Resumen El estudio de cambios entésicos (CE) forma parte de investigaciones bioarqueológicas para explorar patrones de actividad de poblaciones antiguas. Aunque algunos estudios de Patagonia Austral han sugerido diferencias en su desarrollo producidas por distintas estrategias económicas cazadoras-recolectoras, las descripciones son cualitativas y sin metodologías específicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la posible variabilidad de patrones de actividad física en poblaciones cazadoras-recolectoras que habitaron Patagonia Austral (i.e., Santa Cruz/norte de Tierra del Fuego y sur de Tierra del Fuego) durante el Holoceno tardío, a través del estudio sistemático de cambios entésicos fibrocartilaginosos. Se analizaron CE en miembros superiores e inferiores en 17 individuos adultos de ambos sexos mediante el Nuevo Método Coimbra. Los resultados mostraron un aumento de CE relacionado con la edad y una mayor prevalencia en femeninos. Los individuos del sur de Tierra del Fuego con dieta marítima mostraron un mayor desarrollo de CE que aquellos con dieta terrestre, particularmente en las entesis que comprenden el antebrazo y la mano. No fueron identificadas diferencias cronológicas. En conclusión, se plantea que el desarrollo de los CE en los cazadores-recolectores muestra divergencias según las estrategias de subsistencia terrestre y marítima.

Abstract The study of entheseal changes (EC) is part of bioarchaeological research to explore activity patterns in past populations. Although some studies in Southern Patagonia have proposed variations in EC associated with different hunter-gatherer economic strategies, these descriptions have been qualitative and lack specific methodologies. This study aims to evaluate the possible variability of physical activity patterns in hunter-gatherer populations that inhabited Southern Patagonia (i.e., Santa Cruz, North Tierra del Fuego and South Tierra del Fuego) during the Late Holocene, through the systematic study of fibrocartilaginous EC. The upper and lower limbs of 17 adult individuals of both sexes were analyzed using the New Coimbra Method. The results showed an age-related increase in EC and a higher prevalence among females. Individuals from the south of Tierra del Fuego with a maritime diet exhibited greater EC development, particularly in entheses involving the forearm and hand. No chronological differences were identified. In conclusion, it is suggested that the prevalence of EC in hunter-gatherers shows divergences according to terrestrial and maritime subsistence strategies.

ABSTRACT Abstract: Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Brachyura, Panopeidae) is a small euryhaline and eurythermal omnivorous crab native to the Northwest Atlantic. However, it has become an invasive species in various estuaries and coastal areas far from its original habitat, most likely due to intercontinental shipping. Once it establishes itself in one location, it can spread to neighboring regions via maritime currents. In 1982, this species was found in South America, specifically in Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil. In this study, we present the first record of R. harrisii larvae in Uruguay, located in the coastal marine zone of Laguna de Rocha, approximately 300 km south of Lagoa dos Patos. It was discovered during a study that involved 15 plankton samplings, conducted from February 2016 to February 2017. Notably, the observation of R. harrisii larvae was limited to the coastal zone during the summer and autumn of 2016 (February to April). All observed larvae were in the zoeal stage, and their abundance ranged from three to 185 individuals per 100 m3. The temperature and salinity values recorded during sampling surveys with the presence of R. harrisii ranged from 19 to 22.4 °C and 11.8-32.5 ppt, respectively. The discovery of the larval stage suggests that adults of this species may be reproducing in the eastern coastal zone of Uruguay or nearby regions. The area in which they are currently found could potentially serve as a biological corridor, facilitating their spread to other estuaries of great economic and ecological importance, such as the Río de la Plata, as well as other coastal lagoons and subestuaries in Uruguay and Argentina. Further monitoring studies are necessary to determine whether this species became established in the area. Potential ecological consequences in our region derived from its presence are herein discussed. Abstract Brachyura, Brachyura (Brachyura Panopeidae Atlantic However habitat shipping location currents 1982 America Patos Brazil R Rocha 30 1 samplings 201 2017 Notably April. April . April) 18 10 m3 m 224 22 4 22. C 11.832.5 118325 11.8 32.5 11 8 32 5 11.8-32. ppt respectively corridor importance Plata Argentina discussed 198 3 20 2 832 11.832. 11832 118 11. 325 32. 11.8-32 83 11.832 1183 11.8-3 11.83 11.8-

BACKGROUND: Freight transport services and international trade are among important factors in pushing economies' transition forward. Malaysia's strategic location along key maritime routes positions it as a vital hub for international shipping and logistics, facilitating efficient trade between Asia, Europe and the Middle East. OBJECTIVES: Despite extensive global studies on freight and trade, little specific research exists from Malaysia's perspective. Thus, this study aims to evaluate how factors such as economic size of trade partners and distance impact Malaysia's freight transport in international trade, using the gravity model, a tool for analysing bilateral trade flows. METHOD: Three types of gravity models are employed to assess the impact of economic scale, infrastructure and demographic factors on freight transport. Then the validity of these relationships is further evaluated. RESULTS: The random effect model (REM) is found to be the best fitted model. The study identifies infrastructure and economic scale as pivotal factors influencing both freight export and import. The result showed the volume of container handled in ports is the main determinant in both export and import of freight, whereas air freight has significant impact to boost the export of freight. Distance is statistically significant, however, with marginally small impact. CONCLUSION: Based on the analysis, we can conclude that the robust port infrastructure and efficient logistical facilities are important in reducing freight costs and enhancing Malaysia's international trade competitiveness. CONTRIBUTION: This study mainly contributes on providing empirical evidence and in-depth insight on Malaysia freight transport services through the application of gravity models.

ABSTRACT Equity has become a key objective for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). This is the result of multidimensional movements with a history that can only be understood in the light of social relations that structure the processes we refer to as "health". From an initial concern for maritime trade to a current interest in the social determinants of health, PAHO has strengthened its efforts to make the concept of health equity the ultimate goal of its actions. The idea of health focused on the individual has given way to the idea of health for all people, which considers the differences between being and doing in the world. These changes have produced policies, analyses, and studies in which gender and cultural diversity are cross-cutting themes that must be considered in all planning and implementation of health policies in the Region of the Americas. This article discusses milestones on the road to health equity in the Region from a historical perspective.

RESUMO Hoje, a equidade é um objetivo central para a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Esse objetivo é fruto de movimentos multidimensionais que têm uma história e que só podem ser compreendidos à luz das relações sociais que estruturam os processos que chamamos de “saúde”. Da preocupação com o comércio marítimo ao interesse pelos determinantes sociais da saúde, a OPAS tem intensificado seus esforços para colocar no cerne de suas ações a ideia da equidade em saúde como objetivo final. Passou de uma ideia de saúde centrada no indivíduo a uma ideia de saúde para todas as pessoas, que contempla as diferenças entre o ser e o fazer no mundo. Essas mudanças produziram políticas, análises e estudos onde o gênero e a diversidade cultural são eixos transversais que devem ser considerados em todo planejamento e execução de políticas de saúde na Região das Américas. Este artigo analisa momentos-chave no caminho rumo à equidade em saúde na região, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica.

RESUMEN Hoy en día la equidad es un objetivo central para la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Este objetivo es el resultado de movimientos multidimensionales que tienen una historia y que sólo pueden comprenderse a la luz de las relaciones sociales que estructuran los procesos que llamamos de “salud”. De una preocupación por el comercio marítimo a un interés por los determinantes sociales de la salud, la OPS ha fortalecido sus esfuerzos por poner en el centro de sus acciones la idea de la equidad en salud como fin último. Se ha pasado de una idea de salud enfocada en el individuo, a una idea de salud para todas las personas, que contemple las diferencias de ser y hacer en el mundo. Estos cambios han producido políticas, análisis y estudios donde el género y la diversidad cultural son ejes transversales que deben ser contemplados en toda planificación y ejecución de políticas de salud en la Región de las Américas. En este artículo se analizan momentos clave en el camino hacia la equidad en salud en la Región desde una perspectiva histórica.

The advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has seen a rapid increase in connected smart devices known as the Internet of Things (IoT). While this 'revolution' is most noticeable in commercial devices, there has also been an evolution in industrial devices, known as the Industrial Internet of Things. As Africa - and in particular South Africa - is racing to compete in the 4IR, various sectors, including the transport sector, are introducing innovative projects. However, the Internet of Things and the Industrial Internet of Things present cybersecurity risks. Cybersecurity itself is also considered a key component of the 4IR; yet, organisations often neglect to consider the security implications of the Internet of Things. The current research aimed to evaluate and prioritise cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and risk related to the Internet of Things and the Industrial Internet of Things in the South African physical transport sector. This article focuses on the responses to a questionnaire to obtain quantitative data from those with experience in the related fields. The threats and vulnerabilities of concern are illustrated, and the risks are evaluated based on the perceived impact of such risks and the likelihood of the Internet of Things and the Industrial Internet of Things being compromised. While no clear leaders of risk were found, the top three risks based on the perceived severity and likelihood are unavailability of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet of Things devices and/or networks, damage to reputation, and cyberespionage.

A commodity value chain can be considered the 'route' from the source (provider) to the destination (client), including the various modes of transportation. This will often include some form of road or rail to a port for export to a destination country. Due to the rise in cybercrime and state-backed cyber operations, these commodity value chains may be disrupted, having a cascading effect down the value chain. Previous research has considered this a form of economic information warfare, and has indicated that state-sponsored cyber operations to disrupt a commodity intentionally will most likely fall below the threshold of a 'use of force' or 'attack' under international law. Subsequently, two pertinent instances of cyber incidents at ports have occurred: the disruption of a major Iranian port, and a ransomware incident at a major South African freight and logistics state-owned enterprise. Following the disruption resulting from the ransomware incident affecting South African freight organisations, there is a need to analyse the vulnerabilities of the freight transportation sector further, in particular the ports and associated railways in terms of malicious cyber interference. Expanding previous research, this article provides a specific view of the major commodity value chains in South Africa that are supported by the freight transportation infrastructure, their possible vulnerability to cyber incidents, and the potential implications thereof. In addition, publicly available information on the responses to the ransomware incident will be discussed to gauge national readiness in terms of crisis management of a major disruption to the primary trade mechanisms in the country. The article focuses on identifying single points of failure within the commodity value chain, and employs hypothetical scenarios to illustrate possible ramifications of a major incident. The port of Durban is shown to the most critical single point of failure overall. Recommendations include the introduction of a sector-specific computer security incident response team for the freight transportation sector.

The African shipping sector is a significant enabler of trade within Africa and trade between Africa and the world. African countries are sourcing and integrating technical solutions from foreign suppliers and service providers within their maritime domain. Such technologies are embedded within and enable functionality within transportation systems, port and navigation infrastructure, telecommunications infrastructure, downstream oil and gas infrastructure, and various national defence and security systems. Unfortunately, while providing the required functionality, these technical solutions create security vulnerabilities that place the African shipping sector and national interests at risk if security within the maritime cyber domain is taken for granted. The study on which this article is based firstly sought to identify and deconstruct the technology and associated vulnerabilities within the African maritime domain. Secondly, the research attempted to determine how national strategy and policy could be used to manage these security vulnerabilities to raise awareness of maritime cybersecurity in the context of the African shipping sector and propose pragmatic steps to achieve it.

With a coastline of 26,000 nautical miles and 38 out of 55 African states being either coastal or island states, trading activities on the continent are facilitated by over a hundred port facilities in the region, which make up 90 per cent of African seaborne trade. These factors indicate that the continent is dependent on well-run ports, effective protection of its maritime resources, and regulated shipping. Regulating the maritime sector requires new technologies that come at the cost of cyber vulnerabilities. However, in Africa, there are very few legal instruments, both at national and at regional level, specifically addressing the issue of cyberattacks on ships and port facilities. Given the lack of attention given to maritime security and the lack of collective action from African states, the study on which this article reports, sought to provide a critical reflection on how cyber technology is affecting is affecting the African maritime domain; and the consequences that could manifest should the cybersecurity of ships, ports, and their critical infrastructure continue to be ignored. The aim of this study was to broaden the understanding of the maritime cybersecurity legal frameworks in Africa by using the 'black letter' methodology, which is a positivist approach described by academics as being the best avenue by which to assess the existence, meaning and application of a defined system of legal principles. In engaging with those conventions, policies, laws, and regulations that are currently guiding the area of maritime cybersecurity, the study sought to identify the gaps in the legal frameworks on the continent and to provide policy recommendations.

As technology expands and spreads worldwide, the maritime industry and maritime crime are rapidly evolving While the heightened adoption of digital technologies has positively impacted the efficient and prompt execution of tasks like maritime surveillance, policing, monitoring, and early warning systems, it has also brought about significant challenges that impact the interconnected network of maritime actors. This dilemma can be attributed to geographical location, surveillance, and navigation systems of ports, vessels, and other state intuitions. With the emergence of cyber threats, West Africa is poised to face a dual-pronged threat at its ports and shores, affecting the broader security environment of coastal states as actors in the maritime domain are increasingly using digital technologies. Moreover, these threats demonstrate a path for maritime criminals to evolve into maritime cybercriminals. The central theme of this article is the connection between cybercrime and maritime crimes, and the cybercrimes that have found a lucrative avenue in the maritime industry. It also discusses cybercrime in maritime criminal activities occurring in West Africa, and the implications for the maritime and cyber landscape of the region. Finally, the article concludes with approaches for dealing with the risks posed by maritime cyber risks.

Abstract: The place that the Argentine sovereignty claim over the Malvinas, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands and their adjacent maritime territories has in defense policy of Argentina has not been studied by defense studies of that country. This article takes up the main theoretical contributions of the literature on defense linked to the strategic and international dimension and establishes as a central argument that only since 2019 the "Malvinas Question" has been a factor that strongly influenced the planning and design of the country's national defense. After carrying out an empirical analysis on indicators linked to military doctrine, strategic planning, and military deployment; The work concludes that after the Malvinas War, only from 2019 it is possible to observe a concrete change in the Argentine defense policy regarding the inclusion of the concern for the sovereignty of the Malvinas Islands.

Resumen: El lugar que el reclamo de soberanía argentino sobre Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur, Sándwich del Sur y sus territorios marítimos adyacentes tiene en la política de defensa argentina no ha sido objeto de estudio por los estudios de defensa en dicho país. El presente artículo retoma los principales aportes teóricos de la literatura sobre defensa vinculados a su dimensión estratégica e internacional y establece como argumento central que recién a partir de 2019 la “Cuestión Malvinas” ha sido un factor que incidió con fuerza en el planeamiento y el diseño de la defensa nacional del país. Luego de realizar un análisis empírico sobre indicadores vinculados a la doctrina castrense, el planeamiento estratégico y el despliegue militar; se concluye que luego de la Guerra de Malvinas, recién a partir de 2019 es posible observar un cambio concreto en la política de defensa argentina en lo que respecta a la inclusión de la preocupación por la soberanía de las Islas Malvinas.

Resumen Con el retroceso de los glaciares en la Antártica marítima y los escenarios de cambio climático, es necesario comprender los procesos geomorfológicos que actúan en estas áreas recientemente expuestas. El propósito del artículo es presentar el Método geomorphon aplicado a la Antártica (Método Geomorphon aplicado a Antártica-MGA), para el mapeo de las formas de relieve en las áreas libres de hielo de la Isla Rey Jorge. La evaluación de la clasificación se realizó con base en la interpretación de MDE y algunos trabajos de campo realizados en los anos 2015 y 2016. Los elementos del relieve identificados por el MGA se relacionaron con las formas erosivas y depositacionales de génesis glacial, por una parte, de macro escala como valles, crestas, picos y, por otra, de mesoescala, como canales fluvio glaciales, morrenas de avance y de retroceso, así como los de génesis paraglacial y litoral. Se identificaron morrenas frontales que avanzan en todas las áreas, a excepción del sistema paraglacial del glaciar Ecology que, junto con los valles en U mapeados, indican la antigua dirección del flujo de los glaciares y los lugares donde había mayor espesor de hielo. La identificación de estas formas es una contribución para los estudios que evalúan la sucesión de cambios en el paisaje, relacionados con el retroceso reciente de los sistemas glaciares, lo que demuestra el potencial de MGA. Ideas destacadas: Artículo de investigación sobre el mapeo automático de los accidentes geográficos de origen glacial, marino y paraglacial, utilizando el método innovador llamado Método geomorphon aplicado a la Antártica en las áreas libres de hielo de la Isla Rey Jorge, Islas Shetlands del Sur.

Resumo Com a retração de geleiras na Antártica marítima, e os cenários de mudanças climáticas, faz-se necessário compreender os processos geomorfológicos atuantes nessas áreas recentemente expostas. O artigo apresenta o Método de Geomorphon aplicado à Antártica (Geomorphon Method aplicado à Antártica - em diante ОМА) voltado ao mapeamento de formas de relevo nas áreas livres de gelo da Ilha Rei George. A avaliação da classificação foi realizada com base na interpretação dos MDE e nos trabalhos de campo realizados em 2015 e 20i6. Os elementos de relevo identificados pelo GMA foram relacionados com as formas erosivas e deposicionais por um lado de macro escala de gênese glacial, como vales, aretês, horns, e por outro lado de meso escala como canais glaciofluviais, morainas de avanço e de recessão, e ainda as de gênese paraglacial e marinha. Morainas de avanço frontais foram identificadas em todas as áreas, com exceção do sistema paraglacial da geleira Ecology, e juntamente com os vales em u mapeados, indicam a antiga direção de fluxo das geleiras, e locais onde havia maior espessura de gelo. A identificação dessas formas contribui para estudos que avaliam a sucessão de mudanças na paisagem com a recente retração dos sistemas glaciais, comprovando a potencialidade do GMA. Ideias destacadas: Artigo de pesquisa sobre o mapeamento automático de formas de relevo de origem glacial, marinha e paraglacial, a partir do método inovador chamado Geomorphon Method aplicado à Antártica para as áreas livres de gelo da Ilha Rei George, Ilhas Shetlands do Sul.

Abstract With the retraction of glaciers in maritime Antártica, and the climate change scenarios, it is necessary to understand the geomorphological processes at work in these recently exposed areas. The purpose of the article is to present the Geomorphon Method for Antártica (Geomorphon Method Revised to Antártica-GMA) applied to the mapping of landforms in the ice-free areas of King George Island. The classification evaluation was carried out based on the interpretation of the MDE and on the field work carried out in 2015 and 2016. The relief elements identified by the GMA were related to the erosive and depositional forms of the glacial genesis macro scale, as valleys, aretes, horns and meso-scale, such as glaciofluvial channels, moraines of advance and recession, and even those of paraglacial and marine genesis. Frontal advancing moraines were identified in all areas, except for the Ecology glacier paraglacial system, and together with the mapped U-valleys, they indicate the old direction of flow of the glaciers, and places where there was greater thickness of ice. The identification of these forms contributes to studies that evaluate the succession of changes in the landscape with the recent retraction of glacial systems, proving the potential of GMA. Main ideas: Research article on the automatic mapping of landforms of glacial, marine and paraglacial origin, using the innovative method called Geomorphon Method Applied to Antártica, in the ice-free areas of the King George Island, South Shetlands Islands.

Resumen: El presente artículo investiga el rol de las emociones grupales positivas y negativas de chilenos(as) frente al conflicto territorial entre Chile y Bolivia, en el que este último reclama acceso al mar. Se realizaron dos estudios: uno desarrollado después del fallo de octubre de 2018 de la Corte Internacional de Justicia de La Haya (n = 463) y otro un año después (n = 457). Los datos fueron estudiados mediante análisis estadísticos y los resultados mostraron la relevante función predictiva de las emociones positivas. Se estableció que los(as) participantes presentan emociones negativas bajas, pero no están dispuestos(as) a ceder territorio a Bolivia y valoran positivamente el fallo favorable a Chile, cuestiones importantes para la relación futura entre ambos países.

Abstract: This article investigates the role of positive and negative group emotions of Chileans in the territorial conflict between Chile and Bolivia, in which the latter claims access to the sea. Two studies were conducted: one following the October 2018 ruling of the International Court of Justice in The Hague (n = 463), and the other one year later (n = 457). The data were studied by statistical analysis and the results showed the relevant predictive role of positive emotions. It was established that the participants present low levels of negative emotions, but they are not willing to cede territory to Bolivia and positively value the ruling in favor of Chile. These are important issues for the future relationship between the two countries.

Resumo: Neste artigo, é pesquisado sobre o papel das emoções coletivas positivas e negativas de chilenos(as) diante do conflito territorial entre o Chile e a Bolívia, no qual este último reivindica acesso ao mar. Foram realizados dois estudos: um desenvolvido após a decisão da Corte Internacional de Justiça de La Haya, de outubro de 2018 (n = 463), e outro um ano depois (n = 457). Os dados foram estudados mediante análise estatística, e os resultados mostraram a relevante função preditiva das emoções positivas. Foi estabelecido que os(as) participantes apresentam emoções negativas baixas, mas não estão dispostos(as) a ceder território à Bolívia e avaliam positivamente a decisão a favor do Chile, questões relevantes para a relação futura entre ambos os países.

Abstract Monitoring and inventorying proglacial lakes in the Maritime Antarctica region is essential for understanding the effects of climate change on these environments. This study uses Landsat images to create a map of lakes in ice-free areas of the South Shetlands Islands (SSI) for 1986/89, 2000/03 and 2020, and verification of patterns of change in lake areas and numbers. Normalized water difference index (NDWI) products, image segmentation, field records, and cartographic products from other studies were used to validate the results. Results show a 60% increase in the number of lakes from 1986/89 to 2000/03; and a 55% increase from 2000/03 to 2020. There was a 52% increase in lake areas from 1986/89 to 2000/03; a 79% increase from 2000/03 to 2020; and a 173% increase from 1986 to 2020. From 1986 to 2020, the most significant changes were a decrease in the average elevation and distance from glaciers and an increase in distance from the sea. In 2020, SSI lakes were predominantly coastal and ice-marginal, with an E and S orientations, flat surfaces, and a low declivity.

ABSTRACT In studies of contamination by trace elements in aquatic environments, sediments constitute a key line, since by acting as traps for numerous compounds they behave as secondary sources of contamination in the marine environment, thus affecting the ecological and biogeochemical balance of the ecosystem. Due to the existing lack of knowledge about the concentration levels of pollution indicator elements in the sediments of the marine-coastal zone associated with the Nuevitas maritime terminal (Cuba), the objective of this research was to evaluate the contamination by As, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr in sediments from that area by determining the total content, comparing it direcly to reference concentrations established in international sediment quality guidelines, and using enrichment indices. The sediments were collected during May 2016 in six stations with influence of the maritime terminal, and digested according to the EPA 3052 method. Atomic emission spectroscopy with an inductively coupled plasma source was used as a detection technique. The evaluation of the total content in sediments showed that the order of abundance of the analyzed elements was Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > As. Concentrations that exceed the corresponding probable effect level (PEL) for most of the studied elements were detected In the sediments of stations E1, E3 and E5. Cr and Ni showed higher levels than those causing moderate biological effects (ERM). Through the enrichment factors it was verified that Ni levels in the sediments are due to natural causes and that there is a moderately severe or severe Cr enrichment in the sediments of stations E1, E3, E6 and E5, evidencing the anthropic character of such contamination.

RESUMEN En los estudios de contaminación por elementos traza en los ambientes acuáticos los sedimentos constituyen un renglón clave, ya que actúan como trampas para numerosos compuestos, afectando así el equilibrio ecológico y biogeoquímico del ecosistema. Debido al desconocimiento existente sobre los niveles de concentración de elementos indicadores de contaminación en los sedimentos de la zona marino-costera asociada a la terminal marítima de Nuevitas (Cuba), el objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la contaminación por As, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn y Cr en sedimentos de esa zona mediante la determinación de los contenidos totales, su comparación directa con concentraciones de referencia establecidas en guías internacionales de calidad de sedimentos y el empleo de índices de enriquecimiento. Los sedimentos fueron recolectados en mayo de 2016 en seis estaciones donde existe influencia de la terminal marítima, y digeridos según el método EPA 3052. Se empleó como técnica de detección espectroscopia de emisión atómica con fuente de plasma acoplado inductivamente. La evaluación del contenido total en los sedimentos mostró que el orden de abundancia de los elementos analizados fue: Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > As. En los sedimentos de las estaciones E1, E3 y E5 se detectaron concentraciones que sobrepasan los niveles de efecto probable (PEL, por sus siglas en inglés) correspondientes a la mayoría de los elementos estudiados, destacándose el Cr y el Ni por superar los niveles causantes de efectos biológicos moderados (ERM). Se comprobó, mediante los factores de enriquecimiento, que los niveles de Ni en los sedimentos se deben a causas naturales y que existe un enriquecimiento moderadamente severo o severo de Cr en los sedimentos de las estaciones E1, E3, E6 y E5, evidenciando el carácter antrópico de dicha contaminación.

This article reports on corruption mechanisms within the Nigerian Navy and the maritime sector in Nigeria. Beginning with an examination of the disappearance of the vessel MT African Pride in October 2003, the article shows that, far from being a one-off incident, the disappearance was indicative of the opportunism and criminality that naval operations within the oil-rich Niger Delta attracted. The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) and the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) constitute other case studies of maritime industry corruption examined here. Such cases highlight the exploitation of relations between the Navy and the civil maritime sector. Overall, the article identifies patterns of corruption mechanisms employed. These include the support of illegal oil bunkering, illicit agreements and contracts, unsanctioned oil tanker relocations, malfeasance in arms deals and other areas, and multiple instances of public office abuse.