Abstract The ethical training of military forces is essential for democracy as it guides respect for human rights, observance of the laws of war, and protection of institutional legitimacy. For this reason, military ethics has become a crucial tool to guide the behavior of the military in complex environments and ensure responsible decision-making. In this context, this article evaluates the impact of the Basic Concepts in Military Ethics course and its inductive approach on the attitudes and behaviors of Colombian military personnel. Using a quantitative methodology, a study was conducted with 230 course participants at the General Rafael Reyes Prieto Higher War School in Colombia to measure attitudes about military ethics, rules of engagement, and operational effectiveness. The main results identified that the course positively impacted the participants’ attitudes about the importance of military ethics, its contribution to unit cohesion, and its influence on responsible decision-making. It is concluded that training in military ethics, through innovative methods such as inductive, prepares the military to face the challenges of today’s world and responsibly fulfill their mission.

Resumen La formación ética de las fuerzas militares es esencial para la democracia, pues orienta el respeto por los derechos humanos, la observancia de las leyes de la guerra y la protección de la legitimidad institucional. Por tal motivo, la ética militar se convierte en una herramienta crucial para guiar el comportamiento de los militares en entornos complejos y garantizar la toma de decisiones responsables. En ese contexto, este artículo evalúa el impacto del curso Conceptos Básicos en Ética Militar y su enfoque inductivo en las actitudes y comportamientos del personal militar colombiano. A través de una metodología con un enfoque cuantitativo, se realizó un estudio con 230 participantes del curso en la Escuela Superior de Guerra General Rafael Reyes Prieto (ESDEG) de Colombia, para medir las actitudes sobre la ética militar, las reglas de enfrentamiento (RE) y la efectividad operacional. Dentro de los principales resultados se identificó que el curso tuvo un impacto positivo en las actitudes de los participantes sobre la importancia de la ética militar, su contribución a la cohesión de las unidades y su influencia en la toma de decisiones responsables. Se concluye que la formación en ética militar, a través de métodos innovadores como el inductivo, prepara a los militares para enfrentar los desafíos del mundo actual y garantizar el cumplimiento de su misión de manera responsable.

Abstract Introduction: The complexity that criminal governance has acquired through predatory and clientelistic actions by criminal groups has called into question the state's capacity to protect the population. In Mexico, as in other countries in the region, this has placed in the public debate the relevance of pacts between the government and criminals as a measure to reduce violence. Objective: Therefore, this research aims to understand the factors that influence people's support for a political-criminal arrangement, as well as those that contribute to considering criminal organizations legitimate and approving the impunity of their members. Methodology: To this purpose, we conducted an econometric analysis based on two nationally representative surveys. Conclusions: The results suggest that when clientelistic criminal governance is exercised and when there is less state capacity in the area of security, citizen approval of the pacts between the government and criminal groups increases, as well as their legitimacy. On the contrary, when criminal governance is violent, the population's repudiation of criminals increases and there is greater pressure on the government to fight them.

Resumen Introducción: la complejidad que ha adquirido la gobernanza criminal mediante acciones predatorias y clientelares por parte de los grupos delictivos ha puesto en entredicho la capacidad estatal para proteger a la población. En México, como en otros países de la región, esto ha colocado en el debate público la pertinencia de los pactos entre el Gobierno y los delincuentes como medida para disminuir la violencia. Objetivo: por tanto, esta investigación busca conocer los factores que influyen en que las personas apoyen un arreglo político-delictivo, así como aquellos que contribuyen a considerar legítimas a las organizaciones criminales y la impunidad de sus miembros. Metodología: para ello, realizamos un análisis econométrico a partir de dos encuestas con representatividad nacional. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que cuando se ejerce una gobernanza criminal de tipo clientelar y cuando existe menor capacidad estatal en materia de seguridad, se incrementa la aprobación de la ciudadanía por los pactos entre el Gobierno y los grupos delictivos, así como la legitimación de estos. Por el contrario, cuando la gobernanza criminal es violenta, crece el repudio de la población hacia los delincuentes y se ejerce una mayor presión al gobierno para combatirlos.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how academics at a South African higher education institution (HEI) adapted to emergency remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and how it affected their mental well-being. Using a concurrent mixed methods equal status design, an online survey was completed by 248 academics, which included demographic data, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure mental well-being, and open-ended questions. Slightly more than one half of academics (54.1 per cent) reported losing much sleep and 81.4 per cent reported that they were under stress. Further, 28.6 per cent of participants had feelings of being unhappy or depressed and 31.1 per cent reported losing confidence. Almost one third of academics (31.9 per cent) had GHQ-12 threshold scores above 3 that is indicative of a mental health problem. A principal components analysis yielded two sub-scales: Perceived Mental Health (distress/anxiety) and Adaptive Behaviours (social function). In our study, being a woman, permanently employed, not having children, and being a lecturer were associated with lower perceived mental health; also, being permanently employed and living alone were associated with lower adaptive behaviours. In the context of ongoing online learning pedagogies and working from home, the mental well-being of academics in HEIs should be effectively supported, with differentiated/tailored/personalised approaches.

Inclusive curriculum transformation is crucial in Higher Education (HE). Decolonisation is considered a necessary intervention that offers opportunities to reimagine curricula, broaden access, and foster inclusivity. However, the full potential of decolonisation remains untapped due to contradictory perceptions and the absence of substantive decolonial theory. This scoping review explored how the decolonisation of Health Sciences curricula can be used as a vehicle for transformation in HE. A systematic search of online academic databases was conducted and included 31 relevant articles. Deductive and inductive coding was used to analyse the data, through which 14 decolonial actions were identified and presented as an action framework. By identifying and organising the main concepts used in the literature and proposing an action framework to decolonise curricula within the field of Health Sciences, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse of how decolonisation can be used to bring about transformation in HE. CONTRIBUTION: Findings contribute to the development of decolonial theory and highlight the benefits of decolonising Health Sciences curricula. This scoping review sets the stage for further research to build on this action framework, develop practical guidelines to guide curriculum change and evaluate and measure decolonisation efforts

BACKGROUND. Monitoring quality indicators to improve breast cancer care is well established in high-income countries. This is the first evaluation of diagnostic and surgical quality indicators for initial benchmarking of breast cancer care in South Africa (SA). OBJECTIVE. To measure the adherence rates to quality indicators among women with breast cancer in SA. METHODS. Ten quality indicators were evaluated for 3 545 breast cancer patients across four SA surgical breast units using a shared electronic patient record system. Data quality and adherence rates with differences between units were determined. The effect of HIV status on adherence was assessed by multivariate Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS. Our electronic patient record reliably measured most quality indicators. Rates of positive margins (5.7%), overall axillary surgery (95.8%) and appropriate treatment sequencing in locally advanced breast cancer patients (98.4%) consistently reached minimum international standards. Rates of multidisciplinary team discussion (72.2%), radiotherapy (66.7%) and sentinel node biopsy (39.6%) showed wide cross-site variance. Histopathology reporting (62.0%), breast-conserving surgery (19.4%) and number of nodes excised with axillary dissection (47.3%) and sentinel node biopsy (82.7%) were consistently below minimum standards. Unit volumes were achieved consistently in Gauteng Province, but only for some years in KwaZulu-Natal Province; surgeon volumes were achieved across all units. HIV status did not affect adherence levels. Most quality indicators were well measurable, but data quality on reoperations and surgeon volumes was poor. CONCLUSION. We evaluated local quality indicators for an initial benchmark, and the most emergent gaps in care are the receipt of radiotherapy and underutilisation of sentinel node biopsy.

Abstract: This research study aimed to measure the impact of a pedagogical strategy implemented in the postgraduate training of mathematics teachers to promote problem-based learning through the use of digital environments in general basic education (EGB). The strategy is based on the theoretical and practical deepening of the theory of didactic situations and the design of authentic problems. The methodology is quasi-experimental longitudinal correlational with teachers and students of EGB, based on pretest-posttest measurement of indicators. The results show significant improvements in the implementation of problem-based learning (PBL), in the design of authentic problems, in the use of digital environments, and on student performance. In conclusion, these findings support the relevance and effectiveness of the proposed pedagogical strategy to improve the teaching and learning process of mathematics in EGB and underline the importance of integrating innovative and technological strategies in teacher training.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo medir el impacto de una estrategia pedagógica implementada en la formación de postgrado de profesores de matemáticas para promover el aprendizaje basado en problemas mediante el uso de entornos digitales en la educación general básica (EGB). La estrategia se basa en la profundización teórica y práctica de la teoría de situaciones didácticas y el diseño de problemas auténticos. La metodología es cuasiexperimental longitudinal correlacional con docentes y estudiantes de EGB, a partir de la medición pretest-postest de indicadores. Los resultados muestran mejoras significativas en la implementación del aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP), el diseño de problemas auténticos, el uso de entornos digitales y el desempeño de los estudiantes. Estos hallazgos respaldan la pertinencia y eficacia de la estrategia pedagógica propuesta para mejorar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas en la EGB y subrayan la importancia de integrar en la formación docente estrategias innovadoras y tecnológicas.

RESUMEN Este estudio examina cómo cambian las emociones de futuros maestros hacia los contenidos científicos (seres vivos y ecosistemas) al participar en una intervención indagatoria en la construcción de hoteles en un Parque Natural de España. La muestra incluyó alumnos del Grado de Maestro en Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Huelva matriculados en una asignatura de didáctica de las ciencias. Se utilizó un cuestionario tipo Likert para medir la intensidad de catorce emociones en tres momentos: antes, durante y después de la intervención. También se realizaron entrevistas, observaciones y narrativas para identificar las causas del cambio. Los resultados indicaron un aumento significativo en emociones positivas, especialmente la satisfacción, y una disminución en emociones negativas, como el aburrimiento. Este cambio se atribuye a la naturaleza biológica de los temas y su integración en el Conocimiento Didáctico del Contenido. Se recomienda incorporar la educación emocional en la formación inicial de maestros para promover la autorregulación y el aprendizaje emocional.

RESUMO Este estudo examina como mudam as emoções de futuros professores em relação aos conteúdos científicos (seres vivos e ecossistemas) ao participar de uma intervenção investigativa na construção de hotéis em um Parque Natural da Espanha. A amostra incluiu alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Primária da Universidade de Huelva, inscritos em uma disciplina de didática das ciências. Utilizou-se um questionário tipo Likert para medir a intensidade de quatorze emoções em três momentos: antes, durante e depois da intervenção. Também foram realizadas entrevistas, observações e narrativas para identificar as causas da mudança. Os resultados indicaram um aumento significativo nas emoções positivas, especialmente a satisfação, e uma diminuição nas emoções negativas, como o tédio. Essa mudança é atribuída à natureza biológica dos temas e sua integração no Conhecimento Didático do Conteúdo. Recomenda-se incorporar a educação emocional na formação inicial de professores para promover a autorregulação e a aprendizagem emocional.

ABSTRACT This study examines how the emotions of future teachers towards scientific content (living beings and ecosystems) change when participating in an inquiry-based intervention focused on building hotels in a Natural Park in Spain. The sample included students from the Primary Education Teaching Degree at the University of Huelva, participating in a science didactics course. A Likert-type questionnaire was used to measure the intensity of fourteen emotions at three moments: before, during, and after the intervention. Additionally, interviews, observations, and narratives were conducted to identify the causes that justify the change. The results show that positive emotions recorded the highest intensities at all three moments. There was an increase in all positive emotions, with satisfaction being particularly significant. All negative emotions decreased, especially boredom. Moreover, the change is attributed to the biological nature of the topics and their integration into Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Initial training should incorporate emotional education into a professional knowledge model that includes self-regulation strategies to facilitate emotional maturity and learning.

Resumo No século XXI, a expansão das redes globais de produção tornou crucial a compreensão dos seus impactos nas estruturas produtivas dos países. Este estudo busca investigar se a participação em cadeias globais de valor (CGV) influencia o nível de sofisticação tecnológica das exportações e a complexidade econômica de um país. A pesquisa abrange uma amostra de 58 países e uma subamostra de países em desenvolvimento, entre 2006 e 2015. Utilizando modelos dinâmicos estimados por ambos Difference e System GMM, foram avaliadas duas variáveis dependentes: um índice de sofisticação das exportações (“q”) e o índice de complexidade econômica (ECI). Os resultados mostram que a participação nas CGV está associada a um aumento significativo na sofisticação da pauta de exportações, medida pelo índice “q”. Porém, quando analisada a complexidade econômica em termos mais amplos (ECI), os efeitos foram negativos e não significativos estatisticamente para países em desenvolvimento.

Abstract In the 21st century, the intensification of global production networks has made it important to understand the implications for the productive structures of countries important. This study aims to investigate whether participation in global value chains (GVCs) can change the degree of technological sophistication of exports and a country’s economic complexity, considering a sample of 58 countries and a subsample consisting only of developing countries, from 2006 to 2015. We estimate dynamic models by difference and system GMM considering two dependent variables: an export sophistication index (‘q’) and the economic complexity index. We find a positive and significant relationship between participation in GVCs and degree of sophistication of the export basket, measured by the ‘q’ index. However, considering a broader measure of economic complexity (the ECI index), the effects were negative and not significant for developing countries.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the different therapeutic strategies prescribed in orofunctional rehabilitation of the tongue musculature. Research strategies Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library for Latin America and the Caribbean, Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online, SciVerse Scopus and Cochrane databases were consulted, with the descriptors "exercise therapy” OR “physiology” OR “musculoskeletal physiological phenomena” OR “digestive system and oral physiological phenomena” AND “speech therapy” OR “myofunctional therapy” OR “speech language pathology” AND “tongue”. Studies indexed until October 5, 2023, were included. Selection criteria Studies with an interventionist design with exercises for tongue musculature were included. Data analysis Three reviewers selected, extracted and tabulated the information from the studies. The PEDro scale was used to measure the studies’ methodological quality. Results 1.036 studies were found, and 18 were included in this review. The samples varied between 16 and 148 subjects, aged between 4 and 95 years. Only seven studies clearly described the exercises execution, and the number of sets, repetitions, and contraction duration. Fourteen studies clearly defined the exercises’ objectives. The average score of the PEDro Scale analysis was 6.9, and 56.25% of the studies scored ≥7. Conclusion There is a lack of a clear description of the exercises’ goals and their clinical indications, which can lead to confusion and inadequate prescription. Future studies will need to provide a clear description of the outcomes, in order that we can define, according to the exercises and training program specificity, what the effects of different training methodological parameters in this musculature are.

ABSTRACT Jambu is important nationally and internationally for its dietary and medicinal use, notably for espilanthol. Despite its versatility, breeding work is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate aerial traits and estimate genetic parameters in jambu accesses to support a breeding program. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal da Amazônia, Capitão Poço campus. The treatments included 172 genotype clones from seven municipalities in the Northeast mesoregion, obtained from a farmer’s market. Seedlings were cloned and transplanted after three weeks. The design was completely randomized with three replications and 20 cm × 20 cm spacing. At harvest, genotypes were manually removed and taken to the Campus Agricultural Engineering Laboratory to measure 17 aerial part traits. Variance components, genotypic values, and genetic parameters were estimated using REML/BLUP methodology. Genetic and phenotypic correlation matrices and selection gains of 75, 50, and 25% of the genotypes were calculated. Significant genetic variance and high heritability were observed for traits such as plant fresh mass, leaf fresh mass, and stem fresh mass, which are favorable for selection. Indirect selection can enhance leaf and capitula mass without significantly increasing stem diameter. Selecting 50% of the population yields good selection gains without compromising genetic variability.

ABSTRACT Based on the work “Authoritarian Personality” by Adorno et al. (1950), which explores the relationship between individuals predisposed to prejudice and the support of authoritarian social regimes, this article analyzes the results of a study conducted in public education in São Paulo. The study aimed to verify, among students, the existence of two types of heteronomy in relation to school authority: rigid adherence to authority or its rejection, and whether the former is related to a strict defense of moral values and the latter to a broader form of violence. Two scales were applied to 89 seventh-grade students: created by Adorno et al. – the F Scale, to assess the degree of predisposition to moral violence and more general forms of violence, and another to measure the students’ autonomy in relation to the teacher’s authority. It was found that both forms of heteronomy predicted exist: one is related to the strict defense of moral values, while the other is associated not only with this defense but also with a broader form of violence, indicating a concerning formation of individuals who may support an anti-democratic system.

RESUMO Com base na obra “A personalidade autoritária”, de Adorno et al. (1950), sobre a relação entre indivíduos predispostos ao preconceito e à defesa de regimes sociais autoritários, este artigo analisa resultados de pesquisa realizada em três escolas do ensino público paulistano, para verificar, em estudantes, a existência de dois tipos de heteronomia em relação à autoridade escolar: adesão rígida à autoridade ou sua negação, e se a primeira tem relação com a defesa rígida de valores morais e a outra, com uma forma mais ampla de violência. Aplicou-se a 89 alunos do 7º ano duas escalas: a Escala F, criada por Adorno e colaboradores, para avaliar o grau de predisposição à violência moral e formas de violência mais genéricas, e outra para saber da autonomia dos alunos frente à autoridade do professor. Constatou-se haver as duas formas de heteronomia previstas: uma delas se relaciona com a defesa rígida de valores morais, a outra se associa com essa defesa, mas também com uma forma mais ampla de violência, o que indica uma preocupante formação de indivíduos que possam defender um sistema antidemocrático.

RESUMEN A partir del trabajo ‘Personalidad Autoritaria’, de Adorno et al. (1950), sobre la relación entre individuos predispuestos al prejuicio y la defensa de regímenes sociales autoritarios, este artículo analiza resultados de investigaciones realizadas en tres escuelas públicas de São Paulo, para verificar, en los estudiantes, la existencia de dos tipos de heteronomía en relación con la autoridad escolar: la rígida adhesión a la autoridad o su negación, y si la primera se relaciona con la rígida defensa de los valores morales y la otra, con una forma más amplia de violencia. Se aplicaron dos escalas a 89 estudiantes de séptimo año: la Escala de Fascismo, desarrollada por Adorno et al., para evaluar el grado de predisposición a la violencia moral y formas más generales de violencia, y otra para determinar la autonomía de los estudiantes frente a autoridad del maestro. Se encontró que existen dos formas previstas de heteronomía: una de ellas está relacionada con la rígida defensa de los valores morales, la otra está asociada a esta defensa, pero también a una forma más amplia de violencia, lo que indica una preocupante formación de individuos que puede defender un sistema antidemocrático.

The National Immunization Program (NIP), established in 1973, is recognized nationally and internationally as one of the largest vaccination programs in the world, integrated into the Unified Health System (SUS). Over the years, the NIP has faced challenges in vaccine quality control, leading to significant evolution, especially since 1983 when the National Institute of Quality Control in Health (INCQS) centralized this control. INCQS conducts biological, microbiological, and physicochemical assays, such as pH, appearance, aluminum content, and thiomersal, the latter present in multidose vaccines as a preservative. Retrospective analysis of physicochemical assays reveals variations in analysis quantities, often correlated with specific vaccination campaigns. The introduction of new vaccines in the NIP, such as the pentavalent and inactivated polio vaccines, impacted quality control. Regarding the pH and appearance of vaccines, assays demonstrate improvements over time, including the adoption of more sensitive and specific techniques. The implementation of visual inspection aspect analysis as a preventive measure after occurrences of unsatisfactory lots underscores the commitment to vaccine safety. Public laboratories, like INCQS, play a crucial role in this process, ensuring the safety of immunobiological for the entire Brazilian population. The current challenge lies in the need to keep up with technological advancements to maintain vaccine quality.

Abstract This article presents an application for failure probability in long-pipeline gas systems through the development of trend curves over time for the attributes of corrosion wear, which are related to the length, width, and depth of the defect. In addition, Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) is applied in the most favorable numerical failure values according to the location of the defect, with the aim of analyzing the structural reliability and the expected useful life of the gas pipeline. To do this, it was necessary to use the data provided by pig readings in 2008, 2012 and 2018 by an instrumented pig, type Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL), inspecting a gas pipeline with the finality to measure wall thickness. The 56 km long and 18 in diameter pipeline is partly onshore and partly offshore. Also, the pipeline anomalies are standardized according to the standards established in POF (2016). It is important to emphasize that the methodology described in this article can be used in the industry where the prevention of leakage incidents, the predictability of maintenance, and the elaboration of the respective inspection plans are required, since it has been theoretically possible to calculate the probability of failure in time beyond the respective impact on risk for the operational variables presented.

ABSTRACT The combine harvester is a widely used piece of agricultural equipment in modern agriculture, and the seed loss rate is one of the important indexes used to measure its operational performance, so the monitoring of the seed loss rate is crucial for adjusting the operational parameters of combine harvesters and improving the quality of grain harvesting. Aiming at the problems of the slow response speed and low monitoring accuracy of the existing domestic seed loss rate monitoring models, this paper proposed a rice seed loss rate monitoring method based on the whale optimization algorithm-back propagation neural network (WOA-BP). The loss rate monitoring device consisted of a piezoelectric ceramic sensor module, charge amplification circuit, band-pass filter circuit, analog-to-digital (AD) converter, main control unit, etc. The WOA-BP algorithm, which has a high accuracy and fast response speed, was used to classify and count the signals to realise seed loss rate monitoring. The indoor test results showed that the relative errors of the monitoring results are less than 8.5% under the condition of a conveying speed of 1.3-2.1m/s, and the relative errors showed an increasing trend as the proportion of straw increased.

Da comparação do tempo em referenciais inerciais, deduzem-se possíveis tipos de transformações entre referenciais inerciais. Esta dedução elementar relaciona diretamente as propriedades do tempo com o tipo de transformações. Quando todos os referenciais inerciais medem o mesmo tempo (o tempo é absoluto), as transformações são galileanas. Quando cada referencial inercial tem seu próprio tempo, diferente dos tempos de outros referenciais inerciais (o tempo não é invariante), as transformações são do tipo Lorentz com o mesmo parâmetro positivo k. O parâmetro k é o supremo das velocidades possíveis em um referencial inercial, o mesmo para todos os referenciais inerciais. O postulado de Einstein sobre a invariância da velocidade da luz diz mais: há um movimento uniforme com o supremo k, que é exatamente o movimento da luz no vácuo. No final do artigo, são criticadas as tentativas de reduzir a teoria da relatividade especial ao princípio da relatividade.

From the comparison of time in inertial frames, possible types of transformations between inertial frames are deduced. This elementary deduction directly relates the properties of time with the type of transformations. When all inertial frames measure the same time (time is absolute), the transformations are Galilean. When each inertial frame has its own time, different from the times of other inertial frames (time is not invariant) the transformations are Lorentz-like with the same positive parameter k. The parameter k is the supremum of possible velocities in an inertial frame, the same for all inertial frames. Einstein’s postulate about the invariance of the speed of light says more: there is a uniform motion with the supremum k, which is exactly the motion of light in a vacuum. At the end of the article, attempts to reduce the special theory of relativity to the principle of relativity are criticized.