Resumen Se estudia el emprendimiento y la reintegración de personas colombianas que migraron a Venezuela hacia el año 2000 y fueron deportadas a Colombia en 2015 por el gobierno venezolano. Se investiga hasta qué punto sus movilidades espaciales transfronterizas y sus redes sociales contribuyen al avance de sus microemprendimientos, y cómo el contexto geopolítico influye en su reintegración socioeconómica. La metodología comprende la observación etnográfica multisituada, las entrevistas biográficas, los mapas mentales y los talleres participativos Minga realizados con 18 individuos. Se concluye que, pese a su notable resiliencia, las personas en retorno y sus emprendimientos se enfrentan a una precariedad constante debido a la falta de apoyo estatal, los conflictos geopolíticos prevalentes, la débil economía local y el trauma de la deportación. Así mismo, buscando mejorar su reintegración socioeconómica, los migrantes que retornan efectúan estrategias de movilidad transfronteriza para aprovechar las oportunidades ofrecidas por diferentes lugares en Colombia y Venezuela.

Abstract This paper explores the entrepreneurship and reintegration of Colombians who migrated to Venezuela around 2000 and were arbitrarily deported to Colombia in 2015 by the Venezuelan government. It asks to what extent their cross-border spatial mobilities and social networks help develop their microenterprises and how the geopolitical context influences their socioeconomic reintegration. The methodology includes multi-sited ethnographic observation, biographical interviews, mental maps, and participatory Minga workshops carried out with 18 individuals. It is concluded that, despite their remarkable resilience, these individuals and their business ventures face constant precarity due to a lack of state support, prevalent geopolitical conflicts, a weak local economy, and the trauma of deportation. At the same time, in an attempt to improve their socioeconomic reintegration, returning migrants deploy cross-border mobility strategies to take advantage of the opportunities offered by different localities in Colombia and Venezuela.

Resumen El propósito de toda organización es destacarse en la sociedad y aspirar por ende a la longevidad. El estudio tiene como objetivo describir la composición socioeconómica de las empresas activas consideradas como longevas con una edad igual o mayor a 25 años dentro de la Zona 4 de acuerdo el ordenamiento territorial del Ecuador para el año 2022. El análisis se desarrolló a través de un tipo de estudio descriptivo y transversal con un enfoque inductivo de base cuantitativa, realizado por medio de la indagación documental en bases de datos oficiales. De un total de 199 empresas analizadas, la investigación mostró que ninguna de ellas supera el siglo de edad y que la mayor parte de ellas son microempresas, lo cual evidencia en cierto estancamiento en el crecimiento de sus ingresos totales.

Abstract The purpose of every organization is to stand out in society and therefore aspire to longevity. The objective of the study is to describe the socioeconomic composition of active companies considered as long-lived with an age equal to or greater than 25 years within Zone 4 according to the territorial system of Ecuador in 2022. The analysis is developed through a descriptive and transversal study with an inductive quantitative basis approach carried out through the documentary inquiry in official databases. From a total of 199 companies analyzed, the investigation shows that none of them exceeds one hundred years and that most of them are microenterprises, which evidences some stagnation in the growth of their total income.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the unique features of artisan enterprises in Ecuador and how cooperation programs and national peculiarities have influenced their development. Through descriptive and conceptual analysis, we can better understand how these organizations have evolved within the historical and economic context of rural regions in Ecuador. The primary findings suggest that poverty alleviation and control measures have significantly impacted the definition of artisan enterprises in Ecuador, which now closely resemble micro- enterprises. Development cooperation efforts in Ecuador have prioritized preserving artisanal production rather than replacing it with industrial production, promoting micro-enterprises growth as artisanal workshops.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar las características únicas de las empresas artesanales en Ecuador y cómo los programas de cooperación y las peculiaridades nacionales han influido en su desarrollo. A través del análisis descriptivo y conceptual, podemos comprender mejor cómo han evolucionado estas organizaciones dentro del contexto histórico y económico de las regiones rurales del Ecuador. Los principales hallazgos sugieren que las medidas de control y alivio de la pobreza han impactado significativamente la definición de empresas artesanales en Ecuador, que ahora se parecen mucho a las microempresas. Los esfuerzos de cooperación al desarrollo en Ecuador han priorizado preservar la producción artesanal en lugar de reemplazarla con producción industrial, promoviendo el crecimiento de microempresas como talleres artesanales.

Resumen La composición societaria y económica de las empresas activas longevas (mayores a 25 años) dentro de la Zona 8 del ordenamiento territorial el Ecuador al año 2022 es diversa y compleja. Para analizar esta dinámica se aplica un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal con base inductiva y cuantitativa a través de la recopilación documental en bases de datos de carácter oficial. Una vez analizadas 4.449 organizaciones, la investigación arroja que tan solo una logra superar el siglo de existencia y que el tamaño más representativo corresponde a microempresas, lo que da cuenta del bajo nivel de crecimiento no solo de sus ingresos totales sino también de su estructura organizacional.

Abstract The corporate and economic composition of long-lived active companies (over 25 years) within Zone 8 of Ecuador's territorial ordering by the year 2022 is diverse and complex. To analyze this dynamic, a descriptive cross-sectional study with an inductive and quantitative basis is applied through documentary collection in official databases. After analyzing 4,449 companies, the research shows that only one of them manages to exceed a century of existence and that the most representative size corresponds to micro-enterprises, which accounts for the low level of growth not only of their total income but also of their organizational structure.

Resumo O talento e as características artísticas destes empreendedores podem criar ecossistemas de inovação cultural, pois existe uma efervescente criatividade que pode e deve ser usada em prol do território. Essa conexão pode mitigar problemas econômicos e sociais, ativando o pertencimento da comunidade e ofertando visibilidade aos fazedores de cultura. O presente estudo visa investigar as contribuições de microempreendimentos do ramo da cultura para o desenvolvimento regional na região metropolitana do Rio de janeiro. Esses empreendimentos corroboram para o equilíbrio econômico e social do território; potencializando recursos culturais existentes, ofertando pertencimento e renda para a comunidade local. Foi realizada a revisão sistemática dividida em duas etapas, primeiro na formação do portfólio bibliográfico e nos resultados extraídos do procedimento; depois, procurou-se analisar a conexão entre desenvolvimento regional com a cultura. Foram utilizadas três bases indexadas, a Web of Science, SciELO e Scopus, com o período de buscas entre 2001 até 2021, que retornou, depois do processo de elegibilidade, 102 artigos. Percebeu-se que a ligação das palavras-chave “empreendedorismo cultural” e “desenvolvimento regional” era pouco discutida em revistas de maior relevância para o debate no mundo; no entanto, existia uma lacuna cientifica importante para o debate acadêmico, como a transversalidade que a cultura é capaz de gerar a partir de seus produtos e serviços. cultural território sociais janeiro existentes local etapas procedimento procurouse procurou se indexadas Science Scopus 200 2021 retornou elegibilidade 10 artigos Percebeuse Percebeu palavraschave palavras chave empreendedorismo mundo entanto acadêmico serviços 20 202 1 2

Abstract The talent and artistic characteristics of these entrepreneurs can create ecosystems of cultural innovation, as there is an effervescent creativity that can and should be used in favor of the territory. This connection can mitigate psychological and social problems, activating community belonging and offering visibility to culture makers. This study aims to investigate the contributions of microenterprises in the field of culture to regional development in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. These developments contribute to the economic and social balance of the territory; leveraging existing cultural resources, offering belonging and income to the local community. A systematic review was carried out divided into two stages, first in the formation of the bibliographic portfolio and in the results extracted from the procedure, then the connection between regional development and culture was analyzed. Three indexed databases were used, the Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus, with the search period between 2001 and 2021, which underwent 102 articles after the eligibility process. It was noticed that the link between the keywords “cultural entrepreneurship” and “regional development” was little interned in magazines that were more protective of the debate in the world; however, there was an important scientific gap for the academic debate, such as the transversality that culture is capable of generate from your products and services. innovation territory problems makers Janeiro resources stages procedure analyzed Science Scopus 200 2021 10 process entrepreneurship world however services 20 202 1 2

Resumen El talento y las características artísticas de estos emprendedores pueden generar ecosistemas de innovación cultural, ya que existe una creatividad efervescente que puede y debe ser utilizada a favor del territorio. Esta conexión puede mitigar problemas psicológicos y sociales, activando la pertenencia comunitaria y brindando visibilidad a los hacedores de cultura. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar las contribuciones de las microempresas en el campo de la cultura para el desarrollo regional en la región metropolitana de Río de Janeiro. Estos desarrollos contribuyen al equilíbrio económico y social del territorio; aprovechando los recursos culturales existentes, ofreciendo pertenencia e ingresos a la comunidad local. Se realizó una revisión sistemática dividida en dos etapas, primera en la conformación del portafolio bibliográfico y en los resultados extraídos del procedimiento, luego se analizó la conexión entre desarrollo regional y cultura. Se utilizaron tres bases de datos indexadas, la Web of Science, SciELO y Scopus, con el período de búsqueda entre 2001 y 2021, lo que resultó en 102 artículos después del proceso de elegibilidad. Se percibió que el vínculo entre las palabras clave “emprendimiento cultural” y “desarrollo regional” fue poco internado en las revistas más protectoras del debate en el mundo; sin embargo, hubo un vacío científico importante para el debate académico, como la transversalidad que la cultura es capaz de generar a partir de sus productos y servicios. cultural territorio sociales Janeiro existentes local etapas procedimiento indexadas Science Scopus 200 2021 10 elegibilidad emprendimiento mundo embargo académico servicios 20 202 1 2

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la investigación realizada acerca de la aplicación de la logística inversa en el sector textil de la ciudad de Otavalo con el fin de que las microempresas tengan la posibilidad de reciclar los desechos para luego proceder a una nueva elaboración de un nuevo producto. Por tal motivo, es necesario que se desarrolle el proceso de logística inversa y se tomen decisiones que beneficiarán al medio ambiente y a la sociedad otavaleña. Para el desarrollo de este estudio, inicialmente se realizó un estudio de la literatura que comprendió las definiciones y los tipos de logística inversa, tanto bajo el método cualitativo como el cuantitativo, que permitió estudiar el sector microempresarial textilero por medio de encuestas. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron resultados detallados de productos, materias primas y desechos, con el único propósito de dar el giro que tenían los desechos como destino final el vertedero generando un efecto negativo para el medio ambiente. Con todos los resultados, se propone mejorar los procesos internos y externos de la selección de residuos textiles, con el apoyo de responsabilidad compartida de los stakeholders, como el Gobierno, la Sociedad Civil y las Empresas Públicas, forjando la concientización de la aplicación de la logística inversa en el proceso de planificación, implantación, control y reducción de tiempos mediante el modelo SCOR, buscando la eficiencia y eficacia dentro de las microempresas para obtener al final el retorno de estos residuos para un nuevo producto.

Abstract This article shows the results of the research carried out on the application of reverse logistics in the textile sector of the city of Otavalo, for micro-enterprises to have the possibility of recycling waste and then proceed to a new development of a new product. For this reason, it is necessary to develop the reverse logistics process and make decisions that will benefit the environment of Otavalo City. To develop this study, It was necessary to read initially the literature such asdefinitions, and types of reverse logistics, likewise under the qualitative and quantitative method, which allowed to study of the textile microenterprise sector through surveys. Later detailed results of products, raw materials, and waste were obtained with the sole purpose of turning the waste into a final destination in the landfill generating a negative effect on the environment. With all the results, it is proposed to improve the internal and external processes of the selection of textile waste, with the support of shared responsibility of stakeholders, such as the Government, Civil Society, and Public Companies, forging awareness of the application of reverse logistics in the process of planning, implementation, control and time reduction through the SCOR model, seeking efficiency and effectiveness within micro-enterprises to finally obtain , the return of those waste for a new product

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Resumo Los estudios de Inteligencia competitiva (IC) en los últimos años desenvuelve conceptos y aplicabilidad en grandes empresas y/o gobiernos; mientras que estudios de emprendimientos y/o pequeñas empresas son poco a profundados y de menor cantidad; aún más escasos son estudios que relacionan los conceptos de inteligencia competitiva, emprendimiento, pequeña empresa. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar la existencia de una laguna de conocimiento que envuelve los temas antes mencionados. La metodología utilizada es de revisión bibliográfica; para la colecta de datos se definió 3 términos clave, en inglés, para aplicarlos en 3 bases de datos; el análisis y visualización de la relación entre las palabras claves a través de mapas bibliométricos bidimensionales se realizó mediante el software VOSviewer. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un total de 170 artículos producto de las diversas conjunciones de las palabras clave, 84 en Scopus, 80 en Web Of Science y 6 en Scielo, sin excluir los artículos replicados; en cuanto a la relación de las palabras claven en em mapa bibliométrico, muestra que el termino de IC se relacione con muchos otros temas, ya sean en español, como en inglés. Finalmente, se concluyó que no existe ninguna investigación entre los años 2011 y 2021 las 3 bases de datos seleccionadas que relacione a la inteligencia competitiva, emprendimientos y pequeñas empresas; difiere en 33 artículos las investigaciones con los tópicos de IC y emprendimientos, con los de tópicos sobre IC y micro empresas; por lo tanto, claramente puede ser visto la existencia de laguna de conocimiento de nuestros temas clave.

Abstract Competitive Intelligence (CI) studies in recent years develop concepts and applicability in large companies and/or governments; while studies of entrepreneurships and/or small companies are little to deep and of less quantity; Even more scarce are studies that relate the concepts of competitive intelligence, entrepreneurship, and small business. This research aims to demonstrate the existence of a knowledge gap that involves the aforementioned issues. The methodology used is a bibliographic review; For the data collection, 3 key terms were defined, in English, to apply them in 3 databases; the analysis and visualization of the relationship between the keywords through two-dimensional bibliometric maps was carried out using the VOSviewer software. The results obtained show a total of 170 articles resulting from the various conjunctions of the keywords, 84 in Scopus, 80 in Web Of Science and 6 in Scielo, without excluding replicated articles; As for the relationship of the keywords in the bibliometric map, it shows that the IC term is related to many other topics, whether in Spanish or in English. Finally, it was concluded that there is no research between the years 2011-2021 in the 3 selected databases that relates to competitive intelligence, entrepreneurship and small companies; 33 articles differ in research with the topics of CI and entrepreneurship, with those of topics on CI and micro-enterprises; therefore, the existence of a knowledge gap of our key issues can clearly be seen.

RESUMEN La importancia de la estructura de capital radica en la correcta combinación de recursos propios y de terceros que logran potenciar y maximizar el valor de la empresa (Pesce et al., 2015), por ello este articulo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis a los ratios de financiamiento y rentabilidad y su influencia en la estructura de capital de las microempresas constructoras de la ciudad de Loja en el periodo 2019-2021. Se realiza un análisis cuantitativo, descriptivo y correlacional, aplicando la regresión lineal como técnica estadística, la misma que permite determinar la relación entre la variable dependiente estructura de capital y las variables independientes financiamiento y rentabilidad. La muestra objeto de estudio se determinó en 387 Microempresas del sector de la construcción de la ciudad de Loja, cuya información es extraída de la base de datos de la Superintendencia de Compañías Valores y Seguros. Como resultado se obtuvo que este sector se ha desarrollado mediante el acceso a préstamo del Sistema Financiero para el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones, no existe relación lineal directa entre la estructura de Capital y las variables financiamiento y rentabilidad en este periodo de análisis. Se espera que con esta investigación se procese información para la toma de decisiones para futuros emprendedores.

ABSTRACT The importance of the capital structure lies in the correct combination of own and third-party resources that manage to enhance and maximize the value of the company, so this research aims to perform an Analysis of the financing and profitability ratios and their influence on the capital structure of the construction microenterprises of the city of Loja in the period 2019-2021, A quantitative, descriptive and correlational analysis is performed, applying linear regression as a statistical technique, which allows determining the relationship between the dependent variable capital structure and the independent variables financing and profitability. The sample under study was determined in 387 Microenterprises of the construction sector of the city of Loja, whose information is extracted from the database of the Superintendence of Securities and Insurance Companies. As a result, it was obtained that this sector has developed through access to loans from the Financial System for the fulfillment of its obligations, there is no direct linear relationship between the Capital structure and the financing and profitability variables in this period of analysis. It is expected that this research will process information for decision making for future entrepreneurs.

RESUMEN La pandemia de COVID- 19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en las Micro, Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas de Ecuador. El gobierno ecuatoriano ha implementado diversas medidas de apoyo, sin embargo, la recuperación plena requiere un tiempo considerable y el fortalecimiento de las políticas de apoyo empresarial. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el impacto de las medidas económicas y sociales gubernamentales en la gestión financiera de las microempresas ecuatorianas. Se utiliza la revisión bibliográfica y documental, que sirve de base para fundamentar el análisis FODA de estas organizaciones, además de entrevistas para la recolección de datos. Se realiza un diagnóstico de la problemática que permite elaborar la matriz FODA, plantear herramientas estratégicas de gestión financiera así como proponer objetivos estratégicos como una contribución al logro de la recuperación de las microempresas en el Ecuador.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Ecuador. The Ecuadorian government has implemented various support measures, however, full recovery requires considerable time and the strengthening of business support policies. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of government economic and social measures on the financial management of Ecuadorian microenterprises. The bibliographic and documentary review is used, which serves as a basis to base the SWOT analysis of these organizations, in addition to interviews for data collection. A diagnosis of the problem is carried out that allows the SWOT matrix to be developed, strategic financial management tools to be proposed, as well as strategic objectives to be proposed as a contribution to achieving the recovery of microenterprises in Ecuador.

Abstract: This study analyzes the effects of customer management and operations/logistics management with suppliers on the profitability of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) during the COVID-19 health crisis in Costa Rica. The researchers collected data between February and May 2021 and used a multinomial regression model to test their theoretical model. The results indicate that higher perceived problems in customer-firm relationships and operations/logistics management significantly impact the profitability of MSMEs. Notably, small and medium enterprises are more affected in terms of profitability than microenterprises when facing more significant issues in customer management. The study underscores the importance of enhancing operational capacity during crises and highlights the need for managers to acquire new competencies to face future adverse scenarios.

Abstract: Customer Satisfaction, Innovation, and Product Quality are a cornerstone for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) seeking growth, competitiveness, and long-term sustainability. This research explores the complexities of how Customer Satisfaction, Innovation, and Product Quality impact the performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) within the vibrant Iberoamerican business environment. Utilizing a quantitative methodology, the study examines the interplay between Customer Satisfaction, Innovation, and Product Quality and their collective effect on the operational success of MSMEs in the Iberoamerican region. An index derived from self-reported data was employed to gauge MSME performance, drawing upon a comprehensive survey of 9,300 Iberoamerican MSMEs. Our findings reveal factors such as company origin, size, and age significantly impact the level of innovation achievable by MSMEs; also, innovation has generated resilience in some local sectors for one of the analyzed countries, Colombia. Notably, younger, medium-sized companies exhibit a propensity for higher innovation than older firms and micro-enterprises. The study's implications for theory and practice extend to policymakers, business owners, and stakeholders invested in fostering MSME growth and development.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the scope and importance of the value chain applied to gastronomic microbusinesses in the Estado de México to identify the elements that lead to a competitive advantage. Methodology: Exploratory, ethnographic and analytical, derived from field work on site and a workshop seminar. Results: The relevance and usefulness of the model applied to small businesses in the service sector was verified. Aspects of shared value and differentiation were identified. Limitations: due to the qualitative nature of the research, the analyzed ventures are unique, so the results are not generalizable. Conclusions: The model is relevant and has a positive impact on this type of business due to the use of regional gastronomic heritage as an element of differentiation compared to the rest of the current offer, such as ultra-processed food. Contextualized indicators are required for the efficient management of these ecosystems. Shared value gives evidence of the decisions’ importance to make resources efficient and ensure permanence in the markets.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar los alcances y la importancia de la cadena de valor aplicada a los micronegocios gastronómicos en el Estado de México para saber cuáles son los elementos que dan ventaja competitiva. Metodología: exploratoria, etnográfica y analítica, derivada del trabajo de campo in situ y de un seminario taller. Resultados: se comprobó la pertinencia y la utilidad del modelo aplicado a pequeños emprendimientos del sector de servicios. Se observaron valores compartidos y diferencias. Limitaciones: debido al carácter cualitativo del trabajo, los emprendimientos que se analizaron son singulares, por lo que los resultados no son generalizables. Conclusiones: el modelo es pertinente y de incidencia positiva en este tipo de negocios, debido al aprovechamiento del patrimonio gastronómico regional como elemento diferenciador del resto de la oferta actual, como la comida ultraprocesada. Se requieren indicadores contextualizados para la gestión eficiente de esos ecosistemas. El valor compartido demuestra la importancia de las decisiones para hacer eficientes los recursos y asegurar la permanencia en los mercados.

ABSTRACT: The feasibility of enhancing oat cereal bars, widely recognized for their health benefits, was investigated by replacing up to 5% oats with whole seed, almond, or steam-cooked pinhão husk flour. Pinhão contributes with resistant starch, antioxidant compounds, and minerals. The control oat bar (30.5% of the mixture), without pinhão flours but containing brown sugar (25.5%), raisins (15.0%), glucose (15.0%), coconut oil (3.0%), gelatin (0.5%), and water (10.0%), provides 75.53 kcal, with 15.66% carbohydrates (on a dry basis), 2.88% insoluble fiber, 0.70% soluble fiber, 1.82% protein, 0.62% lipids, and 0.32% minerals. Bars replacing up to 5% of oats with almond, husk, or whole seed flour showed statistically similar compositions, except for lipids, few minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Concerning daily recommendations, a 22 g bar offers low energy (3.78%, Brasil, 1998) and proportionally high mineral content, including potassium (34.64%), zinc (81.58%), magnesium (108.55%), iron (421.18%), copper (192.98%), calcium (395.13%), and manganese (1,027.00%). Additionally, they exhibit a significant content of total phenolic compounds (8.66 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (24.43 mg Trolox/g). These innovative bars were well-received in sensory evaluations and demonstrated good commercial potential. Notably, a bar that replaced 5% oats with husk flour could be a viable option for microenterprises due to simplified technology, contributing to waste valorization and encouraging the preservation of the Araucaria Forest. ABSTRACT benefits 5 almond steamcooked steam cooked starch minerals 30.5% 305 30 (30.5 mixture, mixture , mixture) 25.5%, 255 25.5% 25 (25.5%) 15.0%, 150 15.0% 15 0 (15.0%) 3.0%, 3.0% 3 (3.0%) 0.5%, 05 0.5% (0.5%) 10.0%, 100 10.0% 10 (10.0%) 7553 75 53 75.5 kcal 1566 66 15.66 on basis, basis basis) 288 2 88 2.88 fiber 070 70 0.70 182 1 82 1.82 protein 062 62 0.62 lipids 032 32 0.32 compositions activity recommendations 3.78%, 378 78 (3.78% Brasil 1998 34.64%, 3464 34.64% 34 64 (34.64%) 81.58%, 8158 81.58% 81 58 (81.58%) 108.55%, 10855 108.55% 108 55 (108.55%) 421.18%, 42118 421.18% 421 18 (421.18%) 192.98%, 19298 192.98% 192 98 (192.98%) 395.13%, 39513 395.13% 395 13 (395.13%) 1,027.00%. 102700 1,027.00% . 027 00 (1,027.00%) Additionally 8.66 866 8 (8.6 GAE/g GAEg GAE 24.43 2443 24 43 (24.4 Trolox/g. Troloxg Trolox/g Trolox Trolox/g) wellreceived well received potential Notably technology Forest 30.5 (30. 25.5 (25.5% 15.0 (15.0% 3.0 (3.0% 0.5 (0.5% 10.0 (10.0% 755 7 75. 156 6 15.6 28 2.8 07 0.7 1.8 06 0.6 03 0.3 3.78% 37 (3.78 199 346 34.64 (34.64% 815 81.58 (81.58% 1085 108.55 (108.55% 4211 421.18 42 (421.18% 1929 192.98 19 9 (192.98% 3951 395.13 39 (395.13% 10270 1,027.00 02 (1,027.00% 8.6 86 (8. 24.4 244 4 (24. 30. (30 25. (25.5 15. (15.0 3. (3.0 0. (0.5 10. (10.0 2. 1. 3.78 (3.7 34.6 (34.64 81.5 (81.58 108.5 (108.55 421.1 (421.18 192.9 (192.98 395.1 (395.13 1027 1,027.0 (1,027.00 8. (8 24. (24 (3 (25. (15. (3. (0. (10. 3.7 34. (34.6 81. (81.5 108. (108.5 421. (421.1 192. (192.9 395. (395.1 102 1,027. (1,027.0 ( (2 (25 (15 (0 (10 (34. (81. (108. (421. (192. (395. 1,027 (1,027. (1 (34 (81 (108 (421 (192 (395 1,02 (1,027 (42 (19 (39 1,0 (1,02 (4 1, (1,0 (1,

RESUMO: A viabilidade de aprimorar barras de cereal de aveia, produtos amplamente reconhecidos por seus benefícios à saúde, foi investigada pela substituição até 5% da aveia por farinha de semente inteira, da amêndoa ou da casca do pinhão cozido a vapor. O pinhão pode contribuir com amido resistente, compostos antioxidantes e minerais. A barra controle de aveia (30,5% da mistura), sem farinhas de pinhão, contendo açúcar mascavo (25,5%), passas (15,0%), glicose (15,0%), óleo de coco (3,0%), gelatina (0,5%) e água (10,0%) disponibiliza 75,53 kcal, com 15,66% de carboidratos (base seca), 2,88% de fibras insolúveis, 0,70% de fibras solúveis, 1,82% de proteínas, 0,62% de lipídios e 0,32% de minerais. Barras substituindo até 5% de aveia por farinha de amêndoa, casca ou semente integral apresentaram geralmente composição estatisticamente similar, exceto para lipídeos, alguns minerais, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante. Quanto a demanda diária, uma barra de 22g fornece baixa energia (3,78%) e proporcionalmente altos teores de minerais, como potássio (34,64%), zinco (81,58%), magnésio (108,55%), ferro (421,18%), cobre (192,98%), cálcio (395,13%) e manganês (1.027,00%). Além disso, essa barra exibe conteúdo relevante de compostos fenólicos totais (8,66 mg GAE/g) e capacidade antioxidante (24,43 mg Trolox/g). Essas barras inovadoras foram bem-aceitas sensorialmente e mostraram bom potencial comercial. Notavelmente, uma barra que substituiu 5% da aveia por farinha de casca pode ser uma opção viável para microempresas devido a tecnologia simplificada, contribuindo para a valorização deste resíduo e incentivando a preservação da Floresta com Araucárias. RESUMO saúde 5 inteira vapor resistente minerais 30,5% 305 30 (30,5 mistura, mistura , mistura) 25,5%, 255 25,5% 25 (25,5%) 15,0%, 150 15,0% 15 0 (15,0%) 3,0%, 3,0% 3 (3,0%) 0,5% 05 (0,5% 10,0% 100 10 (10,0% 7553 75 53 75,5 kcal 1566 66 15,66 base seca, seca seca) 288 2 88 2,88 insolúveis 070 70 0,70 solúveis 182 1 82 1,82 proteínas 062 62 0,62 032 32 0,32 similar lipídeos diária g 3,78% 378 78 (3,78% 34,64%, 3464 34,64% 34 64 (34,64%) 81,58%, 8158 81,58% 81 58 (81,58%) 108,55%, 10855 108,55% 108 55 (108,55%) 421,18%, 42118 421,18% 421 18 (421,18%) 192,98%, 19298 192,98% 192 98 (192,98%) 395,13% 39513 395 13 (395,13% 1.027,00%. 102700 1.027,00% . 027 00 (1.027,00%) disso 8,66 866 8 (8,6 GAE/g GAEg GAE 24,43 2443 24 43 (24,4 Trolox/g. Troloxg Trolox/g Trolox Trolox/g) bemaceitas bem aceitas comercial Notavelmente simplificada Araucárias 30,5 (30, 25,5 (25,5% 15,0 (15,0% 3,0 (3,0% 0,5 (0,5 10,0 (10,0 755 7 75, 156 6 15,6 28 2,8 07 0,7 1,8 06 0,6 03 0,3 3,78 37 (3,78 346 34,64 (34,64% 815 81,58 (81,58% 1085 108,55 (108,55% 4211 421,18 42 (421,18% 1929 192,98 19 9 (192,98% 395,13 3951 39 (395,13 10270 1.027,00 02 (1.027,00% 8,6 86 (8, 24,4 244 4 (24, 30, (30 25, (25,5 15, (15,0 3, (3,0 0, (0, 10, (10, 2, 1, 3,7 (3,7 34,6 (34,64 81,5 (81,58 108,5 (108,55 421,1 (421,18 192,9 (192,98 395,1 (395,1 1027 1.027,0 (1.027,00 8, (8 24, (24 (3 (25, (15, (3, (0 (10 34, (34,6 81, (81,5 108, (108,5 421, (421,1 192, (192,9 395, (395, 102 1.027, (1.027,0 ( (2 (25 (15 (1 (34, (81, (108, (421, (192, (395 1.027 (1.027, (34 (81 (108 (421 (192 (39 1.02 (1.027 (42 (19 1.0 (1.02 (4 1. (1.0 (1.

BACKGROUND: Since the onset of the global pandemic, unemployment has increased to new levels. As a consequence, the need to stimulate economic growth through the development of the micro-enterprise sector has become a central vehicle to decrease unemployment and stimulate economic growth. The problem, however, is that despite the potential benefits of digitisation, the micro-enterprise sector has been unable to effectively integrate information and communication technologies (ICTs) into the fabric of their operations OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence the adoption and use of mobile applications for micro-enterprise operations in South Africa METHOD: A quantitative methodology using a survey design was used to collect data from a sample of entrepreneurs, with 221 responses RESULTS: Performance expectancy (PE) and effort expectancy (EE) positively influence the micro-entrepreneurs' behavioural intention (BI) to adopt and use mobile applications, while social influence (SI) has no impact on the same. Facilitating conditions (FC) and BI are the strongest determinants of mobile application adoption and use for micro-enterprise operations CONCLUSION: All the constructs of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model showed a satisfactory level of reliability and discriminant validity, which was confirmed by testing the measurement model against two competing models. The UTAUT model is a good predictor of the intention to adopt and use mobile applications for micro-enterprise operations CONTRIBUTION: The findings provide parameters to develop a focussed strategy to catalyse the adoption and subsequent use of mobile applications among micro-entrepreneurs. It further informs initiatives to close the gap of a known reluctance in using technology among micro-enterprises