Abstract Introduction. Air quality is a matter of interest for public health due to its rapid deterioration in low- and middle-income countries and the effects of polluted air on the health of populations. Objective. To explore the air quality conditions in which digital platform delivery workers carry out their work, evaluating the localities of Kennedy and Usaquén in Bogotá, 2021. Materials and methods. We developed a mixed parallel convergent study based on four sources of information: 1) Ethnographic observation in five commercial locations of the two localities; 2) Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 in 56 delivery routes using a low-cost sensor; 3) Daily logs of the routes to support the device data interpretation, and 4) A semi-structured interview applied to the drivers to explore their danger perception during the routes. Results. We identified elements causing environmental injustice among digital platform delivery workers between the two study locations. The routes made by the delivery drivers in the locality of Kennedy registered higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, compared to the values observed in Usaquén. The sources of air pollution identified by the delivery drivers through ethnographic observation and the router logbook showed the worst parameters in Kennedy. Conclusions. We evidenced that air quality, urban equipment, road infrastructure, mobile sources, and geospatial location are elements that mark the presence of environmental injustice for the digital platform delivery drivers in the studied localities. To reduce this inequity, it is necessary for digital delivery platforms and the district government to implement strategies that reduce the exposure and emission of air pollutants to protect the health of digital platform delivery workers.

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del aire es un asunto de interés para la salud pública por su rápido deterioro en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y los efectos del aire contaminado en la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Explorar las condiciones de la calidad del aire en las que los repartidores de plataformas digitales desarrollaron su trabajo en las localidades de Kennedy y Usaquén de Bogotá durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto, paralelo y convergente, basado en cuatro fuentes de información: 1) observación etnográfica en cinco ubicaciones comerciales de las dos localidades; 2) monitoreo de PM10 y PM2.5 en 56 rutas de reparto, empleando un equipo de bajo costo; 3) bitácoras diarias de los recorridos que apoyaron la interpretación de los datos del equipo, y 4) entrevista semiestructurada con el rutero para explorar sus percepciones frente a los peligros durante los recorridos. Resultados. Se identificaron diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo, las percepciones y las exposiciones a material particulado de los repartidores entre las dos localidades de estudio que constituyeron fuentes de injusticia ambiental. Los recorridos que realizaron los repartidores en la localidad de Kennedy registraron mayores concentraciones de PM10 y PM2.5. Las fuentes de contaminación atmosférica identificadas por los repartidores mostraron los peores parámetros en Kennedy. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la calidad del aire, el equipamiento urbano, la infraestructura vial, las fuentes móviles y la ubicación geoespacial son elementos que marcan la presencia de injusticia ambiental para los repartidores. Para disminuir esta inequidad, es necesario que las plataformas de reparto digital y el gobierno distrital implementen estrategias que reduzcan la exposición y la emisión de contaminantes del aire con el fin de proteger la salud de los repartidores de plataformas.

Resumen La contaminación ambiental es uno de los factores que favorece el estrés oxidante, ya que expone al organismo a materiales diversos que generan radicales libres y afectan al sistema respiratorio, cardiovascular, inmunológico y nervioso de las personas más vulnerables como los niños, adultos mayores y personas con enfermedades crónicas. Para prevenir o reducir el estrés oxidante, el cual es un desequilibrio entre la producción de radicales libres y la capacidad del organismo de neutralizarlo, se recomienda consumir una dieta equilibrada y rica en antioxidantes naturales los cuales se encuentran diversos alimentos, especialmente en frutas y verduras con colores intensos, en las semillas y las especias. En las últimas décadas se ha demostrado la eficacia del consumo de antioxidantes naturales como: el resveratrol vino, el café, la curcumina, el ajo, la vitamina C, la vitamina E y el té verde que presentan efectos benéficos como: proteger membranas celulares, regular la expresión de genes relacionados con la inflamación, prevenir o reducir el daño endotelial, disminuir la frecuencia o severidad de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, hepáticas y pulmonares, así como estimular al sistema inmunológico.

Abstract Environmental pollution can promote oxidative stress by exposing the body to various elements and substances that generate free radicals, such as lead and vanadium. These free radicals can negatively impact the respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, and neurological systems of vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with chronic diseases. To prevent or reduce oxidative stress, it is recommended to consume a balanced diet rich in natural antioxidants. These antioxidants can be found in various foods, especially in fruits and vegetables with intense colors, seeds, and spices. In recent decades, the effectiveness of consuming natural antioxidants such as resveratrol found in wine, coffee, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, vitamin E, and green tea has been demonstrated. These antioxidants have beneficial effects on the body, including the protection of cell membranes, regulation of gene expression associated with inflammation, prevention or reduction of endothelial damage, and the decrease or diminished severity of neurodegeneration, liver, and pulmonary disorders. Additionally, they stimulate the immune response.

ABSTRACT The influence of the meteorological variables and the types of synoptic situations (TSS) in low dispersion conditions on the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) in the Campus of the Higher Institute of Sciences Applied (InSTEC) of Havana University and in the town of San Miguel del Padrón (SMP) is evaluated during the period from 2015 to 2017 through the measurements made in the automatic air quality monitoring stations. The synoptic situation that contributed predominantly to the occurrence of low dispersion conditions was TSS VIII (Migratory Continental Anticyclone) and the second place was TSS I (Atlantic Anticyclone). The hourly samples that were above the maximum admissible concentration (CMA) according to NC 1020:2014 were 59 and 31 times for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively, in the SMP locality. On the other hand, in InSTEC, PM10 exceeded the daily CMA on 21 occasions. In the case of PM2.5, the CMA was exceeded 17 times. The only event classified as an extreme episode of high concentrations (SMOG) took place at the SMP air quality monitoring station on March 15, 2016. The other gaseous pollutants exceeded their respective CMA on a few occasions for hourly and daily samples and coincided in time with those that occurred for particulate matter. These synoptic situations that produce low dispersion can also cause harmful effects on human health.

RESUMEN Se evalúa la influencia de la variables meteorológicas y los tipos de situaciones sinópticas (TSS) en condiciones de poca dispersión sobre las concentraciones de los contaminantes atmosféricos (SO2, NO2, O3, PM10 y PM2.5 ) en el Campus del Instituto Superior de Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC) de la Universidad de La Habana y en la localidad de San Miguel del Padrón (SMP) durante el periodo de 2015 al 2017 a través de las mediciones realizadas en las estaciones automáticas de monitoreo de la calidad del aire. La situación sinóptica que contribuyo de forma predominante a la ocurrencia de condiciones de poca dispersión fue la TSS VIII (Anticiclón Continental Migratorio) y el segundo lugar la TSS I (Anticiclón del Atlántico). Las muestras horarias que estuvieron por encima de la concentración máxima admisible (CMA) según la NC 1020:2014 fueron 59 y 31 veces para el PM10 y PM2,5 respectivamente, en la localidad de SMP. Por otro lado, en el InSTEC, el PM10 sobrepaso la CMA diaria en 21 ocasiones. Para el caso del PM2,5 fueron sobrepasadas la CMA en 17 veces. El único evento catalogado como episodio extremo de altas concentraciones (SMOG) se desarrolló en la estación de monitoreo de la calidad del aire de SMP durante el día 15 de marzo de 2016. Los demás contaminantes gaseosos sobrepasaron sus respectivas CMA en pocas ocasiones para muestras horarias y diarias y coincidieron en tiempo con las ocurridas para el material particulado. Estas situaciones sinópticas que producen poca dispersión también pueden provocar efectos nocivos sobre la salud humana.

Resumen Las actividades industriales que utilizan carbón como fuente de energía, generan cantidades considerables de residuos sólidos que afectan la dinámica natural del ambiente, así como a la salud humana. Entre los residuos generados se encuentran las cenizas de fondo de carbón, las cuales podrían generar efectos adversos en la salud humana, especialmente por afecciones respiratorias. En este sentido se presenta una caracterización física (tamaño de partícula), química y ambiental, de cenizas de fondo generadas a partir de la combustión del carbón en una industria colombiana. Las técnicas empleadas para el análisis de tamaño de partícula fueron microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), microscopía electrónica de transmisión (TEM) y microscopía óptica, donde se observa material particulado de interés ambiental PM10 y PM2.5. También se realizó un análisis químico a través de la técnica de Fluorescencia de Rayos X y un análisis termogravimétrico con el fin de determinar el contenido de carbón inquemado. Adicionalmente, se realizó un bioensayo con semillas de Vigna radiata el cual indicó una reducción de la radícula, siendo más notoria en concentración de 50 % al 100% de ceniza. En las cenizas estudiadas, se encontraron partículas a escala de micras y nanómetros que podrían generar efectos negativos en la salud por su inhalación; así como contenido de metales pesados y compuestos de cuidado por su potencial riesgo a la salud y al ambiente.

Abstract Industrial activities that use coal as a source of energy generate considerable quantities of solid waste that affect the natural dynamics of the environment, as well as human health. Between the generated waste is coal bottom ash, which could generate adverse effects on human health, especially respiratory conditions. In this sense, a physical (particle size), chemical, and environmental characterization of bottom ashes generated from the combustion of coal in a Colombian industry. The techniques used for particle size analysis were scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical microscopy, where particulate matter of environmental interest PM10 y PM2.5 is observed. A chemical analysis was also carried out through the X-ray Fluorescence technique and thermogravimetric analysis to determine the unburned carbon content. Additionally, a bioassay was carried out with Vigna radiata seeds which indicated a reduction in the radicle, being more noticeable in a concentration of 50% to 100% ash. In the ashes studied, particles at the scale of microns and nanometers were found that could generate negative health effects due to inhalation; as well as the content of heavy metals and compounds of concern due to their potential risk to health and the environment.

ABSTRACT In Cuba there are no air quality monitoring networks. The objective of this study is to evaluate air pollution by particulate matter (PM) in Havana through the use of the HYSPLIT model. We used in situ measurements and satellite images of the Copernicus and Giovanni NASA platforms and they were compared with the different runs of the model to evaluate its effectiveness. The results obtained showed that although making measurements of particulate matter is always the first option, it can be affirmed that the use of models of transport and dispersion of pollutants, specifically the HYSPLIT model, are relevant for the estimation of atmospheric pollution by particulate matter in Havana.

RESUMEN En Cuba no existen redes de monitoreo de calidad del aire. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado (PM) en La Habana mediante el empleo del modelo HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model). Utilizamos mediciones in situ e imágenes satelitales de las plataformas Copernicus y Giovanni NASA (Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y el Espacio) y fueron comparadas con las diferentes corridas realizadas del modelo para evaluar la efectividad del mismo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, aunque realizar mediciones de material particulado siempre es la primera opción se puede afirmar que el empleo de modelos de transporte y dispersión de contaminantes, en específico del modelo HYSPLIT, son pertinentes para la estimación de la contaminación atmosférica por material particulado en La Habana.

Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.

Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups’ levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.

Resumo O material particulado (MP) é um importante poluente do ar que causa sérios problemas de saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descobrir a concentração de MP no ar ambiente e sua associação com o risco à saúde na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão. Vinte e três amostras foram coletadas em várias instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias na cidade de Haripur. A concentração de MP2,5 (µg/m3) e MP10 (µg/m3) foi medida por meio do contador de MP portátil Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A. Os resultados revelaram que os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 estavam acima dos limites permitidos (35 µg/m3 para MP2,5 e 150 µg/m3 para MP10) estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental do Paquistão (Pak-EPA) em todas as instituições de ensino, hospitais, áreas recreativas e indústrias investigadas. Além disso, foi encontrada variação significativa (p < 0,05) na concentração de MP2,5 e MP10 em todos os locais estudados. A concentração de MP2,5 correlacionou-se positivamente com a concentração de MP10 em todos os locais de amostragem. Portanto, a partir da escala padrão 1-14 do índice de saúde, os valores de MP2,5 e MP10 mostraram que a qualidade do ar ambiente na cidade de Haripur, Paquistão, está sob alto risco. Se as autoridades reguladoras, como a Pak-EPA, o Departamento de Saúde e o governo local, monitorarem a poluição por MP em diferentes configurações da cidade de Haripur, pode ser que haja uma diminuição no nível de poluição. As medidas que podem ser tomadas para superar o problema da poluição do ar ambiente, como o MP, são o plantio de árvores nos locais onde há maiores níveis de poluentes atmosféricos, o uso de máscaras e a implantação de sistema de controle de poluição nas propriedades industriais de Hattar, na cidade Haripur, Paquistão.

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant causing serious health problems. The aim of the present study was to find out concentration of PM in ambient air and its associated health risk in Haripur city, Pakistan. Twenty-three samples were taken at various educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries in Haripur city. Concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) and PM10 (µg/m3) was measured with Youngteng YT-HPC 3000A portable PM counter. The results revealed that values of both PM2.5 and PM10 were above the permissible limits (35 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 µg/m3 for PM10) set by Environmental Protection Agency Pakistan (Pak-EPA) in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas and industries investigated. Furthermore, significant (p<0.05) variation was found in the concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10 in all the educational institutes, hospitals, recreational areas, and industries studied. The concentration of PM2.5 was positively correlated with the concentration of PM10 in all the sampling sites. Therefore, from 1-14 scale standard of health index, the values of PM2.5 and PM10 exhibited that the ambient air quality of Haripur city Pakistan is under high risk. If the regulatory authorities such as Environmental Protection Agency, Health Department and Local Government monitor PM pollution in different settings of Haripur city, then a decrease can be possible in the pollution level. The remedies that can be taken to overcome the problem of ambient air pollution such as PM are plantation of trees at the sites where there are higher levels of air pollutants and use of masks on personal protection basis along with implementation of pollution control system in industries of Hattar Industrial Estate Haripur city, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT: Controlled machinery traffic is a technique to increase the efficiency of machines and make better use of inputs. This study evaluated the pollutant gas emissions of an agricultural tractor towing a precision seeder-fertilizer with different plow configurations in an area with varying intensities of controlled machinery traffic. The study was carried out in a commercial agricultural area located in the municipality of Carazinho, Brazil. The experimental design was of randomized 3 x 3 blocks, with three traffic situations (tractor traffic; tractor + harvester traffic; and tractor + harvester + sprayer traffic), as well as three plow settings. The pollutant gases analyzed were: particulate material (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2). We concluded that greater controlled traffic intensity, compared to an area without traffic, yields a PM reduction of 43% using the double disk, and 67% using the double disk without a ridge plow. The absence of plows on the traffic lines reduces the PM, NOx, and CO2 emissions by, respectively, 73%, 12%, and 17% with tractor + harvester traffic; and 80%, 12%, and 15% with tractor + harvester + sprayer traffic, compared to cultivation using ridge plows. ABSTRACT inputs seederfertilizer seeder fertilizer Carazinho Brazil blocks , traffic) settings were (PM) NOx (NOx) CO2, CO (CO2) O2. O2 O . (O2) intensity 43 67 by respectively 73 73% 12 12% 17 80 80% 15 (PM (NOx (CO2 (O2 4 6 7 1 8 (CO (O

RESUMO: O tráfego controlado de máquinas é uma técnica para aumentar a eficiência das máquinas e melhor utilizar os insumos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as emissões de gases poluentes de um trator agrícola tracionando uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão com diferentes configurações de sulcadores em uma área com intensidades variadas de tráfego controlado de máquinas. O estudo foi realizado em uma área agrícola comercial localizada no município de Carazinho, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados 3 x 3, com três situações de tráfego (tráfego de trator; tráfego de trator + colheitadeira; e tráfego de trator + colheitadeira + pulverizador), além de três configurações de sulcadores. Os gases poluentes analisados foram: material particulado (MP), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), dióxido de carbono (CO2) e oxigênio (O2). Concluiu-se que a maior intensidade de tráfego controlado, em comparação com área sem tráfego, proporciona redução de MP de 43% usando o disco duplo e 67% usando o disco duplo sem haste. A ausência de sulcadores nas faixas de tráfego reduz as emissões de MP, NOx e CO2 em 73%, 12% e 17% respectivamente, com tráfego trator + colheitadeira e 80%, 12% e 15% com tráfego de trator + colheitadeira + pulverizador, em relação ao cultivo com sulcador haste. RESUMO insumos semeadoraadubadora semeadora adubadora Carazinho Brasil pulverizador , pulverizador) foram (MP) NOx, (NOx) CO (CO2 O2. O2 . (O2) Concluiuse Concluiu se 43 67 haste 73 73% 12 17 respectivamente 80 80% 15 (MP (NOx (CO (O2 4 6 7 1 8 (O

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas. 25 2 5 2. PM2.5 PM25 PM PM2 (PM2.5 level 2012 Sinasc (Sinasc classification obtained birth PM2. (PM2. 201 (PM2 20 (PM

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a associação entre a idade gestacional e as áreas verdes, áreas construídas urbanas e a concentração de material particulado 2,5 (MP2,5) em São Paulo, analisando a distribuição irregular dessas áreas e os níveis de poluição acima do recomendado. MÉTODOS A população utilizada no estudo foi a dos nascidos vivos no ano de 2012, com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivo (Sinasc) na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de imagens de satélites e realizando a classificação supervisionada, obtivemos a distribuição e quantidade de áreas verdes e de áreas construídas, na cidade de São Paulo, assim como as concentrações de MP2,5. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para obter possíveis associações. RESULTADOS Os resultados do estudo mostram que menor percentual de áreas verdes está associado significativamente com maior chance de prematuridade. Maior densidade de construção foi associada positivamente com a razão de chance de nascimento prematuro. Não encontramos resultados significativos entre a poluição do ar (MP2,5) e prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que áreas mais verdes em relação às áreas menos verdes são menos associadas a nascimentos prematuros. 25 2 5 2, MP2,5 MP25 MP MP2 (MP2,5 Paulo recomendado 2012 Sinasc (Sinasc supervisionada associações prematuridade prematuro prematuros MP2, (MP2, 201 (MP2 20 (MP

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a associação entre a idade gestacional e as áreas verdes, áreas construídas urbanas e a concentração de material particulado 2,5 (MP2,5) em São Paulo, analisando a distribuição irregular dessas áreas e os níveis de poluição acima do recomendado. MÉTODOS A população utilizada no estudo foi a dos nascidos vivos no ano de 2012, com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivo (Sinasc) na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de imagens de satélites e realizando a classificação supervisionada, obtivemos a distribuição e quantidade de áreas verdes e de áreas construídas, na cidade de São Paulo, assim como as concentrações de MP2,5. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para obter possíveis associações. RESULTADOS Os resultados do estudo mostram que menor percentual de áreas verdes está associado significativamente com maior chance de prematuridade. Maior densidade de construção foi associada positivamente com a razão de chance de nascimento prematuro. Não encontramos resultados significativos entre a poluição do ar (MP2,5) e prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que áreas mais verdes em relação às áreas menos verdes são menos associadas a nascimentos prematuros.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas.

ABSTRACT Antarctica is a remote and relatively pristine region, but the regional transport of aerosols may be a source of pollution, especially in the Antarctic Peninsula. Few studies have characterized atmospheric aerosols and evaluated the contribution of their emission sources. The Peruvian Antarctic research station Machu Pichu (ECAMP, by its Spanish acronym) is located on King George Island in the Antarctic Peninsula. During February 2020, atmospheric particulate mass (PM10 and PM2.5) was sampled and analyzed to characterize its elemental composition and was supplemented by measurements of equivalent black carbon and aerosol size distributions. Chemical elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), multivariate techniques, and enrichment factors. The most abundant elements in PM10 and PM2.5 were Na, Fe, Mg, and Si, with the most important local sources being marine (Na, Mg, Mn, Ca) and crustal (Fe, Al, P). Sources of weathering (Ba and Si) from glacial thawing and sources of combustion linked to the use of oil (V) and emission of black carbon were recorded. Air mass back-trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model helped identify external sources of particulate matter in the air masses reaching the ECAMP site. Overall, this study supports the growing evidence of the anthropogenic impact of distant and local sources on the white continent.

RESUMEN La Antártida es una región remota, pero con importante influencia de las regiones circundantes. El transporte de aerosoles desde distancias lejanas es una importante fuente de contaminación que puede impactar esta región, especialmente la Península Antártica. Es necesario caracterizar los aerosoles atmosféricos y analizar la contribución de sus fuentes de emisión. Para ello se analizó durante febrero de 2020 la composición química elemental de las partículas atmosféricas PM10 y PM2.5, y se realizaron mediciones de tanto de éstas como de carbono negro con análisis de retrotrayectoria de masas de aire utilizando el modelo HYSPLIT. El objetivo fue caracterizar los elementos traza, analizar las fuentes de material particulado y comprender los orígenes de las masas de aire que contribuyen con partículas en la Estación Científica Antártica Peruana Machu Pichu (ECAMP), ubicada en la Isla Rey Jorge de la península Antártica. Se usaron colectores Partisol con filtros de teflón, perfilador contador de partículas y etalómetro. Los elementos químicos se analizaron por espectrometría de masas de plasma acoplada inductivamente (ICP-MS) y se aplicaron técnicas multivariadas y factor de enriquecimiento. Los elementos más abundantes en PM10 y PM2.5 fueron Na, Fe, Mg y Si, siendo las fuentes locales más importantes las de origen marino (Na, Mg, Mn, Ca) y de la corteza (Fe, Al, P). Se registraron también fuentes de meteorización (Ba y Si) propias del descongelamiento de los glaciares y fuentes de quema ligadas al uso de petróleo (V) y carbono negro. El estudio de las masas de aire sugiere una contribución potencialmente importante de fuentes externas. En general, se demuestra el impacto de fuentes antrópicas distantes y locales en el continente blanco.

RESUMEN Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 se transmite principalmente por vía aérea, en la cual influyen factores ambientales como el material particulado. Objetivos: Determinar la concentración media de material particulado 10 en cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental en Santa Marta (Colombia) para evaluar el riesgo incremental o predisposición de morbimortalidad por COVID-19, previo inicio de la pandemia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una muestra de cinco estaciones de monitoreo ambiental sobre la concentración de material particulado. La información se obtuvo de la base de datos “Calidad de Aire del Departamento del Magdalena” del sitio web de datos abiertos del Gobierno de Colombia. Resultados: En las cinco estaciones ambientales la concentración media anual de material particulado superó o se acercó a 50 µg/m3, el límite permitido por año en Colombia, y casi triplicó lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Entre el 13-30 % de las concentraciones diarias de material particulado 10 superaron los 75 µg/m3: umbral en el país. Entretanto, el 50-75 % de las concentraciones excedieron la dosis diaria de referencia en organismos internacionales. Los mayores niveles de contaminación se observaron en el sector sur. Conclusiones: En todas las estaciones gran parte de las concentraciones diarias y la media anual sobrepasaron el límite de material particulado 10. Esto aumentó el riesgo establecido de COVID-19, y se presume la predisposición para morbimortalidad por esta enfermedad, en la ciudad de Santa Marta, antes del inicio de la pandemia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted mainly by the airborne route, which is influenced by environmental factors such as particulate matter. Objectives: To determine the mean concentration of particulate matter 10 in five environmental monitoring stations in Santa Marta (Colombia) to evaluate the incremental risk or predisposition of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, prior to the onset of the pandemic. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of five environmental monitoring stations on the concentration of particulate matter. The information was obtained from the database "Calidad de Aire del Departamento del Magdalena" of the open data website of the Colombian government. Results: In the five environmental stations the annual average concentration of particulate matter exceeded or approached 50 µg/m3, the limit allowed per year in Colombia, and almost tripled that established by the WHO. Between 13-30% of the daily concentrations of particulate matter exceeded 75 µg/m3: the threshold in the country. Meanwhile, 50-75 % of the concentrations exceeded the daily reference dose in international organizations. The highest pollution levels were observed in the southern sector. Conclusions: In all stations a large part of the daily concentrations and the annual mean exceeded the limit for particulate matter 10. This increased the established risk of COVID-19, and the predisposition for morbimortality due to this disease in the city of Santa Marta, before the beginning of the pandemic, is presumed.

Marine pollution has become relevant for coastal conservation units and ecosystems of great ecological importance. This study validated analytical methods to investigate the occurrence of the emerging contaminants 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in surface waters and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from Guaratuba Bay, South Atlantic, Brazil. The analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector (LC-FLD) after pre-concentration of surface water samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) or solid-liquid extraction for SPM samples. The recovery percentages were between 48 and 87%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) between 3 and 24% for SPM and from 64 to 107% (CV of 4 to 42%) for surface water. The method thus proved to be accurate and precise at the concentrations studied (ng g−1 and µg L−1). The concentration ranged from 10 to 177 ng L−1 in surface waters and from 392 to 4108 ng g−1 in SPM. E2, EE2, and E3 were found in SPM under different climatic conditions and population occupation. EE2 was determined in all sampling campaigns, especially in summer, when the number of tourists increases considerably. The presence of EE2 in the SPM of Guaratuba Bay warns for possible implications for the health of coastal environments. importance 17βestradiol βestradiol 17β estradiol β E2 E , (E2) E1, E1 (E1) E3, (E3) 17αethinylestradiol αethinylestradiol 17α ethinylestradiol α EE (EE2 (SPM Atlantic Brazil LCFLD LC FLD (LC-FLD preconcentration pre SPE (SPE solidliquid 87 87% CV 24 6 107 42% 42 g1 g 1 g− L−1. L1 L . L−1) 17 L− 39 410 occupation campaigns summer considerably environments (E2 (E1 (E3 (EE 8 2 41 (E

ABSTRACT This research evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of replacing sand with ceramic waste in self-compacting concrete for interlocking blocks production. The by-product was obtained in a warehouse of a commercial store dedicated to civil construction in the city of Maceió-Brazil and processed in ball mills in the laboratory. The material was characterized by X-Ray Fluorescence and X-ray Diffraction and its particle size was evaluated. The particulate was incorporated into experimental compositions of 1:3 and 1:4 (cement/aggregate) and compared with the reference mix without ceramic by-product. The evaluation of the behavior of fresh mix was carried out using the Slump flow, L-box and V funnel tests. Posteriorly, the hardened mass was evaluated by water absorption and compression resistance tests. The fracture surface of the specimens was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy for understanding the microstructural arrangement. The study ended with the production of interlocking blocks with three validated compositions, with substitutions of 5%, 10% and 15% in the 1:3 mix. The results showed the technical feasibility of formulations with replacement percentages of up to 15% in the 1:3 mix (cement/aggregate) and add to efforts that seek cleaner production with a focus on the reuse of resources that become waste. selfcompacting self compacting byproduct product MaceióBrazil Maceió Brazil laboratory XRay X Ray Xray ray 13 1 3 1: 14 4 cement/aggregate cementaggregate cement aggregate (cement/aggregate byproduct. product. flow Lbox L box tests Posteriorly arrangement 5 5% 10 15

RESUMO Esta pesquisa avaliou as vantagens e desvantagens da substituição da areia por resíduo cerâmico no Concreto Autoadensável para produção de blocos intertravados. O subproduto foi obtido em armazém de uma loja comercial dedicada à construção civil na cidade de Maceió-Brasil e processado em moinhos de bolas em laboratório. O material foi caracterizado por Fluorescência de Raios X e Difração de Raios X e seu tamanho de partícula foi avaliado. O particulado foi incorporado em composições experimentais de 1:3 e 1:4 (cimento/agregado) e comparado com o traço de referência sem subproduto cerâmico. A avaliação do comportamento da mistura fresca foi realizada através dos testes Slump flow, L-box e V-funil. Posteriormente, a massa endurecida foi avaliada por ensaios de absorção de água e resistência à compressão. A superfície de fratura dos corpos de prova foi investigada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura para compreensão do arranjo microestrutural. O estudo finalizou com a produção de blocos intertravados com três composições validadas, com substituições de 5%, 10% e 15% na mistura 1:3. Os resultados mostraram a viabilidade técnica de formulações com percentuais de substituição de até 15% na mistura 1:3 (cimento/agregado) e soma-se aos esforços que buscam uma produção mais limpa com foco no reaproveitamento de recursos que são desperdiçados. MaceióBrasil Maceió Brasil laboratório avaliado 13 1 3 1: 14 4 cimento/agregado cimentoagregado cimento agregado (cimento/agregado flow Lbox L box Vfunil. Vfunil V funil. funil V-funil Posteriormente compressão microestrutural validadas 5 5% 10 15 13. 3. somase soma se desperdiçados

Abstract The interaction between genetic potential and the environment, especially increased urbanization and inadequate waste management, contributes to the manifestation of allergic diseases. Pediatric patients are the most vulnerable, due to the immaturity of the respiratory and immune systems. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to air pollutants, both indoors and outdoors, accelerates or aggravates morbidity and mortality from allergic diseases. The “exposome,” which encompasses all environmental exposures throughout life, influences health. Biological and chemical attacks alter the epithelial barrier, triggering inflammatory responses and favoring allergic diseases, such as food allergies. The uncontrolled use of toxic fuels, particulate matter, detergents and other factors contribute to the continuous deterioration of the intestinal epithelial barrier, increasing the risk of allergic diseases. It is important to take urgent action to address these issues and protect the health of the planet.

Resumen La interacción entre el potencial genético y el medio ambiente, especialmente el aumento de la urbanización y la gestión inadecuada de residuos contribuye con la manifestación de enfermedades alérgicas. Los pacientes pediátricos son los más vulnerables, debido a la inmadurez de los sistemas respiratorio e inmunológico. La exposición prenatal y posnatal a contaminantes del aire, tanto en exteriores como interiores, acelera o agrava la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades alérgicas. El "exposoma", que abarca todas las exposiciones ambientales a lo largo de la vida, influye en la salud. Las agresiones biológicas y químicas alteran la barrera epitelial, desencadenando respuestas inflamatorias y favoreciendo enfermedades alérgicas, como alergias alimentarias. El uso descontrolado de combustibles tóxicos, material particulado, detergentes y otros factores contribuyen con el deterioro continuo de la barrera epitelial intestinal, aumentando el riesgo de enfermedades alérgicas. Es importante tomar medidas urgentes para abordar estos problemas y proteger la salud del planeta.