ABSTRACT Exposing seeds to agents that elicit tolerance to abiotic stress, such as phytohormones and organic acids, during hydration and dehydration cycles can determine their response to later stimuli, e.g. exposure to salt stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of priming cycles with different eliciting agents of salt stress tolerance on seeds of the cowpea varieties Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 0.0 mM NaCl (control); 100 mM NaCl (salt stress); salt stress + three seed-priming cycles (PC) in water; salt stress + PC in gibberellic acid; salt stress + PC in hydrogen peroxide; salt stress + PC in salicylic acid; salt stress + PC in ascorbic acid. The following variables were analysed: germination, growth, dry weight, salt tolerance index, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline. Salt stress (100 mM NaCl) reduced germination, length and biomass accumulation in the Sempre Verde and Pingo de Ouro varieties. These showed the best response to the priming cycles with gibberellic and salicylic acids, which promoted greater germination potential, length and biomass under a salt stress of 100 mM NaCl, affording greater tolerance via osmotic regulation, especially in the Sempre Verde variety. stimuli eg e g e.g treatments 00 0 0. control (control) 10 stress) seedpriming seed (PC water acid peroxide analysed growth weight index sugars proline (10 potential regulation variety (control 1 (1 (

Abstract Creating a new awareness of the environmental crisis has been on the agendas, either directly or indirectly, of many social actors and media products. These include films and videos focusing on environmental issues, given the current important role of audiovisual culture. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on the Latin American documentaries Hija de la Laguna (Daughter of the Lake; 2015) and A Mãe de Todas as Lutas (The Mother of all Fights; 2021), with the aim of discussing their possible contributions to a broader perception of climate action. Based on a film analysis centred on the protagonists, the aesthetic and stylistic choices of each work, we look into how the narratives of the two documentaries intertwine information and subjective knowledge, the individual and the collective, the local and the global, personal memory and public archives, among other argumentative markers. These categorisations are compared to the decolonial perspective, which is taken up in the text in a broad way, that is in the dialogue with authors who embody the struggles of indigenous and/or marginalised people into decolonial theory. Among the results found, we highlight that the documentaries establish counternarratives that allow us to identify the emergence of female protagonism in the struggles for land and water ownership, the critical stance towards extractivism (and neo-extractivism) and lingering ethnic-racial prejudice. Also worth noting in both films, the documentary language values the subject, without failing to link them with the social context.

Resumo A constituição de uma nova sensibilidade em relação à crise ambiental tem sido pauta, direta ou indiretamente, de diversos atores sociais e produtos midiáticos. Destes, destacam-se os filmes e vídeos que focam a temática ambiental, em função do papel relevante que a cultura audiovisual representa hoje. Com essas premissas, este artigo foca os documentários latino-americanos Hija de la Laguna (2015) e A Mãe de Todas as Lutas (2021), com o propósito de discutir suas possíveis contribuições para uma percepção ampliada das causas climáticas. A partir da análise fílmica centrada nas protagonistas e nas escolhas estéticas e estilísticas de cada obra, este texto investiga como as narrativas dos dois documentários entrelaçam informação e conhecimento subjetivo; indivíduo e coletivo; local e global; memória pessoal e arquivos públicos; entre outros marcadores argumentativos. Essas categorizações são cotejadas ao posicionamento decolonial, assumido no texto de forma ampla, isto é, em diálogo com autores que incorporam as lutas das populações indígenas e/ou marginalizadas à teoria decolonial. Dentre os resultados encontrados, ressaltamos que os documentários estabelecem contranarrativas que permitem identificar a emersão do protagonismo feminino nas lutas pela posse da terra e da água, o posicionamento crítico em relação ao extrativismo (e neoextrativismo) e a permanência dos preconceitos étnico-raciais. Ressalta-se, ainda, nos dois filmes, a constituição de uma linguagem documentária que valoriza o sujeito, sem deixar de articulá-lo ao contexto social.

Abstract For nearly three centuries, the “Gerais” of the upper-middle São Francisco River were occupied by production systems adapted to the tablelands, veredas and wetlands. Common land takeovers, deforestation, and drainage stimulated by the “agricultural modernization” of the 1970s drastically reduced water sources, and then droughts began to affect domestic and productive supplies. This article analyzes the experience of the “great drought” of 2011/2019 in three communities in the Gerais region, investigating public programs, water supply, and agricultural production from the perspective of rural people. The methodology relied on the local classification of agro-environments, using focus groups, interviews with community leaders, and sampled families according to different compositions. It concludes that the disappearance of historical conditions of access to resources led the population to reorganize agriculture and water consumption. Experiencing new situations, the memory of the abundance of land and water is the inspiration to claim, negotiate and adapt public policies to the culture and needs of communities. centuries “Gerais uppermiddle upper middle tablelands wetlands takeovers deforestation modernization s sources supplies great drought 20112019 2011 2019 2011/201 region programs supply people agroenvironments, agroenvironments agro environments, environments agro-environments groups leaders compositions consumption situations claim 2011201 201 2011/20 201120 20 2011/2 20112 2 2011/

Resumo Durante quase três séculos o “gerais” do Alto-Médio rio São Francisco foi ocupado com sistemas de produção adaptados às chapadas, veredas e brejos. As tomadas de terras comuns, desmates e drenagens estimuladas pela “modernização agrícola” dos anos 1970 reduziram drasticamente as fontes e o acesso às águas, e então as secas passaram a afetar o abastecimento doméstico e produtivo. Este artigo analisa a travessia da “grande seca” de 2011/2019 em três comunidades do gerais, investigando programas públicos, abastecimento de água e produção agrícola na perspectiva da população rural. A metodologia foi referenciada na classificação local de agroambientes, usando grupos focais, entrevistas com lideranças comunitárias e famílias amostradas segundo diferentes composições. Conclui que o desaparecimento das condições históricas de acesso aos recursos levou a população a rearranjar a agricultura e o consumo de água. Vivendo novas situações, a lembrança da abundância de terras e águas é a inspiração para reivindicar, negociar e adequar programas públicos à cultura e às necessidades das comunidades. gerais “gerais AltoMédio Alto Médio chapadas brejos comuns modernização 197 produtivo grande seca 20112019 2011 2019 2011/201 rural agroambientes focais composições situações reivindicar 19 2011201 201 2011/20 1 201120 20 2011/2 20112 2 2011/

Abstract Agriculture is the primary source of income for each country, serving as its mainstay. A promising study topic has been predicting wheat production based on environmental, soil, and water characteristics. Deep-learning-based algorithms are widely employed in crop prediction to extract significant crop traits. Wheat is linked to a variety of economic, societal, and health-related factors. Wheat yield forecasting and estimation on a regional scale, on the other hand, remains difficult. Two strategies for estimating wheat yield using deep learning (DL) models are presented in this study. To solve the limitations of regional forecasting, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Deep Learning Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) technology are utilized to anticipate agricultural yields in a timely and reliable manner. country mainstay environmental soil characteristics Deeplearningbased traits economic societal healthrelated health related factors scale hand difficult DL (DL CNN (CNN ShortTerm Short Term LSTM (LSTM manner

When Jesus meets the Samaritan Woman at Jacob's well in John 4, it is a meeting between two colonial subjects in the Roman Empire. In this encounter we find the Samaritan Woman as a triply marginalised body, a woman subject to multiple, intersecting forms of oppression within her patriarchal context. Identified as a Samaritan Woman, Jewish rabbis regarded her as unclean, impure, and being menstruous from birth. It can also be deduced that she is an outcast in her own society because she comes to draw from the well at noon, the hottest part of the day when people did not usually fetch water. This Samaritan Woman is nameless, landless and powerless in an imperial, colonial and patriarchal context. The poem of Diana Ferrus, I've come to take you home, in memory of Sarah Baartman, highlights how Baartman was dehumanised and treated as a sexual object by European colonisers. Through a postcolonial reading of John 4, I consider the intersections between the Samaritan Woman and the early life of Sara Baartman in their respective colonial contexts and invite the reader, as the poem invites Baartman, to come home to Africa and resist Western European imperial and colonial patterns and tendencies. CONTRIBUTION: This article has interdisciplinary implications. This is an interdisciplinary study in the sense that it offers a biblical interpretation of John 4 that is informed by the life of Sara Baartman that has been uncovered through anthropology, history and sociology. It is also integrating the field of postcolonial biblical hermeneutics with the theory of intersectionality

Abstract. Remembering and learning are important activities for the brain; Spatial memory is related to the capability to acquire and hold associations about what is in the environment. Unfortunately, some factors such as age, drugs, and mental illnesses, among others, lead to the loss of the ability to remember things or events that occur in people’s lives, including spatial memory. There are several tests (Such as radial arm maze task, geometric arena task, and Morris water maze) generally used to evaluate spatial memory in rats and animals. Still, there are not so many tests applicable to human beings. Several researchers have discovered that virtual reality could help with these types of problems. People can be immersed in a virtual world and solve aspects of space. One of the advantages of virtual reality is that people can be analyzed in safe environments. This work presents the development of a mobile application capable of evaluating spatial memory in humans through virtual reality; Taking the bases of the Morris Water Maze. The goal of this application is to have an alternative test to evaluate spatial memory with low-cost and ecological materials, virtual reality, and the advantages of mobile applications. As a pilot test, the application was tested on 18 young students who demonstrated the use of their spatial memory within the application.

Abstract Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, is a species that is recommended in Ayurvedic medicine for its effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic and memory-stimulant effects. Despite the medicinal potential of this species, its phytopharmaceutical and technological potential to produce standardized extracts has not been investigated. This study analyzes the influence of spray drying parameters on the contents of the chemical markers (total phenolic, total flavonoid, and hibalactone) and the functional properties of H. umbellata extract. The optimization of drying conditions was performed using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology and desirability function approach. The mathematical models fitted to experimental data indicated that all the evaluated drying parameters significantly influenced the chemical contents. The optimal conditions were: inlet temperature of 120 °C, feed flow rate of 4 mL min-1, and colloidal silicon dioxide:maltodextrin ratio of 16%:4%. Under these conditions, the powder samples had spherical particles and desirable physicochemical and functional properties, such as low water activity and moisture content, good product recovery, reconstitution, and flowability. Thus, spray drying might be a promising technique for processing standardized H. umbellata extracts. L L. Araliaceae system memorystimulant memory stimulant investigated phenolic flavonoid hibalactone H extract approach were 12 C °C min1, min1 min 1, 1 min-1 dioxidemaltodextrin dioxide maltodextrin 16%4%. 164 16% 4%. 16 16%:4% content recovery reconstitution flowability Thus min- 16%4% 4% 16%:4 16%4 16%:

ABSTRACT Drought stress is the main abiotic factor limiting soybean yield. The memory of recurrent water stress can provide greater efficiency in minimizing the negative effects of drought. Thus, the aim of this work was to understand the temporal adjustments in photosynthesis presented by soybeans when exposed to recurrent drought at the beginning of the flowering and grain filling stages. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with five replications, consisting of four treatments: i) WS-R1 (moderate water deficit at the beginning of flowering), ii) WS-R5 (severe water deficit during grain filling), iii) WS-R1+R5 (moderate water deficit at early flowering and severe water deficit during grain filling), and iv) WW (well-watered condition). Severe stress caused reductions in gas exchange parameters and the relative water content, with increased initial fluorescence and water use efficiency. The plants from the WS-R5 and WS-R1+R5 treatments showed a reduction in the apparent rate of electron transport in photosystem II (PSII), photochemical quenching, and effective quantum yield of PSII, as well as increased nonphotochemical quenching values. Furthermore, the proline concentration in the leaves was higher in plants from the WS-R1+R5 treatment, contributing to the greater ability to maintain turgid cells compared to the WS-R5 plants. The photosynthetic adjustments related to faster isohydric responses and photoprotective mechanisms in soybean plants subjected to recurrent drought allowed the maintenance in the weight or number of grains compared to plants without water restriction, demonstrating the activation of efficient memory mechanisms of response to water stress. Thus stages replications i WSR1 WSR WS R1 R WS-R moderate flowering, , flowering) ii WSR5 R5 filling, filling) iii WSR1+R5 WSR1R5 WSRR R1+R5 WS-R1+R iv wellwatered watered condition. condition . condition) content PSII (PSII) values Furthermore treatment restriction WSR1+R WSR1R R1R5 RR R1+R (PSII R1R

RESUMO O estresse hídrico é o principal fator abiótico que limita a produtividade da soja. A memória ao estresse hídrico recorrente pode proporcionar maior eficiência na minimização dos efeitos negativos da seca. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender os ajustes temporais na fotossíntese apresentados pela soja quando exposta à ciclos recorrentes de seca, no início da floração e enchimento de grãos. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, composto por quatro tratamentos: i) WS-R1 (déficit hídrico moderado no início da floração), ii) WS-R5 (deficiência hídrica severa durante o enchimento de grãos), iii ) WS-R1+R5 (déficit hídrico moderado no início da floração e déficit hídrico severo durante o enchimento de grãos) e iv) WW (condição bem irrigada ao longo de todo ciclo). O estresse severo causou reduções nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas e no teor relativo de água, aumento da fluorescência inicial e eficiência do uso da água. As plantas dos tratamentos WS-R5 e WS-R1+R5 apresentaram redução na taxa aparente de transporte de elétrons no fotossistema II (PSII), extinção fotoquímica e rendimento quântico efetivo de PSII, além de aumento nos valores de extinção não fotoquímica. Além disso, a concentração de prolina nas folhas foi maior nas plantas do tratamento WS-R1+R5, contribuindo para a maior capacidade de manter as células túrgidas em relação às plantas WS-R5. Os ajustes fotossintéticos relacionados a respostas isoídricas mais rápidas e mecanismos fotoprotetores em plantas de soja submetidas a seca recorrente permitiram a manutenção no peso ou número de grãos em comparação com plantas sem restrição hídrica, demonstrando a ativação de mecanismos eficientes de memória de resposta ao estresse hídrico. Assim repetições i WSR1 WSR WS R1 R WS-R floração, , floração) ii WSR5 R5 deficiência grãos, WSR1+R5 WSR1R5 WSRR R1+R5 WS-R1+R iv condição ciclo. ciclo . ciclo) água PSII (PSII) disso WSR1+R5, R1+R5, WSR5. R5. WSR1+R WSR1R R1R5 RR R1+R (PSII R1R

BACKGROUND: While there is now considerable evidence in support of a relationship between executive function (EF) and academic success, these findings almost uniformly derive from Western and high-income countries. Yet, recent findings from low- to -middle-income countries have suggested that patterns of EF and academic skills differ in these contexts, but there is little clarity on the extent, direction and nature of their association AIM: This study aimed to investigate the contribution of EF to pre-academic skills in a sample of preschool children (N = 124; Mage = 50.91 months; 45% female SETTING: Two preschools were recruited from an urban setting in a community with both formal and informal housing, overcrowding, high levels of crime and violence, and poor service delivery. Three preschools were recruited from rural communities with household plots, a slow rate of infrastructure development, reliance on open fires for cooking, limited access to running water and rudimentary sanitation METHODS: Pre-academic skills were assessed using the Herbst Early Childhood Development Criteria test, and EF was assessed using the Early Years Toolbox RESULTS: Although EF scores appeared high and pre-academic skills were low (in norm comparisons), EF inhibition (ß = 0.23, p = 0.001) and working memory (ß = 0.25, p < 0.001) nevertheless showed strong prediction of pre-academic skills while shifting was not significant CONCLUSION: While EF is an important predictor of pre-academic skills even in this low- and middle-income country context, factors in addition to EF may be equally important targets to foster school readiness in these settings CONTRIBUTION: The current study represents a first step towards an understanding of the current strengths that can be leveraged, and opportunities for additional development, in the service of preparing all children for the demands of school

RESUMO Introdução O surfe depende principalmente da força motriz resultante das oscilações nas ondas. Os atletas precisam remar na zona de ondas e completar as ações da competição na seção mais forte nas paredes das ondas. Isso exige extrema habilidade de equilíbrio, que pode ser fortalecida com treinos específicos. Dentre eles, acredita-se que o treino de core poderia ser benéfico. Objetivo Estudar a influência do treino em plataforma estável e instável na regulação da postura ortostática do surfista sob perturbação do equilíbrio. Métodos Membros da Equipe Nacional de Treinamento de Surf de Hainan foram voluntários do experimento, foram analisados os seus métodos de treino físico, treino de memória e avaliação dos efeitos. Resultados 90% dos atletas conseguem completar o controle de equilíbrio em uma posição autônoma de curto prazo na prancha de equilíbrio em 1 semana, a velocidade de seu progresso também depende da duração do treino, tempos e intervalos, a regra da progressão encontra-se de acordo com a teoria literária do treino esportivo. Conclusão Com a extensão adicional do ciclo de treino da prancha de equilíbrio, acredita-se que a capacidade dos atletas no controle do equilíbrio e capacidades abrangentes de competição reais continuarão a aumentar, o nível técnico geral e a estabilidade de seu desempenho serão ainda mais aprimorados. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação de resultados.

ABSTRACT Introduction Surfing depends mainly on the driving force resulting from wave oscillations. Athletes need to paddle in the wave zone and complete the competition actions in the most robust section on the wave walls. This requires extreme balance skills, which can be strengthened with specific training. Among them, it is believed that core training could be beneficial. Objective To study the influence of training on a stable and unstable platform on the regulation of the surfer’s orthostatic posture under balance disturbance. Methods Members of the Hainan National Surf Training Team were volunteers for the experiment; their physical training methods, memory training, and effects evaluation were analyzed. Results 90% of athletes manage to complete the balance control in a short-term autonomous position on the balance board in 1 week; their progress also depends on the training duration, times, and intervals; the progression rule lies according to the literary theory of sports training. Conclusion With the further extension of the balance board training cycle, it is believed that athletes’ ability to control balance and real competition comprehensive capabilities will continue to increase, the overall technical level and stability of their performance will be even greater. Evidence level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMEN Introducción El surf depende principalmente de la fuerza motriz resultante de las oscilaciones de las olas. Los deportistas necesitan remar en la zona de la ola y completar las acciones de la competición en la sección más robusta de las paredes de la ola. Para ello, es necesario contar con habilidades de equilibrio extremas, que pueden reforzarse con un entrenamiento específico. Entre ellas, se cree que el entrenamiento del núcleo podría ser beneficioso. Objetivo Estudiar la influencia del entrenamiento en una plataforma estable e inestable sobre la regulación de la postura ortostática del surfista bajo una perturbación del equilibrio. Métodos Los miembros del Equipo Nacional de Entrenamiento de Surf de Hainan fueron voluntarios para el experimento; se analizaron sus métodos de entrenamiento físico, el entrenamiento de la memoria y la evaluación de los efectos. Resultados El 90% de los atletas consiguen completar el control del equilibrio en una posición autónoma a corto plazo en la tabla de equilibrio en 1 semana; su progreso también depende de la duración del entrenamiento, los tiempos y los intervalos; la regla de progresión se encuentra según la teoría literaria del entrenamiento deportivo. Conclusión Con la ampliación del ciclo de entrenamiento en la tabla de equilibrio, se cree que la capacidad de los atletas para controlar el equilibrio y las capacidades integrales de la competición real seguirán aumentando, el nivel técnico general y la estabilidad de su rendimiento serán aún mayores. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

RESUMO. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa. O mecanismo de estresse oxidativo na DA ocorre devido à proteína beta amilóide que se agrega para formar placas que desencadeiam inflamação crônica e apoptose neuronal. O extrato de batata-doce roxa composto principalmente por antocianinas é um potencial antioxidante com efeito direto sobre a hipótese da cascata amilóide. Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar o papel do extrato aquoso de batata-doce roxa como antioxidante e anti-inflamatório na prevenção da apoptose, para proporcionar um efeito neuroprotetor em ratos induzidos por D-galactose. Métodos: Grupo controle randomizado pós-teste com 100 ratos Wistar machos que preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade. O grupo de tratamento recebeu 200mg/kg de peso corporal/dia de extrato aquoso de batata-doce roxa nos dias 1-70. A indução de D-galactose foi testada nos grupos de tratamento e controle nos dias 15-70. Resultados: O teste t independente mostrou que a média dos níveis de TNF-α no grupo de tratamento (735,36±139,74) foi significativamente menor do que no grupo controle (896,77±152,52). A expressão de p53 e a expressão de GFAP de células de astrócitos foram significativamente menores no grupo de tratamento do que no grupo controle. Os níveis de BDNF no grupo de tratamento (498,13±121,47) foram maiores que no grupo controle (391,93±140,28) e houve um aumento significativo da memória de trabalho espacial no grupo de tratamento (72,01±10,22) em relação ao controle (59,77±11,87). Conclusões: O efeito neuroprotetor do extrato de batata-doce roxa é devido à indução de D-galactose pela diminuição dos níveis de TNF-α, expressão de p53 e expressão de GFAP, aumentando assim os níveis de BDNF e memória espacial.

ABSTRACT. Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease. The mechanism of oxidative stress in AD is due to amyloid beta (Aβ) protein that aggregates to form plaques, which further triggers chronic inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Purple sweet potato extract with the main content of anthocyanins is a potential antioxidant with a direct target on the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Objective: The research objective was to determine the role of purple sweet potato water extract as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in preventing apoptosis in order to provide a neuroprotective effect in d-galactose-induced rats. Methods: A total of 100 male Wistar rats with randomized posttest-only control group design that met the eligibility criteria were included in this study. The treatment group was given 200 mg/kg BW/day of purple sweet potato water extract on days 1–70. d-galactose induction was administered in the treatment and control groups on days 15–70. Results: The independent t-test showed that the mean tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the treatment group (735.36±139.74) was significantly lower than that in the control group (896.77±152.52). The p53 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressions of astrocyte cells in the treatment group were significantly lower than that in the control group. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the treatment group (498.13±121.47) were higher than that in the control (391.93±140.28), and there was a significant increase in spatial working memory in the treatment group (72.01±10.22) than the control (59.77±11.87). Conclusions: The neuroprotective effect of purple sweet potato extract is due to d-galactose induction resulting from decrease in TNF-α levels, p53 expression, and GFAP expression and increase in BDNF levels and spatial working memory.

Resumen Este artículo aborda el proceso de urbanización de un municipio amazónico: Puerto Guzmán, Putumayo. Tiene en cuenta la interacción de dinámicas históricas y contemporáneas del ámbito nacional, regional y local, y ofrece un análisis cartográfico, contando también con fuentes de archivo y memoria oral. En concreto, analizamos cómo el conflicto armado interno, las dinámicas hídricas del río Caquetá y las transiciones políticas e institucionales locales en este municipio se han traducido en la configuración de morfologías urbanas desiguales y cambiantes. En este sentido, el artículo busca contribuir desde una perspectiva histórica y geográfica a la comprensión de la diversidad del fenómeno urbano en la Amazonia colombiana y, en un sentido más amplio, a los procesos de cambio regional.

Abstract This article focuses on the urbanization process of Puerto Guzmán (Putumayo), a municipality in the Colombian Amazon. Drawing on archival sources, oral memory and cartographic analysis, we examine this process through the interaction of historical and contemporary dynamics at the national, regional and local levels. Specifically, we analyze how the internal armed conflict, the water flow dynamics of the Caquetá River and political and institutional transitions within this municipality have produced changing and uneven urban morphologies. In doing so, the article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the urban phenomenon in the Colombian Amazon and, in a broader sense, to the historical and geographical forces driving urban change at the regional scale.

Resumo Este artigo enfoca o processo de urbanização de Puerto Guzmán (Putumayo), município da Amazônia colombiana. Com base em fontes de arquivo, memória oral e análise cartográfica, examinamos este processo através da interação de dinâmicas históricas e contemporâneas a nível nacional, regional e local. Especificamente, analisamos como o conflito armado interno, a dinâmica do fluxo de água do Rio Caquetá e as transições políticas e institucionais dentro deste município têm produzido morfologias urbanas mutáveis e desiguais. Com isso, o artigo busca contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno urbano na Amazônia colombiana e, em um sentido mais amplo, para as forças históricas e geográficas que impulsionam a mudança urbana em escala regional.

RESUMO Esta análise investiga dois romances afro-americanos recentes, a saber, The Underground Railroad (2016) de Colson Whitehead e The Water Dancer (2019) de Ta-nehisi Coates a partir das configurações propostas pelo gênero literário conhecido como narrativas neo-escravas. Essas narrativas são releituras ficcionais pós-modernas de narrativas escravas do século 19 as quais tiveram um papel fundamental no processo de abolição americano. Primeiramente, farei um breve panorama das narrativas neo-escravas, particularmente no que diz respeito ao contexto literário norte-americano, e procederei à investigação de como os dois romances podem ser classificados como pertencentes a esse gênero. Em segundo lugar, debruçarei sobre o papel da memória em ambos os romances, à medida que eventos históricos esquecidos e mitos religiosos são revisitados pelos escritores. Como suporte teórico, recorrerei a autores como Bernard Bell, Ashraf H.A. Rushdy, Toni Morrison, Valerie Smith, entre outros, que investigaram não apenas os motivos do surgimento das narrativas neo-escravas, mas também refletiram sobre as implicações que essas narrativas pós-modernas têm para a memória da escravidão.

ABSTRACT: This analysis investigates two recent African-American novels, namely, The Underground Railroad (2016) by Colson Whitehead and The Water Dancer (2019) by Ta-nehisi Coates from the configurations proposed by the literary genre known as neo-slave narratives. These narratives are postmodern fictional reinterpretations of 19th century slave narratives which had a fundamental role in the American process of abolition. First, I will provide a brief overview of neo-slave narratives, particularly with regards to the North American literary context, and proceed to investigate how the two novels can be classified as belonging to this genre. Second, I will focus on the role of memory in both novels as forgotten historical events and religious myths are revisited by the writers. As theoretical support, I will turn to authors such as Bernard Bell, Ashraf H.A. Rushdy, Toni Morrison, Valerie Smith, among others, who investigated not only the reasons for the emergence of neo-slave narratives, but also reflected on the implications that these postmodern narratives have for the memory of slavery.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Memory is a physiological process that is activated by external stimuli. It is necessary for behavior modification, adaptation to the environment, and differentiation in the animal model. This complex process that involves not only synaptic networks but other neurophysiological mechanisms, is usually stimulated by some nutraceuticals. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Spirulina maxima on spatial memory in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. Material and Methods: An increasing stimulus design was developed. Four similar groups of 5 rats were arranged and grouped into treatment I, II and III groups which were given Spirulina maxima orally at different concentrations; the control group did not received treatment. Spatial memory was assessed using the Morris water maze. Results: The rats presented an equal latency time to develop the acquisition and the retention phases; average times were recorded; the learning rates did not differ from each other at doses of 200 and 400 mg / kg; at the highest concentration dose of 800 mg / kg, there was a slight decrease in the latency time during the acquisition phase. There was a slight difference according to the ANOVA test. Conclusions: There was an effect of Spirulina maxima on the spatial memory of the experimental subject, which was evident in the duration of the motor behavior in the Morris water maze through learning rates which presented a favorable modification.

RESUMEN Introducción: La memoria es un proceso fisiológico que se activa por estímulos externos, es necesaria para modificar la conducta, adaptación al medio y la diferenciación del modelo animal. Este proceso complejo que involucra no sólo a las redes sinápticas sino otros mecanismos neurofisiológicos, suele ser estimulado por algunos nutraceúticos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de Spirulina maxima sobre la memoria espacial en Rattus norvegicus var. albinus Material y Métodos: Se desarrolló un diseño de estímulo creciente donde se ordenaron cuatro grupos con 5 ratas cada uno, se agruparon en grupos Tratamiento I, II y III; a los que se les dio por vía oral Spirulina maxima a diferentes concentraciones y el grupo testigo sin tratamiento, se valoró la memoria espacial en el laberinto acuático de Morris. Resultados: Las ratas presentaron un tiempo de latencia equivalente para desarrollar la fase de adquisición y de retención, se registraron tiempos promedio; al aplicar la dosis 200 y 400 mg/kg no varían los índices de aprendizaje entre sí; y ante la dosis de concentración más alta 800 mg/kg se observó una disminución leve del tiempo de latencia de la fase de adquisición. De acuerdo con la prueba ANOVA hubo poca diferencia. Conclusiones: Hubo efecto de la Spirulina maxima en la memoria espacial del sujeto experimental, evidenciable en la duración de la conducta motora en el laberinto acuático de Morris, a través de índices de aprendizaje los cuales presentaron modificación favorable.

Abstract This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of neuronal axonal lesions caused by high glucose, and to investigate the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on neuronal axon damage with in vitro models. A rat model of type II diabetic encephalopathy was established, and the rats were treated with LBP for 10 weeks. Morris water maze experiment was used to detect spatial learning and memory ability. Neuronal axon lesions were measured by in vivo neuron tracing experiment. Immunohistochemistry and Western-blot technology were employed to detect protein localization and expression. Combined with in vitro primary neuron culture, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was used to detect the effects of high glucose and LBP on neuronal axon transport. PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and an activator of insulin signaling pathway were used to investigate the possible molecular mechanism. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that in the hippocampus tissue of STZ-induced type II diabetic encephalopathy model rats, neuronal axons were damaged, accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, which subsequently resulted in axonal transport damage and cognition dysfunction. LBP significantly reduced peripheral blood glucose and serum insulin levels in type II diabetic encephalopathy model rats, thereby alleviating peripheral insulin resistance. At the same time, LBP can significantly improve the learning and memory impairment and brain neuron axon pathology in model rats. LY294002 treatment can effectively block the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The phosphorylation level of Tau protein in the LY294002+ LBP treatment group is higher than that of the LBP intervention group, while the insulin treatment can effectively reverse the blocking effect of LY294002 on LBPs. LBP can reduce the phosphorylation level of Tau protein by up-regulating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway, with a protective effect on neuronal axon damage, thereby improving the cognitive function performance of type II diabetic encephalopathy model rats.