Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pharmacological antiretroviral therapy, along with therapeutic monitoring of drug plasma concentrations, facilitates adequate and effective follow-up in each patient. Our main objective was to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of plasma concentrations of three commonly used antiretrovirals in Colombia: efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir. This method is intended for therapeutic drug monitoring in persons living with HIV locally or in developing countries. The method is selective, specific, accurate, precise, and stable over the concentration range of 250 and 20,000 ng mL -1 for the drugs. It was successfully applied to measure the plasma levels of efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir in HIV patients, which ranged from 251.0 ± 10.4 to 7186.2 ± 10.2, 8188.2 ± 5.9 to 15,312.5 ± 6.6, and 246.1 ± 6.5 to 1189.0 ± 6.4 ng mL-1, respectively. HIV. . (HIV) therapy followup follow up patient highperformance high performance HPLCUV HPLC UV (HPLC-UV Colombia efavirenz lopinavir countries selective specific accurate precise 25 20000 20 000 20,00 1 - drugs patients 2510 251 0 251. 104 10 4 10. 71862 7186 2 7186. 102 10.2 81882 8188 8188. 59 5 9 5. 153125 15 312 15,312. 66 6 6.6 2461 246 246. 65 6. 11890 1189 1189. 64 mL1, mL1 1, mL-1 respectively (HIV 2000 00 20,0 718 818 15312 31 15,312 24 118 mL- 200 20, 71 81 1531 3 15,31 11 7 8 153 15,3 15,

ABSTRACT Purpose: This prospective, randomized, unmasked, clinical trial aimed to report the visual outcomes of cataract surgery on both eyes versus cataract surgery on one eye in Brazilian patients. Methods: This study included patients with bilateral cataracts and binocular visual acuity worse than or equal to 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. The patients were randomly assigned to undergo surgery on one (Control Group) or both eyes (one eye at a time; Intervention Group). Postoperatively, self-reported visual function using Catquest-9SF (primary outcome measure), binocular visual acuity, stereopsis, and ocular dominance (secondary outcome measures) were compared. Results: A total of 151 patients (77 and 148 eyes in the Control and Intervention Groups, respectively) completed the follow-up. Patients who underwent surgery on both eyes exhibited significantly better self-reported visual function (p=0.036) and stereopsis (p=0.026) than those who underwent surgery on one eye. Binocular visual acuity and ocular dominance did not affect the group comparisons. Conclusions: Surgery on both eyes resulted in significantly better self-reported visual function and stereopsis than surgery on one eye. Purpose prospective randomized unmasked Methods 03 0 3 0. resolution Group time Group. . Postoperatively selfreported self reported Catquest9SF CatquestSF Catquest 9SF SF primary measure, measure , measure) secondary measures compared Results 15 77 (7 14 Groups respectively followup. followup follow up. up follow-up p=0.036 p0036 p 036 (p=0.036 p=0.026 p0026 026 (p=0.026 comparisons Conclusions 1 7 ( p=0.03 p003 (p=0.03 p=0.02 p002 02 (p=0.02 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 p=0. p0 (p=0. p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

ABSTRACT Desertification is the degradation process caused by climatic conditions and human activities that results in loss of soil productivity and decline in vegetation growth in the long term. Several indices related to vegetation, soil and climate are used to monitor desertification, but few studies explore qualitative and quantitative aspects of indices on desertification on spatial and hierarchical scale. This study aims to identify and measure indices related to increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales using multinomial logistic regression models. Images from TM, ETM+ and OLI sensor from 1997 to 2018 in the end of dry and rainy seasons were used to quantify NDVI, TGSI, albedo, temperature, aridity index, evapotranspiration and precipitation on global spatial scale (Irauçuba Centro Norte) and local spatial scale (Miraíma, Canindé, Irauçuba and Santa Quitéria). GISD was calculated by geometric mean of weighted indices and segmented into 8 classes of susceptibility to desertification (hierarchical scale). The results showed that the best models were obtained on local scale and for the end of the rainy season. Temperature proved to be the most important variable for increased risk of desertification on global, local and hierarchical scales. Therefore, the increase in the risk of desertification in the studied areas is due to human activities of deforestation, overgrazing and fire. These factors contributed to reduction of vegetation cover and increase in temperature, changing the microclimatic, which led to decline in precipitation and worsening of desertification. term TM ETM 199 201 NDVI TGSI albedo temperature index Norte Miraíma, Miraíma (Miraíma Canindé Quitéria. Quitéria . Quitéria) scale) season Therefore deforestation fire microclimatic 19 20 1 2

ABSTRACT Purpose: The epithelial–mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells plays a role in posterior capsule opacification, a fibrotic process that leads to a common type of cataract. Hyaluronic acid has been implicated in this fibrosis. Studies have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 in epithelial–mesenchymal transition. However, the role of TGF-β2 in hyaluronic acid-mediated fibrosis of lens epithelial cell remains unknown. We here examined the role of TGF-β2 in the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Methods: Cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLEB3) were infected with CD44-siRNA by using the Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent. The CCK-8 kit was used to measure cell viability, and the scratch assay was used to determine cell migration. Cell oxidative stress was analyzed in a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay and by using a flow cytometer. The TGF-β2 level in HLEB3 cells was examined through immunohistochemical staining. The TGF-β2 protein level was determined through western blotting. mRNA expression levels were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Treatment with hyaluronic acid (1.0 μM, 24 h) increased the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of HLEB3 cells. The increase in TGF-β2 levels corresponded to an increase in CD44 levels in the culture medium. However, blocking the CD44 function significantly reduced the TGF-β2-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition response of HLEB3 cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that both CD44 and TGF-β2 are critical contributors to the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, and that TGF-β2 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition is regulated by CD44. These results suggest that CD44 could be used as a target for preventing hyaluronic acid-induced posterior capsule opacification. Our findings suggest that CD44/TGF-β2 is crucial for the hyaluronic acid-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Purpose epithelialmesenchymal mesenchymal opacification cataract TGFβ2 TGFβ TGF β2 β (TGF)-β However TGF-β acidmediated mediated unknown Methods HLEB (HLEB3 CD44siRNA CDsiRNA siRNA CD 300 reagent CCK8 CCK 8 CCK- viability migration dichlorodihydrofluorescein dichloro dihydro fluorescein cytometer staining blotting realtime real time reaction Results 1.0 10 1 0 (1. μM 2 h CD4 medium TGFβ2mediated TGFβmediated Conclusions acidinduced induced CD44/TGFβ2 CD44TGFβ2 CDTGFβ CD44/TGF CD44/TGF-β (HLEB 30 1. (1 CD44/TGFβ CD44TGFβ CD44TGF CDTGF 3 (

RESUMO Na agricultura irrigada, é comum a aplicação de água no solo cultivado sem critério, resultando em uso ineficiente ou não otimizado da água. Em muitos casos, a relação solo-água-planta, bem como as potencialidades e limitações dos sistemas de irrigação são ignoradas. A agricultura irrigada sustentável requer o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento da umidade do solo que evite a perda de água e melhore a eficiência do uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a eficiência de um sistema inteligente de monitoramento da umidade do solo. O sistema é composto por duas estações: a primeira coleta os dados sobre parâmetros de umidade aparente do solo usando sensores, enquanto a segunda transmite esses dados para uma estação de processamento central. O sistema determina precisamente os valores atuais de umidade do solo, permitindo estimar o volume de água de irrigação necessário para atender à demanda hídrica da cultura com base na capacidade de campo. Os resultados da curva de calibração dos sensores indicam que o sistema pode medir com precisão a umidade do solo atual, auxiliando no manejo da irrigação. Para áreas irrigadas em condições de solo não saturado, recomenda-se o uso de tensiômetros devido à sua maior confiabilidade entre a capacidade de campo e o ponto de murcha permanente, garantindo práticas de irrigação mais precisas. critério casos soloáguaplanta, soloáguaplanta planta, planta solo-água-planta ignoradas estações central atual saturado recomendase recomenda se permanente precisas

ABSTRACT Water application to cultivated soil is often done without careful consideration in irrigated agriculture, leading to inefficient or suboptimal water usage. In many instances, the intricate relationship between soil, water, and plants, as well as the potential and limitations of irrigation systems, is overlooked. Sustainable irrigated agriculture necessitates the development of a soil moisture monitoring system that curtails water loss and enhances overall efficiency. This study aimed to develop and assess the efficiency of an intelligent system for monitoring soil moisture. The system comprises two stations: the first collects data on apparent soil moisture parameters using sensors, while the second transmits this data to a central processing station. The system precisely determines current soil moisture values, enabling estimation of the required irrigation water volume to meet the crop’s water demand based on field capacity. Results from the calibration curve of the sensors indicate that the system can measure current soil moisture precisely, aiding in irrigation management. For irrigated areas under unsaturated soil conditions, it is recommended to use tensiometers due to their higher reliability between field capacity and permanent wilting point, ensuring more accurate irrigation practices. usage instances plants systems overlooked stations station values crops crop s management conditions point practices

RESUMO A Teoria da Dependência dos Recursos procura entender como fatores externos influenciam o comportamento da organização, sua dependência e diversificação de recursos. Este estudo analisa a influência dos desempenhos econômico-financeiro e esportivo na diversificação das receitas de 24 clubes de futebol brasileiros. A composição das receitas foi analisada por meio da classificação da APFUT, adicionada da categoria “Receitas Financeiras”, enquanto o indicador Hirschman-Herfindahl adaptado foi utilizado para medir o nível de diversificação. Os resultados indicam que as principais receitas dos clubes são Direitos de Transmissão, Repasse de Direitos Federativos e Patrocínio. Os modelos apontaram efeitos positivos da rentabilidade e Ranking da CBF, e negativo do acesso à primeira divisão no nível de diversificação, indicando a relevância de elementos econômicos e esportivos. Este estudo contribui para a análise dos desempenhos esportivo e econômico-financeiro, os quais afetam a gestão de receitas, bem como endossa a discussão sobre a necessidade de diversificação das receitas como uma das medidas para evitar dificuldades financeiras. organização recursos econômicofinanceiro econômico financeiro 2 brasileiros APFUT Receitas Financeiras, Financeiras , Financeiras” HirschmanHerfindahl Hirschman Herfindahl Transmissão Patrocínio CBF esportivos econômicofinanceiro, financeiro, financeiras

ABSTRACT The Resource Dependence Theory seeks to understand how external factors influence an organization's behavior, dependency, and diversification of resources. This study analyzes the influence of economic-financial and sports performance on the revenue diversification of 24 Brazilian football clubs. The composition of the revenues was analyzed through the APFUT classification, with the addition of the "Financial Revenues" category, while the adapted Hirschman-Herfindahl Index was used to measure the level of diversification. The results indicate that the clubs' main revenues are Broadcasting Rights, Transfer of Federative Rights, and Sponsorship. The models pointed to the positive effects of profitability and Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) Ranking and the negative effect of promotion to the first division on the diversification level, indicating the relevance of economic and sports elements. This study contributes to the analysis of sports and economic-financial performance, which affect revenue management, and endorses the discussion on the need for revenue diversification as one of the measures to avoid financial difficulties. organizations organization s behavior dependency resources economicfinancial 2 clubs classification Financial Revenues category HirschmanHerfindahl Hirschman Herfindahl Rights Sponsorship CBF (CBF elements management difficulties

ABSTRACT The quality of fruit can be quickly and accurately assessed using bio-impedance spectroscopy, but no comprehensive studies have been conducted on how the detection conditions affect their bio-electrical properties. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the effects of sample volume, sample temperature, probe depth and probe distance on the bio-electrical properties of apples and uses a controlled bi-variable method to determine the optimal parameter settings, thus providing researchers with reliable references. Two different measurement methods, the spike method and the contact method, are used to measure the electrical properties of apples under various conditions and to compare the results. It is verified that the effects of sample volume, temperature, probe depth, and probe distance on bio-electrical properties follow physical laws when using the spike method. The contact method, however, is prone to errors and is not suitable for large-scale samples. The optimal conditions for the spike method, determined by a bi-variable approach, are sample volume of 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), probe distance of 2.5 cm at 1 kHz and 1 cm at 20 kHz, and probe depth of 1 cm. bioimpedance bio impedance spectroscopy bioelectrical Accordingly temperature bivariable bi variable settings references methods results however largescale large scale samples approach 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

RESUMO A qualidade das frutas pode ser avaliada de forma rápida e precisa usando a espectroscopia de impedância bioelétrica, mas não foram realizados estudos abrangentes sobre como as condições de detecção afetam suas propriedades bioelétricas. Assim, este estudo visa investigar os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura da amostra, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas das maçãs e usar um método de controle bivariável para determinar as configurações ideais dos parâmetros, fornecendo assim referências confiáveis para os pesquisadores. Dois métodos de medição, o método de impulso e o método de contato, foram usados para medir as propriedades elétricas das maçãs sob várias condições e comparar os resultados. Foi verificado que os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas seguem leis físicas ao usar o método de pulso. No entanto, o método de contato é propenso a erros e não é adequado para amostras em grande escala. As condições ideais para o método de impulso, determinadas por uma abordagem bivariável, são volume de amostra de 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), distância da sonda de 2.5 cm a 1 kHz e 1 cm a 20 kHz, e profundidade da sonda de 1 cm. bioelétrica Assim parâmetros pesquisadores medição resultados pulso entanto escala 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

Abstract While existing studies on coalitions focus primarily on the party-level dynamics of a president’s political alliances, this paper examines the proportional representation of states within ministries during the terms of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, and Dilma Rousseff. Based on the political origins of 265 ministers, we developed an index to measure the extent of state-level coalescence of the ministries. This index allows us to assess the year-by-year proportionality of state-level representativeness within the ministries. More than merely identifying over-representation of certain states relative to their congressional influence, our results enable a comparative analysis of federative coalescence as compared to party coalescence over time. Our findings signal a trend in which the President of the Republic tends to favor specific state factions within allied parties, shedding light on a previously unexplored dimension of coalition presidentialism. partylevel level presidents president s alliances Cardoso Silva Rousseff 26 ministers statelevel yearbyyear year by overrepresentation influence time parties presidentialism 2

Résumé Les études sur les coalitions se concentrent exclusivement sur l’aspect partisan des alliances politiques du président. Cet article analyse la présence proportionnelle des États dans les bureaux ministériels formés durant les gouvernements de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva et Dilma Rousseff. À partir du lieu d’origine politique de 265 ministres, nous avons développé un indice pour mesurer le taux de coalescence fédérative des cabinets. Cet indice estime la proportionnalité de la représentation des État au sein des équipes ministérielles année par année durant ces gouvernements. Au-delà de la surreprésentation de certains États par rapport au poids effectif de leurs caucus au Congrès national, nos résultats permettent de comparer les valeurs de la coalescence fédérative avec la coalescence partisane au fil du temps. L’indice montre que le président de la République cherche à privilégier certaines factions étatiques au sein des partis de la base alliée, exprimant ainsi une nouvelle dimension du présidentielle de coalition. laspect l aspect Cardoso Rousseff dorigine d origine 26 ministres cabinets Audelà Au delà national temps Lindice L alliée coalition 2

Resumo Estudos sobre coalizões estão focados exclusivamente no aspecto partidário das alianças políticas do presidente. O artigo analisa a presença proporcional dos estados nos gabinetes ministeriais formados nos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva e Dilma Rousseff. A partir do local de origem política de 265 ministros, desenvolvemos um índice para mensurar a taxa de coalescência federativa dos gabinetes. Esse índice estima a proporcionalidade da representação estadual das equipes ministeriais ano a ano nesses governos. Mais do que a sobrerrepresentação de alguns estados em relação ao peso efetivo de suas bancadas no Congresso Nacional, nossos resultados permitem comparar os valores da coalescência federativa com a coalescência partidária ao longo do tempo. O índice mostra que o presidente da República procura privilegiar certas facções estaduais dentro dos partidos da base aliada, expressando assim uma nova dimensão do presidencialismo de coalizão. Cardoso Rousseff 26 ministros Nacional tempo aliada coalizão 2

Resumen Los estudios sobre las coaliciones se centran exclusivamente en el aspecto partidista de las alianzas políticas del presidente. El artículo analiza la presencia proporcional de los estados en los gabinetes ministeriales formados por los gobiernos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva y Dilma Rousseff. Basándonos en el lugar de origen político de 265 ministros, desarrollamos un índice para medir la tasa de coalescencia federativa de los gabinetes. Este índice estima la proporcionalidad de la representación estatal de los equipos ministeriales año tras año en estos gobiernos. Más que la sobrerrepresentación de algunos estados en relación con el peso efectivo de sus grupos en el Congreso Nacional, nuestros resultados nos permiten comparar los valores de la coalescencia federal con la coalescencia de los partidos a lo largo del tiempo. El índice muestra que el Presidente de la República busca favorecer a determinadas facciones estatales dentro de los partidos de la base aliada, expresando así una nueva dimensión del presidencialismo de coalición. presidente Cardoso Rousseff 26 ministros Nacional tiempo aliada coalición 2

Abstract This paper deals with the political repression carried out at the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) during the last military dictatorship in Argentina and the first experience to repair the files of murdered and/or disappeared people that CONICET began recently. In addition to the bibliographic and documental review, we interviewed key informants and built a matrix with primary data on the repression victims in the organization based on a detailed review of over 8,000 institutional resolutions between 1973 and 1983. The matrix arrived at a total of 2,843 cases, 78% of which corresponded to forced evictions (mass layoffs and license requests) and 21% to dismissals by the organization (dismissals, layoffs and other measures). The results obtained allow us to measure the impact of the dictatorship on Argentina’s main scientific organization, which had not been studied before. (CONICET andor or recently 8000 8 000 8,00 197 1983 2843 2 843 2,84 cases 78 mass requests 21 dismissals, (dismissals measures. measures . measures) Argentinas s before 800 00 8,0 19 198 284 84 2,8 7 80 0 8, 1 28 2,

Résumé Cet article traite de la répression politique exercée au Conseil national de la recherche scientifique et technique (CONICET) lors de la dernière dictature militaire en Argentine et de la première expérience de réparation des archives du personnel assassiné et/ou disparu que le CONICET a récemment entamée. En plus de la révision bibliographique et documentaire, nous avons mené des entretiens avec des informateurs clés et construit une matrice avec des données primaires sur les victimes de la répression dans l’organisation sur la base d’une révision détaillée de plus de 8000 résolutions institutionnelles entre 1973 et 1983. La matrice a atteint un total de 2.843 cas, dont 78% ont été des expulsions forcées (licenciements massifs et demandes de congé) et 21% d’exemptions par l’organisation (révocation, licenciements et autres mesures). Les résultats obtenus nous permettent de mesurer l’impact de la dictature sur la principale organisation scientifique en Argentine, ce qui n’avait pas été étudié auparavant. (CONICET etou ou entamée documentaire lorganisation l dune d 800 197 1983 2843 2 843 2.84 cas 78 congé 21 dexemptions exemptions révocation, révocation (révocation mesures. mesures . mesures) limpact impact navait n avait auparavant 80 19 198 284 84 2.8 7 8 1 28 2.

Resumo Este artigo trata da repressão política exercida no Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas e Técnicas (CONICET) durante a última ditadura militar na Argentina e da primeira experiência de reparação dos arquivos de pessoal assassinado e/ou desaparecido que o CONICET iniciou recentemente. Além da revisão bibliográfica e documental, realizamos entrevistas com informantes-chave e construímos uma matriz com dados primários sobre as vítimas da repressão na organização com base em uma revisão detalhada de mais de 8.000 resoluções institucionais entre 1973 e 1983. A matriz chegou a um total de 2.843 casos, 78% dos quais corresponderam a expulsões forçadas (demissões em massa e pedidos de licença) e 21% a exonerações pela organização (exonerações, demissões e outras medidas). Os resultados obtidos nos permitem medir o impacto da ditadura na principal organização científica da Argentina, algo que não havia sido estudado anteriormente. (CONICET eou ou recentemente documental informanteschave informantes chave 8000 8 000 8.00 197 1983 2843 2 843 2.84 casos 78 licença 21 exonerações, (exonerações medidas. medidas . medidas) anteriormente 800 00 8.0 19 198 284 84 2.8 7 80 0 8. 1 28 2.

Resumen Este trabajo aborda la represión política ejercida en el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) durante la última Dictadura militar argentina y la primera experiencia de reparación de legajos del personal asesinado y/o desaparecido que el CONICET inició recientemente. Además de la revisión bibliográfica y documental; realizamos entrevistas a informantes claves y construimos una matriz con datos primarios sobre las víctimas de la represión en el organismo a partir de la revisión pormenorizada de más de 8000 resoluciones institucionales entre 1973 y 1983. La matriz alcanzó un total de 2843 casos, de los cuales el 78% corresponde a expulsiones forzadas (renuncias masivas y pedidos de licencias) y el 21% a exoneraciones por parte del organismo (bajas, cesantías y otras medidas). Los resultados obtenidos permiten dimensionar el impacto de la dictadura en el principal organismo científico argentino, algo que no había sido estudiado previamente. (CONICET yo o recientemente documental 800 197 1983 284 casos 78 renuncias licencias 21 bajas, bajas (bajas medidas. medidas . medidas) argentino previamente 80 19 198 28 7 2 8 1

ABSTRACT In the semi-arid climate, the growth of fruit seedlings is challenged by the water stress characteristic of the region, which can restrict their development and, consequently, affect production. In this context, the aim was to assess the effect of pyroligneous extract on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, growth, and biomass of pitanga under different intensities of water deficit. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates, corresponding to water deficit periods (7 and 14 days) and control (daily irrigation), in substrates with and without pyroligneous extract. The plants were evaluated for gas exchange characteristics, chlorophyll indices, growth, and dry biomass. Application of pyroligneous extract after 7 days of water deficit increased the photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency and Dickson quality index of pitanga seedlings by 40.04, 42.85 and 41.51%, respectively, compared to 14 days of water deficit. Pyroligneous extract was effective as a water stress attenuator in pitanga seedlings, especially during the first seven days of exposure to stress. Therefore, its application is recommended as a preventive and short-term measure to mitigate such effects on pitanga seedlings. semiarid semi arid climate region consequently production context characteristics pigments scheme replicates ( 1 daily irrigation, irrigation , irrigation) indices rate 4004 40 04 40.04 4285 42 85 42.8 4151 41 51 41.51% respectively Therefore shortterm short term 400 4 0 40.0 428 8 42. 415 5 41.51 40. 41.5 41.

RESUMO No clima semiárido, o crescimento de mudas frutíferas é desafiado pelo estresse hídrico característico da região, o que pode restringir seu desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, afetar a produção. Nesse contexto, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato pirolenhoso nas características de troca gasosa, pigmentos fotossintéticos, crescimento e biomassa de pitangueira sob diferentes intensidades de déficit hídrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando um delineamento em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com quatro repetições, correspondendo a períodos de déficit hídrico foram de 7 e 14 dias, além do controle (irrigação diária), no substrato sem e com extrato pirolenhoso. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às características de trocas gasosas foliares, índices de clorofila, crescimento e biomassa seca. A aplicação de extrato pirolenhoso aos 7 dias de déficit hídrico elevou a taxa fotossintética, a eficiência de carboxilação e o índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas de pitanga em 40,04, 42,85 e 41,51%, respectivamente, em comparação aos 14 dias de déficit hídrico. O extrato pirolenhoso foi efetivo como um atenuante do estresse hídrico nas mudas de pitanga, especialmente durante os primeiros sete dias de exposição ao estresse. Assim, sua aplicação é recomendada como uma medida preventiva e de curto prazo para mitigar tais efeitos nas mudas de pitanga. semiárido região consequentemente produção contexto gasosa fotossintéticos 2 repetições 1 irrigação diária, diária , diária) foliares clorofila seca fotossintética 4004 40 04 40,04 4285 42 85 42,8 4151 41 51 41,51% respectivamente Assim 400 4 0 40,0 428 8 42, 415 5 41,51 40, 41,5 41,

ABSTRACT Introduction: the postgraduate educational climate (CE) in the hospital environment can determine the way in which resident physicians (MRs) adapt to their new stage, during which professional burnout syndrome (PAS) is highly likely to occur at some point. Objective: to determine the relationship between the educational climate and professional burnout in physicians in the medical residency programs of the National Hospital 2023-2024. Methodology: cross-sectional observational study of a sample of MR convenience of both sexes from all medical specialties of the National Hospital between November 2023 and January 2024, MR with external rotation and/or vacations were excluded. Sample calculation; 136 MR. An online form from Google was sent to the MR email requesting voluntary participation. The SAP was measured with the standard Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) method with subscales; emotional exhaustion (EA), depersonalization (DESP), personal fulfillment (PR), with PAS with high scores of AE, DESP and low RP. The EC was assessed with the measure of the hospital postgraduate educational environment (PHEEM) with subscales; perception of role autonomy (PAR), perception of teaching (PE), perception of social support (PSS), the higher the score, the better the EC. Demographic and academic variables, MBI and PHEEM scores were collected, and the SAP was considered dependent, as the main result was the predictive relationship of the PHEEM on the SAP. Data were compared with χ², t-test or Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA and linear regression (p-significant value =<0.05). Results: of 233 participants, the mean age was 28.75 (±2.20), 63.94 % (149) women, the general prevalence of PAS; 70.38 % (164/233), PAS in men 75 % (63/84) and women 67.78 % (101/149) p=0.0014, the first 2 years with the highest frequency of PAS; 65 (85.52 %), 59 (86.76 %) respectively p=0.0009, 63 (90 %) p=0.0071 surgical specialties. The subscales of the MBI, the AE; 79.82 % (186) with an average of 35.39 (± 11.61) points. The CE of MRs with SAP; 107.9 (19.6) dots and without PAS; 136.3 (12.1) dots 95 % CI 18.1-25.0 p= 0.0001. The PHEEM predicted the AE with R2=0.619, B= -0.18 (±0.009) p=0.001, and the DESP; R2= 0.385, B= -0.001(0.004) p=0.009, PSS being a significant predictor with inverse correlation in both. Conclusion: there is an inverse relationship between the educational climate and burnout syndrome in the population studied, with a high prevalence of burnout in male residents of surgical specialties, with the social support of the hospital educational environment being a significant predictor for the development of burnout syndrome.

RESUMEN Introducción: el clima educacional (CE) de posgrado en el ambiente hospitalario puede determinar la manera en como los médicos residentes (MR) se adaptan a su nueva etapa, durante el cual el sindrome agotamiento profesional (SAP) es altamente probable de producirse en algún momento. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el clima educacional y el agotamiento profesional en médicos de los programas de residencias médicas del Hospital Nacional 2023-2024. Metodología: estudio observacional transversal de una muestra por conveniencia de MR de ambos sexos de todas las especialidades médicas del Hospital Nacional entre noviembre 2023 y enero 2024, se excluyeron MR con rotación externa y/o vacaciones. Calculo muestral; 136 MR. Se envío un formulario en línea de Google al correo electrónico del MR solicitando la participación voluntaria. El SAP fue medido con el método estándar Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) con subescalas; agotamiento emocional (AE), despersonalización (DESP), realización personal (RP), existiendo SAP con puntuaciones altas de AE, DESP y bajas de RP. El CE fue valorado con la medida del entorno educativo de posgrado hospitalario (PHEEM) con subescalas; percepción autonomía de roles (PAR), percepción enseñanza (PE), percepción soporte social (PSS), a mayor puntaje mejor CE. Se recopiló variables demográficos, académicos, puntajes del MBI y PHEEM, el SAP fue considerado dependiente, como resultado principal la relación predictiva del PHEEM sobre el SAP. Se compararon datos con χ², prueba t o U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA y regresión lineal (p-valor significativo =<0,05). Resultados: de 233 participantes, la edad media fue de 28,75 (± 2,20), el 63,94 % (149) mujeres, la prevalencia general del SAP; 70,38 % (164/233), SAP en hombres 75 % (63/84) y mujeres 67,78 % (101/149) p=0,0014, los 2 primeros años con mayor frecuencia de SAP; 65 (85,52 %), 59 (86,76 %) repectivamente p=0,0009, de especialidades quirúrgicas 63 (90 %) p=0,0071. Las subescalas del MBI el AE;79,82 % (186) con un promedio de 35,39 (± 11,61) puntos. El PHEEM de los MR con SAP; 107,9(( 19,6) puntos y sin SAP; 136,3(( 12,1) puntos IC 95 % 18,1-25,0 p= 0,0001. El PHEEM predijo el AE con R2=0,619, PPS; B= -0,18 (±0,009) p=0,001, y la DESP; R2= 0,385, PPS; B= -0,001 (±0,004) p=0,009 siendo PSS predictor significativo con correlación inversa en ambas. Conclusión: existe relación inversa entre el clima educativo y el sindrome de agotamiento profesional en la población estudiada, con alta prevalencia de este en residentes hombres de especialidades quirúrgicas, siendo el soporte social del ambiente educativo hospitalario un predictor significativo para el desarrollo del sindrome de agotamiento profesional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: this study focuses on the need to validate and reliably measure management indicators in the field of public health in Paraguay using psychometric techniques. Objective: the main objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure public health management indicators in Paraguay considering its psychometric properties. Methodology: this study followed a quantitative approach using a descriptive and propositional observational design. A pilot test was conducted using Likert scales to capture different aspects of public health management indicators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to validate the construct, and the JASP was used for statistical analysis. The sample included adults in Paraguay who were connected to the public health system in the previous year. Results: the results showed that Aiken's V for all items was higher than 0.7, indicating content validity. The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis, such as RMSEA=0.064 and CFI=0.971, demonstrated good construct validity. In addition, the alpha and omega values were higher than 0.9, which guarantees the high reliability of the instrument. Conclusion: these results indicate that the developed instrument is valid and reliable for measuring public health management indicators in Paraguay.

RESUMEN Introducción: la investigación se centra en la necesidad de validar y medir de manera confiable indicadores de gestión en el campo de la salud pública en Paraguay mediante técnicas psicométricas. Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este estudio fue desarrollar un instrumento válido y confiable para medir indicadores de gestión de salud pública en Paraguay considerando sus propiedades psicométricas. Metodología: esta investigación siguió un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño observacional descriptivo y proposicional. Se realizó una prueba piloto utilizando escalas Likert para capturar diferentes aspectos de los indicadores de gestión de salud pública. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorias y confirmatorias para validar el constructo y para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa JASP. La muestra incluyó a adultos de Paraguay que estuvieron relacionados con el sistema público de salud en el año anterior. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que la V de Aiken para todos los ítems fue superior a 0,7, lo que indica validez de contenido. Los índices de ajuste del análisis factorial confirmatorio como RMSEA=0,064 y CFI=0,971 demostraron una buena validez de constructo. Además, los valores alfa y omega fueron superiores a 0,9, lo que garantiza la alta confiabilidad del instrumento. Conclusión: estos resultados permitieron concluir que el instrumento desarrollado es válido y confiable para medir indicadores de gestión de salud pública en Paraguay.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges worldwide. The acceptance of vaccines in the population is essential as a preventive measure. It is undeniable that there are factors that increase rejection or questioning in this regard, which may be related to culture, politics, trust, convenience, experience in health services, and also the opinion of the environment. Objective: to determine the percentage of students and teachers vaccinated, and the number of doses applied against COVID-19 in Facultad de Odontología at the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, in the year 2022. Methodology: cross-sectional descriptive observational study, applying a digital survey with 23 questions about knowledge, application and self-perception of the vaccine; in addition to demographic data. Results: 168 respondents were included, 128 students and 40 teachers. 80.0 % were women. 97.6 % have been vaccinated against COVID-19, the majority (85.4 %) received three doses of the vaccine. 34.1 % received the Covaxin vaccine, 32.9 % Sputnik V, 15.9 % AstraZeneca and 17.1 % others (Pfizer, Sinopharm and Moderna). 35.1 % had doubts about the effectiveness but most of them were applied anyway. 94.1 % considered the vaccine necessary and 88.7 % safe. 78.5 % responded that coverage is high to prevent the symptoms of the disease. 35.1% mentioned feeling fully protected with the vaccine. 78.6% know that some adverse reaction may occur after application. Conclusion: almost all of the respondents were vaccinated and had received all three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine at the time of the survey.

RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 presentó desafíos a nivel mundial. La aceptación de las vacunas en la población es indispensable como medida preventiva. Es innegable que existen factores que elevan el rechazo o cuestionamiento al respecto, que pueden estar relacionados con la cultura, política, confianza, conveniencia, experiencia en servicios sanitarios, también la opinión del entorno. Objetivo: determinar el porcentaje de estudiantes y docentes vacunados, y el número de dosis aplicadas contra el COVID-19 de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, en el año 2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, aplicando una encuesta en digital con 23 preguntas acerca del conocimiento, aplicación y autopercepción de la vacuna; además de datos demográficos. Resultados: fueron incluidos 168 encuestados, 128 estudiantes y 40 docentes. 80,0 % fueron mujeres. 97,6 % se ha vacunado contra COVID-19, la mayoría (85,4 %) se aplicó tres dosis de la vacuna. 34,1 % se aplicó la vacuna Covaxin, 32,9 % Sputnik V, 15,9 % AstraZeneca y 17,1 % otras (Pfizer, Sinopharm y Moderna). El 35,1 % tuvo dudas acerca de la eficacia pero que en su mayoría se aplicaron igualmente. El 94,1 % consideró necesaria y el 88,7 % segura la vacuna. El 78,5 % respondió que la cobertura es elevada para prevenir los síntomas de la enfermedad. El 35,1 % mencionó sentirse protegido en su totalidad con la vacuna. El 78,6 % sabe que puede presentarse luego de la aplicación alguna reacción adversa. Conclusión: casi la totalidad de los encuestados se encontraban vacunados y se aplicaron las tres dosis de la vacuna COVID-19 al momento de la encuesta.

Resumen Objetivo: cuantificar la incertidumbre asociada con la estimación del valor actual del ciclo económico. Metodología: se emplea el filtro de Baxter y King en una serie de tiempo ampliada con proyecciones, asumiendo caminata aleatoria, y se construyen intervalos de confianza para el ciclo de manera analítica y con bootstrap. Limitaciones: la calidad de los intervalos de confianza se deteriora en presencia de cambio estructural en la serie de tiempo. Originalidad: la originalidad subyace en proponer una metodología para determinar la fase actual del ciclo económico de manera conjunta con una cuantificación de la incertidumbre respecto a tal medición. Conclusión: para Costa Rica, el método propuesto conduce a estimaciones del ciclo económico menos sensibles a nuevos datos que lo obtenido con el filtro de Hodrick y Prescott, y simulaciones muestran que los intervalos de confianza propuestos proveen la confianza nominal especificada.

Abstract Objetive: To quantify the uncertainty associated to the estimation of the current value of the business cycle. Methodology: The Baxter and King filter is applied to an time series expanded with forecasts, assuming a random walk, and confidence intervals are build for the cyclical component both analytically and using bootstrap. Limitations: The quality of the confidence 1 intervals deteriorates when there is a structural break in the time series. Originality: The original contribution of this article is a proposed methodology to jointly determined the current phase of the business cycle and the uncertainty associated with such measurement. Conclusions: For Costa Rica, the proposed method provides estimations of the business cycle that are less sensitive to new data points than the Hodrick and Prescott filter, and simulations show that the proposed confidence intervals provide the specified nominal confidence.

Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days. policies Therefore residue bentonite Oliveiras Oliveira s surfaces variables used evaluated reagents synthesis research materials formed surface process 100 1 days 10

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias. atualidade Assim bentonita Oliveira pétreas lioz variáveis utilizados reagentes rocha síntese análise partida estudadas 100 1 dias 10