (12-15 años, 30-35 años y bosque maduro). Se midió la biomasa aérea y parámetros fisicoquímicos del suelo. Resultados: Se registró una biomasa aérea de 15.58 t ha-1, 35.17 t ha-1 y 178.32 t ha-1 en 12-15 años, 30-35 años y bosque maduro, respectivamente. Las especies con mayor contenido de biomasa en los bosques post-minería fueron Cespedesia spathulata y Clidemia septuplinervia. La biomasa aérea se correlacionó positivamente con la materia orgánica (MO), calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg), CICE, nitrógeno total (N) y limo. Por el contrario, la relación fue negativa con el contenido de arena, aluminio (Al) y potasio (K). Se evidenció que la relación entre la biomasa aérea y los suelos difería en cada edad sucesional. Al evaluar los cambios de la biomasa aérea y los suelos en la sucesión, se observó que la biomasa aérea y el N total aumentaron con el tiempo de recuperación. Al mismo tiempo, el P y el K disminuyeron con la sucesión. Por otro lado, los contenidos de OM, Mg, Al, Ca, y CICE mostraron tendencias curvilíneas ya que aumentaron en los primeros estadios y luego disminuyeron en los estadios sucesionales avanzados. Conclusiones: la biomasa aérea aumenta con el tiempo de recuperación del bosque en el área de estudio. Este incremento está influenciado por la presencia de dos especies dominantes compartidas entre los ecosistemas investigados y por el contenido de N, P y K del suelo.

ABSTRACT Aeration is carried out by blowing external air into the silo, with the aim to keep the temperature in the mass of stored grains at safe levels. In the present study, the energy efficiency of aeration of stored sunflower grains was estimated, and a model was proposed and tested to estimate the energy efficiency of aeration, using different algorithms in supervised and unsupervised machine learning. The objective of the work was to develop a Web application based on data mining and modeling with machine learning. The database was composed of information on the average temperature at the height of the sensors, average temperature of the silo, external ambient temperature, occurrence of aeration, if there was cooling, heating and direct heating during aeration, and the energy efficiency of the aeration process. The model for estimating the energy efficiency of the aeration process proved to be efficient, identifying that the energy efficiency was 97.78% during the aeration of stored sunflower grains. Among the classifier algorithms tested, Support Vector Machine (SVM-Poly) showed the best metrics and indicators, hence being recommended for implementation in system development networks capable of predicting the aeration status of stored grains. silo levels study estimated learning sensors cooling efficient 9778 97 78 97.78 SVMPoly SVM Poly (SVM-Poly indicators 977 9 7 97.7 97.

RESUMO A aeração é realizada por meio da insuflação do ar externo para dentro do silo, tendo como objetivo manter a temperatura da massa de grãos armazenados em níveis seguros. No presente estudo foi estimada a eficiência energética da aeração de grãos de girassol armazenados, assim como proposto e testado um modelo de estimativa da eficiência energética da aeração, utilizando diferentes algoritmos no aprendizado de máquinas supervisionado e não supervisionado. O objetivo no trabalho foi desenvolver uma aplicação Web a partir da mineração e modelagem dos dados com o aprendizado de máquinas. O banco de dados foi composto pelas informações da temperatura média do nível dos sensores, temperatura média do silo, temperatura ambiente externa, ocorrência de aeração, se houve resfriamento, aquecimento e aquecimento direto durante aeração, e a eficiência energética do processo de aeração. O modelo de estimativa da eficiência energética do processo de aeração demonstrou-se eficiente, identificando que durante a aeração de grãos de girassol armazenados a eficiência energética foi de 97,78%. Dentre os algoritmos classificadores testados na Máquina de Vetores de Suporte (SVM-Poly) apresentou as melhores métricas e indicadores, sendo recomendado para implementação em redes de desenvolvimento de sistemas capaz de predizer o status da aeração de grãos armazenados. silo seguros sensores externa resfriamento demonstrouse demonstrou eficiente 9778 97 78 97,78% SVMPoly SVM Poly (SVM-Poly indicadores 977 9 7 97,78 97,7 97,

Abstract: The primary objective of this research study is to assess the factors that influence student’s preference of professors. Preferring the same professor multiple times is associated with factors such as time dedicated to the subject taught by the professor in question, reason for enrollment, and preparation of classes. Through the J48 algorithm of the Weka program, the primary variables students prioritize when repeatedly selecting the same professor are predicted. Training with 50% of the data and validating with the remaining 50% achieve this prediction with effectiveness greater than 83%. The results show that the most influential variables are: 1) the professor did everything possible for students to learn, 2) depth of learning, 3) pleasant work style, 4) preparation of classes, 5) encouragement on the topics covered, and 6) endeavors to help students learn. It is concluded that identifying these variables facilitates the design of educational policies focused on students and professors.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar los factores que influyen en los estudiantes para preferir un docente. Preferir varias veces un mismo docente está asociado con factores como el tiempo dedicado a la asignatura impartida por el profesor en cuestión, el motivo de la inscripción y la preparación de clases. Por medio del algoritmo J48 del programa Weka, se predicen las principales variables que priorizan los estudiantes al preferir un mismo docente varias veces. Entrenando con el 50% de los datos y validando con el 50% restante, se logra realizar esta predicción con una efectividad superior al 83%. Los resultados muestran que las variables más influyentes son: 1) hizo lo posible porque aprendiera, 2) aprender con profundidad, 3) trabajar agradablemente, 4) preparación de clases, 5) motivar temas tratados y 6) preocuparse porque aprendan. Se concluye que la identificación de estas variables facilita el diseño de políticas educativas enfocadas en los estudiantes y los docentes.

Abstract: This study examines the current composition of the energy matrix in Colombia, encompassing its legal framework, configuration, impacts, and future projections. This research, based on a systematic literature review, bibliometric analysis, and text mining, reveals that hydroelectric power is the primary source of clean energy. Fossil fuels, although essential for energy availability in the territory, generate the largest carbon footprint, representing a significant environmental challenge. Despite legal efforts and projections towards clean energy, limitations persist in infrastructure, technology, and social acceptance towards energy production projects. The transition to a sustainable energy system requires overcoming these technical, regulatory, and social barriers while integrating legal, environmental, social, and technological aspects into planning to meet the goals of the current matrix's energy transition, which presents a complex landscape that demands comprehensive strategies for a sustainable energy future.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la composición actual de la matriz energética en Colombia, abarcando su marco legal, configuración, impactos y proyecciones futuras. La investigación, basada en una revisión sistemática de literatura, análisis bibliométrico y minería de texto, revela que las hidroeléctricas son la principal fuente de energía limpia. Los combustibles fósiles, si bien esenciales para la disponibilidad energética en el territorio, generan la mayor huella de carbono, lo que representa un desafío ambiental significativo. A pesar de los esfuerzos legales y las proyecciones hacia energías limpias, persisten limitaciones en infraestructura, tecnología y aceptación social hacia proyectos de producción energética. La transición hacia un sistema energético sostenible requiere superar estas barreras técnicas, regulatorias y sociales, integrando aspectos legales, ambientales, sociales y tecnológicos en la planificación para cumplir con los objetivos de la transición energética de la matriz actual, la cual presenta un panorama complejo que exige estrategias integrales para un futuro energético sostenible.

Abstract Objective To determine reference intervals (RI) for fasting blood insulin (FBI) in Brazilian adolescents, 12 to 17 years old, by direct and indirect approaches, and to validate indirectly determined RI. Methods Two databases were used for RI determination. Database 1 (DB1), used to obtain RI through a posteriori direct method, consisted of prospectively selected healthy individuals. Database 2 (DB2) was retrospectively mined from an outpatient laboratory information system (LIS) used for the indirect method (Bhattacharya method). Results From DB1, 29345 individuals were enrolled (57.65 % female) and seven age ranges and sex partitions were statistically determined according to mean FBI values: females: 12 and 13 years-old, 14 years-old, 15 years-old, 16 and 17 years-old; and males: 12, 13 and 14 years-old, 15 years-old, 16 and 17 years-old. From DB2, 5465 adolescents (67.5 % female) were selected and grouped according to DB1 partitions. The mean FBI level was significantly higher in DB2, on all groups. The RI upper limit (URL) determined by Bhattacharya method was slightly lower than the 90 % CI URL directly obtained on DB1, except for group female 12 and 13 years old. High agreement rates for diagnosing elevated FBI in all groups on DB1 validated indirect RI presented. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that Bhattacharya indirect method to determine FBI RI in adolescents can overcome some of the difficulties and challenges of the direct approach. (RI (FBI old approaches determination DB , (DB1) DB2 (DB2 LIS (LIS method. . method) 2934 57.65 5765 57 65 (57.6 values females yearsold, yearsold years-old males yearsold. 546 67.5 675 67 5 (67. (URL 9 presented approach (DB1 (DB 293 57.6 576 6 (57. 54 67. (67 29 57. (57 (6 (5 (

ABSTRACT. Commercial farming of tilapia species has been spread to many countries worldwide to meet the need for animal protein at an affordable price, which has led tilapias to invade natural areas. Consequently, tilapias have established wild populations, causing a great negative impact on native biodiversity. The Sonora River, located in northwest Mexico, has an approximate length of 400 km, and at least four native fish species inhabit it. Nevertheless, the Sonora River has been severely reduced and contaminated by open-pit mining. According to existing knowledge, the presence of tilapias is not reported in the Sonora River; hence, the present study is the first report of the presence of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in a site near the town of Baviácora, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of this invasive species may represent a severe threat to the biotic component of this ecosystem, which is already affected by mining pollution.

Reinforcement and surface support are part of an integrated system that transfers and shares load until the excavation surface is stabilized or until the ground support system fails. Steel mesh is the most popular primary surface support element in underground hard rock mines in Canada. Mesh straps are a secondary surface support that provide additional containment as they distribute the load between and across the reinforcement elements. This investigation addresses the role of steel properties, and in particular steel chemistry, in the long-term performance of mesh and mesh straps when exposed to an aggressive corrosive environment. It reports on comparative accelerated corrosion studies to compare the resistance to corrosion of different surface support elements. This has significant implications on the choice of surface support and the anticipated rehabilitation requirements.