RESUMO A ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) é uma técnica de espectroscopia amplamente utilizada pelos químicos e físicos para determinar a estrutura química de moléculas que foi adaptada para gerar imagens, conhecidas como tomografia por imagem de ressonância magnética nuclear (IRM), amplamente utilizada em diagnóstico médico. A importância da RMN na química, física, medicina, materiais e agricultura tem sido reconhecida por vários Prémios Nobel de Física, 1952, Química, 1991 e 2002, e Medicina em 2003. Portanto, a RMN pode ser aplicada para obter: i) imagens do corpo humano, animais e materiais; ii) espectros de alta resolução para obtenção de informações estruturais e dinâmicas de produtos químicos, materiais etc.; e iii) obter informações quantitativas e qualitativas da composição química de alimentos, produtos agrícolas, utilizando relaxometria de baixa resolução. A IRM e a RMN de alta resolução tem sido aplicadas em produtos agroalimentares, principalmente na pesquisa, uma vez que normalmente dependem de instrumentos caros de grandes dimensões, o que restringe a sua utilização em aplicações rotineiras. Sensores de RMN que têm sido utilizados com mais frequência em produtos agroalimentares baseiam-se em instrumentos de baixa resolução ou de baixo campo ou domínio de tempo TD-NMR. Esses instrumentos de baixo custo tem sido utilizados para análises qualitativas e quantitativas de produtos agroalimentares, como sementes e grãos intactos, frutas intactas, carnes, óleos e alimentos processados. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma revisão das técnicas de RMN, seus principais aspectos da instrumentação, e discutidas algumas aplicações de TD-RMN e IRM na análise não invasiva de alimentos, sementes e outros produtos agrícolas. (RMN IRM, , (IRM) médico física medicina Física 1952 Química 199 2002 2003 Portanto i humano ii etc. etc iii agrícolas pesquisa dimensões rotineiras baseiamse baseiam se TDNMR. TDNMR TD NMR. NMR TD-NMR intactos intactas carnes processados artigo instrumentação TDRMN (IRM 195 19 200 1 20 2

ABSTRACT Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopy technique widely used by chemists and physicists to determine the chemical structure of molecules that was adapted to generate imaging, known as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is widely used in medical diagnosis. The importance of NMR in chemistry, physics, medicine, materials, and agriculture has been recognized with several Nobel Prizes in Physics, 1952, Chemistry, 1991 and 2002, and Medicine in 2003. Therefore, NMR can be applied to obtain: i) imaging of the human body, animal and materials; ii) high-resolution spectra to obtain structural and dynamical information of chemicals, materials etc.; and iii) quantitative and qualitative information of chemical composition of products such as food and agricultural products, using low-resolution relaxometry. High-resolution NMR and MRI have been applied in agri-food products, mostly as a research tool as they typically rely on expensive and bulk instruments, which restrict their uses in routine applications. The NMR sensors that have been more frequently used in agri-food products are based on low-resolution or low-field or time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) instruments. These low-cost instruments have been used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of agri-food products such as intact seeds and grains, intact fruits, meat, oils, and processed foods. In this paper, an overview of the NMR techniques and its main instrumentation aspects are presented, and some applications of TD-NMR and MRI in the non-invasive analysis of food, seeds, and others agricultural products are discussed. (NMR MRI, , (MRI) diagnosis chemistry physics medicine Physics 1952 Chemistry 199 2002 2003 Therefore i body ii highresolution high resolution chemicals etc. etc iii lowresolution low relaxometry Highresolution High agrifood agri lowfield field timedomain time domain TDNMR TD (TD-NMR lowcost cost grains fruits meat oils foods paper presented noninvasive non invasive discussed (MRI 195 19 200 1 20 2

RESUMEN Introducción: se realizó el trabajo con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad del registro de las historias clínicas físicas y electrónicas de la consulta externa del servicio de odontología en el Hospital II de Abancay en Perú. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, no experimental y retrospectivo. Se seleccionó una muestra de 368 historias clínicas físicas y electrónicas activas. Los datos se procesaron con el Microsoft Excel 2016. Se aplicó una escala ordinal para la evaluación de la calidad de los registros. Resultados: La calidad del registro de los formatos en las historias clínicas quedó evaluado: Filiación, Bien en las físicas (85,1 %) y 83,6 % en las electrónicas; Anamnesis, Regular en las físicas (59,6 %) y 57,1 % en las electrónicas; Examen físico, Bien en las físicas (72,0 %) y Regular en las electrónicas (69,3 %); Examen auxiliar, Bien en las físicas y electrónicas (94,0 % y 50,3 % respectivamente); Diagnóstico, Excelente en ambos tipos de historias (99,6 %); Tratamiento, Bien en las físicas y electrónicas (60,6 % y 100 % respectivamente). Ambos tipos de historias clínicas fueron evaluadas de Bien. Discusión: En el Hospital II de Abancay se identificó Diagnóstico como el formato con mejor calidad de sus registros y único de excelencia, mientras Anamnesis resultó el peor en ambos tipos de historias; se identificaron similitudes y diferencias en las evaluaciones de ítems, formatos e historias clínicas en contraste con otros estudios; ambos tipos de historias mostraron resultados similares en la calidad de sus registros a predominio de las evaluaciones de Bien en sus formatos; de manera general las electrónicas obtuvieron evaluaciones discretamente superiores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: To evaluate the quality of the registration of the physical and electronic medical records of the outpatient clinic of the dental service at Hospital II of Abancay in Peru. Methods: A study was carried out with a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, non-experimental and retrospective approach. A sample of 368 active physical and electronic medical records was selected. The data was processed with Microsoft Exel 2016. An ordinal scale was applied to evaluate the quality of the records. Results: The quality of the registration of the formats in the medical records was evaluated: Affiliation, Good in the physical ones (85.1 %) and 83.6 % in the electronic ones; Anamnesis, Regular in the physical ones (59.6 %) and 57.1 % in the electronic ones; Physical examination, Good in the physical ones (72.0 %) and Fair in the electronic ones (69.3 %); Auxiliary exam, Good in physics and electronics (94.0 % and 50.3 % respectively); Diagnosis, Excellent in both types of stories (99.6 %); Treatment, Good in physical and electronic (60.6 % and 100 % respectively). Both types of medical records were evaluated as Good. Discussion: At Hospital II of Abancay, Diagnosis was identified as the format with the best quality of its records and the only one of excellence, while Anamnesis was the worst in both types of histories; Similarities and differences were identified in the evaluations of items, formats and clinical histories in contrast to con studies; Both types of stories showed similar results in the quality of their records, with Good evaluations predominating in their formats; in general, the electronic ones obtained slightly higher evaluations.

Resumen Introducción: En la cirugía de Fontan-Kreutzer se busca obtener una distribución equilibrada del flujo venoso hepático hacia ambos pulmones para lograr una condición clínica favorable a largo plazo. Estos pacientes, debido al flujo continuo pasivo venoso hepático hacia los pulmones desarrollan a largo plazo enfermedad hepática (cirrosis), bronquitis plástica o enfermedad perdedora de proteínas. Si se produce una distribución desbalanceada del flujo venoso hepático hacia los pulmones comienzan a desarrollarse fistulas arteriovenosas en el parénquima pulmonar, que llevan a la disminución de la saturación arterial de oxígeno. Objetivo: Predecir y evitar una desbalanceada distribución del flujo venoso hepático hacia los pulmones después de la cirugía de conexión cavo-pulmonar total en el estadio de Fontan-Kreutzer a través de utilizar el análisis de la fluidodinámica. Material y métodos: Dos pacientes con ventrículo único con anatomía compleja fueron estudiados y se realizó en ellos el planeamiento prequirúrgico modelando en 3 dimensiones (3D) la forma digital de la segmentación anatómica a través del formato DICOM de la tomografía axial computada con contraste. Luego se realizó el modelo de la cirugía virtual para poder aplicar a la técnica quirúrgica elegida la fluidodinámica computacional que permite evaluar la distribución balanceada del flujo venoso hepático hacia los pulmones. Resultados: La fluidodinámica computacional predijo en las distintas técnicas quirúrgicas propuestas para completar la conexión cavo-pulmonar total en el estadio Fontan-Kreutzer una distribución del flujo venoso hepático hacia la arteria pulmonar derecha de 60% a 65% y a la arteria izquierda de 35% a 40%. Conclusión: La metodología de reconstrucción 3d de la anatomía de cada paciente combinada con el modelado por fluido dinámica computacional obtenida por el presente grupo interdisciplinario, permitió modelar diferentes escenarios quirúrgicos específicos para los pacientes en estudio. La aproximación desde la física de un problema médico permitió obtener resultados favorables y constituir un método sistemático hacia la aplicación de la medicina de precisión. Esta personalización presenta las ventajas de estudiar con antelación la anatomía de los pacientes en forma virtual, esencial para proponer diferentes escenarios quirúrgicos y optimizar los tiempos en cirugía. La evaluación de cantidades fisiológicas para diferentes escenarios, mediante simulación, permitió aproximar la distribución del flujo venoso hepático hacia ambos pulmones permitiendo determinar qué estrategia minimiza o evita la formación de fistulas en el paciente. Esto tiene un impacto directo en la mejora de los resultados a largo plazo luego de completar la conexión cavo-pulmonar total en el estadio de Fontan-Kreutzer.

ABSTRACT Background: The aim of the Fontan-Kreutzer procedure is to obtain a balanced distribution of hepatic venous flow to both lungs in order to achieve a favorable long-term clinical condition. These patients, due to the continuous passive hepatic venous flow to the lungs develop long-term liver disease, (cirrhosis), plastic bronchitis or protein-losing disease. If there is an unbalanced distribution of hepatic venous flow to the lungs, arteriovenous fistulas in the pulmonary parenchyma begin to develop, leading to decreased arterial oxygen saturation. Objective: The aim of this study was to predict and avoid an unbalanced distribution of hepatic venous flow to the lungs after total cavopulmonary connection surgery at the Fontan-Kreutzer stage through the use of fluid dynamics analysis. Methods: Two patients with a single ventricle and complex anatomy were studied and underwent pre-surgical planning by modeling in three dimensions (3D) the digital shape of the anatomic segmentation through the DICOM format of the contrast-enhanced axial computed tomography. Then, the model of the virtual surgery was performed to apply computational fluid dynamics to the chosen surgical technique, in order to evaluate the balanced distribution of hepatic venous flow to the lungs. Results: Computational fluid dynamics applied in the different proposed surgical techniques to complete the total cavopulmonary connection in the Fontan-Kreutzer stage predicted a distribution of 60% to 65% hepatic venous flow to the right pulmonary artery and 35% to 40% to the left pulmonary artery. Conclusions: The 3D reconstruction methodology of each patient’s anatomy combined with computational fluid dynamics modeling obtained by the present interdisciplinary group, allowed developing different surgical scenarios specific to the patients under study. The physics approach of a medical problem has allowed favorable results and constitutes a systematic method towards the application of precision medicine. This personalization has the advantages of studying in advance the anatomy of the patients in virtual form, essential for proposing different surgical scenarios and optimizing surgical times. The evaluation of physiological quantities for different scenarios by means of simulation, enabled the approximation of hepatic venous flow distribution to both lungs, determining which strategy minimizes or avoids fistula formation in the patient. This has a direct impact on the improvement of long-term outcomes after completing the total cavopulmonary connection at the Fontan-Kreutzer stage.

The use of computer simulations that represent real experiments in medical physics is an alternative to reduce costs and provide a greater variety of experiments involving ionizing radiation. The virtual laboratory allows the exploration of a range of concepts in a similar manner to experimental approaches, enabling the utilization of a multitude of sources, materials, and detectors without incurring additional costs. Furthermore, computer simulations allow the exploration of aspects that are unattainable with real experiments. This article describes the implementation of a Virtual Medical Physics Laboratory that, through intuitive graphical interfaces, guided scripts, and historical context, explores widely used experiments in the areas of nuclear medicine, radiodiagnostics, and radiotherapy. As an example, we present the experiment on radiation attenuation (X-rays and gamma rays) with matter. The experiments were implemented using the Python programming language. The graphical interface was developed using the Streamlit framework. The use of the Virtual Medical Physics Laboratory has proven to be an alternative tool for bridging the gap between practical and theoretical teaching. approaches sources materials Furthermore interfaces scripts context medicine radiodiagnostics radiotherapy example Xrays X rays matter language framework teaching

O uso de simulações computacionais que representam experimentos reais de física médica é uma alternativa para diminuir custos e proporcionar uma maior variedade de experimentos que utilizam radiações ionizantes. O laboratório virtual permite explorar uma série de conceitos de maneira semelhante aos abordados experimentalmente, possibilitando utilizar uma infinidade de fontes, materiais e detectores sem agregar custos. Além disso, as simulações computacionais permitem explorar aspectos inatingíveis com os experimentos reais. Este artigo descreve a implementação de um Laboratório Virtual de Física Médica que, através de interfaces gráficas intuitivas, roteiros guiados e contextualização histórica explora experimentos de física médica amplamente utilizados nas áreas da medicina nuclear, radiodiagnóstico e radioterapia. Como exemplo, apresentamos o experimento de atenuação da radiação (raios X e gama) com a matéria. Os experimentos foram implementados através da linguagem de programação Python. A interface gráfica foi desenvolvida através do framework Streamlit. O uso do Laboratório Virtual de Física Médica tem se mostrado uma ferramenta alternativa para alinhar o ensino prático ao teórico. ionizantes experimentalmente fontes disso intuitivas nuclear radioterapia exemplo raios gama matéria Python Streamlit teórico

Resumen Las habilidades blandas son fundamentales en el quehacer científico, particularmente las relacionadas a comunicación oral en inglés. En la Escuela de Física de la Universidad de Costa Rica se ha implementado desde 2017 un intercambio virtual estudiantil. El proyecto realiza actividades con énfasis en temas de Física Médica y cuenta con participantes de Costa Rica, Estados Unidos y México. En este trabajo buscamos identificar las actividades realizadas en el marco de este intercambio virtual de mayor interés para el estudiantado de Física de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se realizó una encuesta a las 29 personas estudiantes que participaron en actividades de este intercambio en el período 2018-2019. La encuesta incluyó aspectos sobre el conocimiento de los tipos de actividades realizadas, tipos de participación en las actividades, nivel de inglés y confianza en el manejo del inglés oral, así como de factores que limiten la participación.

Abstract Soft skills are essential in scientific work, particularly those related to oral communication in English. Since 2017, a virtual student exchange has been implemented at the School of Physics of the University of Costa Rica. The project carries out activities with an emphasis on topics of Medical Physics, and has participants from Costa Rica, the United States and Mexico. In this work we seek to determine the activities carried out within the framework of this virtual exchange that are of greatest interest to Physics students at the University of Costa Rica. A survey was conducted with the 29 students who participated in activities of this exchange in the period 2018-2019. The survey included aspects of knowledge of the types of activities carried out, types of participation in activities, level of English and confidence in speaking English, as well as factors that limit participation.

O ensino de Física Médica evolui a cada ano no Brasil. A necessidade de métodos didáticos e interativos cresce de maneira proporcional visando uma maior motivação e melhor aprendizagem por parte dos alunos. Nos cursos de graduação em Física Médica no Brasil, a disciplina de Física das Radiações é fundamental para a formação profissional do estudante. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o código de Monte Carlo TOPAS para simular experimentos que possibilitem a discussão de conteúdos abordados na disciplina de Física das Radiações. A ferramenta poderá ser utilizada por docentes ao ministrar essa disciplina e por alunos que queiram aprofundar seus conhecimentos e serem introduzidos ao método de Monte Carlo. Inicialmente, foi realizada a validação do TOPAS para os espectros de fótons utilizados através da comparação com dados da literatura. Com isso, foi possível elaborar os arquivos de entrada e realizar a análise de dados dos arquivos de saída para diferentes configurações de irradiação abordadas academicamente de modo a evidenciar a influência de fatores como: estatística das curvas pelo número de histórias; tamanho do campo de irradiação; meios homogêneos e heterogêneos; feixes incidentes de diferentes naturezas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as simulações elaboradas possibilitam uma análise correta e dinâmica dos processos de interação da radiação com a matéria abordados em Física das Radiações. Brasil estudante Inicialmente literatura isso como histórias heterogêneos naturezas

The teaching of medical physics evolves every year in Brazil. The need for didactic and interactive methods grows proportionally, aiming at greater motivation and better learning on the students’ behalf. In undergraduate courses in medical physics in Brazil, the discipline of radiation physics is fundamental for the student’s professional formation. The purpose of this work is to utilize the TOPAS Monte Carlo to simulate experiments that allow the discussion over covered contents on the discipline of radiation physics related to medical physics. The tool may be used by teachers to minister this discipline and by students that may want to deepen their knowledge and be introduced to the Monte Carlo method. Initially, it was done the code validation for the photon spectra used through the comparison with literature. Therefore, it was possible to elaborate the input archives and perform the output archives data analysis for different irradiation setups covered by the academic community in order to evince factors influence, such as: curves statistics by the number of histories; irradiation field size; homogeneous and heterogeneous medium; different incident beams natures. The obtained results show that the performed simulations allow a correct and dynamic analysis of the radiation interaction processes with matter approached in radiation physics. Brazil proportionally behalf student s formation method Initially literature Therefore influence as histories size medium natures

Este trabalho apesenta alguns aspectos da difração no olho humano, tanto na pupila como nas células do cristalino e em estruturas no seu interior. As deduções relevantes são feitas em um Apêndice. Para complementar o entendimento dos fenômenos ópticos, são examinados alguns aspectos fisiológicos do olho, especialmente da retina. O objetivo do trabalho é fornecer exemplos que possam ajudar no ensino da óptica e motivar os estudantes a examinarem mais detalhadamente a difração, incluindo cálculos numéricos. Os exemplos incluem a visibilidade de estruturas como a Muralha da China quando observadas de longas distâncias, os pingos dos is das antigas bulas de remédio, a forma de moscas volantes e a razão pela qual vemos estrelas com pontas. Este artigo tem como objetivo atingir não apenas físicos e estudantes de física, mas, também, profissionais de outras áreas relacionadas à visão humana, como oftalmologistas, optometristas e técnicos e tecnólogos em oftálmica. humano interior Apêndice ópticos retina numéricos distâncias remédio pontas física mas também humana oftalmologistas oftálmica

This work presents some aspects of diffraction in the human eye, which occurs in the pupil, in the cells of the lens, and in structures within it. An Appendix presents the calculations necessary to understand the phenomenon of diffraction. To complement the understanding of optical phenomena, some physiological aspects of the eye, especially the retina, are examined. The purpose of the paper is to provide teachers and students with examples that can help in the study of optics and motivate students to take a closer look at diffraction, including numerical calculations. Examples include the visibility of structures like the Great Wall of China when viewed from long distances, the dots of the letters i and j from the drug information leaflet the shape of floaters, and why we see stars as pointy objects. This article targets physicists, physics students, and professionals from other areas related to human vision, such as ophthalmologists, opticians, and optometrists. eye pupil lens it phenomena retina examined distances floaters objects physicists vision ophthalmologists opticians optometrists

Abstract The computers have penetrated in the different spheres of the activity of the society, in particular the public health. The calculation experiments or computer-driven simulations, initially developed for the solution of problems from other sciences like the physics, are broadly used in public health in either epidemiology or medical investigation and constitute a teaching mean in the medical high education. The preparation of the new generations of health professionals so that they can assimilate the new technologies used in areas of the profession and their constant changes it is necessary. The professional software for the development of simulations in health sciences is not accessible to the students what implies to find alternative that allows its familiarization with these important tools. On the other hand for the physics course of pre-medical they don't have the necessary equipment of laboratory for the realization of real experiments. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the potentialities of the Java applets to familiarize to the students of the Pre- medical Course with the computer-driven simulations and its possibilities to satisfy the necessity of experimental activity before the lacks of real laboratories in the Preparatory Faculty. The contribution that is carried out resides in a proposal for the applets use for the experimental activity during the resolution of problems of the subject of Physics.

Resumen Las computadoras han penetrado las diferentes esferas de la actividad de la sociedad, en particular la salud pública. Los experimentos de cálculo o simulaciones computadorizadas o virtuales, inicialmente desarrollados para la solución de problemas desde otras ciencias como la física, son ampliamente utilizadas en salud pública ya sea en epidemiología o la investigación médica y constituyen un medio de enseñanza en la educación médica. La preparación de las nuevas generaciones de profesionales de la salud para que puedan asimilar las nuevas tecnologías empleadas en áreas de la profesión y sus constantes cambios es insoslayable. Los software profesionales para el desarrollo de Simulaciones en ciencias de la salud no están accesibles a los estudiantes lo que implica encontrar alternativas que permitan su familiarización con estas importantes herramientas. El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar las potencialidades de los applets Java para familiarizar a los estudiantes del Curso Premédico con las simulaciones computadorizadas y sus posibilidades para satisfacer la necesidad de actividad experimental ante las carencias de laboratorios reales en la Facultad Preparatoria. El aporte que se realiza radica en una propuesta para la utilización de applets para la actividad experimental durante la resolución de problemas de la asignatura Física.

Physics Today was created in 1948 by the Americam Institute of Physics, with the mission of contributing to the “unification of physics”, overcoming conceptual, institutional and communicative distances between its different areas of physics, and bringing science and society closer, promoting a space for understanding and dialogue between physicists, scientists from other areas and the public. From the beginning, the magazine proved to be plural, addressing a wide range of subjects related to science. Obviously, physics articles were in the majority, but areas such as philosophy of science, history of science, scientific education and the relationship between science and society would also be privileged. In this brief article, we quantitatively emphasize the growth of publications in the field of medical physics on the pages of Physics Today, with the decade between 2007 and 2016 as a historical clipping.

A Physics Today foi criada em 1948 pelo Americam Institute of Physics, com a missão de contribuir para a “unificação da física”, superando as distâncias conceituais, institucionais e comunicativas entre suas diversas áreas, e aproximar ciência e sociedade, promovendo um espaço de entendimento e diálogo entre os físicos, cientistas de outras áreas e o público leigo. Desde o início a revista mostrou-se plural, abordando uma ampla gama de assuntos ligados à ciência. Evidentemente os artigos de física eram maioria, mas áreas como filosofia da ciência, história da ciência, educação científica e a relação entre ciência e sociedade também seriam privilegiadas. Neste breve artigo enfatizamos quantitativamente o crescimento das publicações da área de física médica nas páginas de Physics Today, tendo como recorte histórico a década entre 2007 e 2016.

Resumen La formación de futuras personas profesionales científicas requiere de oportunidades para el desarrollo de habilidades para la vida (habilidades blandas), con el fin de que puedan llevar a cabo de manera satisfactoria sus labores profesionales; esto es aún más crucial en áreas interdisciplinarias como la Física Médica. Uno de los proyectos de Acción Social de la Universidad de Costa Rica ofrece este tipo de oportunidades a personas estudiantes interesadas en este campo, lo hace mediante mentorías enmarcadas en la participación en proyectos de investigación. Al tratarse de un área de estudio de nivel avanzado y multidisciplinar, se utilizan recursos didácticos lúdicos, que faciliten la comprensión y el disfrute de las actividades en el estudiantado de pregrado. Además, este último aspecto tiene la intención de construir una comunidad de conocimiento alrededor de este interés común. En este trabajo se presentan las experiencias y aprendizajes a partir de las percepciones de las personas participantes en dichas experiencias. Se solicitó al grupo de participantes (9 estudiantes y encargada del laboratorio) que brindaran por escrito sus impresiones sobre la experiencia en el laboratorio y con las otras personas participantes, tanto positivas como negativas. Las experiencias de investigación tuvieron como resultado la participación de dos estudiantes como ponentes dentro de un congreso científico internacional. Se concluye de esta experiencia de proyecto que el uso de materiales didácticos para la discusión de conceptos y resultados de investigación científica es un elemento que facilita la participación significativa del estudiantado de pregrado dentro de la investigación, además de que estos espacios de mentoría, empáticos y lúdicos, fomentan el desarrollo de habilidades blandas y la discusión de temas adyacentes a la labor técnica-científica.

Abstract One prerequisite for future scientists involves life skills training for successful performance of job duties. The development of soft skills is even more crucial for interdisciplinary areas such as Medical Physics. The University of Costa Rica provides such an opportunity through their Social Outreach Mentoring Program for undergraduate students interested in attaining research experience. Ludic teaching resources are used to cultivate understanding and enjoyment of this area of study, given its advanced and multidisciplinary nature as well as develop a community of knowledge pertaining to this common interest. Varying student experience and learning based on perceptions from 9 participants including the lab administrator are covered who were asked to share their written both positive and negative impressions of their experiences in the lab with their fellow students. As a result, two undergraduate program participants were selected to speak at an international science conference. Such intellectually challenging activities juxtaposed with an empathetic work environment serve to foster student self-confidence and actively engage students. Didactic materials helped enliven discussion and Students displayed more willingness to share their research, which revealed the high number of undergraduates taking part in research programs. Such mentoring opportunities tap into student empathy and help nurture soft skill development through enjoyable learning experiences as well as foster technical and scientific skills required for future employment.

A simulação Monte Carlo (MC) pode ser usada no ensino da física das radiações ionizantes com aplicações em física médica. No entanto, os códigos MC livres disponíveis não são user-friendly para usuários novos e inexperientes, limitando sua utilização como ferramenta educacional. Este estudo se concentra no desenvolvimento de uma interface gráfica user-friendly para simulações MC com foco no aprendizado de interação da radiação ionizante aplicada à Física Médica. A interface é um arquivo executável desenvolvido em Python 3.9. A interface serve como frontend para as simulações realizadas pelo código PENELOPE v. 2014 com a extensão penEasy v. 2015. Dois tipos de simulações são disponibilizados: (i) Tracking de partículas e (ii) Deposição de dose. Os resultados obtidos no caso (i) são apresentados graficamente em três figuras que mostram a trajetória de elétrons, fótons e pósitrons, respectivamente. Para o caso (ii), o resultado é a dose em função da profundidade de um volume na forma de caixa. Em resumo, esta interface, com geometria simples e simulações rápidas, em um ambiente interativo, oferece um grande leque de possibilidades para o entendimento da interação da radiação com a matéria, que é a base da física médica.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation can be used in teaching the physics of ionizing radiation with applications in medical physics. However, the free MC codes available are not user-friendly for new and inexperienced users, limiting their use as an educational tool. This study focuses on the development of a user-friendly graphical interface for MC simulations with a focus on learning the interaction of ionizing radiation applied to Medical Physics. The interface is an executable file developed in Python 3.9. The interface serves as a frontend for the simulations performed by the PENELOPE v. 2014 code with the penEasy v. 2015 extension. Two types of simulations are available: (i) Particle tracking and (ii) Dose deposition. The results obtained in case (i) are presented graphically as three figures that show the trajectory of electrons, photons and positrons, respectively. For case (ii), the result is the dose as a function of the depth of a box-shaped volume. In summary, this interface, with simple geometry and fast simulations, in an interactive environment, offers a wide range of possibilities for understanding the interaction of radiation with matter, which is the basis of medical physics.

RESUMEN Las razones por las que la medicina y la biotecnología son de importancia fundamental en Cuba constituyen objeto de debate. Las causas sociales, económicas e históricas se presentan divididas en los períodos colonial, neocolonial y revolucionario (después de 1959). En estos contextos, se discute la contribución del profesional y la influencia de las instituciones más importantes en la creación de tradiciones biocientíficas. Asimismo, se hace referencia a la contribución de la comunidad de físicos al desarrollo de la investigación biotecnológica y farmacéutica. Se mencionan dos de los más grandes proyectos en los que la física realiza una contribución fundamental, se propone revisar los enfoques investigativos en el campo de las ciencias biológicas en Cuba, de acuerdo con las tendencias internacionales de la convergencia tecnológica. Se debaten nuevos enfoques sobre la tercera revolución en la biología, así como las ventajas de su puesta en práctica. Se reexaminan aspectos fundamentales del sistema de educación superior cubano en relación con carreras científicas y con el funcionamiento del sistema científico nacional. Se exponen algunos de los riesgos principales para el futuro del desarrollo científico nacional.

ABSTRACT The question why medicine and biotechnology have higher importance in Cuba is discussed. The social, economic and historical causes are presented divided into the colonial period, the neocolonial period and the period after the Cuban Revolution in 1959. In these contexts, the contribution of the dissimilarity professional and the influence of the most important institutions creating bioscience traditions are discussed. The contribution of Physics community to the development of biotechnology and pharmaceutical research is noted. Two of the biggest projects in which Physics had a preponderant contribution, that is, the MRI Cuban system and the international extension of high medical technology in the Imaging and Ophthalmology branches are mentioned. New views are debated concerning the third revolution in biology and advantages of its implementation. Fundamental aspects of the Cuban higher education system for scientific careers and for the functioning of the National Scientific system are reexamined, presenting some of the principal risks for the future of national scientific development.

RESUMEN El presente texto hace referencia a la gran carga física y psíquica que contrae el cuidador como consecuencia del cuidado de pacientes con Daño Cerebral Adquirido. Su objetivo está dirigido a sistematizar los elementos epistemológicos acerca de la sobrecarga del cuidador de pacientes con Daño Cerebral Adquirido, en función de mejorar las repercusiones físicas, emocionales, médicas, sociales y económicas que pueden experimentar en su atención. Este artículo constituye una salida del proyecto de investigación Intervención psicosocial para perfeccionar la atención integral al paciente con Daño Cerebral Adquirido, el cual gestiona el Centro para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. El tipo de estudio es Investigación- acción participativa y se ejecutó en el período comprendido entre enero de 2018 y febrero de 2020.

ABSTRACT The present text makes reference to the great load physics and psychic that contracts the caretaker like consequence of the care of patient with Acquired Brain Damage (ABD). Its objective is directed to base the epistemological elements on the caretaker's overload for its attention. It is intruded in inherent questions to the ABD and the physical, emotional repercussions, doctors, social, economic, and others that the caretakers of these patients can experience. This article constitutes an exit of the project of investigation Psychosocial intervention to perfect the integral attention to the patient with Acquired Brain Damage, which negotiates the Center for the Development of the Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, of the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. The study type is of character Investigation-action participatory and it was executed in the period between January of 2018 and February of 2020.

Resumen Introducción Los estudios de cohortes reales de los estudiantes de medicina ofrecen información relevante que apoya la toma de decisiones para las intervenciones educativas. Objetivo Identificar el perfil de éxito académico en estudiantes de la licenciatura de medicina a partir de las características académicas y sociodemográficas desde el bachillerato. Método Estudio de cohortes reales. Se analizó la información de las historias académicas de 1747 estudiantes de las generaciones 2011 y 2012 que ingresaron a la carrera de médico cirujano de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Se realizó un análisis multinivel para identificar las variables asociadas al éxito académico de los estudiantes. Resultados La mayor proporción de estudiantes con éxito académico fueron los que cursaron las asignaturas de matemáticas (9.6% vs 1.4%), física (9.8% vs 1.6%), inglés (11.0% vs 2.7%) en el bachillerato. En el grupo de éxito académico versus grupo de no éxito académico la diferencia observada en el promedio general del bachillerato fue estadísticamente significativa (9.4 vs 9.2) respectivamente. La comprensión lectora en el examen diagnóstico de licenciatura también se asoció con el éxito académico. Conclusiones El perfil de éxito académico del estudiante de medicina correspondió con un promedio final en bachillerato mayor a 9.1, porcentaje de aciertos alto en matemáticas y física en el examen de selección al bachillerato, así como en inglés y comprensión lectora del español en el examen diagnóstico de licenciatura. Las variables académicas tuvieron más asociación con el éxito académico que las variables socioeconómicas.

Abstract Introduction Real cohort studies of medical students offer relevant information that supports decision-making for educational interventions. Objective To identify the profile of academic success in medical students based on their academic and sociodemographic characteristics from the baccalaureate. Method Real cohort design. The academic trajectories’ information of 1747 students (2011 and 2012 classes) that were admitted to the National Autonomous University of Mexico Faculty of Medicine were analyzed. A multilevel analysis was carried out to identify the variables associated with the students’ academic success. Results The highest proportion of students with academic success had high scores in mathematics (9.6% vs 1.4%), physics (9.8% vs 1.6%), and English (11.0% vs 2.7%) in high school. In the academic success group versus the non-academic success group, the difference observed in the general high school average was statistically significant (9.4 vs 9.2) respectively. Reading comprehension on the undergraduate diagnostic test was also associated with academic success. Conclusions The academic success profile of the medical student corresponded with a final average in high school higher than 9.1, high percentage of correct answers in mathematics and physics in the high school selection exam, as well as in English and reading comprehension of Spanish in the exam undergraduate diagnosis. Academic variables had more association with academic success than socioeconomic variables.

Abstract: The objective of this research study is to assess the importance of group readings and collaborative infographic construction in the process of teaching and learning scientific book contents to university students. This research study is qualitative and of descriptive-interpretive nature. An experiment is performed with ten third-semester medical students taking a physics course. The results show significant improvement in learning scientific topics by using group readings and collaborative infographic construction when compared to learning by using pedagogical strategies that put emphasis on memory and practice exercises that are solved individually. It is concluded that group reading and infographic use for teaching science and technology are practices that allow implementing inquiring-type activities that favor conceptual learning in students.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la importancia de la lectura grupal y la construcción colaborativa de infografías en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los contenidos de los libros de divulgación científica en estudiantes universitarios. La investigación es de tipo cualitativo y de orden descriptivo-interpretativo. Se realizó un experimento con 10 estudiantes de tercer semestre de medicina que cursaron una asignatura de física. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes participantes del estudio mostraron una mejora significativa de su aprendizaje de temas científicos. Esto contrasta de forma positiva con los resultados de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de este tipo de contenidos que utilizan estrategias pedagógicas con énfasis en aprendizajes memorísticos y de resolución de ejercicios de forma individual. Se concluye que la lectura grupal y el uso de las infografías para el contenido de textos de ciencia y tecnología son una práctica que permite realizar ejercicios de indagación que favorecen el aprendizaje conceptual de los estudiantes.