ABSTRACT Desertification is the degradation process caused by climatic conditions and human activities that results in loss of soil productivity and decline in vegetation growth in the long term. Several indices related to vegetation, soil and climate are used to monitor desertification, but few studies explore qualitative and quantitative aspects of indices on desertification on spatial and hierarchical scale. This study aims to identify and measure indices related to increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales using multinomial logistic regression models. Images from TM, ETM+ and OLI sensor from 1997 to 2018 in the end of dry and rainy seasons were used to quantify NDVI, TGSI, albedo, temperature, aridity index, evapotranspiration and precipitation on global spatial scale (Irauçuba Centro Norte) and local spatial scale (Miraíma, Canindé, Irauçuba and Santa Quitéria). GISD was calculated by geometric mean of weighted indices and segmented into 8 classes of susceptibility to desertification (hierarchical scale). The results showed that the best models were obtained on local scale and for the end of the rainy season. Temperature proved to be the most important variable for increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales. Therefore, the increase in the risk of desertification in the studied areas is due to human activities of deforestation, overgrazing and fire. These factors contributed to reduction of vegetation cover and increase in temperature, changing the microclimatic, which led to decline in precipitation and worsening of desertification. term TM ETM 199 201 NDVI TGSI albedo temperature index Norte Miraíma, Miraíma (Miraíma Canindé Quitéria. Quitéria . Quitéria) scale) season Therefore deforestation fire microclimatic 19 20 1 2

Abstract Background: Agricultural management modifies the microclimate in the cultivated area, improving the physiology and productivity of plants. Questions: How does the microclimate, physiology and productivity of maize vary in a monoculture (M) and a milpa (polyculture, MFC) in shallow and deep soils of Yucatan? Study species: Zea mays L. Study site and date: Yucatán, Mexico; 2022 Methods: Air and soil temperature, water vapor pressure deficit, dew formation and volumetric soil water content (CVA); CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency, chlorophyll content (CC), quantum efficiency, electron transport rate and non-photochemical dissipation in maize plants were measured at 40 and 75 days after planting, in milpas and monocultures in Peto (shallow soil with high stoniness) and Mama (deeper soils with low stoniness), Yucatán. Results: The soil temperature was up to 5 °C higher in Peto and 2 °C in Mama in M compared to MFC, where soil water was also up to 22 % higher than in M. Maize plants in Mama showed higher A and E than those of Peto; the plants in MFC in Peto had higher A, E and gs than those of M; the opposite was observed in Mama. The CRA and CC were higher in MFC plants in Peto. Conclusions: The microclimatic modification associated with the polyculture, and its effect on maize was related to the soil: the Milpa was more productive on stony soils and monoculture in deep soils. The CVA was higher in MFC.

Resumen Antecedentes: El manejo agrícola modifica el microclima en el área de cultivo, afectando la fisiología y productividad de las plantas. Preguntas: ¿Cómo varía el microclima, fisiología y productividad del maíz en un monocultivo (M) y una milpa (policultivo, MFC) en suelos profundo y superficial de Yucatán? Especie de estudio: Zea mays L. Sitio de estudio: Yucatán, México; 2022 Métodos: Se midió temperatura del aire y suelo, déficit de presión de vapor, formación de rocío y contenido volumétrico de agua en suelo (CVA); asimilación de CO2 (A), transpiración (E), conductancia estomática (gs), eficiencia en el uso del agua, contenido de clorofila (CC), eficiencia cuántica, tasa de transporte de electrones y disipación no fotoquímica en plantas de maíz a 40 y 75 días después de la siembra, en milpas y monocultivos en Peto (suelo superficial, alta pedregosidad) y Mama (suelo más profundo, baja pedregosidad), Yucatán. Resultados: La temperatura del suelo fue hasta 5 °C mayor en Peto y 2 °C en Mama en M respecto a MFC, que registró hasta 22 % mayor CVA que M. El maíz en Mama presentó mayor A y E que en Peto; las plantas en MFC en Peto tuvieron mayor A, E y gs que las de M; en Mama fue lo contrario. El CRA y CC fue mayor en plantas de MFC en Peto. Conclusiones: La modificación microclimática y su efecto sobre el maíz dependió del suelo: MFC fue más productiva en suelos superficiales, mientras M en suelos profundos. El CVA fue mayor en MFC.

Abstract The cultivation of coffee in agroecosystems atypical for this species affects its growth due to the effect of climate, mainly temperature and solar radiation. In 2021, variations in the microclimate, functional traits, and phenotypic plasticity of the coffee tree were studied in two altitudinal gradients of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Plant height, stem diameter, length of orthotropic internodes, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, total nodes per plant, leaves per plant, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were recorded in two shaded coffee plantations located at 600 and 1 000 masl. Diurnal variations in photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and leaves per plant were greater at 1 000 masl due to the greater amount of shade existing in the coffee plantation located at 600 masl. The photosynthetically active and incident radiation at both altitudes was below the points of light compensation and saturation reported for this crop, while air temperature, leaves per plant, and RH were outside the recommended range for the coffee tree. Stem diameter, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were higher in coffee trees grown at 1 000 masl. It is concluded that the Costa Rica 95 variety showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the altitudinal gradient reflected in increases in the relative distance plasticity index of stem diameter and specific leaf mass.

Resumen El cultivo de café en agroecosistemas atípicos para esta especie afecta su crecimiento debido al efecto del clima, principalmente la temperatura y la radiación solar. En el año 2021, se estudiaron las variaciones en el microclima, los rasgos funcionales y plasticidad fenotípica del cafeto en dos gradientes altitudinales de la región Frailesca, Chiapas. En dos cafetales bajo sombra, situados a 600 y 1 000 msnm, se registraron la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de entrenudos ortotrópicos, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, nudos totales por planta, hojas por planta, masa foliar específica y área foliar específica. Se registraron las variaciones diurnas de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Tanto la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, como la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta fueron mayores a 1 000 msnm debido la mayor cantidad de sombra existente en el cafetal situado a 600 msnm. La radiación fotosintéticamente activa e incidente en ambas altitudes estuvo por debajo de los puntos de compensación y saturación luminosa reportados para este cultivo, mientras que la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta HR estuvieron fuera del rango recomendado para el cafeto. El diámetro del tallo, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, la masa foliar específica y el área foliar específica, fueron mayores en los cafetos crecidos a 1 000 msnm. Se concluye que la variedad Costa Rica 95, mostró plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta a la gradiente altitudinal reflejada en incrementos en el índice de plasticidad de distancias relativas del diámetro del tallo y la masa foliar específica.

ABSTRACT A sunken solar greenhouse is a unique structure used in China that has good thermal performance and a low cost. To explore the thermal environment and the marginal effect area under the trellis membrane in a sunken solar greenhouse, daytime heat absorption and nighttime exothermic models of the greenhouse were established based on existing theories and hypotheses. An experimental study of the three-dimensional thermal environment of a solar greenhouse was also conducted in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province. The daytime heat absorption model described how the internal thermal environment of the greenhouse changes in three dimensions, while the nighttime model calculated the amount of heat released at night. The results showed that the rate of change in the maximum temperature difference along the height direction in the greenhouse was 13 times that along the vertical direction, and three times that along the horizontal direction. We also observed that the marginal effect area under the membrane varied over time and by month. The minimum value of the marginal effect area occurred at the middle cross-section, spanning the middle position of the greenhouse, and the maximum height was 2.7 m. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance and experimental data for the thermal environment of greenhouses of the same type in the Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province, thus providing a basis for environmental regulation and low-temperature margins in greenhouses. cost hypotheses threedimensional dimensional Province dimensions night 1 month crosssection, crosssection cross section, section cross-section 27 2 7 2. m lowtemperature

ABSTRACT The plastic film materials are a widely used agricultural means of production. Recently, two types of new agricultural film mulches are developed and are used popularly. They are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) film mulches. The transmittances of film mulches are related to thermal reservation and plant photosynthesis. We experimentally measure transmittances of several EVA and PO film mulches under different wavelengths. We also find that the transmittances of mulches vary with light intensity change at one wavelength. The variable transmittances for these mulches are also measured in experiments. These data measured can provides help for agricultural production and accurate numerical simulation for the establishment microclimate of plastic greenhouse, even the degradation of plastic films. Recently popularly ethylenevinyl ethylene vinyl (EVA (PO photosynthesis wavelengths wavelength experiments greenhouse films

ABSTRACT Edge effects are changes in vegetation, microclimate conditions and soil in transition bands between the edge and interior of the forest. The objective of this study was to verify for how many meters it is possible to perceive structural floristic variations caused by the Edge Effect by analyzing the tree and regenerative strata of four seasonal semi-deciduous forests located in the Cerrado Biome, Brazil. Samples were taken from four fragments of semi-deciduous forests in the Cerrado and analyzed by dendrograms and regressions for structural parameters that could distinguish edge and interior regions. In the Bray-Curtis Index and in the Sørensen Coefficient, for the tree stratum, the fragments presented groups with plots close to 40 meters from the edge. For the regenerative stratum the groups were more difficult to distinguish, even with a tendency to floristic dissimilarity of 15 to 20 meters. The groups were statistically confirmed by the Similarity Analysis (ANOSIM). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) can relate the species according to their contribution to the division into groups and to the areas of greatest interest. In the analysis of the structural data, the relationships between the number of trees, species and basal area as a function of the edge were not proven. Similarity analyzes distinguished the interior from the edge and measured the distance covered in the studied fragments, demonstrating that the composition of the first 40 meters of forest can be considered edges. vegetation semideciduous semi deciduous Biome Brazil regions BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Coefficient 4 1 2 ANOSIM. ANOSIM . (ANOSIM) SIMPER (SIMPER interest data trees proven edges (ANOSIM

RESUMO Os Efeitos de Borda são modificações na vegetação, nas condições microclimáticas e no solo na transição entre o meio exterior e o interior da floresta. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar até quantos metros é perceptível variações florístico estruturais ocasionadas pelo Efeito de Borda, analisando-se o estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de quatro fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizados no bioma Cerrado. A partir da amostragem realizada nestes quatro fragmentos, foram analisadas, por meio de dendrogramas e regressões, se os parâmetros estruturais podem distinguir regiões de borda e de interior. Para o estrato arbóreo, nos dendrogramas de similaridade (Bray-Curtis e Sørensen), os fragmentos apresentaram grupos com parcelas semelhantes até os 40 metros de borda. Para o estrato regenerativo, os grupos foram mais difíceis em distinguir, mesmo com tendência, a dissimilaridade florística de 15 a 20 m. A partir da Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), os grupos foram confirmados estatisticamente. A porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER) pode relacionar as espécies em função da sua contribuição para a divisão dos grupos e para as áreas de maior interesse. Nas análises dos dados estruturais, não foram comprovadas as relações do n° de árvores, espécies e área basal em função da borda. As análises de similaridade foram capazes de distinguir o interior da borda e mensurar a distância percorrida nos fragmentos estudados, demonstrando que a composição dos primeiros 40 m de floresta pode ser considerada borda. vegetação analisandose analisando Cerrado analisadas regressões BrayCurtis Bray Curtis Sørensen, Sørensen , Sørensen) 4 tendência 1 2 ANOSIM, ANOSIM (ANOSIM) estatisticamente SIMPER (SIMPER interesse n árvores estudados (ANOSIM

ABSTRACT. Agroforestry systems may show low CO2 efflux, and CO2 efflux contributes to sustainability. This work aimed to evaluate the soil CO2 efflux in coffee plantations cultivated in agroforestry and full-sun systems during the winter in high-altitude tropical climate regions. The work was carried out at three family farms (RO, GI, and PA) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two treatments were established: coffee with and without trees, and 20 sampling spots for soil and gases. The air and soil temperatures in the agroforestry systems were lower than in the full-sun systems. The soil moisture content in agroforestry systems was higher than full-sun only on the GI. Except for the agroforestry systems in PA, all the other systems showed an increase in CO2 efflux with increasing soil moisture. This increase was more pronounced in agroforestry systems (RO), followed by full sun (RO). On the GI farm, this correlation was lower in the agroforestry system. Soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with total nitrogen, labile carbon and total organic carbon. Therefore, despite the microclimate stability promoted by the agroforestry systems in the winter, no decrease in the soil CO2 efflux was observed when compared to full sun systems. ABSTRACT CO sustainability fullsun highaltitude high altitude regions RO, RO (RO PA Gerais Brazil established trees 2 gases , (RO) RO. . farm system nitrogen Therefore

Resumen Se evalúa la influencia del microclima del entorno físico en el comportamiento termo-energético residencial. Se consideran tres entornos próximos dentro del Gran Corrientes: urbano densificado, suburbano desmontado, y suburbano con monte nativo. Se registran, mediante sensores externos, los datos de Temperatura y Humedad Relativa durante el período estival más caluroso del 2022. Se simula, para estos tres entornos, el comportamiento termo-energético de una vivienda mediante EnergyPlus, manteniendo inalterables: su morfología/orientación, tecnología constructiva, factor de uso y sistema de climatización. Los resultados demuestran mayor consumo energético con mayor porcentaje de disconfort higro-térmico residencial en un entorno urbano densificado, seguido por el suburbano desmontado, revelando mejores condiciones en el entorno con monte nativo. Se evidencia el efecto mitigador de la vegetación sobre el microclima del entorno físico, que repercute positivamente en el comportamiento termo-energético de la vivienda. Se señala la necesidad de conservar el monte en el diseño de nuevas urbanizaciones.

Abstract The influence of the microclimate of the physical environment on residential thermo-energetic performance is evaluated. Three nearby environments are considered in Grran Corrientes: densified urban, cleared suburban, and suburban with native forest. Temperature and Relative Humidity data are recorded by external sensors during the hottest 2022 summer period. For these three environments, the thermo-energetic performance of a house is simulated by EnergyPlus, keeping unchanged: its morphology/orientation, construction technology, use factor and air conditioning system. The results show a higher energy consumption with a higher percentage of residential hygro-thermal discomfort in a densified urban environment, followed by the cleared suburban, revealing better conditions in the presence of native vegetation. The mitigating effect of the vegetation on the microclimate of the physical environment is evident, which has a positive impact on the thermo-energetic performance of the house. The need to conserve the native forest in the design of new developments is pointed out.

Resumo Avalia-se a influência do microclima do ambiente físico no comportamento termo-energético residencial. Três ambientes próximos são considerados dentro do Gran Corrientes: urbano adensado, suburbano desmatado e suburbano com floresta nativa. Os dados de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa são registrados através de sensores externos durante o período mais quente do verão de 2022. O comportamento termo-energético de uma casa é simulado para esses três ambientes usando o EnergyPlus, mantendo inalterados: a sua morfologia/orientação, tecnologia construtiva, fator de uso e sistema de ar condicionado. Os resultados demostram maior consumo de energia com maior percentual de desconforto higrotérmico residencial em ambiente urbano adensado, seguido do suburbano desmatado, revelando melhores condições no ambiente com floresta nativa. Evidencia-se o efeito atenuante da vegetação no microclima do ambiente físico, o que tem um impacto positivo no comportamento termo-energético da moradia. Aponta-se a necessidade de conservação da floresta no desenho de novas urbanizações.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess how microclimate variables and irrigation affect the growth of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted using the VAT90-212 cultivar in the Semi-arid region of Brazil. The microclimate was monitored and by quantifying the irrigation depth. Nine campaigns were carried out in the field to collect morphological and biomass data. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics, so as to generate the mean values and/or sum between the campaigns. Using the correlation coefficient, the extent, sign and significance of the relationship between the response and explanatory variables were evaluated. The direct or indirect effects of the explanatory variables on the response variables were identified by path analysis. There was a significant correlation between microclimate variables and the morphological and biomass variables of the sugarcane, with a strong contribution from the intercepted fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation, the wind speed and soil temperature. The negative correlation with irrigation suggests that excess water impaired the growth dynamics of the crop. It is concluded that the growth of sugarcane is closely related to its capacity to intercept radiation, to the wind, thermal regime of the soil and irrigation management. VAT90212 VAT VAT90 212 VAT90-21 Semiarid Semi arid Brazil depth statistics andor coefficient extent evaluated analysis radiation temperature crop management VAT9021 VAT9 21 VAT90-2 VAT902 2 VAT90-

ABSTRACT Sowing arrangements composed of double-row spacing in corn can favor the interception of solar radiation by the canopy and, consequently, the yield performance of the crop. However, it is possible that the microclimate provided by this spacing, especially at high plant densities, favors the occurrence of leaf diseases. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of 0.45 m and double-row spacing arrangements on the severity of foliar diseases and yield performance of corn grown in the first and second-crop seasons. Two independent experiments were conducted (with and without the fungicide fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin) in the first and second-crop seasons in a randomized block design arranged in a split-plot scheme with four repetitions. The plots consisted of spacing (0.45 m) and double-row (0.30 × 0.60 m), and the subplots, four plant densities (59,200, 74,000, 81,400, and 96,200 plants ha-1). In the plant density factor, in the second-crop season, there is a decrease in the severity of white spot as plant density is increased. Also, for the plant density factor, in the first-crop season, there may be a significant yield increase as the plant density is increased. doublerow double row consequently crop However Thus 045 0 45 0.4 secondcrop second pyraclostrobin splitplot split plot repetitions (0.4 0.30 030 30 (0.3 060 60 0.6 m, , subplots 59,200, 59200 59 200 (59,200 74000 74 000 74,000 81400 81 400 81,400 96200 96 96,20 ha1. ha1 ha 1 . ha-1) factor season increased Also firstcrop 04 4 0. (0. 0.3 03 3 06 6 59,200 5920 5 20 (59,20 7400 7 00 74,00 8140 8 40 81,40 9620 9 96,2 ha-1 (0 59,20 592 2 (59,2 740 74,0 814 81,4 962 96, ha- ( 59,2 (59, 74, 81, 59, (59 (5

RESUMO Arranjos de plantas compostos pelo espaçamento fileira dupla no milho podem favorecer a interceptação da radiação solar pelo dossel e, consequentemente, o desempenho produtivo da lavoura. Entretanto, é possível que o microclima proporcionado por este espaçamento, sobretudo em altas densidades de plantas, favoreça a ocorrência de doenças foliares. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de arranjos compostos pelos espaçamentos de 0,45 m e fileira dupla sobre a severidade de doenças foliares e o desempenho produtivo do milho cultivado em 1a e 2a safra. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos independentes (com e sem o fungicida fluxapiroxade + piraclostrobina) na 1a e 2a safra, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas consistiram nos espaçamentos (0,45 m) e fileira dupla (0,30 × 0,60 m), e as subparcelas, quatro densidades de plantas (59.200, 74.000, 81.400 e 96.200 plantas ha-1). No fator densidade de plantas, na 2a safra, há decréscimo na severidade da mancha branca conforme adensamento de plantas. Ainda, também para o fator densidade, na 1a safra, pode haver incremento significativo na produtividade em função do adensamento de plantas. consequentemente lavoura Entretanto Assim objetivouse objetivou se 045 0 45 0,4 safra piraclostrobina subdivididas repetições (0,4 0,30 030 30 (0,3 060 60 0,6 m, , subparcelas 59.200, 59200 59 200 (59.200 74000 74 000 74.000 81400 81 400 81.40 96200 96 96.20 ha1. ha1 ha 1 . ha-1) Ainda 04 4 0, (0, 0,3 03 3 06 6 59.200 5920 5 20 (59.20 7400 7 00 74.00 8140 8 40 81.4 9620 9 96.2 ha-1 (0 59.20 592 2 (59.2 740 74.0 814 81. 962 96. ha- ( 59.2 (59. 74. 59. (59 (5

Resumo Objetivo da Investigação: A elevada densidade construtiva, entendida muitas vezes como prejudicial ao alcance da qualidade ambiental urbana, pode corresponder a diferentes composições morfológicas de conjuntos edificados. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação do desempenho climático de tecidos urbanos determinados por diferentes densidades construtivas e padrões morfológicos, a partir da correlação com parâmetros urbanísticos tradicionais e avançados. Metodologia: Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram: a) simulação computacional para análise preditiva de desempenho climático de cenários hipotéticos através do modelo ENVI-met; b) análise estatística para verificação do grau de correlação entre as variáveis ambientais e as variáveis de morfologia urbana. Foram analisados os dados de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e velocidade dos ventos de cenários e de tecidos urbanos presentes, atualmente, na cidade de Arapiraca-AL, localizada no semiárido do nordeste brasileiro. Resultados: Foi verificada a correlação negativa entre o comportamento da temperatura máxima do ar (variável dependente) e os parâmetros urbanísticos avançados como porosidade da malha e o índice de densidade arbórea (variáveis independentes), através de coeficiente de correlação com valores absolutos acima de 0,7. Originalidade/Valor: O estudo permitiu constatar a influência dos padrões morfológicos no desempenho climático de tecidos urbanos. Os resultados indicam que parâmetros urbanísticos avançados podem ser explorados para otimizar o aproveitamento de estratégias bioclimáticas no ambiente urbano.

Abstract Research Purpose: High urban density, often considered as harmful for the urban climate, may correspond to different morphologies of urban structures. The objective of this study is a predictive evaluation of the climatic performance of urban fabrics, presenting different densities and morphological patterns, based on the correlation of traditional and advanced urban planning parameters. Methodology: The methodological procedures were: a) computer simulation for predictive analysis of climate performance of hypothetical scenarios using ENVI-met model; b) statistical analysis to verify the degree of correlation between environmental and urban morphology variables. Air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed of the hypothetical scenarios and of spatial typologies were analysed in the urban site of Arapiraca-AL located in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Findings: A negative correlation was observed between the behavior of the maximum air temperature (dependent variable) and the advanced urban planning parameters of the mesh porosity and the arboreal density index (independent variables), through correlation coefficient with absolute values above 0,7. Originality/Value: Correlation analysis indicated the influence of morphological patterns on the climatic performance of urban fabrics. The results demonstrate that advanced urban parameters can be investigated to optimize the use of bioclimatic strategies in the urban environment.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour and physiological response of Brahman cows grazing in silvopastoral arrangements with scattered trees. The study was conducted in Puerto Nare, Antioquia, Colombia. Two productive systems were typified: a system with relevant shade cover with discontinuous trees and shrubs and a central alley of trees (protocol A) and a control system with scarce tree cover (protocol B). Each system included 19 Brahman cows with calves at foot. Lower environmental temperature was recorded in the paddocks of protocol A (p=0.04) and a higher respiratory rate in cows of protocol B (p=0.0001). There were no differences in dry matter intake (p=0.40), but there was more time dedicated to night grazing by cows from Protocol B (p=0.0017). It is concluded that silvopastoral systems with an adequate offer of shade allow to reduce the ambient temperature by up to 2°C, promoting welfare and comfort to Bos indicus cattle reared in tropical conditions.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento y respuesta fisiológica en pastoreo de vacas Brahman en arreglos silvopastoriles con árboles dispersos. El estudio se realizó en Puerto Nare, Antioquia, Colombia. Se tipificaron dos sistemas productivos: un sistema con revestimiento pertinente de sombra con árboles y arbustos discontinuos y un callejón central de árboles (protocolo A) y un sistema control con escasa cubierta de árboles (protocolo B). Cada sistema incluyó a 19 vacas Brahman con sus crías. Se registró menor temperatura ambiental en los potreros del protocolo A (p=0.04) y una frecuencia respiratoria mayor en las vacas del protocolo B (p=0.0001). No hubo diferencias en la ingesta de materia seca (p=0.40), pero hubo mayor tiempo dedicado al pastoreo nocturno en las vacas del Protocolo B (p=0.0017). Se concluye que los sistemas silvopastoriles con adecuada oferta de sombra permiten reducir la temperatura ambiente hasta en 2° C, propiciando mayor bienestar y comodidad a bovinos Bos indicus alojados en condiciones de trópico.

Abstract Thermal behavior was assessed through a causal relationship between four climatic variables: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed at 1.5 m, the temperature at ground level (0.05 m) and the presence of trees in a renovated pedestrian promenade. The measurements were collected in this area during the summer season, distributed in four Blocks (block I, II and III corresponding to renovated streets and block IV not renovated streets) in three daily schedules, generating 3,108 records. The statistical analysis showed a high dispersion, however, the Block III showed significant differences in both temperature and relative humidity, showing that urban trees cannot generate a mitigating effect in this renovated urban environment. In Blocks I and II, a decrease in temperatures was observed in schedule 2. Due to the differences found in the temperature and relative humidity records on the different measuring days, an unfavorable condition of environmental comfort was identified in Block III. This could be due to the section represented by this Block and the construction material used, along with a scarce green infrastructure. It is suggested that in future renovations, the type of construction material to be used on the surface should be previously evaluated, also promoting a green infrastructure to mitigate these effects during the summer.

Resumen Se exploró el comportamiento térmico a través de una relación causal entre cuatro variables climáticas: temperatura, humedad relativa, velocidad del viento a 1,5 m, temperatura a nivel del suelo (0,05 m) y la presencia de árboles en un paseo peatonal remodelado. Las mediciones se realizaron en este paseo durante la temporada de verano, distribuidas en cuatro Bloques (bloques I, II y III correspondientes a calles remodeladas y Bloque IV a calles sin remodelar), en tres horarios diarios, generando 3.108 registros. El análisis estadístico mostró una amplia dispersión, a pesar de ello, el Bloque III presentó diferencias significativas tanto en las temperaturas como en la humedad relativa, mostrando que el arbolado urbano es incapaz de generar un efecto mitigador en este ambiente urbano reformado. Debido a las diferencias encontradas en los registros de temperatura y humedad relativa en los diferentes días de medición, se identificó una condición desfavorable del confort ambiental en el Bloque III, que podría deberse al espacio que representa este Bloque y al material de construcción utilizado, además de la escasa infraestructura verde. Se sugiere que en futuras reformas se evalúe el tipo de material constructivo a utilizar en la superficie y se favorezca una infraestructura verde que pueda mitigar estos efectos de los periodos estivales.

RESUMEN Debido al ambiente urbano los árboles urbanos deben enfrentar condiciones más secas y calientes que en áreas rurales. Conocer el consumo de agua de las especies e indicadores de déficit hídrico es útil para decidir el volumen y la frecuencia de riego y para seleccionar especies de acuerdo al microclima de cada lugar. Para determinar aproximadamente la frecuencia de irrigación e identificar variables fisiológicas indicadoras de déficit hídrico, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el cual cinco especies tropicales (Citharexylum montanum M., Citharexylum sulcatum M., Caesalpinia spinosa K., Inga edulis M. y Retrophyllum rospigliosii P.) fueron sometidas a déficit hídrico. Después de un mes de plantadas, ocho arboles por especie fueron sometidos a cuatro tratamientos: tratamiento control (contenido volumétrico de agua superior al 45% (TC)), contenido volumétrico de agua del 20% (VM20), quince y treinta días después de que el suelo había alcanzado un contenido volumétrico de agua del 20% VM20 (T15 y T30, respectivamente). En árboles con altura similar se encontró que el consumo de agua en orden descendente fue I. edulis, C. montanum, C. spinosa, C. sulcatum, R. rospigliosii y que el mejor indicador de déficit hídrico fue el potencial hídrico del tallo. En general, una humedad volumétrica del 20% fue un umbral adecuado para decidir el momento de riego, sin importar la especie. Considerando el efecto de los tratamientos sobre las especies evaluadas, T30 disminuyó severamente el crecimiento en un 50%, en comparación con el tratamiento control, excepto para C. sulcatum en la cual no hubo diferencias significativas.

ABSTRACT Due to the urban environment urban trees must deal with drier and hotter than in rural areas. Knowing the water consumption of each species and the indicators of water deficit is useful to decide the frequency and volume of irrigation and to select species according to the microclimate of the location. To determine approximately the irrigation frequency and to identify physiological variables that indicate water stress, it was carried out an experiment in which five tropical species (Citharexylum montanum M., Citharexylum sulcatum M., Caesalpinia spinosa K., Inga edulis M. and Retrophyllum rospigliosii P.) were subjected to water deficit. After a month of planting, eight trees per species were subjected to four treatments: control treatment (volumetric water content higher than 45% (TC)), the volumetric water content of 20% (VM20), fifteen and thirty days after the soil had reached VM20 (T15 and T30, respectively). In trees with similar height, it was found that the descending order of water consumption was I. edulis, C. montanum, C. spinosa, C. sulcatum, R. rospigliosii and that the best indicator of water deficit was the stem water potential. In general, volumetric moisture of soil of 20% was a suitable threshold to decide when irrigating regardless of the species. Deeming the effect of the treatments on the growth of the assessed species, T30 diminished severely the growth by 50% in comparison to the control, except for C. sulcatum in which there were no significant differences.

According to recent studies, about 19% of the population in Peru is at risk of suffering from respiratory diseases due to frost, which is a drop in temperature below 0°C and causes a decrease in thermal comfort inside homes. In addition to these respiratory diseases, frost also increases the risk of other cold-related health conditions, such as hypothermia and circulatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to implement measures to improve thermal conditioning and reduce the risks of these diseases in the affected population. For this reason, the purpose is to improve thermal conditioning through the use of natural insulation. An investigation was carried out in the district of Taraco, using a rural house as a sample. The internal and external temperatures of the house were measured every half hour for 24 hours, and plans of the house were drawn up to collect information. It is proposed to make a natural thermal insulator with quinoa, to increase the temperature by 2 °C inside the house during the night. The thermal conductivity of the material will be evaluated. This study seeks to promote the use of local materials and thermal comfort to achieve sustainable development in the affected population and can be replicated in other areas of the country.

Según estudios recientes, cerca del 19% de la población en el Perú está en riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias debido a las heladas, que son bajadas de la temperatura por debajo de 0°C y causan una disminución en el confort térmico dentro de las viviendas. Además de estas enfermedades pueden respiratorias, las heladas también aumentan el riesgo de otras afecciones de salud relacionadas con el frío, como hipotermia y enfermedades circulatorias. Por lo tanto, es importante implementar medidas para mejorar el acondicionamiento térmico y reducir los riesgos de estas enfermedades en la población afectada. Por tal motivo el propósito es mejorar el acondicionamiento térmico mediante el uso de un aislamiento natural. Se realizó una investigación en el distrito de Taraco, utilizando una vivienda rural como muestra. Se midieron las temperaturas internas y externas de la vivienda cada media hora durante 24 horas, y se elaboraron planos de la vivienda para recopilar información. Se propone la elaboración de un aislante térmico natural con quinua, con el objetivo de incrementar la temperatura en 2 °C en el interior de la vivienda durante la noche. La conductividad térmica del material elaborado será evaluada. Este estudio busca fomentar el uso de materiales locales y el confort térmico para lograr un desarrollo sostenible en la población afectada, y es replicable en otras zonas del país.

De acordo com estudos recentes, cerca de 19% da população do Peru arrisca sofrer de doenças respiratórias devido à geada, sendo uma queda na temperatura abaixo de 0°C e causa uma diminuição no conforto térmico dentro de casa. Além dessas doenças respiratórias, a geada também aumenta o risco de outras condições de saúde relacionadas ao frio, tais como hipotermia e doenças circulatórias. Portanto, é importante implementar medidas para melhorar o condicionamento térmico e reduzir os riscos dessas doenças na população afetada. Portanto, o objetivo é melhorar o condicionamento térmico, utilizando isolamento natural. Foi realizada uma investigação no distrito de Taraco, utilizando uma casa rural como amostra. As temperaturas internas e externas da casa foram medidas a cada meia hora durante 24 horas, elaborados planos da casa para coletar informações. É proposto fazer um isolante térmico natural com quinoa, para aumentar a temperatura dentro da casa em 2 °C durante a noite. A condutividade térmica do material produzido será avaliada. Este estudo procura promover o uso de materiais locais e conforto térmico para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável da população afetada, e é replicável em outras áreas do país.