ABSTRACT Effluent from fish farming with saline water is a source of water, also rich in organic matter and nutrients, that can be used in irrigation of cultivated plants and even fully or partially replace mineral fertilization. The objective was to evaluate the growth, biomass production and quality of P. maximum cultivars fertigated with fish farming effluent in a greenhouse experiment, using a randomized block design with eight replicates. Treatments were arranged in a split-split-plot scheme, with three irrigation managements in the plot (irrigation with public-supply water, irrigation with public-supply water + conventional fertilization, and irrigation with fish farming effluent), three cultivars of P. maximum (Tanzania, Mombasa, and Massai) in the sub-plot, and four cutting times in the sub-sub-plot (45, 90, 135, and 180 days after sowing). Plant height, number of tillers, production of fresh biomass, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ether extract, crude protein, dry matter, and mineral matter contents were analyzed. The highest growth, production, and quality of P. maximum grass occurs when irrigated with public-supply water and under conventional NPK fertilization. Fertigation with fish farming effluent reduces the growth and production of P. maximum grass, but allows obtaining better quality forage. It is possible to irrigate P. maximum grass using fish farming effluent with satisfactory yields. The growth of cv. Massai was more sensitive to irrigation with fish farming effluent than those of the cultivars Tanzania and Mombasa. nutrients fertilization P experiment replicates splitsplitplot split scheme publicsupply public supply effluent, , effluent) Tanzania, (Tanzania Mombasa subplot, subplot sub plot, sub-plot subsubplot 45, 45 (45 90 135 18 sowing. sowing . sowing) height tillers fiber extract protein analyzed forage yields cv 4 (4 9 13 1 (

Abstract The article analyses various cultural translations (BACHMANN MEDICK: 1998; 2019), which means the dynamic negotiation of meanings, through a transcultural perspective (WELSCH: 2017) by teaching the German language in Brazil. Firstly, we present a historical retrospective of the textbooks used for teaching German, in which stereotypical representations can be observed. Furthermore, multi-sited ethnography examples (MARCUS: 1995; 2011) from our ethnographic diary are provided. It contains participant observation, comments and conversations, recorded between 2012 and 2024, and refers to teaching German as a foreign language in class (to beginners, advanced and intermediate students) at a private language and cultural institute in Rio de Janeiro with the textbooks Menschen (A2.2, B1.1, B1.2), Sicher (C1.1, C1.2) and Auf neuen Wegen (C2). We especially refer to the cultural translation of the German speaking countries and people representations, as well as the dialogue with the cultural-other. Introduced are thus pedagogic practises beyond eurocentrism in class, during an excursion, and presentations on culture and German film screening in a cinema club. Finally, we refer to the multimodal interconnectivity of cultural translation activities. Accordingly, we describe the screening of the German film “The White Massai” (2005) set in Kenya. Together with the fiction film we describe classes in which the (neo)colonial relations of the German speaking countries are discussed. BACHMANN MEDICK 1998 2019, 2019 , 2019) meanings WELSCH (WELSCH 2017 Brazil Firstly observed Furthermore multisited multi sited MARCUS (MARCUS 1995 2011 provided observation conversations 201 2024 beginners students A2.2, A22 A A2 2 (A2.2 B11 B B1 1 B1.1 B1.2, B12 B1.2 B1.2) C1.1, C11 C C1 (C1.1 C1.2 C12 C2. C2 . (C2) culturalother. culturalother other. other cultural-other excursion club Finally activities Accordingly Massai 2005 (2005 Kenya neocolonial neo colonial discussed 199 20 202 A2.2 (A2. B1. C1.1 (C1. C1. (C2 200 (200 19 A2. (A2 (C1 (C (20 (A (2 (

Resumo O artigo analisa várias traduções culturais (BACHMANN MEDICK: 1998; 2019), ou seja, a negociação dinâmica de significados, sob uma perspectiva transcultural (WELSCH: 2017) no ensino da língua alemã no Brasil. Apresentamos primeiramente uma retrospectiva histórica dos livros de ensino, nos quais observamos representações estereotipadas. Depois oferecemos exemplos de etnografia multissituada (MARCUS: 1995; 2011), derivada de um diário etnográfico. Assim sendo, introduzimos registros de observação participante, comentários e conversas de 2012 a 2024 sobre o ensino de alemão em sala de aula (para iniciantes, avançados e proficientes), em um instituto privado de língua e cultura alemãs no Rio de Janeiro, com a utilização dos livros didáticos Menschen (A2.2, B1.1, B1.2), Sicher (C1.1, C1.2) e Auf neuen Wegen (C2). Nos referimos especialmente à tradução cultural dos países e das pessoas de línguas alemãs e o diálogo com o culturalmente outro. Assim, apresentamos práticas pedagógicas além do eurocentrismo, em sala de aula, em uma excursão, em palestras culturais e na projeção de filmes em um cineclube. Por fim, nos referimos à interconectividade multimodal dessas atividades. Desse modo, descrevemos a projeção do filme alemão “A Massai Branca” (2005), que se passa no Quênia, junto com as aulas ministradas em que discutimos criticamente as relações (neo)coloniais dos países de línguas alemãs. BACHMANN MEDICK 1998 2019, 2019 , 2019) seja significados WELSCH (WELSCH 2017 Brasil estereotipadas MARCUS (MARCUS 1995 2011, 2011 2011) etnográfico sendo participante 201 202 para iniciantes proficientes, proficientes proficientes) Janeiro A2.2, A22 A A2 2 (A2.2 B11 B B1 1 B1.1 B1.2, B12 B1.2 B1.2) C1.1, C11 C C1 (C1.1 C1.2 C12 C2. C2 . (C2) outro eurocentrismo excursão cineclube fim atividades modo Branca 2005, 2005 (2005) Quênia neocoloniais neo coloniais 199 20 A2.2 (A2. B1. C1.1 (C1. C1. (C2 200 (2005 19 A2. (A2 (C1 (C (200 (A (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT: Verminosis in small ruminants can render rural activity impractical, which is still controlled through the administration of anthelmintics. The present study evaluated four agro-industrial residues as fertilizer in the control of GIN of small ruminants in the free-living stage. Crab shell, manipueira, biochar, and organomineral residues were used in pots (5.0 kg of soil) and cultivated with Massai grass (Megathyrsus maximum cv. Massai). Further, the pots were contaminated with feces from sheep carrying a natural multispecific infection by GIN. Next, the residues were applied individually to the soil, with 50 mL/pot for liquid and 50 g/pot for solid residues. Treatment with manipueira showed the lowest number of L3.kg MS-1 recovered from the grass (202.44), when compared with treatments using organomineral (823.89) and biochar (689.34). However, there was no statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the four treatments as compared to the control group. These agro-industrial residues can be used as organic fertilizers; however, these will not help in the control of GIN in sheep. ABSTRACT impractical anthelmintics agroindustrial agro industrial freeliving free living stage shell 5.0 5 0 (5. soil Megathyrsus cv Massai. . Massai) Further Next mLpot mL pot gpot g L3kg Lkg L3 L MS1 MS 1 MS- 202.44, 20244 202.44 , 202 44 (202.44) 823.89 82389 823 89 (823.89 689.34. 68934 689.34 689 34 (689.34) However P 0.05 005 05 group fertilizers however 5. (5 2024 202.4 20 4 (202.44 823.8 8238 82 8 (823.8 6893 689.3 68 3 (689.34 0.0 00 ( 202. 2 (202.4 823. (823. 689. 6 (689.3 0. (202. (823 (689. (202 (82 (689 (20 (8 (68 (2 (6

RESUMO: A verminose em pequenos ruminantes é uma doença que pode inviabilizar a atividade rural. Embora o sucesso no controle dos nematóides gastrointestinais de pequenos ruminantes dependa da adoção associada de diferentes estratégias e tecnologias, ainda é possível notar a escolha, por parte de alguns ovinocaprinocultores, pelo tratamento exclusivamente baseado na administração de anti-helmínticos aos animais. Contudo, é no ambiente que encontramos um elevado número de formas imaturas de nematóides gastrointestinais. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar quatro resíduos agroindustriais como adubo no controle dos nematóides gastrointestinais de pequenos ruminantes, em estádio de vida livre. Casca de caranguejo, manipueira, biochar e organomineral foram os resíduos empregados nos vasos com capacidade média de 5,0 kg de solo, onde foi cultivado o capim Massai (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai). Após corte de uniformização do capim, os vasos foram contaminados utilizando-se fezes de ovinos portadores de infecção natural multiespecífica por nematóides gastrointestinais. E, na sequência, os resíduos foram aplicados individualmente no solo, na quantidade de 50 mL/vaso para o resíduo líquido e 50 g/vaso para os sólidos. O tratamento com a manipueira foi o que apresentou o menor número de larvas infectantes de terceiro estádio (L3) recuperado do capim (202,44 L3.kg MS-1) quando comparado com os tratamentos utilizando organomineral (823,89 L3.kg MS-1) e biochar (689,34 L3.kg MS-1). Contudo, não houve diferença estatística significativa (P < 0,05) entre os quatro tratamentos testados quando comparado ao grupo controle. Os resíduos agroindustriais podem ser utilizados como adubos orgânicos, mas não vão auxiliar no controle dos nematóides gastrintestinais dos ovinos. RESUMO rural tecnologias escolha ovinocaprinocultores antihelmínticos anti helmínticos animais Contudo Objetivouse Objetivou se livre caranguejo 5 0 5, solo Megathyrsus cv Massai. . Massai) utilizandose E sequência mLvaso mL vaso gvaso g sólidos L3 L (L3 202,44 20244 202 44 (202,4 L3kg Lkg MS1 MS 1 MS-1 823,89 82389 823 89 (823,8 689,34 68934 689 34 (689,3 MS1. P 0,05 005 05 orgânicos (L 202,4 2024 20 4 (202, MS- 823,8 8238 82 8 (823, 689,3 6893 68 3 (689, 0,0 00 202, 2 (202 823, (823 689, 6 (689 0, (20 (82 (68 (2 (8 (6 (

ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems have the potential to increase soil organic matter, with effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents, but information on the application of these systems in semi-arid regions is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in the conversion of native forest from the Caatinga Biome into integrated agriculture systems in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We evaluated the following management systems in the Haplic Inceptisol (Cambissolo Háplico eutrófico): (1) Intercropping area, cultivated with corn and Massai grass; (2) Caatinga (natural vegetation); (3) AFS10: agroforestry system with native woody forest rows occupying 33 % and agriculture occupying 66 % of the total area; and (4) AFS20: agroforestry system presenting inverse proportions of AFS10. The agroforestry systems were intercropped with sorghum or millet, pigeon pea and Massai grass. We collected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples at the layers of 0.00-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.40, 0.40-0.60 and 0.60-1.00 m for analysis of carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), soil bulk density, and calculation of SOC and N stocks and C/N ratio, two years after the conversion of natural vegetation to the agricultural area (intercropping) and agroforestry system (AFS10 and AFS20). We applied principal component and cluster analysis to explore the data, and confidence interval to compare the means of accumulated SOC and N stocks up to 1 m soil depth. No differences exist for the properties analysed in superficial layers (0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), regardless of land-use systems. AFS20 increase the SOC content and, consequently, SOC stock, in subsurface layers; on the other hand, intercropping increases N content and N stock. AFS20 presented higher accumulated SOC stocks up to 1.00 m (114.97 Mg ha-1). Agroforestry systems management is an alternative for increasing carbon sequestration under the conversion from Caatinga to agricultural areas. matter contents semiarid semi arid scarce region Cambissolo eutrófico eutrófico) (1 grass 2 (2 vegetation) 3 (3 AFS10 AFS 6 4 (4 millet 0.000.10 000010 0.00 0.10 0 00 10 0.00-0.10 0.100.20 010020 0.20 20 0.200.40, 020040 0.40, 40 0.20-0.40 0.400.60 040060 0.40 0.60 60 0.40-0.6 0.601.00 060100 0.60-1.0 SOC, , (SOC) N, (N) density CN C ratio (intercropping (AFS1 AFS20. . AFS20) data depth (0.00-0.1 0.10-0.2 m, m) landuse land use AFS2 consequently stock hand 100 1.0 114.97 11497 114 97 (114.9 ha1. ha1 ha ha-1) areas ( AFS1 000 0.000.1 00001 0.0 010 0.1 0.00-0.1 0.100.2 01002 020 0.2 200 0.200.40 02004 040 0.20-0.4 400 0.400.6 04006 0.4 060 0.6 0.40-0. 601 0.601.0 06010 0.60-1. (SOC (N (AFS (0.00-0. 0.10-0. 1. 114.9 1149 11 9 (114. ha-1 0.000. 0000 0. 01 0.00-0. 0.100. 0100 02 0.200.4 0200 04 0.20-0. 0.400. 0400 06 0.40-0 0.601. 0601 0.60-1 (0.00-0 0.10-0 114. (114 ha- 0.000 0.00-0 0.100 0.200. 0.20-0 0.400 0.40- 0.601 0.60- (0.00- 0.10- (11 0.00- 0.200 0.20- (0.00 (0.0 (0. (0

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate different chemical treatments, associating herbicide combinations with the maintenance of forage species in the off-season, for the management of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) in a soybean crop. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a 4×5 split-plot arrangement, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of: four combinations of the clethodim, glyphosate, haloxyfop-p-methyl, glufosinate ammonium, and s-metolachlor herbicides in the plots; green covers with the Massai, BRS Tamani, and BRS Zuri cultivars of Panicum maximum and with Urochloa ruziziensis, as well as fallow, in the subplots; and a control with the isolated application of glyphosate at the desiccation and post-emergence of the soybean crop infested with sourgrass and weeded. The herbicides tested before sowing and at post-emergence of soybean promoted a control above 90% of adult sourgrass plants until grain harvest. After harvest, there was a new emergence of sourgrass, mainly in the plots without green cover in the off-season. Overseeding soybean with forage species allowed of the establishment of these plants, which consequently interfered in sourgrass emergence and growth. The chemical treatments with herbicide combinations associated with the maintenance of forage species in the off-season are effective for the control of adult glyphosate-resistant sourgrass plants. offseason, offseason off season, season glyphosateresistant resistant Digitaria insularis 45 4 5 4× splitplot split plot arrangement replicates clethodim haloxyfoppmethyl, haloxyfoppmethyl haloxyfop p methyl, methyl haloxyfop-p-methyl ammonium smetolachlor s metolachlor Massai Tamani ruziziensis fallow subplots postemergence post weeded 90 harvest offseason. season. growth 9

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes tratamentos químicos, com a associação de combinações de herbicidas à manutenção de espécies forrageiras no período de entressafra, para o manejo de capim amargoso (Digitaria insularis) resistente ao glifosato em cultura de soja. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo de parcela subdividida 4×5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: quatro combinações dos herbicidas cletodim, glifosato, haloxifop-p-metil, glufosinato de amônio e s-metolacloro nas parcelas; de coberturas verdes com as cultivares de Panicum maximum Massai, BRS Tamani e BRS Zuri e com Urochloa ruziziensis, além de pousio, nas subparcelas; e controle com a aplicação isolada de glifosato na dessecação e na pós-emergência da cultura de soja infestada com capim-amargoso e capinada. Os herbicidas testados antes da semeadura e na pós-emergência da soja promoveram um controle acima de 90% de plantas adultas de capim-amargoso até a colheita dos grãos. Após a colheita, houve nova emergência de capim-amargoso, principalmente nas parcelas sem cobertura verde na entressafra. A sobressemeadura da soja com espécies forrageiras permitiu o estabelecimento dessas plantas, que, consequentemente, interferiram na emergência e no crescimento do capim-amargoso. Os tratamentos químicos com combinações de herbicidas associados à manutenção de espécies forrageiras no período da entressafra são eficazes para o controle de plantas adultas de capim-amargoso resistente ao glifosato. Digitaria insularis acaso 45 4 5 4×5 repetições cletodim haloxifoppmetil, haloxifoppmetil haloxifop p metil, metil haloxifop-p-metil smetolacloro s metolacloro Massai ruziziensis pousio subparcelas pósemergência pós capimamargoso capinada 90 grãos capimamargoso, amargoso, que consequentemente capimamargoso. amargoso. 4× 9

ABSTRACT Wastewater reuse is an alternative for irrigated agriculture in semi-arid regions, due to water support and nutritional supply. Thus, the objective was to evaluate biomass production and nutrient contents in three cultivars of Panicum maximum irrigated with fish farming effluent. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with a complete randomized block design in a split-splitplot scheme. The plot consisted of three types of irrigation management (public-supply water (control), control + conventional fertilization, and irrigation with fish farming effluent). The subplot consisted of three cultivars of P. maximum (Tanzania, Mombasa, and Massai). The sub-subplot consisted of four cutting times (45, 90, 135, and 180 days after sowing). At each cutting time, biomass production and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc contents were determined. Irrigation with fish farming effluent increases sodium content in all P. maximum cultivars and causes reduction in biomass production. The salinity of fish farming effluent increased calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc contents in the tissues. semiarid semi arid regions supply Thus greenhouse splitsplitplot split splitplot scheme publicsupply public control, , (control) fertilization . effluent) P Tanzania, Tanzania (Tanzania Mombasa Massai. Massai Massai) subsubplot sub 45, 45 (45 90 135 18 sowing. sowing sowing) time nitrogen phosphorus potassium calcium magnesium iron copper manganese determined tissues (control 4 (4 9 13 1 (

RESUMO O reuso de águas residuárias é uma alternativa para a agricultura irrigada em regiões semiáridas, devido ao suporte hídrico e aporte nutricional. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biomassa e a concentração de nutrientes em três cultivares de Panicum maximum irrigadas com efluente da piscicultura. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação, com delineamento em blocos casualizados completos em esquema de parcelas subsubdividida no tempo. A parcela foi constituída por três manejos de irrigação (água de abastecimento (testemunha), testemunha + adubação convencional e irrigação com efluente da piscicultura). A sub-parcela foi constituída por três cultivares de P. maximum (Tanzânia, Mombaça e Massai). A sub-subparcela foi composta por quatro tempos de corte (45, 90, 135 e 180 dias após a semeadura). Em cada tempo de corte foram determinadas a produção de biomassa e as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, ferro, cobre, manganês e zinco. A irrigação com efluente da piscicultura aumenta o teor de sódio de todas as cultivares de P. maximum, o que acarretou redução na produção de biomassa. A salinidade do efluente da piscicultura aumentou os teores de cálcio, magnésio, ferro, manganês e zinco nos tecidos. semiáridas nutricional Assim objetivouse objetivou se vegetação água testemunha, , (testemunha) . piscicultura) subparcela sub P Tanzânia, Tanzânia (Tanzânia Massai. Massai Massai) subsubparcela 45, 45 (45 90 13 18 semeadura. semeadura semeadura) nitrogênio fósforo potássio cálcio magnésio ferro cobre tecidos (testemunha 4 (4 9 1 (

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the productive performance and nutrient export of maize intercropped with drought-tolerant forage grasses. The experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 2x2x2+1 factorial scheme (two forage grasses species – Massai and Buffel; two forage sowing methods - in the furrow and broadcast; and two forage sowing times - anticipated and simultaneous; and monoculture maize as an additional control), with three replicates. The maize+forage intercropping promoted greater competition for resources, especially water, limiting N uptake, chlorophyll synthesis, and biomass production by maize under semiarid conditions. Early sowing gave forage plants a competitive advantage, favoring forage establishment before or immediately after the sowing of maize. Thus, the simultaneous sowing of forage grasses in a semiarid environment is a more appropriate option considering the importance of high levels of chlorophyll to ensure high photosynthetic activity in maize plants and greater capacity of biomass synthesis. Massai intercropped with maize exhibits a greaterpotential for biomass production than Buffel under semiarid conditions. Maize+Buffel result in highest macronutrient export by maize, while maize+Massai result in highest macronutrient exports by total forage biomass under a semiarid environment. The choice of the forage species and its sowing time in relation to maize are the main determinants of successful intercropping systems under semiarid conditions. droughttolerant drought tolerant 2x2x21 xx 2x2x2 1 x 2x2x2+ broadcast control, control , control) replicates maizeforage resources water uptake synthesis conditions advantage Thus MaizeBuffel Maize maizeMassai 2x2x

RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a exportação de nutrientes do consórcio de milho com gramíneas forrageiras tolerantes ao estresse hídrico. O experimento foi delineado em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x2x2+1 (duas espécies de gramíneas forrageiras – Massai e Buffel; dois métodos de semeadura – no sulco e a lanço; e duas épocas de semeadura – antecipada e simultânea; e monocultivo de milho como um controle adicional), com três repetições. O consórcio milho+forragem promoveu maior competição por recursos, principalmente água, limitando a absorção de N, síntese de clorofila e produção de biomassa pelo milho para condições semiáridas. A semeadura precoce deu vantagem competitiva às plantas forrageiras, favorecendo seu estabelecimento antes ou imediatamente após a semeadura do milho. Assim, a semeadura simultânea de gramíneas forrageiras em ambiente semiárido é uma opção mais adequada, considerando a importância de garantir altos teores de clorofila e, consequentemente, alta atividade fotossintética nas plantas de milho para garantir a capacidade de síntese de biomassa.Massai consorciado com milho apresenta maior potencial para produção de biomassa do que Buffel em condições semiáridas.Milho+Buffel resulta em maior exportação de macronutrientes pelo milho, enquanto milho+Massai resulta em maior exportação de macronutrientes pela biomassa forrageira total em ambiente semiárido.A escolha da espécie forrageira e sua época de semeadura em relação ao milho são os principais determinantes do sucesso do consórcio no semiárido. hídrico 2x2x21 xx 2x2x2 1 x 2x2x2+ lanço adicional, adicional , adicional) repetições milhoforragem forragem recursos água N semiáridas Assim adequada consequentemente biomassaMassai semiáridasMilhoBuffel Milho milhoMassai semiáridoA 2x2x

ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate the production of Megathyrsus maximus genotypes (Syn. Panicum maximum), under different levels of water in the soil. This was a 5x5 factorial completely randomized design conducted in a greenhouse, combining five genotypes of M. maximus (B55, C10 and PM30, cv. Massai and cv. BRS Tamani) and five levels of soil field capacities (20%, 40%, 60%, 100% and 140%), with three replications. Dry matter production was evaluated: leaf, stem, dead material, root, shoot and total dry matters, as well as the number of tillers and leaf:stem and aboveground:root ratios. The qualitative factor (genotypes) was subjected to Duncan test at 5% probability. The quantitative factor (% field capacity) was subjected to regression, adopting 5% as a critical level of probability. There was no interaction between the factors for any of the evaluated characteristics. Significant differences among the genotypes were detected for tiller number, dead material dry mass, root and total dry mass and leaf:stem ratio. There was no significant effect of the percentage of field capacity on most of the characteristics, except for leaf:stem and aboveground:root ratios. Cultivar Massai showed the best forage production compared to the other genotypes, regardless of the percentage of field capacity evaluated. In general, the evaluated genotypes were more tolerant to excess water stress than to water deficit.

Abstract Thirty-two Santa Inês male lambs, not castrated, were distributed in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of different tropical forage cultivars (two Panicum maximum (Syn. Megathyrsus maximus): Aruana and Massai, and two Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha) Marandu and Piatã) on carcass characteristics, quality, physical composition, and meat chemistry. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and the means compared using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was no effect of cultivars on body weight, slaughter weight, and biometric measurements of the carcass. The Aruana and Piatã cultivars provided higher weights of hot and cold carcasses when compared to the Massai and the Marandu had no significant differences compared to the others. The animals kept in the pasture of the Aruana cultivar showed higher shank yields. However, forage cultivars did not affect the ribeye area or subcutaneous fat thickness. There was also no effect of cultivar on pH, temperature, cooking losses, cooling losses, and meat shear strength. The cultivars did not change the quality and composition of the meat. However, the Aruana, Piatã, and Marandu cultivars were the ones that provided higher carcass weights and ham yields.

ABSTRACT. The present study aimed to evaluate the residual effects of the application of biofertilizer and mineral fertilizer on sward structure and morphological components of Panicum maximum cv. Massai. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks with six treatments consisting of increasing doses of swine biofertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Mg ha-1) and mineral fertilization (150 kg N ha-1, 33 kg P ha-1), with four replicates. The variables analyzed were pasture height, light interception, leaf area index, forage mass and morphological components. Plant height responded linearly and positively to biofertilizer levels in the three evaluations. The highest averages for light interception (51.63%) and leaf area index (1.64) were observed for the 240 days (40 Mg ha-1). Dry leaf mass was influenced by the increase in biofertilizer dose, with increments of 39.68%, 25.07% and 44.66% for the 240, 300 and 360 days, respectively, when compared to the control treatment. Mineral fertilization promoted lower mass of dead material and lower leaf area index but did not differ from biofertilizer for the other variables. The residual effect of swine biofertilizer was greater than that of mineral fertilization, with a minimum use of 20 Mg ha-1 a practical agronomic recommendation.

ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate the performance and ingestive behavior of grazing sheep in the finishing stage, with supplementation in the period of water restriction. Fifteen male crossbred sheep were used in continuous pasture in Massai grass and supplied supplement formulated with 18% of crude protein in three levels (0.0; 0.3 and 0.6% of body weight), individually. Bromatological and fodder production analyses were performed, as well as foliar mass production, stem mass and senescent material mass. The performance and ingestive behavior of the animals were evaluated. The design was in four randomized blocks for the variables measured in the fodder. For the biometry, weight gain and behavior variables measured in the animals, the design was entirely randomized with five repetitions. The total forage mass production was 5512.41 kg ha-1, with 6.58% of crude protein, 79 38% of neutral detergent fiber and with 65% of foliar mass. The total weight gain and daily weight gain were higher in animals that received a supplement of 0.6% of body weight. In general, the animals grazed more in the morning period and the supplemented ones destined more time for rumination and leisure than the ones not supplemented.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características produtivas, estruturais e composição química de Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum) cultivares BRS Massai e BRS Tamani submetidas à diferentes períodos de diferimento e momentos de utilização. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo duas cultivares de gramíneas (capim-massai e capim-tamani), dois períodos de diferimento (período chuvoso e transição chuvoso-seco) e três tempos de vedação (40, 80 e 120 dias). Ambas as cultivares tiveram maior taxa de transpiração foliar quando utilizadas aos 40 dias de diferimento (0,63 μmol/m2/s). Observou-se que a cultivar BRS Massai apresentou a maior taxa fotossintética (1,10 μmol/m²/s), taxa de produção e acúmulo de forragem quando utilizada aos 40 dias de diferimento (P<0,05). Por outo lado, houve maior eficiência no uso da água durante o período de transição nos pastos vedados por 80 e 120 dias (64,60 e 62,30 kg de MS/ha/mm, respectivamente). Observou-se redução (P<0,05) dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB) com o aumento no tempo de vedação das pastagens. De modo geral o diferimento no período de transição possibilita a utilização da forragem sem maiores perdas produtivas e nutritivas até os 80 dias de vedação para a cultivar BRS Tamani e até os 40 dias para a BRS Massai.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters, the productive characteristics, structural and chemical composition of Megathyrsus maximus (syn. Panicum maximum) cultivars BRS Massai and BRS Tamani submitted to different periods of deferment and moments of use. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 3, being two grass cultivars (Massai grass and Tamani grass), two deferment periods (rainy season and dry-rainy transition) and three sealing times (40, 80 and 120 days). Both cultivars had higher leaf transpiration rate when used for 40 days of deferment (0.63 μmol/m2/s). It was observed that the cultivar BRS Massai presented higher photosynthetic rate (P<0.05) to 40 days of deferment (1.10 μmol/m2/s), higher rate of production and forage accumulation when used for 40 days. On another side, there was a greater efficiency in the use of water during the period of transition in the pastures sealed for 80 and 120 days (64.60 and 62.30 kg DM/ha/mm, respectively). A reduction (P<0.05) of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) was observed with the increase in pasture sealing time. In general, the deferment in the transition period allows the use of forage without greater productive and nutrient losses up to 80 days of sealing for the cultivar BRS Tamani and up to 40 days for BRS Massai.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate forage yield, tiller population density, canopy height, nutritional value as well as cattle performance in alternate stocking from three tropical forage cultivars. The experiment followed a randomized block design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three replications. Three forage cultivars (Marandu, Massai and Xaraés) distributed in nine hectares were evaluated in three dry season periods (transition wet/dry, dry, and end of dry season), with repeated measures over time. The following variables were evaluated: canopy height, leaf: stem ratio, forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material mass. Total digestible nutrients, crude protein and in vitro dry mass digestibility were evaluated regarding forage nutrition. Animal performance, using 36 eleven-month-old animals (half-blood Nelore), was evaluated by the daily average gain and weight gain by area. During pre-grazing, canopy height presented interaction among forage cultivars and the evaluated periods. The average daily gain showed no interaction among cultivars and period of the year the similarity in animal performance among the cultivars Marandu and Massai show that the Massai grass can be used as an alternative for forage diversification under an alternate management system.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenic and structural characteristics of six Panicum maximum cultivars during the establishment period. A completely randomized block design with four replicates and six treatments (Tamani, Mombaça, Massai, Tanzania, Aruana and Zuri cultivars) was used. Morphogenic (leaf appearance rate, leaf elongation rate e stem elongation rate), structural (final leaf length, tiller population density e number of leaves per tiller) and productive (forage mass, leaf blade mass, stem mass, senescent material mass and leaf:stem ratio) characteristics were evaluated. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between the cultivars in terms of the number of live leaves per tiller (2.95 leaves/tiller). Mombaça cultivar had (p < 0.05) higher canopy height (50.64 cm) compared with other cultivars. The highest (p < 0.05) tiller population density was observed in Tamani (235.90 tillers m-2) and Massai (201.60 tillers m-2) cultivars. Leaf lifespan (54.18 days), phyllochron (17.40 days/leaf) and leaf senescence rate (0.87 cm tiller day-1) were not different (p > 0.05) between cultivars. However, leaf appearance rate was higher (p < 0.05) in Tanzania (0.07 leaves tiller day-1) than in Aruana cultivar (0.05 leaves tiller day-1). Leaf blade mass was higher (p < 0.05) in Mombaça cultivar (1518.31 kg DM ha-1), whereas Massai showed higher (p < 0.05) leaf:stem ratio (9.25). Panicum cultivars Tamani, Tanzania and Massai establishment after 75 days, while the other cultivars establish at 105 days of sowing in the Brazilian Northeast.

Abstract Nitrogen fertilization, in addition to increasing biomass production, can also positively influence the chemical composition of a forage plant. The aim of this research was to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai grass under five nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg N dm−3 soil, equivalent to 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1,200 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively) and during growth cycles (establishment and regrowth cycles) in a greenhouse. A completely randomized design with split-plot arrangement was adopted in which the five nitrogen levels were the plots and the cycles were the subplots. The total forage biomass increased with the nitrogen fertilization levels in the three growth cycles (28.4 g pot−1, 32.0 g pot−1 and 29.8 g pot−1 for establishment, regrowth 1 and regrowth 2, respectively, at the level of 600 mg N dm−3), and it was reduced from establishment to regrowth at lower N levels. The dry matter content was not affected by the N levels. However, this content presented higher values at the regrowth cycle in comparison to the establishment cycle. The crude protein (CP) content increased (7.0% CP at the level of 600 mg N dm−3), while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and hemicellulose (HEM) contents all decreased at higher N levels, with the highest CP content being observed at the establishment, and the opposite occurring for NDF, ADF and HEM. Nitrogen fertilization provides positive responses on yield and chemical composition of massai grass.

Resumen La fertilización nitrogenada, además de incrementar la producción de biomasa, también puede influenciar positivamente en la composición química de la planta forrajera. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la productividad y la composición química del Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai durante el establecimiento y rebrote en invernadero bajo cinco dosis de nitrógeno (0, 150, 300, 450 y 600 mg N dm−3 de suelo). Se adoptó un diseño completamente aleatorio, en arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, siendo las dosis de nitrógeno asignadas en las parcelas y los ciclos, en las subparcelas. La biomasa de forraje total fue incrementada con las dosis de nitrógeno en los tres ciclos de crecimiento (28,4 g vaso−1, 32,0 g vaso−1 y 29,8 g vaso−1 para el establecimiento, rebrote 1 y rebrote 2, respectivamente, en la dosis de 600 mg N dm−3) y fue reducida de forma más expresiva del establecimiento para los rebrotes en las menores dosis de N. El contenido de materia seca no fue influenciado por las dosis de N, sin embargo, reveló mayor valor en el rebrote con relación al establecimiento. El contenido de proteína bruta (PB) fue incrementado (7,0% en la dosis de 600 mg N dm−3 de suelo) y los contenidos de fibra en detergente neutro (FDN), de fibra en detergente ácido (FDA) y de hemicelulosa (HEM) fueron reducidos en las mayores dosis de N, con el contenido de PB siendo superior en el establecimiento y el inverso ocurriendo para los contenidos de FDN, FDA y HEM. La fertilización nitrogenada proporciona respuestas positivas en la productividad y composición química del pasto-massai.