ABSTRACT The research work presents the conclusions of the analysis of the use of electrical energy as a resource in businesses classified as micro and small that are located in the city of San Lorenzo and registered in the same municipality. The general objective was established to “Analyze the effectiveness of electricity consumption in MSMEs in San Lorenzo and its relationship with the Green Economy in 2023”, research related to Sustainable Development Goal No. 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth that promotes inclusive and sustained economic growth as a strategy to drive progress, create decent jobs for all and improve living standards. This research had a qualitative-quantitative approach. The main results obtained were the following, 62% of the MSMEs in the city of San Lorenzo present some criterion of effectiveness in relation to the use of electrical energy, 78% of the MSMEs affirm that the quality of the supply in the electrical service It is poor and not safe. 86% of microentrepreneurs responded that electricity consumption is part of the cost of their products or services, 71% affirm that the rate for electricity consumption can be improved for the benefit of MSMEs. 65% maintain that the use of electrical energy has a direct effect on their costs and 91% of MSMEs affirm that they can use electrical energy more efficiently and rationally.

RESUMEN El trabajo de investigación presenta las conclusiones del análisis del aprovechamiento en la utilización de la energía eléctrica como recurso en los negocios tipificados como micro y pequeños que se encuentran situados en la ciudad de San Lorenzo y catastrados en el mismo municipio. Se estableció como objetivo general “Analizar la efectividad del consumo de energía eléctrica en las mipymes de San Lorenzo y su relación con la Economía verde en el año 2023”, investigación relacionada a el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sustentable N° 8 Trabajo Decente y Crecimiento Económico que promueve un crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenido como estrategia para impulsar el progreso, crear empleos decentes para todos y mejorar los estándares de vida. Esta investigación fue de enfoque cuali-cuantitativo. Los principales resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes, el 62% de las mipymes de la ciudad de San Lorenzo presentan algún criterio de efectividad en relación a la utilización de energía eléctrica, el 78% de las mipymes afirman que la calidad del suministro en el servicio eléctrico es deficiente y no seguro. El 86% de los microemprendedores respondieron que el consumo de energía eléctrica forma parte del costo de sus productos o servicios, el 71% afirma que la tarifa por el consumo de energía eléctrica puede ser mejorada en provecho de las mipymes. Un 65% sostiene que la utilización de la energía eléctrica tiene un efecto directo en sus costos y un 91% de las mi pymes afirman que pueden utilizar en forma más eficiente y racional la energía eléctrica.

Resumen: En esta investigación se analizó un conjunto de mensajes de recaudación para el pago de impuestos. En total, se evaluaron doce variaciones de los mensajes de cobro (normas sociales, simplificación, divulgación, compromiso previo, recordatorios y decisiones pasadas) y se determinó su efectividad. Los mensajes fueron transmitidos a microempresarios morosos en cuatro estados brasileños. A partir de una base de datos que contiene información sobre microempresarios morosos, se enviaron 250 000 mensajes de texto para hacer el cobro. Los datos se obtuvieron de la Secretaria Especial da Micro e Pequea Empresa (Sempe). Se utilizaron pruebas para analizar la diferencia entre medias y se utilizó una secuencia de regresión logística. Se utilizaron los widgets Random Forest, regresión logística y Naïve Bayes para definir la solidez del modelo predictivo de Machine Learning. Los resultados de la investigación indicaron que los formatos “simplificación”, “decisiones pasadas” y “alerta” no tuvieron ningún efecto en la lucha contra el incumplimiento. Sin embargo, al combinarlos con mensajes que aludan a normas sociales, los mensajes con el estilo de “decisiones pasadas” y “recordatorios” aumentaron el pago de la deuda. Los widgets empleados mostraron un ajuste excelente al modelo de machine learning. La herramienta Random Forest determinó que el modelo es robusto y adecuado para la función predictiva. Los resultados de la encuesta brindan un aporte a las políticas públicas, pues presentan una acción efectiva para reducir la morosidad tributaria. El uso de mensajes que apelan a las normas sociales puede adaptarse a otras situaciones, y se sugiere aplicarlo en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract: In this research, a group of charging messages for the payment of taxes was investigated. Altogether 12 variations of billing messages (social norms, simplification, disclosure, previous engagement, reminders and previous choices) were evaluated, and their effectiveness was tested. The messages were transmitted to defaulting microentrepreneurs in four Brazilian states. From a database containing information about defaulting micro entrepreneurs, 250 thousand text messages were sent making charges. The data were obtained from the Secretaria Especial da Micro e Pequena Empresa (Sempe). Tests were used to analyse the difference between means and Logistic Regression was used in sequence. The Random Forest, Logistic Regression and Naïve Bayes widgets were used to indicate the robustness of the Machine Learning predictive model. The research findings indicated that the formats “simplification”, “previous choices” and “alert”, employees, did not have an effect in combating default. However, when aligned with social norms, messages in the form of “past options” and “reminders” increase the payment of debts. The widgets used indicated an excellent fit to the machine learning model. The Random Forest tool attested with superiority that the model is robust and suitable for the predictive function. The results of the research provide a contribution to public policies when they present an effective action to reduce defaults in the payment of taxes. The use of messages in the social norm format can be adapted to other situations, constituting a suggestion for future research.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente artículo es diagnosticar las buenas prácticas ambientales con la finalidad de analizar la sostenibilidad empresarial en pymes en la provincia del Guayas, Ecuador. La investigación sigue un diseño no experimental, con un enfoque tipo descriptivo y transversal. Las unidades de análisis estuvieron constituidas por 343 pymes de diversos sectores económicos. Se utilizó la encuesta como técnica de recolección de datos, y un cuestionario estructurado, como instrumento. La evaluación realizada reveló que la utilización de aspectos ecológicos para promover servicios o productos generó la puntuación más baja (1,40). Las dimensiones: entrenamiento ambiental y conservación ambiental presentaron ponderaciones menores a 2,00; por lo que prácticas como realización de programas de entrenamiento ambiental e inversión en conservación ambiental no se encuentran consolidadas en los diferentes sectores productivos de las pymes. El diagnóstico realizado mostró la necesidad imperiosa de instruir a los microempresarios en relación con las preocupaciones ambientales actuales.

ABSTRACT The objective of the research was to diagnose good environmental practices to analyze business sustainability in SMEs in the province of Guayas, Ecuador. The research followed a non-experimental design, with a descriptive and transversal approach. The analysis units were made up of 343 SMEs from the most relevant economic sectors in the city. The survey was used as a data collection technique, and the questionnaire as an instrument. The evaluation carried out revealed that the use of ecological aspects to promote your service or product generated the lowest score (1.40). The dimensions: Environmental training and environmental conservation presented weights less than 2.00; Therefore, practices such as carrying out environmental training programs and investing in environmental conservation are not consolidated in the different sectors of the city. The diagnosis carried out showed the urgent need to educate microentrepreneurs in relation to environmental concerns.

BACKGROUND: Since the onset of the global pandemic, unemployment has increased to new levels. As a consequence, the need to stimulate economic growth through the development of the micro-enterprise sector has become a central vehicle to decrease unemployment and stimulate economic growth. The problem, however, is that despite the potential benefits of digitisation, the micro-enterprise sector has been unable to effectively integrate information and communication technologies (ICTs) into the fabric of their operations OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence the adoption and use of mobile applications for micro-enterprise operations in South Africa METHOD: A quantitative methodology using a survey design was used to collect data from a sample of entrepreneurs, with 221 responses RESULTS: Performance expectancy (PE) and effort expectancy (EE) positively influence the micro-entrepreneurs' behavioural intention (BI) to adopt and use mobile applications, while social influence (SI) has no impact on the same. Facilitating conditions (FC) and BI are the strongest determinants of mobile application adoption and use for micro-enterprise operations CONCLUSION: All the constructs of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model showed a satisfactory level of reliability and discriminant validity, which was confirmed by testing the measurement model against two competing models. The UTAUT model is a good predictor of the intention to adopt and use mobile applications for micro-enterprise operations CONTRIBUTION: The findings provide parameters to develop a focussed strategy to catalyse the adoption and subsequent use of mobile applications among micro-entrepreneurs. It further informs initiatives to close the gap of a known reluctance in using technology among micro-enterprises

ABSTRACT Purpose: This research aims to validate two scales to measure growth intentions and respective inhibiting factors for individual microentrepreneurs (MEI). Originality/value: The study proposes scales to measure the growth intentions of MEI. It brings an instrument to analyze growth intentions and barriers to growth in a specific context that has not yet been explored. Design/methodology/approach: Two scales were constructed following Hair et al. (2019). They were validated with 134 MEI. Then, exploratory factor and reliability analyses were performed. Findings: The scales were validated and characterized as a multidimensional growth intentions scale consisting of the following dimensions: personal interest, social status, and family background. The growth intentions inhibiting factors scale is composed of the items: personal interest, market assessment, and financial resources. Both scales can be used in education programs and policies for MEI training. Further studies may explore the longitudinal character of growth intentions and focus on measuring growth intentions in segments of high growth potential. Purpose . (MEI) Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value explored Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach al 2019. 2019 (2019) 13 Then performed Findings dimensions interest status background items assessment resources training potential (MEI 201 (2019 1 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

Resumo Objetivo: Esta pesquisa visa validar duas escalas para mensurar intenções de crescimento e fatores inibidores de intenções de crescimento para microempreendedores individuais (MEI). Originalidade/valor: O estudo apresenta proposta de duas escalas para mensurar intenções de crescimento de MEI e barreiras para crescimento em um contexto específico e não explorado dos MEI. Design/metodologia/abordagem: As escalas foram construídas a partir de Hair et al. (2019) e foram validadas junto a 134 MEI. Foram realizadas a análise fatorial exploratória e a análise de confiabilidade. Resultados: As escalas foram validadas e caracterizam-se como multidimensionais. A escala para intenções de crescimento é composta pelas dimensões: interesse pessoal, status social e família. A escala de fatores inibidores de intenções de crescimento é composta pelos itens: interesse pessoal, avaliação de mercado e recursos financeiros. Essas escalas poderão ser utilizadas em programas de educação e em políticas para formação de MEI. Estudos futuros podem explorar o caráter longitudinal das intenções de crescimento e focar intenções de crescimento em segmentos de empreendedores que atuam em setores de elevado crescimento. Objetivo . (MEI) Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem al 2019 (2019 13 confiabilidade Resultados caracterizamse caracterizam se multidimensionais dimensões pessoal família itens financeiros (MEI 201 (201 1 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumen Introducción: el concepto de «trabajo decente» definido por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo se asume como el trabajo productivo de hombres y mujeres en condiciones de libertad, equidad, seguridad y dignidad humana, y se propone como uno de los objetivos prioritarios de la Agenda 2030 de desarrollo sustentable de las Naciones Unidas. Objetivo: identificar y analizar los elementos que involucra el trabajo decente desde la percepción de las mujeres microempresarias que trabajan en el sector alimentos y bebidas artesanales naturales u orgánicas para contribuir a la discusión sobre las características del concepto de trabajo decente para las mujeres desde la sustentabilidad económica y laboral. Método: implicó un enfoque cualitativo de corte descriptivo con perspectiva de género y el concepto de cultura estructural como una perspectiva teórica, esto para analizar los elementos del trabajo decente desde la percepción de las mujeres. El trabajo de campo involucró la participación de 5 mujeres microempresarias de un colectivo artesanal a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas a profundidad. Resultados: desde la percepción de las mujeres, los elementos sustanciales para un trabajo decente son: las convicciones, las preocupaciones e intereses de la mujer microempresaria y la conciliación trabajo-familia. Conclusiones: la ausencia de estos elementos en las estructuras laborales y sociales en que se desenvuelven las mujeres son un obstáculo si se pretende promover el crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenible, ya que la erradicación de la pobreza solo es posible mediante empleos estables, justos y bien remunerados. Adicionalmente, se identificó el emprendimiento como un proceso sostenible de empoderamiento para las mujeres que no encuentran espacio laboral que equilibre las convicciones, preocupaciones e intereses y la conciliación trabajo-familia.

Abstract Introduction: the concept of «decent work» defined by the International Labor Organization is assumed as the productive work of men and women in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity, and is proposed as one of the priority objectives of the Agenda 2030 sustainable development of the United Nations. Objective: to identify and analyze the elements that decent work involves from the perception of women microentrepreneurs who work in the natural or organic artisanal food and beverage sector to contribute to the discussion about the characteristics of the concept of decent work for women from sustainability economic and labor. Method: it involved a descriptive qualitative approach with a gender perspective and the concept of structural culture as a theoretical perspective, to analyze the elements of decent work from the perspective of women. The field work involved the participation of 5 women microentrepreneurs from an artisan collective who were given in-depth interviews. Results: from the perception of women, the essential elements for a decent job are the convictions, suspicions and interests of women microentrepreneurs, and the work-family balance. Conclusions: the absence of these elements in the labor and social structures in which women operate are an obstacle if the intention is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, since the eradication of poverty is only possible through stable, fair and well-functioning jobs. paid. Additionally, entrepreneurship was identified as a sustainable process of empowerment for women who do not find a work space that balances convictions, concerns and interests and work-family reconciliation.

Resumen: El Sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo no sólo es un requisito de Ley en Colombia si no que adicionalmente es una necesidad estratégica de las empresas para lograr mayor calidad y productividad en el mercado, adicio nalmente para el país es vital para la promoción de la salud y la disminución de las pérdidas económicas relacionadas con las bajas laborales a causa de los accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades laborales; sin embargo, la realidad es que los costes de esto se ven como una carga para muchos empresarios y el desco nocimiento en cuanto a sus beneficios hacen que no se implemente en la mayo ría de las empresas, principalmente en las reconocidas como MIPYMES, lo que conlleva a un grado mayor de vulnerabilidad al exponer a sus trabajadores a las actividades laborales en los diferentes entornos laborales, por lo cual en este ar tículo se analizan seis modelos utilizados a nivel internacional y un séptimo mo delo con la metodología propuesta por la Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho para el diseño del SG-SST quien a través de su grupo de investigación GISAP Grupo de Investigación Salud Ambiente y Productividad y el semillero de investigación SEGSST Semillero de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, el cual se fundamenta con bases científicas pero que pretende ser accesible a los microempresarios y así reducir la brecha de vulnerabilidad planteada.

Abstract: The Occupational Safety and Health Management System is not only a legal requirement in Colombia, but it is also a strategic necessity for companies to achieve higher quality and productivity in the market. In addition, for the coun try, it is vital for the promotion of health and the reduction of economic losses related to sick leave due to accidents at work and occupational diseases. How- ever, the reality is that the costs of this are seen as a burden for many businessmen and the lack of knowledge regarding its benefits make it not to be implemented in most companies, mainly in those recognized as MSMEs, which leads to a higher degree of vulnerability when exposing their workers to labor activities in different work environments, Therefore, this article analyzes six models used at international level and a seventh model with the methodology proposed by the Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho for the design of the SG-SST through its En vironmental Health and Productivity Research Group -GISAP - and the -SEGSST- Occupational Safety and Health Management Hotbed, which is based on scientific grounds, but which aims to be accessible to micro-entrepreneurs, and thus, bridge the vulnerability gap raised.

Abstract Purpose This study aims to understand the resilience process through the initiatives of micro-entrepreneurs at a creative fair to deal with an external shock context. Theoretical framework The study is based on the resilience lens and seeks to add new reflections on this lens in the context of social commerce. Design/methodology/approach A case study was conducted on the changes brought about by COVID-19 in the creative industry. Interviews were carried out with micro-entrepreneurs in Crato, in the state of Ceará, Brazil. In addition, regional decrees were collected to analyze how micro-entrepreneurs reacted to the implementation of measures against the spread of COVID-19. Findings It was possible to create a framework that reflects how micro-entrepreneurs saw the trade fair before the pandemic and their resilient and adaptable attitudes to overcome external shocks and sell their products through social commerce on the Internet. Practical & social implications of research This study develops new reflections on resilience and the role of social commerce, in addition to filling gaps in the understanding of micro-entrepreneurs’ resilience. In addition, this study can help micro-entrepreneurs understand how social commerce can help develop their businesses. Originality/value This article managed to fill some gaps about the resilience of micro-entrepreneurs in the creative industry. It also showed that social media were used to overcome the external shocks caused by COVID-19. However, the physical space is still important for this type of market, even during a pandemic. microentrepreneurs micro entrepreneurs Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 industry Crato Ceará Brazil COVID19. 19. Internet businesses Originalityvalue Originality value However market COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumen El aumento de la participación de las mujeres en el trabajo fuera del hogar y su creciente matrícula escolar representan cambios sociales que han transformado radicalmente las sociedades desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar algunas características individuales y familiares de mujeres microempresarias y de los negocios que dirigen con respecto a su nivel educativo. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario durante el primer trimestre de 2022 en el municipio de General Escobedo, en el estado de Nuevo León, México. Con la información recopilada, se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las características de las mujeres microempresarias y, además, se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza de un factor (Anova) para observar las diferencias entre los tipos de negocios. Entre los principales resultados se identifica que la mayoría de las participantes (54 %) tiene estudios universitarios. Además, la mayor parte de sus negocios se encuentra en establecimientos fijos, los cuales tienen mayores utilidades y son desempeñados por mujeres de mayor edad. Por otro lado, los negocios que se llevan a cabo en domicilios propios o en internet son ejercidos principalmente por las mujeres más jóvenes, lo cual se considera un elemento importante ya que la flexibilidad en los horarios les permite desempeñar actividades de cuidado. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, el nivel educativo no tiene un impacto significativo en el momento en que las mujeres deciden iniciar un micronegocio, lo cual difiere de lo que se pensaba según otros estudios, donde se esperaba que el nivel educativo les permitiera tener un mayor conocimiento sobre cómo desempeñar adecuadamente las actividades empresariales.

Abstract The increased participation of women in the workforce and their growing enrollment in schools have brought about significant social changes since the second half of the 20th century. This article aims to examine individual and family characteristics of women who are micro-entrepreneurs and the businesses they manage in relation to their level of education. The study was conducted in the municipality of General Escobedo in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico during the first quarter of 2022 through a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of the women micro-entrepreneurs, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to observe differences between types of businesses. The majority of the participants (54%) have completed university studies, and most of their businesses are located in fixed establishments, which tend to have higher profits and are run by older women. However, younger women are more likely to operate businesses from their own homes or online due to the flexibility of their schedules, which allows them to engage in caregiving activities. The study found that the level of education does not have a significant impact on the decision to start a micro-business, which contrasts with the expectations of previous studies that suggest a higher level of education would provide greater knowledge about proper business practices.

Resumo O aumento da participação das mulheres no trabalho extradoméstico e o aumento das matrículas escolares representam mudanças sociais que transformaram radicalmente as sociedades desde a segunda metade do século XX até hoje. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar algumas características individuais e familiares de mulheres microempreendedoras e dos negócios que dirigem no que diz respeito à sua formação. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário durante o primeiro trimestre de 2022, no município de General Escobedo, no estado de Nuevo León, México. Com as informações coletadas, foi realizada uma análise descritiva das características das mulheres microempreendedoras; Da mesma forma, foi realizada uma análise de variância de um fator (Anova) para observar as diferenças entre os tipos de negócios. Dentre os principais resultados, identifica-se que a maioria dos participantes (54%) possui formação universitária; Além disso, a maioria de seus negócios encontra-se em estabelecimentos fixos, sendo estes os que têm os maiores lucros e, além disso, são realizados por mulheres mais velhas, enquanto os negócios realizados em suas próprias casas ou na Internet são realizados principalmente pelos mais novos, o que é considerado um elemento importante, pois a flexibilidade de horários permite que eles realizem atividades de cuidado. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o nível não tem impacto quando as mulheres decidem iniciar um micronegócio, quando segundo outros estudos, pensava-se que lhes permitiria ter mais conhecimento sobre a forma adequada de realizar as atividades.

RESUMEN El sector camaronero a nivel nacional produce el segundo producto más exportado, sin embargo, la pandemia del COVID-19 limitó su actividad en el año 2020, afectando la producción nacional, y por ende la recaudación de tributos que genera este sector económico. Por lo expuesto, el presente estudio pretende determinar si las políticas e incentivos tributarios han incidido de forma positiva o negativa en la rentabilidad de las MIPYMES del sector camaronero de la provincia de Santa Elena. El estudio emplea un diseño no experimental longitudinal, con un alcance descriptivo y correlacional. Como fuentes de información, mediante análisis documental, se utilizaron datos del Banco Central del Ecuador, Superintendencia de Compañías y Servicio de Rentas Internas. Además, se aplicaron encuestas a los microempresarios del sector camaronero con la finalidad de obtener información sobre la carga tributaria que requiere la actividad comercial. Entre los resultados principales se determinó que el 26% de las MIPYMES del sector camaronero aplicaron incentivos tributarios, acogiéndose a dicho beneficio para disminuir o recaudar su impuesto a pagar, se comprobó además la incidencia de las políticas e incentivos tributarios en la rentabilidad en el sector camaronero de la provincia de Santa Elena durante el periodo 2016 - 2020.

ABSTRACT The shrimp sector at the national level produces the second most exported product, however, the COVID-19 pandemic limited its activity in 2020, affecting national production, and therefore the collection of taxes generated by this economic sector. Due to the above, this study aims to determine whether tax policies and incentives have had a positive or negative impact on the profitability of MSMEs in the shrimp sector in the province of Santa Elena. The study uses a non-experimental longitudinal design, with a descriptive and correlational scope. As sources of information, through documentary analysis, data from the Central Bank of Ecuador, the Superintendence of Companies and the Internal Revenue Service were used. In addition, surveys were applied to microentrepreneurs in the shrimp sector in order to obtain information on the tax burden required by the commercial activity. Among the main results, it was determined that 26% of the MSMEs in the shrimp sector applied tax incentives, taking advantage of said benefit to reduce or collect their tax to pay, in addition, it was verified the incidence of tax policies and incentives in the profitability in the shrimp sector of the province of Santa Elena during the period 2016 - 2020.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente artículo expone el proceso de construcción y validación del instrumento de investigación de las estrategias de marketing en el sector microempresarial en las ciudades de Guayaquil y La Libertad. Esta experiencia organiza una de las tareas del proyecto de investigación FCI 005-2020, desarrollada en la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Universidad de Guayaquil. La tarea que se evidencia en los resultados presentados en este artículo consta en demostrar la relación de variables, las estrategias de marketing y desarrollo microempresarial. Para su procesamiento, se inicia con la revisión bibliográfica que posibilitó identificar los referentes relacionados con las categorías principales de la investigación, realizar la triangulación teórica, definir la matriz de operacionalización de variables y elaborar el primer cuestionario de encuesta. En un segundo momento se aplicó el instrumento a una muestra de 30 microempresarios del sector comercio de la ciudad de Guayaquil, se aplicó la técnica Alfa de Cronbach y se realizó el análisis correlacional de las variables. El proceso permitió evaluar la confiabilidad y consistencia del cuestionario de encuesta elaborado, además de su validez de contenido y de constructo. El instrumento sirve de referente a estudios diagnósticos que se realicen en este objeto de investigación.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to expose the process of construction and validation of the research instrument of marketing strategies in the microenterprise sector in the cities of Guayaquil and La Libertad. This experience organizes one of the tasks of the FCI 005-2020 research project, developed at the Faculty of Administrative Sciences of the University of Guayaquil. The task that is evidenced in the results presented in this article consists in demonstrating the relationship of variables, marketing strategies and microenterprise development. For its processing, it begins with the bibliographic review that made it possible to identify the referents related to the main categories of the research, carry out the theoretical triangulation, define the matrix of operationalization of variables and prepare the first survey questionnaire. In a second moment, the instrument was applied to a sample of 30 microentrepreneurs from the commerce sector of the city of Guayaquil, the Cronbach's Alpha technique was applied and the correlational analysis of the variables was carried out. The process demonstrated the reliability and consistency of the elaborated survey questionnaire, in addition to its content and construct validity. The instrument serves as a reference for diagnostic studies carried out in this research object.

Resumen Introducción: el concepto de «trabajo decente» definido por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo se asume como el trabajo productivo de hombres y mujeres en condiciones de libertad, equidad, seguridad y dignidad humana, y se propone como uno de los objetivos prioritarios de la Agenda 2030 de desarrollo sustentable de las Naciones Unidas. Objetivo: identificar y analizar los elementos que involucra el trabajo decente desde la percepción de las mujeres microempresarias que trabajan en el sector alimentos y bebidas artesanales naturales u orgánicas para contribuir a la discusión sobre las características del concepto de trabajo decente para las mujeres desde la sustentabilidad económica y laboral. Método: implicó un enfoque cualitativo de corte descriptivo con perspectiva de género y el concepto de cultura estructural como una perspectiva teórica, esto para analizar los elementos del trabajo decente desde la percepción de las mujeres. El trabajo de campo involucró la participación de 5 mujeres microempresarias de un colectivo artesanal a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas a profundidad. Resultados: desde la percepción de las mujeres, los elementos sustanciales para un trabajo decente son: las convicciones, las preocupaciones e intereses de la mujer microempresaria y la conciliación trabajo-familia. Conclusiones: la ausencia de estos elementos en las estructuras laborales y sociales en que se desenvuelven las mujeres son un obstáculo si se pretende promover el crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenible, ya que la erradicación de la pobreza solo es posible mediante empleos estables, justos y bien remunerados. Adicionalmente, se identificó el emprendimiento como un proceso sostenible de empoderamiento para las mujeres que no encuentran espacio laboral que equilibre las convicciones, preocupaciones e intereses y la conciliación trabajo-familia.

Abstract Introduction: the concept of «decent work» defined by the International Labor Organization is assumed as the productive work of men and women in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity, and is proposed as one of the priority objectives of the Agenda 2030 sustainable development of the United Nations. Objective: to identify and analyze the elements that decent work involves from the perception of women microentrepreneurs who work in the natural or organic artisanal food and beverage sector to contribute to the discussion about the characteristics of the concept of decent work for women from sustainability economic and labor. Method: it involved a descriptive qualitative approach with a gender perspective and the concept of structural culture as a theoretical perspective, to analyze the elements of decent work from the perspective of women. The field work involved the participation of 5 women microentrepreneurs from an artisan collective who were given in-depth interviews. Results: from the perception of women, the essential elements for a decent job are the convictions, suspicions and interests of women microentrepreneurs, and the work-family balance. Conclusions: the absence of these elements in the labor and social structures in which women operate are an obstacle if the intention is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, since the eradication of poverty is only possible through stable, fair and well-functioning jobs. paid. Additionally, entrepreneurship was identified as a sustainable process of empowerment for women who do not find a work space that balances convictions, concerns and interests and work-family reconciliation.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar las capacidades organizacionales de las microempresas productoras y comercializadoras de café del municipio de Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, para conocer su grado de desarrollo. Metodología: Se utilizó un cuestionario integrado por treinta ítems. La investigación adopta un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo no experimental. Resultados: Muestran que las capacidades laborales, comerciales, financieras y de producción se encuentran en un nivel de semidesarrollo. En tanto que la capacidad logística se encuentra poco desarrollada y la capacidad tecnológica no está avanzada Limitaciones: El número de participantes en el estudio. Si bien la muestra de estudio se enfoca a 35 microempresas, para futuros estudios se recomienda ampliarla a otros municipios de la región cuyas características y condiciones ecológicas sean similares. Conclusiones: La evaluación de las capacidades estableció un claro escenario de las fortalezas y puntos débiles en los que estas microempresas deben trabajar con la finalidad mejorar su desempeño. Otro aspecto que deben prestar atención los microempresarios es la estandarización de procesos y actividades, personal capacitado y con perfil suficiente para desempeñar sus funciones y tecnología acorde a la complejidad de sus operaciones.

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the level of development of the organizational capabilities of coffee microenterprises and trader enterprises from the Candelaria Loxicha municipality in Oaxaca. Methodology: A questionnaire made up of 30 items was used. The research adopts a quantitative approach of non-experimental descriptive type. Results: The results show that labor, trading, financial and manufacturing capabilities are in a middle level development. Logistic capabilities are at a low development level and the technological capabilities are not developed. Limitations: Number of participants in the study. The limitations of this research work constitute an opportunity for future lines of research. Although the study sample focuses on 35 microenterprises, for future studies it is recommended to extend it to other municipalities in the region; whose characteristics and ecological conditions are similar. Conclusions: The evaluation of the capabilities established a clear scenario of the strengths and weaknesses in which these microenterprises must work to improve their performance. Another aspect that microentrepreneurs should pay attention to is the standardization of processes and activities, trained personnel with sufficient profile to perform their functions, and technology according to the complexity of their operations.

Resumo A pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar a relação entre intenções de crescimento e alerta empreendedor junto a microempreendedores individuais (MEI). Como objetivos específicos, a pesquisa procurou testar a multidimensionalidade do constructo alerta empreendedor e, verificar se há relação entre intenções de crescimento em todas as dimensões do alerta. A pesquisa é do tipo survey, realizada junto a 134 MEI e teste de hipóteses sobre a multidimensionalidade do constructo alerta, que foi corroborada e outra sobre a relação intenção de crescimento e alerta empreendedor, a qual foi em parte corroborada. A pesquisa apresenta uma contribuição original para o estudo do crescimento de micro empreendimentos individuais, uma categoria de empreendimentos crescente no Brasil. Além disso, o estudo apresenta uma contribuição teórica para estudos de crescimento de pequenas empresas, bem como para o estudo do tema oportunidades empreendedoras, evidenciando a relação existente entre intenções de crescimento e uma dimensão do alerta empreendedor.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship between growth intentions and entrepreneurial alertness of individual microentrepreneurs (abbreviated as MEIs). The specific objectives are to test the multidimensionality of the construct entrepreneurial alertness and to verify whether there is a relationship between growth intentions and all other dimensions of alertness. The research method employed was a survey, which was carried out with 134 MEIs, and hypothesis testing on the multidimensionality of the construct alertness, which had empirical support, and on the relationship between growth intentions and entrepreneurial alertness, which was only partially supported by the empirical analysis. This research presents an original contribution to studies on the growth of microenterprises, a growing entrepreneurial category in Brazil. In addition, the present study presents a theoretical contribution to studies on the growth of small-sized businesses, as well as on entrepreneurial opportunities, emphasizing the existing relationship between growth intention and one dimension of entrepreneurial alertness.

Resumen: La actividad emprendedora tiene estrecha relación con el desarrollo económico de los países, de ahí la importancia de su estudio. El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en determinar el perfil emprendedor de los microempresarios en México, con el fin de caracterizarlos y encontrar las áreas de oportunidad para mejorar su desempeño. Se utilizó una muestra de 409 microempresarios voluntarios a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario, con escala de Likert, cuyas respuestas fueron analizadas mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. Los resultados permiten saber que los microempresarios en México cuentan con un perfil emprendedor donde predomina la innovación, creatividad y visión empresarial, así como la búsqueda de actualización en nuevas tecnologías, la asunción de riesgos, la pasión emprendedora y un acercamiento a los enfoques ambiental y social. Las áreas de oportunidad se encuentran en el uso de tecnologías avanzadas de producción y comunicación, para gestionar interna y externamente su empresa, acordes con la cuarta revolución industrial. Clasificación JEL: 26, M13, N8, O31, O32

Abstract Entrepreneurial activity is closely related to the economic development of countries, hence the importance of studying it. This research aims to determine microentrepreneurs' entrepreneurial profiles in Mexico to characterize them and find opportunity areas to improve their performance. We use a sample of 409 volunteer microentrepreneurs to whom a questionnaire was applied, with a Likert scale. We analyzed their responses by exploratory factor analysis. The results show that microentrepreneurs in Mexico have an entrepreneurial profile where innovation, creativity, and business vision predominate, as well as the search for updating in new technologies, risk-taking, entrepreneurial passion, and an environmental and social approach. The opportunity areas lie in the use of advanced production and communication technologies to manage their company internally and externally in line with the fourth industrial revolution.