ABSTRACT Purpose: The epithelial–mesenchymal transition of human lens epithelial cells plays a role in posterior capsule opacification, a fibrotic process that leads to a common type of cataract. Hyaluronic acid has been implicated in this fibrosis. Studies have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 in epithelial–mesenchymal transition. However, the role of TGF-β2 in hyaluronic acid-mediated fibrosis of lens epithelial cell remains unknown. We here examined the role of TGF-β2 in the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Methods: Cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLEB3) were infected with CD44-siRNA by using the Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent. The CCK-8 kit was used to measure cell viability, and the scratch assay was used to determine cell migration. Cell oxidative stress was analyzed in a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay and by using a flow cytometer. The TGF-β2 level in HLEB3 cells was examined through immunohistochemical staining. The TGF-β2 protein level was determined through western blotting. mRNA expression levels were determined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Treatment with hyaluronic acid (1.0 μM, 24 h) increased the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of HLEB3 cells. The increase in TGF-β2 levels corresponded to an increase in CD44 levels in the culture medium. However, blocking the CD44 function significantly reduced the TGF-β2-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition response of HLEB3 cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that both CD44 and TGF-β2 are critical contributors to the hyaluronic acid-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells, and that TGF-β2 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition is regulated by CD44. These results suggest that CD44 could be used as a target for preventing hyaluronic acid-induced posterior capsule opacification. Our findings suggest that CD44/TGF-β2 is crucial for the hyaluronic acid-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells. Purpose epithelialmesenchymal mesenchymal opacification cataract TGFβ2 TGFβ TGF β2 β (TGF)-β However TGF-β acidmediated mediated unknown Methods HLEB (HLEB3 CD44siRNA CDsiRNA siRNA CD 300 reagent CCK8 CCK 8 CCK- viability migration dichlorodihydrofluorescein dichloro dihydro fluorescein cytometer staining blotting realtime real time reaction Results 1.0 10 1 0 (1. μM 2 h CD4 medium TGFβ2mediated TGFβmediated Conclusions acidinduced induced CD44/TGFβ2 CD44TGFβ2 CDTGFβ CD44/TGF CD44/TGF-β (HLEB 30 1. (1 CD44/TGFβ CD44TGFβ CD44TGF CDTGF 3 (

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pharmacological antiretroviral therapy, along with therapeutic monitoring of drug plasma concentrations, facilitates adequate and effective follow-up in each patient. Our main objective was to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of plasma concentrations of three commonly used antiretrovirals in Colombia: efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir. This method is intended for therapeutic drug monitoring in persons living with HIV locally or in developing countries. The method is selective, specific, accurate, precise, and stable over the concentration range of 250 and 20,000 ng mL -1 for the drugs. It was successfully applied to measure the plasma levels of efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir in HIV patients, which ranged from 251.0 ± 10.4 to 7186.2 ± 10.2, 8188.2 ± 5.9 to 15,312.5 ± 6.6, and 246.1 ± 6.5 to 1189.0 ± 6.4 ng mL-1, respectively. HIV. . (HIV) therapy followup follow up patient highperformance high performance HPLCUV HPLC UV (HPLC-UV Colombia efavirenz lopinavir countries selective specific accurate precise 25 20000 20 000 20,00 1 - drugs patients 2510 251 0 251. 104 10 4 10. 71862 7186 2 7186. 102 10.2 81882 8188 8188. 59 5 9 5. 153125 15 312 15,312. 66 6 6.6 2461 246 246. 65 6. 11890 1189 1189. 64 mL1, mL1 1, mL-1 respectively (HIV 2000 00 20,0 718 818 15312 31 15,312 24 118 mL- 200 20, 71 81 1531 3 15,31 11 7 8 153 15,3 15,

Abstract: The functions that guarantee or control courts must fulfill in adversarial accusatory models are crucial for the proper protection of the rights and guarantees of all participants, especially the defendant and the accused. These functions are critical to the debates regarding the appropriateness of personal precautionary measures and require the judge to strictly observe the principles governing such measures and to justify how these principles are applied in each case. Supervisory courts must define and clearly state the standards required for each type of personal precautionary measure requested by the litigants and must reproduce in their rulings the criteria employed and the reasoning used to either confirm or dismiss the requirements of the personal precautionary measures, such as their material prerequisites and the necessity for caution

Resumen: Las funciones que los tribunales de garantía o de control deben cumplir en los modelos acusatorios de corte adversarial son fundamentales para la debida protección de los derechos y las garantías de todos los intervinientes, en especial del imputado y el acusado. Estas funciones resultan críticas para los debates en torno a la procedencia de las medidas cautelares personales y suponen por parte del juez la estricta observancia de los principios que regulan tales medidas y la fundamentación acerca del modo en que estos principios son aplicados en cada caso. Los tribunales de garantía deben definir y explicitar los estándares exigibles para cada tipo de medida cautelar personal solicitada por los litigantes, y reproducir en sus resoluciones los criterios empleados y los fundamentos utilizados para dar por acreditados o desestimados los requisitos de las medidas cautelares personales, como son los presupuestos materiales de estas y la necesidad de cautela

Resumo: As funções que os tribunais de garantias ou de controle devem cumprir nos modelos acusatórios de corte adversarial são fundamentais para a devida proteção dos direitos e garantias dos intervenientes, especialmente do imputado e do acusado. Essas funções são críticas para os debates sobre a procedência das medidas cautelares pessoais e implicam, por parte do juiz, a estrita observância dos princípios que regulam tais medidas e a fundamentação sobre a maneira como esses princípios são aplicados em cada caso. Os tribunais de garantia devem definir e explicitar os padrões exigíveis para cada tipo de medida cautelar pessoal solicitada pelos litigantes, e reproduzir em suas resoluções os critérios empregados e os fundamentos utilizados para considerar comprovados ou rejeitados os requisitos das medidas cautelares pessoais, como são os pressupostos materiais dessas medidas e a necessidade de cautela

Resumo Introdução: Disfunção erétil (DE) é um problema sexual comum entre homens com doença renal crônica (DRC). A gravidade da disfunção sexual tende a piorar com a lesão renal. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar função erétil e qualidade de vida sexual de pacientes homens adultos com DRC em hemodiálise (HD) em um hospital na Amazônia brasileira. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo quantitativo transversal no Setor de HD da Unidade de Nefrologia, incluindo homens com DRC ≥ 18 anos, submetidos a ≥ 3 sessões semanais de HD por ≥ 3 meses e sexualmente ativos por ≥ 6 meses. Utilizamos o Quociente Sexual Masculino (QSM) para medir satisfação sexual e o Índice Internacional de Função Erétil (IIEF5) para estabelecer função erétil. A análise estatística foi realizada com o SPSS 21.0 usando testes apropriados, como Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0,05). Resultados: Avaliamos 98 pacientes (51,68 ± 15,28 anos). Eles eram predominantemente casados/ou vivendo com um(a) parceiro(a) (60,20%), com tempo de HD entre 1 e 5 anos (55,10%) e KTV médio de 1,17. A prevalência de DE foi 66,30% e foi associada a maior faixa etária (p = 0,01), menor renda familiar (p = 0,02), diabetes (p = 0,01), menor hemoglobina corpuscular média (p = 0,04), maior cálcio total (p = 0,04) e menor albumina (p = 0,03). Aproximadamente 75% classificaram sua vida sexual como regular a excelente. Conclusão: Apesar da elevada prevalência de DE, a maioria dos homens com DRC em HD relatou vida sexual regular a excelente. O estudo ressalta a importância de estabelecer triagem eficaz e realizar avaliações de rotina sobre questões sexuais nesses homens. Introdução (DE DRC. . (DRC) (HD brasileira Métodos Realizouse Realizou se Nefrologia QSM (QSM IIEF5 IIEF (IIEF5 210 21 0 21. apropriados MannWhitney Mann Whitney KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis P 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) Resultados 9 51,68 5168 51 68 (51,6 1528 15 28 15,2 anos. anos) casadosou casados ou uma um(a parceiroa parceiro parceiro(a 60,20%, 6020 60,20% , 60 20 (60,20%) 55,10% 5510 55 10 (55,10% 117 17 1,17 6630 66 30 66,30 p 0,01, 001 0,01 01 0,01) 0,02, 002 0,02 02 0,02) 0,04, 004 0,04 04 0,03. 003 0,03 03 0,03) 75 excelente Conclusão (DRC (IIEF 2 00 0,0 51,6 516 (51, 152 15, 602 60,20 (60,20% 55,10 551 (55,10 11 1,1 663 66,3 7 0, 51, (51 60,2 (60,20 55,1 (55,1 1, 66, (5 60, (60,2 55, (55, ( (60, (55 (60 (6

Abstract Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common sexual problem among men with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The severity of sexual dysfunction tends to worsen with kidney damage. This study aims to evaluate the erectile function and sexual quality of life of adult male CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) in a hospital located in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was performed within the HD Sector of the Nephrology Unit including men with CKD aged ≥ 18 years, undergoing ≥ 3 weekly HD sessions for ≥ 3 months who had been sexually active for ≥ 6 months. We used the Male Sexual Quotient (MSQ) to measure sexual satisfaction and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5) to establish erectile function. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 21.0 using appropriate tests, such as Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05). Results: Ninety-eight patients (51.68 ± 15.28 years) were evaluated. They were primarily married/or living with a partner (60.20%), with HD time between 1 to 5 years (55.10%), and an average KTV of 1.17. ED prevalence was 66.30%, and it was associated with a higher age group (p = 0.01), lower family income (p = 0.02), diabetes (p = 0.01), lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p = 0.04), higher total calcium (p = 0.04), and lower albumin (p = 0.03). Around 75% classified their sex life as regular to excellent. Conclusion: Despite the high ED prevalence, most men with CKD in HD reported experiencing regular to excellent sex life. The study underscores the importance of establishing effective screening and conducting routine evaluations regarding sexual issues in these men. Introduction (ED CKD. . (CKD) damage (HD Amazon Methods crosssectional cross sectional MSQ (MSQ IIEF5 IIEF (IIEF5 210 21 0 21. tests MannWhitney Mann Whitney KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis P 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) Results Ninetyeight Ninety eight 51.68 5168 51 68 (51.6 1528 15 28 15.2 evaluated marriedor married or 60.20%, 6020 60.20% , 60 20 (60.20%) 55.10%, 5510 55.10% 55 10 (55.10%) 117 17 1.17 6630 66 30 66.30% p 0.01, 001 0.01 01 0.01) 0.02, 002 0.02 02 0.02) 0.04, 004 0.04 04 0.04) 0.03. 003 0.03 03 0.03) 75 Conclusion (CKD (IIEF 2 00 0.0 51.6 516 (51. 152 15. 602 60.20 (60.20% 551 55.10 (55.10% 11 1.1 663 66.30 7 0. 51. (51 60.2 (60.20 55.1 (55.10 1. 66.3 (5 60. (60.2 55. (55.1 66. ( (60. (55. (60 (55 (6

Resumen (Objetivo) La alfabetización genética se relaciona con el conocimiento y las habilidades que permiten utilizar los principios genéticos para resolver diversos problemas o asuntos relacionados con la genética. Es una habilidad imprescindible que los estudiantes deben dominar, ya que está relacionada con diversos temas de actualidad, especialmente en los campos del a salud y la agricultura. Sin embargo, no ha sido investigada apropiadamente desde diferentes puntos de vista, incluidos el nivel académico y el género. Por lo tanto, para llenar este vacío, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo medir la alfabetización genética de los alumnos de secundaria de Indonesia, en asocie con su nivel académico y género. (Metodología) Los datos fueron recolectados mediante un estudio observacional analítico transversal. Los participantes del estudio fueron 1102 estudiantes de 55 centros de enseñanza de secundaria de Indonesia. Ellos realizaron una prueba cuya validez y confiabilidad fueron evaluadas. Luego, la información se analizó mediante ANOVA y los niveles de alfabetización genética de los involucrados se clasificaron como adecuados o inadecuados. (Resultados). El trabajo mostró que la alfabetización genética de quienes se seleccionó era relativamente inadecuada. Si bien el nivel académico mostró una relación significativa con la alfabetización genética de los estudiantes, el género no. (Conclusiones) Los resultados de esta pesquisa indican que el nivel académico tiene un efecto significativo en el de alfabetización genética estudiantil, mientras que el género no. Los hallazgos respaldan la conclusión de que la alfabetización genética debe considerarse en la educación y que tanto los maestros como los centros educativos deben diseñar estrategias apropiadas para empoderar y aumentar dicha alfabetización de los alumnos en el entorno de la educación secundaria.

Resumo (Objetivo) A alfabetização genética referese ao conhecimento e às habilidades que permitem que os princípios genéticos sejam usados para resolver vários problemas ou questões relacionadas à genética. A alfabetização genética é uma competência esencial que os alunos devem dominar, pois está relacionada com diversos temas atuais, especialmente nas áreas da saúde e da agricultura. No entanto, a alfabetização genética não foi adequadamente investigada a partir de diferentes perspectivas, incluindo o nível académico e o gênero. Por tanto, para preencher esta lacuna, a presente pesquisa visa medir a alfabetização genética de estudantes indonésios do ensino médio em relação ao seu nível académico e gênero. (Metodologia) Os dados foram coletados por meio de estudo observacional analítico transversal. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 1.102 alunos de 55 escolas do ensino médio da Indonésia. Os participantes realizaram um teste cuja validade e confiabilidade foram avaliadas. Os dados foram então analisados por meio de ANOVA e os níveis de alfabetização genética dos participantes foram classificados como adequados ou inadequados. (Resultados) O estudo mostrou que a alfabetizaçã o genética dos alunos era relativamente inadequada. Embora o nível académico tenha mostrado uma reaçã o significativa com a alfabetização genética dos alunos, o gênero não o fez. (Conclusões) Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o nível académico tem um efeito significativo no nível de alfabetização genéticados alunos, enquanto o gênero não. Os resultados apoiam a conclusão de que a alfabetização genética deve ser considerada na educação e que os professores e as escolas devem conceber estratégias adequadas para capacitar e aumentar a alfabetização genética dos alunos no ensino médio.

Abstract (Objective) Genetic literacy relates to knowledge and skills in utilizing genetic principles for solving various problems or issues related to genetics. Genetic literacy is an essential ability for students to master, as it is related to various current issues, especially in the fields of health and agriculture. However, research on genetic literacy has not been properly developed from different perspectives, including those related to academic level and gender. Therefore, to fill this gap, the present research seeks to measure the genetic literacy of Indonesian high school students in relation to their academic level and gender. (Methodology) Data were collected using an analytic observational cross-sectional study. The research participants were 1102 students from 55 senior high schools in Indonesia. The participants took a test, which had been evaluated for validity and reliability. The data was then analyzed using ANOVA, and the participants’ genetic literacy levels were categorized as adequate or inadequate. (Results). The study showed that students’ genetic literacy was relatively inadequate. While academic level was significantly related to students’ genetic literacy, gender was not. (Conclusions) The results of this study indicate that the academic level has a significant effect on the level of students’ genetic literacy, while gender does not. The findings support the conclusion that genetic literacy needs to be considered in education, and that it is necessary that teachers and schools design appropriate strategies to empower and increase students’ genetic literacy in high school settings.

Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Resumen Objetivo: cuantificar la incertidumbre asociada con la estimación del valor actual del ciclo económico. Metodología: se emplea el filtro de Baxter y King en una serie de tiempo ampliada con proyecciones, asumiendo caminata aleatoria, y se construyen intervalos de confianza para el ciclo de manera analítica y con bootstrap. Limitaciones: la calidad de los intervalos de confianza se deteriora en presencia de cambio estructural en la serie de tiempo. Originalidad: la originalidad subyace en proponer una metodología para determinar la fase actual del ciclo económico de manera conjunta con una cuantificación de la incertidumbre respecto a tal medición. Conclusión: para Costa Rica, el método propuesto conduce a estimaciones del ciclo económico menos sensibles a nuevos datos que lo obtenido con el filtro de Hodrick y Prescott, y simulaciones muestran que los intervalos de confianza propuestos proveen la confianza nominal especificada.

Abstract Objetive: To quantify the uncertainty associated to the estimation of the current value of the business cycle. Methodology: The Baxter and King filter is applied to an time series expanded with forecasts, assuming a random walk, and confidence intervals are build for the cyclical component both analytically and using bootstrap. Limitations: The quality of the confidence 1 intervals deteriorates when there is a structural break in the time series. Originality: The original contribution of this article is a proposed methodology to jointly determined the current phase of the business cycle and the uncertainty associated with such measurement. Conclusions: For Costa Rica, the proposed method provides estimations of the business cycle that are less sensitive to new data points than the Hodrick and Prescott filter, and simulations show that the proposed confidence intervals provide the specified nominal confidence.

Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days. policies Therefore residue bentonite Oliveiras Oliveira s surfaces variables used evaluated reagents synthesis research materials formed surface process 100 1 days 10

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias. atualidade Assim bentonita Oliveira pétreas lioz variáveis utilizados reagentes rocha síntese análise partida estudadas 100 1 dias 10

Abstract Purpose: To adapt and validate in Sonora the scale to measure Attitudes towards Transgender People in University Students (EATU), which measures the inclusion of trans people in Higher Education Institutions (HEIS). Methodological design: Quantitative, cross-sectional and non-experimental study. 860 participants were selected among three HEIS, with non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. A 4-point Likert-type scale survey was applied that evaluates transinclusive attitudes. Reliability was obtained with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. For validity, the sample was randomly divided into two; In subsample 1, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was carried out and in subsample 2, the model resulting from the EFA was tested using a Structural Equation Model (SEM). Results: The EFA yielded a final solution EATU of 32 items grouped into 3 dimensions called sensitivity, coexistence and cisexist stigma, with values that demonstrate validity and reliability. The SEM generated a model with indices of fitness in a final solution of 17 items and 3 correlated dimensions with acceptable coefficients. Research limitations: The measurement of transinclusion attitudes in a society where it has been documented that such construct is barely being developing, and the failure to collect demographic data on the sample about their religious beliefs. Findings: A measurement instrument on transinclusive attitudes for key social actors interested in promoting the inclusion of trans people, their human rights and substantive equality.

Resumen Objetivo: Adaptar y validar en el contexto sonorense la Escala para medir Actitudes hacia las Personas Transgénero en Estudiantes Universitarios (EATU) que mide la inclusión de personas trans en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Diseño metodológico: Es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y no experimental. De tres IES, participaron 860 personas seleccionadas con muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se aplicó una escala tipo Likert de 4 puntos que evalúa actitudes transincluyentes. La fiabilidad se obtuvo con alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald. Para la validez la muestra se dividió al azar en dos; en la submuestra 1 se llevó a cabo un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y en la submuestra 2 se probó el modelo resultante del AFE mediante un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (MEE). Resultados: El AFE arrojó una solución final de la EATU de 32 ítems agrupados en 3 dimensiones denominadas sensibilidad, convivencia y estigma cisexista, con valores de fiabilidad superiores a .90 y de cargas factoriales superiores a .36. El MEE generó un modelo con índices de bondad de ajuste en una solución final de 17 ítems y 3 dimensiones correlacionadas con coeficientes superiores a .46. Limitaciones de la investigación: La medición de actitudes de transinclusión en una sociedad donde se ha documentado que tal constructo está en desarrollo y el no recabar datos demográficos en la muestra sobre sus creencias religiosas. Hallazgos: Un instrumento de medida sobre actitudes transincluyentes para actores sociales clave interesados en la promoción de la inclusión de las personas trans, sus derechos humanos y la igualdad sustantiva.

Resumo: Chatbots podem utilizar-se de interações rápidas, e por vezes, especializada em diferentes situações, tornando-os uma opção na escolha de ferramentas para coletar informações. Na avaliação psicológica de crianças e adolescentes, podem atuar como fontes complementares, e auxiliar a descrever, qualificar e mensurar características psicológicas e comportamentais, nas suas diversas formas de expressão, em diferentes contextos. Este estudo objetivou apresentar o Psico Bot, um chatbot desenvolvido para avaliar sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em crianças e adolescentes. Composto por 20 questões que mapeiam sintomas físicos e psicológicos dos constructos selecionados, sendo desenvolvido por meio da linguagem natural Dialogflow para uso na plataforma de conversação Google Assistente, o design do Psico Bot pauta-se em representação neutra, sem sexo ou idade determinados, facilitando a rápida identificação do usuário. Respaldando-se na utilização de multimétodos avaliativos, o Psico Bot pode oferecer informações relevantes sobre a saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes utilizando linguagem e dispositivos de fácil compreensão e manuseio por essa população. Para o avaliador, a ferramenta oferece resposta rápida e informações específicas sobre cada constructo, possibilitando intervenções mais efetivas em elementos de maior necessidade.

Abstract: Chatbots can use fast, and sometimes specialized interactions in different situations, making them an option in the choice of tools to collect information. In the psychological assessment of children and adolescents, they can act as complementary sources, and help to describe, qualify and measure psychological and behavioral characteristics, in its various forms of expression, in different contexts. This study aimed to present Psico Bot, a chatbot developed to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Consisting of 20 questions that map physical and psychological symptoms of the selected constructs, it was developed through the natural language Dialogflow for use in the Google Assistant conversation platform. The design of Psico Bot is based on a neutral representation, with no determined gender or age, facilitating quick identification by the user. Based on the use of multimethod evaluations, the Psico Bot can offer relevant information about the mental health of children and adolescents using language and devices that are easy to understand and handle by this population. For the evaluator, the tool offers quick response and specific information about each construct, enabling more effective interventions in elements of greatest need.

Resumen: Los chatbots pueden utilizar interacciones rápidas y, a veces especializadas, en diferentes situaciones, lo que los convierte en una opción en la elección de herramientas para recopilar información. En la evaluación psicológica de niños y adolescentes pueden actuar como fuentes complementarias y ayudar a describir, calificar y medir las características psicológicas y de comportamiento en sus diversas formas de expresión en diferentes contextos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar Psico Bot, un chatbot desarrollado para evaluar síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en niños y adolescentes. Compuesto por 20 preguntas que mapean síntomas físicos y psicológicos de los constructos seleccionados, fue desarrollado mediante el lenguaje natural Dialogflow para su uso en la plataforma de conversación Google Assistant. El diseño de Psico Bot se basa en una representación neutra, sin género ni edad determinados, lo que facilita la rápida identificación por parte del usuario. A partir del uso de evaluaciones multimétodo, Psico Bot puede ofrecer información relevante sobre la salud mental de niños y adolescentes utilizando un lenguaje y dispositivos de fácil comprensión y manejo para esta población. Para el evaluador, la herramienta ofrece una respuesta rápida e información específica sobre cada constructo, lo que permite intervenciones más eficaces en los elementos de mayor necesidad.

Abstract Introduction. The main control measure for brown spot (BS) caused by Septoria glycines is through the application of foliar fungicide. However, the management of the disease could be accomplished through cultural and genetic practices. Objective. To analyze the evolution of BS in soybean under different production systems. Materials and methods. This study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020 and 2022), in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, using the soybean cultivar DM46i20. The management variables studied were cover crops (CC), rotations (Rt), and timing of foliar fungicide application (MAFF). The evaluated pathometric variable was the area under the progress curve of plant height with symptoms (ABCPAPS), and the quantitative physiology variable was grain yield (R) in kg/ha. Results. Agronomic management practices had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on R and ABCPAPS. CC and MAFF were independent variables and showed a significant response (p<0.0001) on R. On the other hand, there was a significant triple interaction (p<0.0001) among CC, Rt, and MAFF for ABCPAPS, and therefore, the data were explained based on this relationship. Conclusions. The implementation of cover crops, crop rotations, and foliar fungicide significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the evolution of BS in soybean cultivation. There was a significant negative correlation (p≤0.05) between soybean yield and the area under the progress curve of the plant height with BS symptoms.

Resumen Introducción. La principal medida de control de la mancha marrón (MM) causada por Septoria glycines, se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicida foliar, sin embargo, el manejo de la enfermedad podría realizarse con prácticas de manejo cultural y genético. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la MM de la soja en diferentes sistemas de producción. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2020 y 2022), en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, sobre un cultivar de soja DM46i20. Las variables de manejo fueron cultivos de cobertura (CC), rotaciones (Rt), momento de aplicación del fungicida foliar (MAFF). La variable patométrica evaluada fue el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas (ABCPAPS) y como variable cuantitativa fisiología sobre el cultivo el rendimiento (R) en granos en kg/ha. Resultados. Las prácticas de manejo agronómico tuvieron un efecto significativo (p≤0,05) sobre el R y el ABCPAPS. Las variables CC y MAFF fueron independientes y presentaron una repuesta significativa (p<0,0001) sobre el R. En cambio, hubo una triple interacción significativa (p<0,0001) entre los CC, las Rt y el MAFF para el ABCPAPS y, por lo tanto, los datos fueron explicados con base en esta relación. Conclusiones. La implementación de cultivos de cobertura, de rotaciones de cultivo y de fungicida foliar, redujeron significativamente (p≤0,05) la evolución de la MM en el cultivo de soja. Hubo una correlación negativa y significativa (p≤0,05) entre el rendimiento en soja y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas de la MM.

Abstract Introduction. Climate change adaptation measures require informed decision-making. However, small-scale agriculture shows low rates of technology adoption due to cost and lack of connectivity. Objective. To evaluate three low-cost prototypes of small-scale agriculture devices for soil moisture measurement in different soil textures, as well as to determine the respective calibration equations, and the effects of electrical conductivity and temperature on moisture measurement. Materials and methods. Three measurement and recording prototypes for soil moisture were evaluated in soils with variations in clay/sand content and electrical conductivity in productive plots at Zamorano University in Honduras and a demonstration farm in Popayán, Colombia during the first quarter of 2022. Commercial sensors were used as a reference to compare the performance of the prototypes through regression analysis of hourly sensor readings over 90 days. Electrical conductivity (dS/m) and temperature variables were collected to determine their influence on moisture reading accuracy. Results. The soil moisture measurement devices showed better performance in soils with lower sand content. The measurement from the devices overestimated moisture readings by 0.19 to 0.52 percentage points for each additional degree of soil temperature. Additionally, for each additional dS/m of electrical conductivity, the reading needed adjustment by 8 to 55 percentage points. Conclusions. Prototype A was the most accurate device, while prototype B was the most precise compared to commercial sensors. Soil moisture devices performed best in soils with lower sand content. The three models evaluated performed best in loam soil with a medium clay content.

Resumen Introducción. Las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático requieren de la toma de decisiones informadas. Sin embargo, la agricultura de pequeña escala muestra bajas tasas de adopción de tecnologías por su costo y falta de conectividad. Objetivo. Evaluar tres prototipos de dispositivos para agricultura de pequeña escala y de bajo costo para medir humedad de suelo en diferentes texturas, así como determinar las respectivas ecuaciones de calibración y los efectos de conductividad eléctrica y temperatura en la medida de humedad. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron tres prototipos de dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad de suelo, en suelos con diferencial en contenido de arcilla/arena y conductividad eléctrica en parcelas productivas de la Universidad Zamorano, en Honduras; y Finca demostrativa en Popayán, Colombia, durante el primer trimestre del 2022. Se tomaron como referencia sensores comerciales para la comparación del desempeño de los prototipos, mediante análisis de regresión de las lecturas por hora de los sensores durante 90 días. Se recolectaron las variables de conductividad eléctrica (dS/m) y temperatura para determinar la influencia en la precisión de la lectura de humedad. Resultados. Los dispositivos de medición y registro de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. La medición de los dispositivos sobrestimó entre 0,19 y 0,52 puntos porcentuales la lectura de humedad por cada grado adicional de temperatura del suelo, y que por cada dS/m adicional de conductividad eléctrica la lectura se debe ajustar entre 8 y 55 puntos porcentuales. Conclusiones. El prototipo A fue el dispositivo más exacto, mientras que el prototipo B fue el más preciso, con respecto a los sensores comerciales. Los dispositivos de humedad presentaron un mejor desempeño en suelos con menor contenido de arena. Los tres modelos evaluados obtuvieron el mejor desempeño en suelo franco con contenido medio de arcilla.

Abstract Introduction. Paraguay is the sixth largest producer and third largest exporter of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the world and this crop is the most important socio-economic crop in the country. However, its productivity can be adversely affected by diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, phytosanitary information on soybean cultivation in Paraguay is limited. Objective. To understand farmers’ perceptions of the main soybean diseases and their management. Materials and methods. Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire in Google Forms format with open and closed-ended multiple-choice questions, was applied to 45 soybean producers aged between 30 and 50 years, who cultivate in areas between 200 to 1000 ha in the departments of Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú in Paraguay. Results. Among the respondents, 56% considered Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as the most significant phytosanitary problem associated with soybean cultivation, followed by late-season diseases (LSD) such as brown spot (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora kikuchii). Respondents indicated taht they use three to four fungicide applications as a disease control measure, with their choice based on the type of product formulation. A majority of respondents noted that both the cost and frequency of applications increased over time. Additionally, 53% mentioned that biological fungicides are a viable alternative for integrated disease management. Conclusion. The responses obtained in this research allowed obtaining the perception of disease management tactics of soybean producers in Paraguay, underscoring the significance of Asian soybean rust and late-season diseases. However, there is a need for further research that can explore all aspects of pathogen management.

Resumen Introducción. Paraguay es el sexto productor y tercer exportador mundial de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), este cultivo es el de mayor importancia socioeconómica en el país. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos. Además, la información fitosanitaria sobre el cultivo de soja en Paraguay es limitada. Objetivo. Comprender la percepción de agricultores sobre las principales enfermedades de la soja y su manejo. Materiales y Métodos. Entre abril y mayo de 2022, se aplicó un cuestionario en formato de formularios de Google con preguntas abiertas y cerradas de selección múltiple a 45 productores de soja de entre 30 y 50 años, quienes cultivan en superficies de entre 200 y 1000 ha en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Itapúa y Caaguazú en Paraguay. Resultados. El 56 % de los encuestados consideró que el mayor problema fitosanitario asociado al cultivo es la roya asiática de la soja (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), seguida por las enfermedades de final de ciclo (EFC), como la mancha marrón (Septoria glycines) y mancha ojo de rana (Cercospora kikuchii). Los entrevistados indicaron que utilizan de tres a cuatro aplicaciones de fungicidas como medida de control de enfermedades, su elección fue basada en el tipo de formulación de los productos. En su mayoría, los entrevistados señalaron que el costo y la cantidad de aplicaciones aumentó con el transcurso del tiempo. El 53 % mencionó que los fungicidas biológicos son una buena alternativa para el manejo integrado de enfermedades. Conclusión. Las respuestas obtenidas en esta investigación permitieron obtener la percepción de las tácticas de manejo de enfermedades de los productores de soja en Paraguay, lo que resaltó la importancia de la RAS y las EFC. No obstante, resulta necesario que se realicen más investigaciones que puedan explorar todos los aspectos del manejo de los patógenos.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Resumen. Los tambores y roncadores (Sciaenidae) son parte importante de la composición específica de las capturas costeras en el Golfo de California, México. Dentro de este grupo de especies, la curvina rayada (Cynoscion reticulatus) destaca por su alto potencial pesquero, gran demanda y debido a que ha incrementado su valor de mercado. La curvina rayada ha estado bajo constante presión pesquera durante los últimos 20 años. Sin embargo, se necesita contar con información biológica actual o puntos de referencia que permitan establecer medidas de manejo pesquero. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la longitud estándar media de madurez sexual (LE 50 ) utilizando varios modelos para sugerir una talla mínima de captura (TMC) de C. reticulatus en la costa sur de Sinaloa. Para esto, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en las descargas de la flota costera desde diciembre de 2020 hasta diciembre de 2021 en la costa sur de Sinaloa. La LE 50 se evaluó con base en 3 modelos candidatos (Gompertz, Lysack y White) a través de un enfoque binomial. Los intervalos de confianza para la LE 50 se estimaron utilizando perfiles y contornos de verosimilitud, y se utilizó el criterio de información de Akaike (CIA) para seleccionar el mejor modelo. Se examinaron un total de 284 individuos, de los cuales 131 se utilizaron en el análisis. El modelo de White fue el más adecuado; sin embargo, con base en los pesos de CIA, los 3 modelos mostraron un rendimiento similar, por lo que la LE50 (24.48 cm; IC 95% 12.9-36.0 cm) se estimó como el promedio de estos. Por último, como medida de manejo, proponemos una TMC bajo un enfoque precautorio de 36 cm LE para C. reticulatus en la costa sur de Sinaloa.

Abstract. Drums and croakers (Sciaenidae) are important to the species composition of coastal catches in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among these species, the striped corvina (Cynoscion reticulatus) stands out because of its high fishery potential, high demand, and increased market value. The striped croaker has been under constant fishing pressure over the past 20 years. Still, there needs to be current biological information or reference points to allow the establishment of management measures for fisheries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the mean standard length at sexual maturity (SL 50 ) of females using various models and to suggest a minimum catch size (MCS) for C. reticulatus off the southern coast of Sinaloa. Monthly samplings of coastal fishery landings were done from December 2020 to December 2021 on the south coast of Sinaloa. The SL 50 was evaluated based on 3 candidate models (Gompertz, Lysack, and White) through a binomial approach. Confidence intervals for SL 50 were estimated using likelihood profiles and contours, and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best model. A total of 284 individuals were examined, of which 131 were used in calculations. White’s model was the most adequate; however, based on AIC weights, all 3 models performed similarly, and SL 50 (24.48 cm; C.I. 95% 12.9-70 36.0 cm) was estimated as their average. As a management measure, we propose a precautionary MCS of 36 cm SL for C. reticulatus off southern Sinaloa.