Resumen La medición precisa y exacta de los fenómenos metacognitivos nunca ha sido más necesaria que en el acelerado mundo actual, en el que el alumno dispone de grandes cantidades de información. El MAI, Jr. (ver Sperling et al., 2002) es una medida de autoinforme de conciencia metacognitiva de 18 preguntas ampliamente utilizada. Sin embargo, esta medida no ha sido reexaminada en cuanto a validez de constructo y consistencia interna desde su inicio en 2002. En este documento se informa sobre los hallazgos de un estudio de 2 años en el que trabajamos para validar una versión abreviada del MAI, Jr. En el transcurso de 2 años, 601 estudiantes de 6.º a 8.º grado participaron en nuestro estudio. En cada año, los datos se examinaron mediante análisis factorial exploratorio con extracciones de factores comunes (factorización del eje principal [PAF]) y rotaciones oblicuas (promax). Los resultados de este estudio respaldan la validación de una escala abreviada de 7 ítems. Se discute por qué se prefieren medidas más cortas con validez de constructo y consistencia interna apropiadas.

Abstract Precise and accurate measurement of metacognitive phenomena has never been more necessary than in today’s fast-paced world in which vast quantities of information are readily available to the learner. The MAI, Jr. (see Sperling et al., 2002) is a widely used, 18-question, self-report measure of metacognitive awareness. However, this measure has not been re-examined for construct validity and internal consistency since its inception in 2002. In this manuscript we report on our findings of a 2-year study in which we worked to validate a shortened version of the MAI, Jr. Over the course of 2 years, 601 students in grades 6-8 participated in our study. In each year, data was examined using exploratory factor analysis with common factor extractions (principal axis factoring [PAF]) and oblique rotations (promax). The results of this study support the validation of a shortened, 7-item, scale. We discuss why shorter measures with appropriate construct validity and internal consistency are preferred.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación educativa cuyo propósito fue comprender la influencia de las prácticas educativas en el proceso autorregulatorio de los estudiantes en Colombia. El enfoque metodológico fue de tipo cualitativo con un alcance descriptivo que buscó detalles sobre el hacer docente y el aprendizaje de aula. La muestra se compone de 137 participantes distribuidos en 90 estudiantes, 24 docentes y 23 padres de familia a quienes se les aplicaron una ficha de caracterización, una entrevista y un grupo focal a lo largo de 9 zonas del país: Garzón (Huila), Fortul (Arauca), Bucaramanga (Santander), Bogotá, Tenjo, Guayabal de Siquima (Cundinamarca), Urabá, Medellín, Rionegro (Antioquia), Ibagué (Tolima), Granada (Meta), Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca) y Almaguer (Cauca). Para el análisis de la información se contó con una matriz de triangulación y su posterior ejercicio interpretativo. Los resultados muestran que la práctica docente fomenta en los estudiantes su autonomía y su autocontrol a la hora de aprender, mientras que se ve la necesidad de brindar formación sobre las pautas de monitoreo parental. En ese sentido, se reconoce que la educación en contexto a partir de los juegos, la creatividad y el trabajo en grupo incentivan las habilidades de autorregulación del aprendizaje como la metacognición, el monitoreo, la delegación de tareas, la planeación y proyección de las metas a alcanzar.

ABSTRACT This article shows the results of an educational research whose purpose was to understand the influence of educational practices on the self-regulatory process of students in Colombia. The methodological approach was qualitative with a descriptive scope that sought details about the teaching process and classroom learning. The sample is made up of 137 participants distributed among 90 students, 24 teachers and 23 parents to whom a characterization sheet, an interview and a focus group are applied throughout 9 areas of the country: Garzón (Huila), Fortul. (Arauca), Bucaramanga (Santander), Bogotá, Tenjo, Guayabal de Siquima (Cundinamarca), Urabá, Medellín, Rionegro (Antioquia), Ibagué (Tolima), Granada (Meta), Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca) and Almaguer (Cauca). For the analysis of the information, a triangulation matrix was used and its subsequent interpretative exercise. The results show that teaching practice encourages students' autonomy and self-control when learning, while there is a need to provide training on parental monitoring guidelines. In this sense, it is recognized that education in context based on games, creativity and group work encourages self-regulation learning skills such as metacognition, monitoring, delegation of tasks, planning and projection of goals to reach.

Abstract Introduction: Metacognitive judgments have become an object of study in the field of metacognition in recent decades, since they analyze the beliefs that students have regarding their academic performance, to contribute to the adaptation of strategies for the improvement of the autonomy and judgment of learners. Objective: To identify the metacognitive judgments that are most frequently used in university students based on a systematic review between the years 2018 to 2023. Method: The methodology of this article was based on the PRISMA Statement and the search was conducted in the Science Direct, Scopus and Springer databases; use was made in the purification criteria, 61 articles were analyzed. Results: It was found that the metacognitive judgments that are applied most regularly concern pre-test and post-test judgments, while the judgments during the test are those that are used less regularly; likewise, those that present greater precision are those that are applied after the test. Discussion and conclusions: The results allow us to conclude that in order to obtain high calibration between metacognitive judgments and real academic results, different categories of metacognitive judgments must be involved, which contribute to the construction of a complex and complete system that provides the student with a variety of tools that can be optimally implemented in their learning processes.

Resumen Introducción: Los juicios metacognitivos han sido objeto de estudio en el campo de la metacognición en las últimas décadas, puesto que analizan las creencias que los estudiantes tienen sobre su desempeño académico, con el fin de contribuir a la adaptación de estrategias para mejorar la autonomía y el criterio de los aprendices. Objetivo: Identificar los juicios metacognitivos que se emplean con mayor frecuencia en estudiantes universitarios a partir de una revisión sistemática realizada entre los años 2018 y 2023. Método: La metodología se basó en la Declaración Prisma, y la búsqueda se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos de Science Direct, Scopus y Springer. Se aplicaron criterios de depuración y se analizaron 61 artículos. Resultados: Se encontró que los juicios metacognitivos que se aplican con mayor regularidad son los juicios predictivos y postdictivos, mientras que los juicios concurrentes son los menos utilizados. Además, se observó que los juicios postdictivos presentan una mayor precisión. Discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que, para lograr una alta calibración entre los juicios metacognitivos y los resultados académicos reales, es necesario considerar distintas categorías de juicios metacognitivos que contribuyan a la construcción de un sistema integral. Esto proporcionaría al estudiante una variedad de herramientas que pueda implementar de manera óptima en sus procesos de aprendizaje.

The relation between learners' metacognitive skills and conceptual understanding is often portrayed as an input-output relation when dealing with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and non-STEM disciplines. However, studies indicate that not all pedagogies yield positive correlations between learners' metacognitive skills and conceptual understanding, particularly in the science (S) strand of STEM. On the other hand, it has been revealed that self-organised learning environments (SOLEs) pedagogy incorporates the characteristics of some of the learning models that were found to induce positive correlations between learners' metacognitive skills and conceptual understanding in other non-STEM disciplines. Due to the lack of established research, particularly around the "S" in STEM, in the study reported on here we investigated the correlation between metacognitive skills and conceptual understanding under SOLEs pedagogy. We employed a quasi-experimental design which included 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Data were collected from 155 participants using the sciences (strand of STEM) performance test and metacognition self-assessment scale (MSAS) questionnaire. Data were statistically analysed using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r), means (x), and t-test. The results indicate a positive correlation between learners' metacognitive skills and conceptual understanding of sciences when SOLEs pedagogy was employed.

Abstract The objective of this research was to implement self-assessment as an instrument to develop autonomous learning in postgraduate students. The methodology used was quantitative. Its design was cross-sectional and non-experimental. The scope was exploratory and descriptive. The case study was used as a research technique. The results obtained guide and facilitated the self-assessment process of postgraduate students to develop autonomous learning that positively affects their learning. At the same time, the relevance of the results obtained lies in the assessment of the students' achievements in their methodological, operationalization, dissemination, and digital skills, based on self-assessment as a mechanism to develop their reflective and self-critical capacity. The exposed results also moderately promote the understanding of the complexity of self-assessment and its relationship with the learning process. It is concluded that self-assessment is an appropriate tool since it is in accordance with the maturity characteristics of postgraduate students to recognize their strengths and weaknesses in their learning, at the same time it allows them to know themselves when self-assessing. It is also concluded that self-assessment must be part of the learning process since it helps students to be self-critical, reflective and leads them towards autonomous learning through the development of cognitive and metacognitive skills to self-direct and self-regulate their learning.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi implementar a autoavaliação como instrumento para desenvolver a aprendizagem autônoma em estudantes de pós-graduação. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa e seu desenho foi transversal e não experimental, enquanto o escopo foi exploratório e descritivo. O estudo de caso foi utilizado como técnica de pesquisa e a amostra foi probabilística e estratificada. Os resultados obtidos orientam e facilitam o processo de autoavaliação dos alunos de pós-graduação para desenvolver uma aprendizagem autônoma que afeta positivamente a sua aprendizagem. Ao mesmo tempo, a relevância dos resultados obtidos reside na avaliação do aproveitamento dos alunos nas suas competências metodológicas, de operacionalização, de divulgação e digitais, assentes na autoavaliação como mecanismo para desenvolver a sua capacidade reflexiva e autocrítica. Os resultados apresentados também promovem moderadamente a compreensão da complexidade da autoavaliação e sua relação com o processo de aprendizagem. Conclui-se, portanto, que a autoavaliação é uma ferramenta adequada, pois se ajusta às características de maturidade dos pós-graduandos para reconhecer seus pontos fortes e fracos em sua aprendizagem, ao mesmo tempo que permite que eles se conheçam por meio da autoavaliação. Conclui-se também que a autoavaliação tem que fazer parte do processo de aprendizagem, pois ajuda os alunos a serem autocríticos, reflexivos e direciona-os para uma aprendizagem autónoma através do desenvolvimento de competências cognitivas e metacognitivas para se autodirigir e autorregular. seu aprendizado.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue implementar la autoevaluación como instrumento para desarrollar el aprendizaje autónomo en los alumnos de posgrado. La metodología que se utilizó fue cuantitativa, y su diseño transversal y no experimental, mientras que el alcance fue exploratorio y descriptivo. Como técnica de investigación se utilizó el estudio de caso y la muestra fue probabilística y estratificada. Los resultados obtenidos guían y facilitan el proceso de autoevaluación de los alumnos de posgrado para desarrollar el aprendizaje autónomo que incide positivamente en su aprendizaje. A la vez, la pertinencia de los resultados obtenidos radica en la valoración de los logros del alumnado en sus habilidades metodológicas, de operacionalización, de divulgación y digitales, sobre la base de la autoevaluación como mecanismo para desarrollar su capacidad reflexiva y autocrítica. Los resultados expuestos también promueven moderadamente la comprensión de la complejidad de la autoevaluación y su relación con el proceso de aprendizaje. Se concluye, por tanto, que la autoevaluación es una herramienta adecuada, puesto que se ajusta a las características de madurez de los alumnos de posgrado para reconocer sus fortalezas y debilidades en su aprendizaje, al mismo tiempo les permite conocerse al autoevaluarse. También se concluye que la autoevaluación tiene que formar parte en el proceso de aprendizaje, ya que ayuda a los alumnos a ser autocríticos, reflexivos y los encamina hacia el aprendizaje autónomo por medio del desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas y metacognitivas para autodirigir y autorregular su aprendizaje.

Abstract Introduction : Executive functions and Metacogni tion are integrated for the management of intellectual resources in close relation to intelligence its function ing and results; they are specially interesting for un derstanding the expression and development of high intellectual abilility (HIA). The aim of the study is to find out the relationship between executive functions (and components) and metacognition (and components) in schoolchildren with HIA. Materials and Method : Measures of executive and metacognitive functioning and perfectionism were ex tracted from a sample of n= 147 schoolchildren with HIA. Results : statistical analyses using Path analysis, of fered an adjusted model in which the different ex ecutive components are related to the metacognitive components. Discussion : We conclude and discuss the integrative model between executive function and metacognition and its mediating role as an endophenotype between genetic endowment and the expression of resource performance, suggesting the transfer of results to the education of high intellectual ability for the optimal and ethical expression of high potential.

Resumen Introducción : Las funciones ejecutivas y la meta cognición se integran para la gestión de recursos inte lectuales, en estrecha relación con la inteligencia, su funcionamiento y resultados, especialmente interesan te para comprender la expresión y desarrollo, más o menos óptimos, de la alta capacidad intelectual (ACI). El Objetivo del trabajo es conocer la relación entre las funciones ejecutivas (y componentes) y la metacognición (y componentes) en escolares con ACI. Materiales y Métodos : Las medidas de funcionamien to y ejecutivo, metacognitivo y de perfeccionismo ex traídas en una muestra de n= 147 escolares con ACI son analizadas estadísticamente mediante el Path análisis. Resultados : Se obtiene un modelo ajustado en el que se relacionan los distintos componentes ejecutivos con los metacognitivos. Discusión : Se concluye y discute el modelo integrador entre función ejecutiva y metacognición y su papel me diador, como endofenotipo entre la dotación genética y la expresión de rendimiento de los recursos, sugiriendo la transferencia de resultados a la educación de la alta capacidad intelectual para la óptima y ética expresión del alto potencial.

ABSTRACT. The repercussions of Long COVID demand specialised rehabilitation care. Interdisciplinary interventions in a 58-year-old patient were implemented to improve the clinical, motor and cognitive complaints associated with COVID-19. The rehabilitation team performed quantitative and qualitative evaluations in the initial phase and after 12 months of follow-up. The patient’s neuropathic pain, ankle and foot muscle strength, gait pattern, general cognitive functioning, initiative, emotional expressiveness, processing speed, neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life improved. She demonstrated gains in metacognition and expanded the use of compensatory strategies, resuming her routine and professional activities, although still with signs of executive dysfunction. It is concluded that a rehabilitation program calibrated to the profile of the patient with Long COVID had positive effects on functionality and satisfaction with quality of life. ABSTRACT care 58yearold yearold 58 year old clinical COVID19. COVID19 19. 19 COVID-19 1 followup. followup follow up. up follow-up patients s pain strength pattern functioning initiative expressiveness speed improved strategies activities dysfunction 5 COVID1 COVID-1 COVID-

RESUMO. As repercussões da COVID Longa demandam atendimentos especializados de reabilitação. Intervenções interdisciplinares em paciente de 58 anos foram implementadas com o objetivo de melhorar as queixas clínicas, motoras e cognitivas associadas à COVID-19. A equipe de reabilitação realizou avaliações quantiqualitativas na fase inicial e após 12 meses de acompanhamento. A paciente evoluiu com melhora da dor neuropática, da força muscular de tornozelo e pé, do padrão de marcha, do funcionamento cognitivo geral, da iniciativa, da expressividade emocional, da velocidade de processamento, dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e da qualidade de vida (domínios físico e psicológico). Demonstrou ganhos na metacognição e ampliou o uso de estratégias compensatórias, retomando suas atividades rotineiras e profissionais, embora ainda com indícios de disfunção executiva. Conclui-se que um programa de reabilitação calibrado ao perfil do paciente com COVID longa trouxe efeitos positivos na funcionalidade e satisfação com a qualidade de vida. RESUMO 5 clínicas COVID19. COVID19 19. 19 COVID-19 1 acompanhamento neuropática pé marcha geral iniciativa emocional processamento domínios psicológico. psicológico . psicológico) compensatórias profissionais executiva Concluise Conclui se COVID1 COVID-1 COVID-

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the quality of life and metamemory and verify their predictors in students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a cross-sectional survey carried out through online collection with the application of an initial questionnaire to characterize the sample, the WHOQOL-brief to investigate the quality of life, and the Metamemory Questionnaire in Adults (short version) - MIAr to evaluate metamemory in a group of undergraduate and postgraduate students. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Multiple linear regression was performed to verify the predictor variables. A significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05) was considered. Results: 977 university students participated in the study, the majority (70.73%) of whom were females and with an income range below three minimum wages (63.56%). For quality of life, income range, being in the risk group for COVID-19, and age were predictors for both the undergraduate and postgraduate groups. In contrast, on an excellent metamemory, the predictors were male gender and age. Conclusion: for students, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the main predictor of quality of life was having a higher income bracket, and the main predictor of metamemory was being a male. Purpose COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic Methods crosssectional cross sectional sample WHOQOLbrief WHOQOL brief short version statistics variables 5 p 0.05 005 0 05 considered Results 97 study 70.73% 7073 70 73 (70.73% 63.56%. 6356 63.56% . 63 56 (63.56%) COVID19, 19, groups contrast Conclusion bracket COVID1 1 COVID- 0.0 00 9 70.73 707 7 (70.73 635 63.56 6 (63.56% 0. 70.7 (70.7 63.5 (63.56 70. (70. 63. (63.5 (70 (63. (7 (63 ( (6

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a qualidade de vida e a metamemória e verificar seus preditores em estudantes durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal realizada por meio de coleta online com a aplicação de um questionário inicial para caracterizar a amostra, do WHOQOL-bref para investigar a qualidade de vida e do Questionário de Metamemória em Adultos (versão reduzida) - MIAr para avaliar a metamemória, em um grupo de estudantes de graduação e outro de pós-graduação. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Realizou-se a regressão linear múltipla para verificar as variáveis preditoras. Foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Resultados: participaram do estudo 977 universitários, sendo a maioria (70,73%) do gênero feminino e com faixa de renda menor que três salários-mínimos (63,56%). Para a qualidade de vida, tanto para o grupo de graduandos quanto de pós-graduandos, a faixa de renda, o grupo de risco para COVID-19 e a idade foram preditores, enquanto para uma boa metamemória os preditores foram o gênero masculino e a idade. Conclusão: para os estudantes, durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o principal preditor da qualidade de vida foi possuir maior faixa de renda e o da metamemória foi ser do gênero masculino. Objetivo COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 Métodos tratase trata se amostra WHOQOLbref WHOQOL bref versão reduzida pósgraduação. pósgraduação pós graduação. pós-graduação inferencial Realizouse Realizou preditoras 5 p≤0,05. p005 p p≤0,05 . 0 05 (p≤0,05) Resultados 97 universitários 70,73% 7073 70 73 (70,73% saláriosmínimos salários mínimos 63,56%. 6356 63,56% 63 56 (63,56%) pósgraduandos, pósgraduandos graduandos, pós-graduandos COVID-1 Conclusão COVID19, 19, COVID1 1 p00 p≤0,0 (p≤0,05 9 70,73 707 7 (70,73 635 63,56 6 (63,56% COVID- p0 p≤0, (p≤0,0 70,7 (70,7 63,5 (63,56 p≤0 (p≤0, 70, (70, 63, (63,5 p≤ (p≤0 (70 (63, (p≤ (7 (63 (p ( (6

Resumen: Antecedentes: En la presente investigación, examinamos si un mensaje persuasivo a favor de una propuesta pro-ambiental puede influir en el cambio de actitudes a través de un proceso de auto-validación cuando a los participantes se les dice que el emisor de la propuesta pertenece a su endogrupo (vs. su exogrupo). Método: Los participantes leyeron un mensaje que abogaba por el uso de la energía solar. Inmediatamente después del mensaje, se pidió a los participantes que listaran sus pensamientos con respecto a la propuesta persuasiva. Se creó un índice de favorabilidad de los pensamientos para cada participante. Después de esta tarea, los participantes recibieron la manipulación experimental (i.e., emisor del endogrupo vs. exogrupo) basada en el paradigma del grupo mínimo. Finalmente, informaron de sus actitudes hacia la propuesta. Resultados: Un análisis de regresión mostró la interacción esperada entre la favorabilidad del pensamiento y el tipo de emisor (endogrupo vs. exogrupo) sobre las actitudes hacia el uso de energía solar. Como se hipotetizó, la favorabilidad del pensamiento fue un mejor predictor de las actitudes para los participantes en la condición de endogrupo (vs. exogrupo). Conclusiones: Las actitudes pueden polarizarse en función de la diferenciación entre endogrupo y exogrupo mediante un proceso de auto-validación.

Abstract: Background: In this study, we examined whether a persuasive message in favor of a pro-environmental proposal could influence attitude change through a self-validation process when individuals were told that the source of the proposal belonged to their ingroup (vs. their outgroup). Method: Participants read a message that advocated for the use of solar power. Immediately following the message, participants were asked to list their thoughts regarding the persuasive proposal. A thought favorability index was created for each participant. Following the thought-listing task, participants received the experimental manipulation (i.e., ingroup vs. outgroup source) based on the minimal group paradigm, after which they reported their attitudes towards the proposal. Results: A regression analysis showed the predicted interaction between thought favorability and type of source (i.e., ingroup vs. outgroup) on attitudes towards the solar power proposal. According to our expectations, thought favorability was a better predictor of attitudes for participants in the ingroup (vs. outgroup) source condition. Conclusions: Attitudes can be polarized as a function of ingroup versus outgroup differentiation through a self-validation process.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje del idioma debe ir acompañado de estrategias de aprendizaje, entre ellas, las metacognitivas. Objetivo: identificar las carencias de conocimientos de profesores y estudiantes sobre las estrategias metacognitivas en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje del inglés en una universidad cubana. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal en la Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas durante el curso 2018-2019. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo y el enfoque sistémico; empíricos: la observación participante y un cuestionario sobre estrategias de aprendizaje; y matemático-estadísticos para los valores absolutos y relativos. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudiantes utilizan las estrategias de aprendizaje algunas veces. En la observación participante se comprobó que los profesores no aplican estrategias de aprendizaje metacognitivas en sus clases; los estudiantes tampoco las utilizan, por lo que sus conocimientos se caracterizan por un aprendizaje memorístico. Conclusiones: se identificaron carencias de conocimientos sobre las estrategias metacognitivas para lograr efectividad en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje del inglés, por lo que resulta necesaria la capacitación en el tema por su pertinencia para la solución de la problemática; la utilidad, factibilidad y novedad de la mencionada estrategia hacen posible la solución al problema planteado.

ABSTRACT Rationale: the language teaching-learning process should be accompanied by learning strategies, among them, metacognitive strategies. Objective: to identify the lack of knowledge of teachers and students about metacognitive strategies in the English teaching-learning process in a Cuban university. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive research was conducted at the “Marta Abreu” Central University of Las Villas during the 2018-2019 academic year. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive and the systemic approach; empirical: participant observation and a questionnaire on learning strategies; and mathematical-statistical for absolute and relative values. Results: most students use learning strategies some of the time. Participant observation showed that teachers do not apply metacognitive learning strategies in their classes; students do not use them either, so their knowledge is characterized by rote learning. Conclusions: lack of knowledge about metacognitive strategies to achieve effectiveness in the English teaching-learning process was identified; therefore, training on the subject is necessary due to its relevance for the solution of the problem; the usefulness, feasibility and novelty of the mentioned strategy make possible the solution to the problem posed.

RESUMEN En este artículo se aborda el tema de la metacognición como una alternativa viable para formar alumnos de medicina, con autonomía; de igual forma, se dirige a los médicos graduados y en general, a todos los profesionales de la salud. Este propósito se fundamenta en una educación que potencia una conciencia sobre procesos cognitivos y en la autorregulación de los mismos, de tal manera que los conduzca a "aprender a aprender"; es decir, a autodirigir su aprendizaje y a transferirlo a otros ámbitos de su vida, en lo particular, cuando los profesionales de la medicina tienen que adoptar o tomar decisiones claves en la atención a pacientes basado en determinados aspectos de la metacognición y la psicología cognitiva. Para ello, se presentan consideraciones de orden psicológico que pueden influir en el accionar del médico que atiende un paciente y se enfrenta a la disyuntiva de garantizar un diagnóstico efectivo.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the topic of metacognition as a viable alternative to train medical students with autonomy; likewise, it is aimed at graduated doctors and all health professionals in general. This purpose is based on an education that enhances awareness of cognitive processes and their self-regulation, in such a way that leads them to "learn to learn" that is, to self-direct their learning and transfer it to other areas of their life, in particular, when medical professionals have to adopt or make key decisions in patient care based on certain aspects of metacognition and Cognitive Psychology. To this end, we present some psychological considerations that can influence the actions of the doctor who cares for a patient and faces the dilemma of guaranteeing an effective diagnosis.

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of the present study was to conceptualize and develop a novel context-based working memory (WM) task which would possess the potential to assess the context-based WM in an Indian scenario and incorporate a task-linked metacognitive facet to understand an individual's self-perception of performance. Methods Employing the ADDIE instructional design model, comprising Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation phases, the present study focused on the initial four phases. In the Analysis-phase, the needs and objectives for creating a context-based WM task were identified. Design-phase included task conceptualization and content validation of the conceptualized context-based WM task. In the Develop-phase, the designed context-based WM task was developed in an animated video format. Five content experts and fifteen lay experts were involved in the content validation process. In the Implementation-phase, a pilot study was done on ten adults to assess the feasibility of the novel context-based WM task. Results The task obtained good content validation index and understandability scores on the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool. Preliminary data trends from the implementation-phase revealed the task's potential to detect age-related WM differences. Significantly correlated with established WM tasks, the novel Activity Ordering Task (AOT) effectively measured WM-spans. Observed discrepancies between performance and prediction/postdiction spans during metacognitive facet administration highlighted the AOT's utility in evaluating metacognition. Conclusion Addressing the limitations of context in traditional tasks, the AOT appears to be a promising tool that not only measures WM but also assesses metacognition, thereby enhancing its utility beyond an everyday WM assessment. contextbased based (WM tasklinked linked individuals individual s selfperception self perception model Analysis Design Development phases Analysisphase, Analysisphase phase, phase Analysis-phase identified Designphase Developphase, Developphase Develop Develop-phase format process Implementationphase, Implementationphase Implementation-phase Tool implementationphase implementation tasks agerelated age related differences (AOT WMspans. WMspans spans. WM-spans predictionpostdiction prediction postdiction AOTs metacognition assessment

Abstract: The aim of this article is to describe innovation in psychopedagogy as a consequence of the knowledge provided by cognitive psychology, which have fostered new strategies and psychopedagogical goals. The analysis of this cognitive evolution results from 80 years of research in developmental, clinical and educational psychology, along with research on school learning and learning difficulties. Contributions from cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging have affected this evolution. The key element of this innovation is to promote the development of children's metacognition in order to improve their academic performance and overcome their learning difficulties.

Resumen: En este artículo se describe la innovación de la psicopedagogía como consecuencia de los conocimientos que le ha aportado la psicología cognitiva, que han originado nuevas estrategias y objetivos psicopedagógicos. El análisis de esta evolución cognitiva es resultado de 80 años de investigaciones en psicología infantil, clínica y educacional, acompañado de investigaciones sobre el aprendizaje escolar y las dificultades que presentan algunos niños para aprender. Los aportes de la psicología cognitiva, la neuropsicología y las neuroimágenes han tenido efecto en esta evolución. El elemento clave de esta innovación en la psicopedagogía es estimular en los niños el desarrollo de la metacognición para mejorar su rendimiento y superar sus dificultades para aprender.

Self-regulated learning strategies are essential for learning, and to teach learners to use them, teachers must master them. The objective of this study was to identify training priorities for including these strategies in online courses for teachers, and to determine whether opinion influences the use of strategies. The design was non-experimental and cross-sectional, and involved administering the revised Cuestionario de Evaluación de las Estratégias de Aprendizaje de los Estudiantes Universitários (CEVEAPEU questionnaire) to 285 teachers. The results allow us to differentiate between priority weaknesses, lower-priority weaknesses, and strengths in relation to metacognitive strategies (planning, objectives, self-evaluation, self-regulation, and context). To determine this, a frequency analysis was used, followed by a Mann-Whitney U (for 2-group variables) and Kruskal-Wallis (for 3 groups) test to determine whether opinion influences the use of strategies. Priority weaknesses were identified in the knowledge of objectives and evaluation criteria (planification); the ability to recognise when an exam has been passed (self-evaluation); modifying initial plans, dedicating more effort to difficult subjects, and learning new study techniques (self-regulation); and taking advantage of study time (context control). We concluded that opinions on self-regulated learning influence the use of strategies. Finally, work should be done on the recognition of the importance of self-regulated learning, time management strategies, self-evaluation techniques, flexibility, and self-control.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el desarrollo de habilidades metacognitivas de estudiantes de bachillerato en la ciudad de Milagro, en instituciones educativas fiscales. Corresponde a un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo en el que se aplicó una encuesta a 383 estudiantes en un muestreo aleatorio. Los resultados demostraron que los educandos hacen uso de las TIC para el aprendizaje y de herramientas y métodos de aprendizaje digital que les permite el desarrollo de habilidades metacognitivas como la planificación, organización, monitoreo, autoevaluación, así como autonomía en el aprendizaje; sin embargo, identifican desventajas en su uso asociadas con aspectos atencionales, técnicos y el desconocimiento y falta de dominio de los educadores de aplicativos, plataformas y softwares como Zoom, WhatsApp y el entorno virtual de aprendizaje.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to analyze the use of information and communication technologies in the development of metacognitive skills of high school students in the city of Milagro, in fiscal educational institutions. It corresponds to a descriptive study with a quantitative approach in which a survey was applied to 383 students in a random sample. The results showed that students make use of ICT for learning and digital learning tools and methods that allow them to develop metacognitive skills such as planning, organization, monitoring, self-assessment, as well as autonomy in learning; however they identify disadvantages in its use associated with attentional, technical aspects and the ignorance and lack of mastery of the educators of applications, platforms and software such as Zoom, WhatsApp and the virtual learning environment.